Global Covid-19 impact on Herbal Medicine Market : What are the key opportunities? – 3rd Watch News

The global Herbal Medicine Market is carefully researched in the report while largely concentrating on top players and their business tactics, geographical expansion, market segments, competitive landscape, manufacturing, and pricing and cost structures. Each section of the research study is specially prepared to explore key aspects of the global Herbal Medicine Market. For instance, the market dynamics section digs deep into the drivers, restraints, trends, and opportunities of the global Herbal Medicine Market. With qualitative and quantitative analysis, we help you with thorough and comprehensive research on the global Herbal Medicine Market. We have also focused on SWOT, PESTLE, and Porters Five Forces analyses of the global Herbal Medicine Market.

Leading players of the global Herbal Medicine Market are analyzed taking into account their market share, recent developments, new product launches, partnerships, mergers or acquisitions, and markets served. We also provide an exhaustive analysis of their product portfolios to explore the products and applications they concentrate on when operating in the global Herbal Medicine Market. Furthermore, the report offers two separate market forecasts one for the production side and another for the consumption side of the global Herbal Medicine Market. It also provides useful recommendations for new as well as established players of the global Herbal Medicine Market.

Final Herbal Medicine Report will add the analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on this Market.

Herbal Medicine Market competition by top manufacturers/Key player Profiled:

TsumuraArizona NaturalWeledaSchwabeSIDO MUNCULMadausHerbal AfricaArkopharmaBlackmoresDaburNature HerbsTongrentangNatures AnswerZhongxinImperial GinsengZandBio-BotanicaTASLYYunnan BaiyaoPottersKunming PharmaHaiyaoTaijiGuangzhou PharmaSanjiuJZJT

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The research team projects that the Herbal Medicine market size will grow from XXX in 2019 to XXX by 2026, at an estimated CAGR of XX. The base year considered for the study is 2019, and the market size is projected from 2020 to 2026.

Segmentation by Product:

Detoxification MedicineAntipyretic MedicineAigestant MedicineBlood Circulation MedicineOthers

Segmentation by Application:

Western HerbalismTraditional Chinese MedicineOthers

Competitive Analysis:

Global Herbal Medicine Market is highly fragmented and the major players have used various strategies such as new product launches, expansions, agreements, joint ventures, partnerships, acquisitions, and others to increase their footprints in this market. The report includes market shares of Herbal Medicine Market for Global, Europe, North America, Asia-Pacific, South America and Middle East & Africa.

Scope of the Report:The all-encompassing research weighs up on various aspects including but not limited to important industry definition, product applications, and product types. The pro-active approach towards analysis of investment feasibility, significant return on investment, supply chain management, import and export status, consumption volume and end-use offers more value to the overall statistics on the Herbal Medicine Market. All factors that help business owners identify the next leg for growth are presented through self-explanatory resources such as charts, tables, and graphic images.

Key Questions Answered:

Our industry professionals are working reluctantly to understand, assemble and timely deliver assessment on impact of COVID-19 disaster on many corporations and their clients to help them in taking excellent business decisions. We acknowledge everyone who is doing their part in this financial and healthcare crisis.

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Table of Contents

Report Overview:It includes major players of the global Herbal Medicine Market covered in the research study, research scope, and Market segments by type, market segments by application, years considered for the research study, and objectives of the report.

Global Growth Trends:This section focuses on industry trends where market drivers and top market trends are shed light upon. It also provides growth rates of key producers operating in the global Herbal Medicine Market. Furthermore, it offers production and capacity analysis where marketing pricing trends, capacity, production, and production value of the global Herbal Medicine Market are discussed.

Market Share by Manufacturers:Here, the report provides details about revenue by manufacturers, production and capacity by manufacturers, price by manufacturers, expansion plans, mergers and acquisitions, and products, market entry dates, distribution, and market areas of key manufacturers.

Market Size by Type:This section concentrates on product type segments where production value market share, price, and production market share by product type are discussed.

Market Size by Application:Besides an overview of the global Herbal Medicine Market by application, it gives a study on the consumption in the global Herbal Medicine Market by application.

Production by Region:Here, the production value growth rate, production growth rate, import and export, and key players of each regional market are provided.

Consumption by Region:This section provides information on the consumption in each regional market studied in the report. The consumption is discussed on the basis of country, application, and product type.

Company Profiles:Almost all leading players of the global Herbal Medicine Market are profiled in this section. The analysts have provided information about their recent developments in the global Herbal Medicine Market, products, revenue, production, business, and company.

Market Forecast by Production:The production and production value forecasts included in this section are for the global Herbal Medicine Market as well as for key regional markets.

Market Forecast by Consumption:The consumption and consumption value forecasts included in this section are for the global Herbal Medicine Market as well as for key regional markets.

Value Chain and Sales Analysis:It deeply analyzes customers, distributors, sales channels, and value chain of the global Herbal Medicine Market.

Key Findings: This section gives a quick look at important findings of the research study.

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Global Covid-19 impact on Herbal Medicine Market : What are the key opportunities? - 3rd Watch News

Animal Internal Medicine Market Detailed Analysis Of Current Industry Figures With Forecasts Growth By 2026 – 3rd Watch News

Animal Internal Medicine Market Overview 2020 2026

The risingtechnology in Animal Internal MedicineMarketis also depicted in thisresearchreport. Factors that are boosting the growth of the market, and giving a positive push to thrive in the global market is explained in detail.

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This has brought along several changes in This report also covers the impact of COVID-19 on the global market.

Key Competitors of the Global Animal Internal Medicine Market are: , Boehringer Ingelheim, Zoetis, Merck, Elanco, Bayer, Virbac, Ceva Sante Animale, Vetoquinol, Bimeda Animal Health, Chanelle

Historical data available in the report elaborates on the development of the Animal Internal Medicine on national, regional and international levels. Animal Internal Medicine Market Research Report presents a detailed analysis based on the thorough research of the overall market, particularly on questions that border on the market size, growth scenario, potential opportunities, operation landscape, trend analysis, and competitive analysis.

Major Product Types covered are:TabletPowder

Major Applications of Animal Internal Medicine covered are:LivestockPetsMarine Animal

This study report on global Animal Internal Medicine market throws light on the crucial trends and dynamics impacting the development of the market, including the restraints, drivers, and opportunities.

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The fundamental purpose of Animal Internal Medicine Market report is to provide a correct and strategic analysis of the Animal Internal Medicine industry. The report scrutinizes each segment and sub-segments presents before you a 360-degree view of the said market.

Market Scenario:

The report further highlights the development trends in the global Animal Internal Medicine market. Factors that are driving the market growth and fueling its segments are also analyzed in the report. The report also highlights on its applications, types, deployments, components, developments of this market.

Highlights following key factors:

:-Business descriptionA detailed description of the companys operations and business divisions.:-Corporate strategyAnalysts summarization of the companys business strategy.:-SWOT AnalysisA detailed analysis of the companys strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats.:-Company historyProgression of key events associated with the company.:-Major products and servicesA list of major products, services and brands of the company.:-Key competitorsA list of key competitors to the company.:-Important locations and subsidiariesA list and contact details of key locations and subsidiaries of the company.:-Detailed financial ratios for the past five yearsThe latest financial ratios derived from the annual financial statements published by the company with 5 years history.

Our report offers:

Market share assessments for the regional and country level segments. Market share analysis of the top industry players. Strategic recommendations for the new entrants. Market forecasts for a minimum of 9 years of all the mentioned segments, sub segments and the regional markets. Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations). Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations. Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends. Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments. Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements.

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Animal Internal Medicine Market Detailed Analysis Of Current Industry Figures With Forecasts Growth By 2026 - 3rd Watch News

COVID-19 could affect the availability and cost of antiretroviral medicines, but the risks can be mitigated – UNAIDS

UNAIDS study shows that the impact on production and logistics caused by COVID-19 could have a significant effect on antiretroviral therapy supply worldwide, but steps taken now could lessen the damage done

GENEVA, 22 June 2020 A new analysis by UNAIDS has revealed the potential impacts that the COVID-19 pandemic could have in low- and middle-income countries around the world on supplies of the generic antiretroviral medicines used to treat HIV.

The UNAIDS survey discovered that the lockdowns and border closures imposed to stop COVID-19 are impacting both the production of medicines and their distribution, potentially leading to increases in their cost and to supply issues, including stock-outs over the next two months.

It is vital that countries urgently make plans now to mitigate the possibility and impacts of higher costs and reduced availability of antiretroviral medicines, said Winnie Byanyima, Executive Director of UNAIDS. I call on countries and buyers of HIV medicines to act swiftly in order to ensure that everyone who is currently on treatment continues to be on it, saving lives and stopping new HIV infections.

Since 24.5 million people were on antiretroviral therapy at the end of June 2019, millions of people could be at risk of harmboth to themselves and others owing to an increased risk of HIV transmissionif they cannot continue to access their treatment. A recent modelling exercise estimated that a six-month disruption of antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa alone could lead to 500 000 additional AIDS-related deaths.

The production of antiretroviral medicines has been affected by several factors. Air and sea transport is being severely curtailed, hampering the distribution of the raw materials and other products, such as packaging material, that pharmaceutical companies need to manufacture the medicines. Physical distancing and lockdowns are also restricting the levels of human resources available in manufacturing facilities. The combined result of shortages of materials and workforces could lead to supply issues and pressure on prices in the coming months, with some of the regimens for first-line treatment and those for children projected to be the severest hit.

An array of circumstances are conspiring to add pressure on the overall cost of finished antiretroviral medicines. Increased overhead and transport costs, the need for alternative sourcing of key starting materials and active pharmaceutical ingredients and currency fluctuations caused by the forecasted economic shock are combining to push up the cost of some antiretroviral regimens. It has been estimated that a 1025% increase in these could result in an annual increase in the final cost of exported antiretroviral medicines from India alone of between US$ 100 million and US$ 225 million. Considering that in 2018 there was an HIV financing shortfall of more than US$ 7 billion, the world cannot afford an added burden on investments in the AIDS response.

UNAIDS and partners are working to mitigate the impact. The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Global Fund) is providing immediate funding of up to US$ 1 billion to help countries to respond to COVID-19 and is expanding the use of its procurement platform to non-Global Fund recipients. The United States Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief is promoting continuity of HIV care, implementing new strategies, such as telemedicine, and allowing some programme flexibility in reporting requirements, staffing and funding re-allocation. The World Health Organization is compiling, exchanging and analysing information on HIV services that have been impacted and is liaising with manufacturers of antiretroviral medicines for emergency supply and with countries to switch to available quality alternative products and on possible mitigation measures. UNAIDS has been coordinating efforts to address the procurement and supply management challenges of antiretroviral therapy caused by the COVID-19 response.

However, a series of policy recommendations on the coordinated action that should be taken by governments and suppliers in order to resolve these issues map out how to minimize the impacts on supply chains and prices. By managing effectively current and future stocks of antiretroviral medicines, supply can be continued for all who need treatment.

The UNAIDS analysis collected information from the eight generic manufacturers of antiretroviral medicines in India that together account for more than 80% of generic antiretroviral medicine production worldwide. Government departments in seven other countries that produce generic antiretroviral medicines and that account for most of the production of generic antiretroviral medicines in low- and middle-income countries domestically were also surveyed.

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COVID-19 could affect the availability and cost of antiretroviral medicines, but the risks can be mitigated - UNAIDS

Regenerative Medicine Market Analysis Growth Demand, Key Players, Share Size, and Forecast To 2025 – 3rd Watch News

Regenerative Medicine Market: Snapshot

Regenerative medicine is a part of translational research in the fields of molecular biology and tissue engineering. This type of medicine involves replacing and regenerating human cells, organs, and tissues with the help of specific processes. Doing this may involve a partial or complete reengineering of human cells so that they start to function normally.

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Regenerative medicine also involves the attempts to grow tissues and organs in a laboratory environment, wherein they can be put in a body that cannot heal a particular part. Such implants are mainly preferred to be derived from the patients own tissues and cells, particularly stem cells. Looking at the promising nature of stem cells to heal and regenerative various parts of the body, this field is certainly expected to see a bright future. Doing this can help avoid opting for organ donation, thus saving costs. Some healthcare centers might showcase a shortage of organ donations, and this is where tissues regenerated using patients own cells are highly helpful.

There are several source materials from which regeneration can be facilitated. Extracellular matrix materials are commonly used source substances all over the globe. They are mainly used for reconstructive surgery, chronic wound healing, and orthopedic surgeries. In recent times, these materials have also been used in heart surgeries, specifically aimed at repairing damaged portions.

Cells derived from the umbilical cord also have the potential to be used as source material for bringing about regeneration in a patient. A vast research has also been conducted in this context. Treatment of diabetes, organ failure, and other chronic diseases is highly possible by using cord blood cells. Apart from these cells, Whartons jelly and cord lining have also been shortlisted as possible sources for mesenchymal stem cells. Extensive research has conducted to study how these cells can be used to treat lung diseases, lung injury, leukemia, liver diseases, diabetes, and immunity-based disorders, among others.

Global Regenerative Medicine Market: Overview

The global market for regenerative medicine market is expected to grow at a significant pace throughout the forecast period. The rising preference of patients for personalized medicines and the advancements in technology are estimated to accelerate the growth of the global regenerative medicine market in the next few years. As a result, this market is likely to witness a healthy growth and attract a large number of players in the next few years. The development of novel regenerative medicine is estimated to benefit the key players and supplement the markets growth in the near future.

Global Regenerative Medicine Market: Key Trends

The rising prevalence of chronic diseases and the rising focus on cell therapy products are the key factors that are estimated to fuel the growth of the global regenerative medicine market in the next few years. In addition, the increasing funding by government bodies and development of new and innovative products are anticipated to supplement the growth of the overall market in the next few years.

On the flip side, the ethical challenges in the stem cell research are likely to restrict the growth of the global regenerative medicine market throughout the forecast period. In addition, the stringent regulatory rules and regulations are predicted to impact the approvals of new products, thus hampering the growth of the overall market in the near future.

Global Regenerative Medicine Market: Market Potential

The growing demand for organ transplantation across the globe is anticipated to boost the demand for regenerative medicines in the next few years. In addition, the rapid growth in the geriatric population and the significant rise in the global healthcare expenditure is predicted to encourage the growth of the market. The presence of a strong pipeline is likely to contribute towards the markets growth in the near future.

Global Regenerative Medicine Market: Regional Outlook

In the past few years, North America led the global regenerative medicine market and is likely to remain in the topmost position throughout the forecast period. This region is expected to account for a massive share of the global market, owing to the rising prevalence of cancer, cardiac diseases, and autoimmunity. In addition, the rising demand for regenerative medicines from the U.S. and the rising government funding are some of the other key aspects that are likely to fuel the growth of the North America market in the near future.

Furthermore, Asia Pacific is expected to register a substantial growth rate in the next few years. The high growth of this region can be attributed to the availability of funding for research and the development of research centers. In addition, the increasing contribution from India, China, and Japan is likely to supplement the growth of the market in the near future.

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Global Regenerative Medicine Market: Competitive Analysis

The global market for regenerative medicines is extremely fragmented and competitive in nature, thanks to the presence of a large number of players operating in it. In order to gain a competitive edge in the global market, the key players in the market are focusing on technological developments and research and development activities. In addition, the rising number of mergers and acquisitions and collaborations is likely to benefit the prominent players in the market and encourage the overall growth in the next few years.

Some of the key players operating in the regenerative medicine market across the globe areVericel Corporation, Japan Tissue Engineering Co., Ltd., Stryker Corporation, Acelity L.P. Inc. (KCI Licensing), Organogenesis Inc., Medtronic PLC, Cook Biotech Incorporated, Osiris Therapeutics, Inc., Integra Lifesciences Corporation, and Nuvasive, Inc.A large number of players are anticipated to enter the global market throughout the forecast period.

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Regenerative Medicine Market Analysis Growth Demand, Key Players, Share Size, and Forecast To 2025 - 3rd Watch News

Cubs won’t take the ice this season – Medicine Hat News

By RYAN MCCRACKEN on June 26, 2020.

rmccracken@medicinehatnews.com

The Medicine Hat Cubs will not be icing a team this season.

The local junior B hockey club made the announcement in a Thursday release, stating financial concerns brought on by the pandemic, particularly diminishing sponsorship revenues, have forced a one-year hiatus from the Heritage Junior Hockey League.

The sponsors that we did have, they more or less asked for a year off due to COVID-19, said Cubs president Richard Fritzler. Unless things change if there is a season or half a season, if we do get a sponsor or something we would probably look at it. But right now, the way things stand, no.

Fritzler added the Cubs will not be penalized for the decision, as HJHL teams were given the ability to opt out of the season without consequence should they experiencing financial hardship.

Well take the season off to regroup, said Fritzler. Were looking at a couple options (for next year) that I cannot reveal right now.

HJHL president Gilbert Renaud says the league is still planning to go ahead with its 2020-21 season in accordance with Hockey Alberta and Alberta Health guidelines. As of Thursday, Medicine Hat was the first squad in the 14-team league to announce it was stepping away for the season.

We are looking forward to (a season). More than likely it will happen, what it looks like? Who knows, said Renaud, adding teams that opt out of the upcoming season will not be able to reserve players for 2021-22, but will face no other penalties. The Cubs, next year basically I believe all theyll be able to do is snag four 21-year-olds from other teams that are not keeping them, just like a new team.

The Cubs are coming off two of their strongest seasons in recent memory, having turned around a struggling ship over the past five years. They were even slated to host the Hockey Alberta Junior B Provincial Championships before COVID-19 forced its cancellation. The club has since parted ways with co-coaches JD Gaetan and Steve Leipert and had yet to hire replacements, but general manager and director of hockey operations Dave Kowalchuk and his scouting staff will remain with the task of rebuilding the team from the ground up.

All four scouts and myself are going to continue to do as we would if we were playing. The plan is to recruit and plan for next year. Its obviously going to make it difficult for us because were basically starting from scratch, said Kowalchuk. I think its a challenge, and Im excited for the challenge. Were not going to back down and were excited to come back next year.

As for players who had previously committed to return, Kowalchuk says theyll be encouraged to find new teams for the upcoming season, and if they wish to return to the Cubs in 2021 there will be a place on the roster.

Were never going to hold anyone back from going to play. I think thats with everybody in hockey, you want the kids to play and have fun and enjoy their junior hockey careers, said Kowalchuk. Itll be the next step for them to try to find a place, and well just do what we have to do to make a team for next year.

Kowalchuk added he believes the Cubs announcement is simply the first domino to fall, as he expects other teams and organizations will follow suit.

I know there are other teams in our league that are going to be in the same boat, but I think a lot of places are just kind of holding off and waiting to see what happens, he said. In the long term here, I think youre going to see a lot more teams packing it in, a lot more leagues closing up for a year, and I think thats smart.

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Cubs won't take the ice this season - Medicine Hat News

Don’t expect NASA’s 1st Artemis astronauts to drive on the moon in a fancy lunar car – Space.com

Last year, NASA set itself an ambitious goal: Send astronauts to walk on the moon in 2024. Now, the agency is busy planning what astronauts will do during those excursions.

NASA hasn't landed humans on another world in nearly 50 years, not since 1972's Apollo 17 mission to the moon. But that's the agency's goal for its Artemis program. So, the agency is combining that Apollo experience with what it has learned during decades of living and working on the International Space Station, and sprinkling in some challenges it wants to tackle in preparation for the next major exploration milestone, a human mission to Mars.

Science isn't the limiting factor, of course: Scientists have been itching to get back to the moon's surface for ages. But discussions surrounding the Artemis program have tended to focus on the challenges that need to be tackled before the first crewed landing in 2024 or on the agency's long-term vision for the moon, rather than on the practical details of taking advantage of early moonwalk opportunities.

Related: NASA sees inspiration parallels between Apollo and Artemis moonshots

In a series of presentations made last month, NASA personnel described some of the details of the agency's vision for a new era of moonwalks. In particular, representatives offered a sense of how extravehicular activities, or EVAs, during the first landed mission, Artemis 3 in 2024, could unfold.

First, the basics: During the mission, two astronauts will spend up to about 6.5 days on the lunar surface, Lindsay Aitchison, a spacesuit engineer at NASA, said during the Lunar Surface Science Virtual Workshop held on May 28.

That's nearly twice the duration of the longest astronaut stays during the Apollo missions. During that stay, the astronauts will conduct about four extravehicular activities, each of which could last about six hours, Aitchison said, matching the duration of typical excursions outside the International Space Station.

On the first crewed landing mission, astronauts will have to use their own two feet to get around the lunar surface. NASA isn't expecting to have a large rover on the surface and ready to assist exploration until the second crewed landing at the earliest. "We will be limited to just the crew and how far they can walk on their own two feet," Aitchison said. "That's still a fairly wide distance, but it is somewhat limited until we get to the further phases of exploration."

Given that constraint, Aitchison said, NASA has calculated that during each EVA, the crew should be able to cover about 10 miles (16 kilometers) round-trip. (For comparison, during their single milestone lunar excursion on Apollo 11, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin covered about 3,300 feet, or 1 km, in 2.5 hours.)

The astronauts' explorations will also be limited in terms of where their suits can keep them safe. The Apollo missions all landed in the equatorial region of the moon, but the Artemis missions will go someplace entirely new, the south pole region, where extremely cold temperatures may pose problems for spacesuits.

That's a calculated decision on NASA's part. The south pole is tantalizing because scientists have confirmed that water ice lurks frozen below the moon's surface in deep southern craters that never see direct sunlight. Would-be explorers hope that such ice could be mined and processed into drinking water or rocket fuel, facilitating more ambitious missions.

But the same conditions that would foster such ice would make direct exploration by astronauts difficult. The spacesuits on the first landed mission won't be able to withstand such cold temperatures, Jake Bleacher, a geologist and chief exploration scientist at NASA, confirmed during the same meeting. Even on subsequent missions, astronauts may still need to stay in warmer, sunlit areas and leave direct work in the permanently shadowed regions to robotic assistants.

The first Artemis spacesuit will be a model called the Exploration Extravehicular Mobility Unit, or xEMU, which is based on the EMU suits astronauts currently use during spacewalks on the International Space Station while incorporating some moon-specific lessons from the Apollo program.

"This is where we're going to test out technologies, utilize lessons learned from EMU and obviously Apollo, in order to get to 2024," Natalie Mary, an EVA systems engineer at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, said during a Committee on Space Research meeting held virtually on May 20 focusing on human missions to Mars. "We do have some things that we are holding off [on] for sustained lunar [exploration]."

In particular, throughout the xEMU design process, spacesuit engineers have focused on fit and mobility in order to facilitate exploration. Unlike Apollo and space station suits, the xEMU suits emphasize lower-body movement, meant to ensure that astronauts can walk around the surface with relative ease.

However, the xEMU will be an evolving technology, and NASA already plans to make certain changes to support longer lunar stays for later Artemis missions, including beefing up the suit's protection against vicious moon dust. Later suits could also be programmed to verify their condition, rather than requiring precious astronaut time for a detailed inspection to ensure safety.

One of the components of the xEMU suits that NASA is most carefully analyzing is the gloves, Tamra George, a tools specialist at Johnson Space Center, said during the Lunar Surface Science Virtual Workshop.

"One of the biggest things that limits our designs of EVA instruments and tools is the gloved hand," George said.

Suit gloves must navigate a tricky balance, George said, since they need to be flexible to facilitate astronaut activities but also tough enough to keep astronauts isolated from the harsh lunar environment. And between the bulk of the gloves themselves and the pressure of the suit, space handiwork can be both difficult and draining.

And, of course, the lack of transportation on the lunar surface affects the kinds of instruments astronauts can bring on the moonwalks just as it limits the ground they can cover. Because astronauts on the Artemis 3 mission will need to carry their toolkits themselves, heavy or bulky equipment won't be an option until later missions.

Those constraints, plus moonwalk experience during the Apollo era, have led to NASA settling on an initial set of eight basic science instruments for astronauts to bring on these excursions, Adam Naids, a hardware development engineer at Johnson Space Center, said at the same meeting. Those tools include geology staples like a hammer, rake, scoop and tongs.

Of course, the Artemis 3 mission is still more than four years away, so NASA is still early in the planning process of every aspect of its spacewalks.

"The idea here was just to get us started on developing some of the tools that had a high probability of flying based on what was done in Apollo," Naids said. "This isn't meant to be an all-inclusive list. There's going to be dozens and dozens of other tools and equipment that's going to be made, but it got us started."

Email Meghan Bartels at mbartels@space.com or follow her @meghanbartels. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.

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Don't expect NASA's 1st Artemis astronauts to drive on the moon in a fancy lunar car - Space.com

See a sunset on Uranus, other worlds (and a moon, too) in this NASA simulator – Space.com

If you watched the sun set on Uranus, the sky would start off as a brilliant blue and fade into deeper blues with striking turquoise notes. So how do we know that?

Geronimo Villanueva, a planetary scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, visualized what sunsets look like on Uranus (at the 1-minute, 43-second mark in the video above), as well as on Earth, Mars, Venus and Saturn's largest moon Titan while building a computer modeling tool for a potential future mission to Uranus. This tool is being developed with the ultimate goal to perhaps one day carry it through Uranus' atmosphere to study the atmosphere in person, according to a NASA statement.

But for now, because sunsets happen with planets rotate away from the light of their star (in our case, the sun) and during this process photons (light particles) are scattered in different directions depending on the types of molecules in the atmosphere, these simulations are a valuable tool for exploring far-off atmospheres.

Using known information about these worlds' atmospheres, Villanueva created a set of sky simulations that show what sunset would look like on these worlds. In the animations created from these simulations, the view is what you would see if you were looking up at the sky from these worlds through a wide camera lens, with a white dot representing the sun's location.

While, in this simulation, sunset on Uranus is a stunning ombre of blue tones, the sky on Venus shifts from a dull yellow to a muddy brown, the sky on Mars appears as a greyish-brown spectacle and Titan's shifting sky moves from a vibrant orange-yellow to a deep, burnt orange.

These sky simulations are now part of an online tool known as the Planetary Spectrum Generator, which was developed by scientists at NASA Goddard (including Villanueva). With this generator, scientists can simulate how light moves through the atmospheres of objects ranging from planets to comets. With this tool, scientists can explore the atmospheres of far-off worlds and rocky objects and better understand their surfaces and atmospheres, according to the same statement.

Email Chelsea Gohd at cgohd@space.com or follow her on Twitter @chelsea_gohd. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.

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See a sunset on Uranus, other worlds (and a moon, too) in this NASA simulator - Space.com

NASA agrees to fly astronauts on reused Crew Dragon spacecraft – Spaceflight Now

SpaceXs Crew Dragon spacecraft approaches the International Space Station on May 31 with astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken on-board. Credit: NASA

NASA has agreed to allow its astronauts to fly on reused Crew Dragon spaceships and Falcon 9 boosters beginning as soon as SpaceXs third launch of a crew to the International Space Station, a mission expected to launch next year.

The space agency has modified its $2.7 billion commercial crew contract with SpaceX to permit reuse of spacecraft and rocket hardware. NASA had not previously approved the use of previously-flown spacecraft and rockets on missions carrying the agencys astronauts into orbit.

In a disclosure dated May 15 andposted on a federal government procurement website, NASA said the contract modification allows for the extension of the Crew Dragons Demo-2 test flight which launched May 30 with astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken from two weeks to up to 119 days.

The launch of Hurley and Behnken on top of a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida marked the first time astronauts have launched into orbit from U.S. soil since the final space shuttle flight took off July 8, 2011.

The two-man crew docked May 31 at the International Space Station, where they will support operations on the orbiting research complex for several months. NASA officials say the Demo-2 test flight is likely to conclude with a parachute-assisted splashdown in the Atlantic Ocean in August.

Once Hurley and Behnken are back on Earth, NASA engineers will review data from the Crew Dragon test flight before formally certifying the SpaceX crew capsule design for operational crew rotation missions to and from the space station.

SpaceX is under contract to fly six of these post-certification missions through the mid-2020s.

The contract modification announced by NASA also requires SpaceX to participate in additional joint test training with search and rescue teams from the U.S. military, which would deploy from Patrick Air Force Base in Florida and other locations to retrieve astronauts in the event of an emergency abort during launch.

SpaceX, NASA and the military search and rescue teams conducted joint training exercises leading up to the Crew Dragon Demo-2 launch. Those training sessions will continue before all the next six Crew Dragon missions under contract to NASA.

In exchange for the new NASA requirements, the space agency will allow SpaceX to reuse Crew Dragon spacecraft and Falcon 9 boosters for NASA astronaut missions. NASA says SpaceX could begin reusing Crew Dragon vehicles and Falcon 9 first stages on crewed launches beginning with the second post-certification mission, or Crew-2.

The Crew-2 launch is scheduled in 2021. The Crew-1 mission SpaceXs first operational astronaut flight is slated to fly with a brand new Crew Dragon spacecraft and Falcon 9 rocket.

Consistent with the public-private partnership strategy for the Commercial Crew Program, NASA specifies what safety requirements must be met, and industry is free to propose how to meet those requirements, wrote Josh Finch, a NASA spokesperson, in an emailed response to questions from Spaceflight Now.

In this case, SpaceX has proposed to reuse future Falcon 9 and/or Crew Dragon systems or components for NASA missions to the International Space Station because they believe it will be beneficial from a safety and/or cost standpoint, Finch wrote. NASA performed an in-depth review and determined that the terms of the overall contract modification were in the best interests of the government.

According to Finch, SpaceX will propose a reuse plan for future crew missions, beginning as early as the Crew-2 flight. He wrote that a specific plan has not been developed yet to proposed which Crew Dragon spacecraft and Falcon 9 boosters might be reused for the Crew-2 mission and subsequent flights.

Also, NASA will need to approve that plan after it is proposed by SpaceX, Finch wrote.

The modification to SpaceXs commercial crew contract, which was originally signed with NASA in 2014, includes no exchange of funds, according to Finch.

Each of SpaceXs operational crew rotation flights to the space station will carry up to four astronauts, including space fliers from NASA and the space stations international partners.

NASA has assigned astronauts Mike Hopkins, Victor Glover and Shannon Walker to the Crew-1 mission. Japanese astronaut Soichi Noguchi will join the U.S. astronauts on the Crew Dragon spacecraft.

The launch date most recently announced for the Crew-1 flight was Aug. 30, but that could be pushed back to September if the Crew Dragons Demo-2 test flight comes back to Earth in August. NASA is expected to take one-to-two months to review data from the Crew Dragon test flight before giving the green light for SpaceXs first operational launch with astronauts.

SpaceX has reused Falcon 9 first stages on 37 missions with a perfect success record since launching the first previously-flown Falcon booster in 2017. SpaceX also reused Dragon cargo capsules up to three times on resupply missions to the space station.

The first version of SpaceXs Dragon supply freighter has been retired, and SpaceX plans to fly a cargo variant of the Crew Dragon spacecraft for future logistics missions to the space station. SpaceX also refers to the new generation of space station servicing vehicles as Dragon 2, with crew and cargo configurations.

The human-rated Dragon includes seats, crew displays, life support systems and SuperDraco abort engines, which would be activated to push the capsule away from its rocket if it fails during launch. The SuperDracos will not fly on Dragon capsules configured for cargo missions.

NASA previously approved plans to reuse the Dragon 2 vehicles for cargo delivery flights to the space station. SpaceX says the Dragon 2 cargo capsules can fly to the space station and back up to five times, an improvement

Boeings Starliner capsule, which is also designed to carry astronauts, will also be reused on crew missions to the space station. The Starlinerlands under parachutes on land.

Boeing has manufactured two Starliner spacecraft for its missions to and from the International Space Station.

But an unpiloted Starliner test flight in December failed to reach the International Space Station due to a misconfigured mission elapsed timer, which caused the spacecraft to burn too much fuel after it separated from its United Launch Alliance Atlas 5 rocket. Engineers traced the problem to a software programming error, and the Starliner spacecraft aborted its mission to the space station and safely returned to Earth.

Boeing plans a second Starliner test flight without astronauts later this year. If that goes well, the Starliner could be ready to carry a crew to the space station on a demonstration mission in the spring of 2021, before kicking off six operational crew rotation flights under contract to NASA.

Email the author.

Follow Stephen Clark on Twitter: @StephenClark1.

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NASA agrees to fly astronauts on reused Crew Dragon spacecraft - Spaceflight Now

NASA expects to cover JWST launch slip with budget reserves – SpaceNews

WASHINGTON NASA hopes to keep the costs of additional delays in the James Webb Space Telescope within the programs existing reserves and thus avoid asking Congress for additional funding.

At a June 24 meeting of NASAs Astrophysics Advisory Committee, Eric Smith, program scientist for JWST at NASA Headquarters, said that while a new target launch date for the giant space telescope hasnt been determined yet, the agency expected that the costs associated with that slip will be covered by existing budgetary reserves.

The program has fiscal reserves, in addition to the schedule reserves, and right now we do not anticipate needing additional funding because we have money to pay for extra time in the schedule, he said.

JWST exhausted its schedule reserve because of the slowdown in work caused by the coronavirus pandemic. The program still had nearly two months of schedule reserve when the pandemic caused work to briefly halt in March, then continue at a slower pace. Thomas Zurbuchen, NASA associate administrator for science, said June 10 that because of that slowdown, the mission will not make its March 2021 launch date.

Smith said NASA expects to set a new launch date in July after completing reviews, including examining how changes in work procedures required by social distancing protocols affect the remaining activities. What has changed is the efficiency in which those tasks can be completed, he said. That may include, he said, adding more schedule reserve beyond the two months that the program had in March.

He did not estimate how much the launch date will slip, but it is likely to be at least a few months. Before the pandemic slowed work on JWST, NASA was planning to put the telescope through a final series of acoustics and vibration tests in May and June. Smith said those tests are now scheduled for August.

Smith declined to say how much budget reserve the mission has remaining. We can go a few months, several months past the March [2021] date and still have reserves to cover that, he said.

JWST has a cost cap of $8.8 billion set by Congress after the missions previous schedule slip in 2018. Schedule overruns alone dont require congressional approval, Smith said, but cost increases that exceed the cap would require reauthorization.

SOFIA cancels Southern Hemisphere campaign

Another NASA astrophysics mission affected by the pandemic, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), has canceled a planned deployment of the airborne observatory to New Zealand because of the pandemic.

In a June 23 presentation at the committee meeting, Naseem Rangwala, SOFIA project scientist, said the project worked for weeks on a way to carry out that observing campaign within the restrictions imposed by the pandemic, but ultimately concluded it was not feasible.

The logistical, personnel and travel-related challenges remained, and we made a very difficult decision to cancel the 2020 New Zealand deployment, she said. The project has for several years carried out such deployments, typically in the Northern Hemisphere summer, to conduct observations of celestial objects visible only from Southern Hemisphere skies.

She said the project worked with the New Zealand government and the U.S. Embassy in New Zealand on ways to carry out the campaign given the countrys restrictions on international travel, including a 14-day quarantine on any arrivals. Those restrictions have eradicated COVID-19 in the country, but ultimately were too much to overcome for SOFIA.

SOFIA, a Boeing 747 equipped with a 2.5-meter infrared telescope, has been grounded since March because of safety restrictions imposed in response to the pandemic. Earlier this month, project officials expressed optimism about resuming flights as soon as late June.

Those plans, which will require the approval of NASA, are still being developed, Rangwala said, using some of the planning that went into the canceled New Zealand campaign. The project developed detailed plans and protocols for how to safely operate SOFIA within COVID-19 constraints, she said.

She said the project now hopes to resume flights in mid-July from California. We are making very good progress on getting the observatory returned to science flights, she said.

SOFIAs shutdown during the pandemic comes as the mission faces the threat of cancellation in the agencys fiscal year 2021 budget proposal, as well as efforts to improve the efficiency and scientific output of the observatory. That has included canceling an instrument that was under development for SOFIA called the High Resolution Mid-infrared Spectrometer, or HIRMES.

The HIRMES project was over-budget and over-schedule, said Paul Hertz, director of NASAs astrophysics division, at the meeting. They had unsolved technology problems and could not produce a believable plan to complete within a predictable amount of money, so we terminated the project for its overruns.

Work on HIRMES-related technology will continue, he said, but will be funded by a technology development program and not the SOFIA project.

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NASA expects to cover JWST launch slip with budget reserves - SpaceNews

Kathy Lueders, NASA’s 1st female spaceflight chief, will guide a US return to the moon – Space.com

The first woman to be in charge of NASA's human spaceflight program will oversee the first mission to land a woman on the moon, and she's expecting "really big things" to come from the next generation of young, female space enthusiasts.

Kathy Lueders, who until now led NASA's Commercial Crew Program, will take the helm of all crewed spaceflight activities at NASA as the associate administrator for the agency's Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate. The promotion, which NASA announced June 12, came about two weeks after Doug Loverro resigned from the position.

"When Jim asked me if I would take this role, you know, I didn't really think about being first," Lueders said during a teleconference with reporters on Thursday (June 18), referring to NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine. "I was more overwhelmed with the potential tasks in front of me," she said.

Related: 'Get used to it' The women who broke Apollo's glass ceiling

Lueders said her husband was the one who pointed out to her that no other woman has ever held the job before. "That made me stop and really think about all of the other 'firsts' that have been out there that really have paved my way," she said. "In fact, today is the day that Sally Ride was the first U.S. woman in space. And so that's one of many firsts," she added.

During Thursday's teleconference, Bridenstine formally introduced the agency's new human spaceflight chief and laid out the work that lies ahead for Lueders and her team. "We have a big agenda to go back to the moon by 2024 with the next man and the first woman," Bridenstine said. "I really believe that Kathy Lueders is the type of person that we need leading here in order to achieve those outcomes."

As the manager of NASA's commercial crew program, Lueders oversaw the SpaceX Crew Dragon Demo-2 mission that launched NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley to the International Space Station (ISS) last month. Before that, she served as the ISS program's transportation integration manager, overseeing cargo resupply missions. Her NASA career started in 1992, when she became the second woman to ever work in the propulsion lab at NASA's White Sands Test Facility in New Mexico.

"What's been amazing to me over the last few days is seeing all the tweets, Snapchats, Instagrams, all the notes from all the girls out there. That really helped me realize the power of my being first, what that means to them. They will see themselves in me," she said. "I'm very honored by that, and I'm expecting really big things from them. You better get going!"

While Lueders seems happy to serve as an inspiration to young women who are interested in pursuing space-related careers, she pointed out that women aren't the only people who have been underrepresented in the space industry.

"I think when we can see ourselves in the people that are out there, it makes us realize we can do it. And that's very, very important for not only girls out there but for all groups of people that are out there."

Email Hanneke Weitering at hweitering@space.com or follow her @hannekescience. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and onFacebook.

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Kathy Lueders, NASA's 1st female spaceflight chief, will guide a US return to the moon - Space.com

Dust Traverses the Atlantic Ocean – nasa.gov

Every year, winds loft about 800 million metric tons of desert dust from North Africaby far the planets largest source of airborne dust particles. The dust is often visible from space during the spring, summer, and early fall, when huge plumes of dry, dusty air from the Sahara Desert (the Saharan Air Layer) blow westward over the tropical Atlantic Ocean.

In June 2020, satellites captured these images of a Saharan Air Layer outbreak in progress. The top image, acquired June 18 with NASAs Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) on NOAAs DSCOVR satellite, shows the scale of the plume in relation to continents bordering the Atlantic Ocean.

That same day, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASAs Terra satellite acquired a detailed view of the dust over the Cape Verde (Cabo Verde) islands. The archipelago, located about 570 kilometers (350 miles) off the west coast of Africa, is frequently in the path of dust plumes.

Summer typically carries a larger volume of dust over the islands, but that dust also tends to float higher in the atmosphere than in other seasons. Still, the volcanic peaks are high enough to alter the air flow and produce patterns in the dust. Notice the v-shaped pattern on the leeward side of the islands. The phenomenon is similar to the v-shaped wake you see behind a boat in a lake or a rock in a stream.

The map above shows the dust on June 18 as represented by the Goddard Earth Observing System Model, Version 5. GEOS-5 is a global atmospheric model that uses mathematical equations to represent physical processes. The map depicts aerosol optical thickness, a measure of the amount of light that the aerosols scatter and absorb, and a proxy for the number of particles in the air. Orange and red colors indicate extremely hazy conditions.

The thickest parts of the plume appear to stretching about 2,500 kilometers (1,500 miles) across the Atlantic. Forecasts indicate that the dust could reach the Caribbean by June 20, and then later drift over the contiguous United States.

Dust from Africa can affect air quality as far away as North and South America if it is mixed into the air near the ground. But the dust plays an important ecological role, such as fertilizing soils in the Amazon and building beaches in the Caribbean. The dry, warm, and windy conditions associated with Saharan Air Layer outbreaks can also suppress the formation and intensification of tropical cyclones.

NASA Earth Observatory images by Joshua Stevens, using MODIS data from NASA EOSDIS/LANCE and GIBS/Worldview, imagery from the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR), and data from the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office at NASA GSFC. Story by Kathryn Hansen.

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Dust Traverses the Atlantic Ocean - nasa.gov

NASA simulates what sunsets look like on other planets and moons – ABC News

The sunset on Uranus fades from a bright blue to royal blue with hints of turquoise, according to NASA scientists who have simulated sunsets on other planets and moons.

Geronimo Villanueva, a planetary scientist from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Centre, created animated simulations of sunsets on Earth, Venus, Mars, Uranus, and Titan while building a computer modelling tool for a possible mission to Uranus.

Videos of the simulations were released by NASA this week using the known colours of the sky on Uranus and other worlds.

The simulations are shown from the perspective of someone on these worlds during sunset.

According to NASA, during sunset, photons get scattered in different directions as these worlds rotate away from the Sun's light.

This results in the changing colours shown in the simulations.

"When sunlight which is made up of all the colours of the rainbow reaches Uranus's atmosphere, hydrogen, helium and methane absorb the longer-wavelength red portion of the light," a statement from NASA says of the simulation.

"The shorter-wavelength blue and green portions of light get scattered as photons bounce off the gas molecules and other particles in the atmosphere.

"A similar phenomenon makes Earth's sky appear blue on a clear day."

A halo of light is produced on both the hazy Earth simulation and Mars because of the way light is scattered by particles such as dust or fog that are suspended in the clouds.

The Mars sunset turns from a brownish colour to blue because Martian dust particles scatter the blue colour more effectively, according to the statement.

The simulations were created to validate the accuracy of Dr Villanueva's computer modelling tool, which NASA says would be a valuable instrument in any mission to Uranus.

"One day, a probe could descend through the Uranian atmosphere, with Villanueva's tool helping scientists interpret the measurements of light that will reveal its chemical makeup," the statement read.

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NASA simulates what sunsets look like on other planets and moons - ABC News

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How Donald Trump Abused the Second Amendment – Yahoo News

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President Donald Trump, supported by Sen. Tom Cotton (R-Ark.), raised a major controversy in early June by suggesting that active-duty troops be used to impose order in the streets of American cities. The Trump administration made moves toward implementing that suggestion, including dispatching part of the Armys 82nd Airborne Division to locations just outside Washington, DC. The response in opposition by former senior military officerswith former defense secretary James Mattiss statement being the most eloquenthas been heartfelt and appropriate.

As part of Trumps guns-and-toughness posturing, the president has conflated the notion of Army troops confronting American citizens in American cities with another favorite part of that posturing, which is the gun rights issue invoking the Second Amendment to the Constitution. Trump made that conflation explicit in the Rose Garden speech that he delivered shortly before Attorney General William Barr ordered the use of stun grenades and tear gas to clear a path to Trumps photo-op at a church. In the speech, Trump stated, I am mobilizing all available federal resourcescivilian and militaryto stop the rioting and looting, to end the destruction and arson, and to protect the rights of law-abiding Americans, including your Second Amendment rights.

Trumps further rhetoric on this assortment of issues has been contradictory. He has shown no fondness for public order when egging on protestors who have resisted the authority of governors while threatening violence and brandishing assault rifles in state capitol buildings. Moreover, invoking the Second Amendment in the same breath as threatening to put active-duty military personnel into the streets involves another contradiction, as a matter of law and history.

The Second Amendment is about well-regulated militias. It says in the first line of the amendment that a well-regulated Militia is necessary to the security of a free State. For over two centuries the courts did not regard it as limiting the power of states and localities to enact laws regulating individual ownership of firearms. Then, in 2008, lobbying spearheaded by the National Rifle Association finally got five Supreme Court justices in Heller v. District of Columbia to abandon any semblance of original intent and construe the Second Amendment as a basis for striking down gun control laws that have nothing to do with militias, let alone well-regulated ones.

Story continues

When the Bill of Rights, of which the Second Amendment is a part, was written, militias were in good odor among Americans of all political persuasions. Militias, after all, deserved much of the credit for standing up to the British Redcoats during the American Revolution.

After independence, militias became an important part of two over-arching political issues. One was the issue of how much power the new federal government would have relative to the authority of the states. Enactment of the Bill of Rights, including the Second Amendment, was a concession by the federalists to the anti-federalists who considered it vital to restrict the powers of the federal government and keep it out of the business of the states, including the business of preserving local order.

This subject was closely related to the second big and relevant issue, which was a general antipathy to standing armies. As much as militias were in good odor among Americans of that day, a full-time military under the control of a central government was in bad odor. (After the almost complete demobilization of the Continental Army at the end of the Revolution, this attitude was reflected in U.S. policy until increased tensions in the 1790s, first with Britain and then with France, led to the restoration of a small standing military.) The strong pro-militia statement the Second Amendment makes was a statement against any federal army butting into the states business. The right to bear arms was made universal out of a fear that the federal government might butt into the states business not only through the deployment of a federal army but also by limiting the size of a states militia. Baron von Steuben, the Prussian officer who became George Washingtons inspector general during the Revolution, had suggested just such a limitation.

In short, the Second Amendment embodies opposition to the very use of federal troops that Donald Trump and Tom Cotton are talking about. The authors and early champions of the amendment would be appalled to hear it invoked by those arguing that a federal army should be used to corral and coerce American citizens in the streets of American cities.

Useful context is provided by the Third Amendment, which protects citizens against having to quarter soldiers in their homes. The Third Amendment, like the Second Amendment, is a statement against standing armies getting involved in the local lives of Americans. Today, no one is talking about restoring that kind of military housing arrangement, and the Third Amendment is perhaps the least-cited portion of the entire Constitution. But reading itas well as that first line of the Second Amendmentwould aid understanding of the underlying issues.

Paul Pillar retired in 2005 from a twenty-eight-year career in the U.S. intelligence community, in which his last position was National Intelligence Officer for the Near East and South Asia. Earlier he served in a variety of analytical and managerial positions, including as chief of analytic units at the CIA covering portions of the Near East, the Persian Gulf, and South Asia. Professor Pillar also served in the National Intelligence Council as one of the original members of its Analytic Group. He is also a Contributing Editor for this publication.

Image: Reuters

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Black and white Americans are embracing the Second Amendment – The Boston Globe

For months, news accounts have reported on the nationwide surge in gun sales. The soaring demand for guns has led in turn to soaring prices for gun stocks. Shares of firearms manufacturers like Smith & Wesson and Ruger have sharply outpaced the broader stock market.

All this was happening before Americans learned about Derek Chauvin, the Minneapolis police officer who killed George Floyd on May 25, or saw the video of Gregory and Travis McMichael, the two Georgia men one an ex-cop who gunned down Ahmaud Arbery after seeing him jog past their home. Black Americans in particular have been getting a pointed lesson in the value of their Second Amendment right to bear arms, and translating that lesson into action.

Hence the explosion in the number of Black gun owners nationwide, as David Dent reports in The Daily Beast. The National African American Gun Association, which began in 2015 with a single chapter in Atlanta, now comprises more than 100 chapters with 40,000 members 10,000 of whom joined within the past five months. They include not only recreational shooters, but new owners like Iesha Williams, a young mother who, Dent writes, was persuaded by recent events to acquire a gun as a form of protection against racial violence. Black gun ownership is as essential today as it was in 1892, when Ida B. Wells wrote that a Winchester rifle should have a place of honor in every black home, and it should be used for that protection which the law refuses to give.

Millions of Americans instinctively grasp that private ownership of guns makes them safer. But advocates of more gun control never see it that way. When Michael Bloomberg was asked in January about a Texas church where a massacre was aborted when a 71-year-old parishioner shot and killed the gunman, his response was that guns are for police. Its the job of law enforcement to have guns and to decide when to shoot, said Bloomberg. You just do not want the average citizen carrying a gun in a crowded place.

Only cops should have guns and decide when to shoot? Try telling that to the families of Breonna Taylor, Philando Castile, Botham Jean, Tamir Rice, Laquan McDonald, Michael Dean, and Walter Scott, all of whom were killed when cops whether from recklessness, incompetence, or racism decided to shoot.

Of course, most cops are neither racists nor thugs. But even the most dedicated police officers cannot always be there to provide protection when it is needed. The Second Amendment exists in part for just that purpose, as persecuted minorities have had good reason to know.

The denial of the right to own weapons reinforced the racial repression of Americas first centuries. In its infamous Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court ruled that if Black people were considered US citizens, the Second Amendment would give to persons of the negro race . . . the right . . . to keep and carry arms wherever they went. Gun controls racist roots run deep. Before the Civil War, a multiplicity of laws barred slaves from owning weapons and permitted free Black people to do so only with a courts approval. In the Jim Crow era, states found other ways to disarm Black Americans. They heavily taxed handgun sales, for example, or permitted pistols to be sold only to sheriffs and their deputies a category that often included KKK terrorists.

The Second Amendment is always revitalized when we feel threatened, writes David Harsanyi in the current National Review. Between the coronavirus pandemic, the killing of George Floyd, and the recent wave of demonstrations and looting, this is an alarming moment in American life. Black and white Americans, millions of them, have chosen to meet the moment by arming themselves. The hoplophobes may disapprove, but this is what the Second Amendment is for.

Jeff Jacoby can be reached at jeff.jacoby@globe.com. Follow him on Twitter @jeff_jacoby. To subscribe to Arguable, his weekly newsletter, go to bitly.com/Arguable.

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Black and white Americans are embracing the Second Amendment - The Boston Globe

Does the Second Amendment prohibit slavery? Reason.com – Reason

Is the text of the Second Amendment contrary to slavery? So argued the great abolitionist Lysander Spooner in his 1845 book The Unconstitutionality of Slavery. When the Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1866-68, the Amendment's supporters agreed with Spooner that if the Second Amendment were enforced, slavery would be impossible.

Author of important books and pamphlets on scores of subjects, Lysander Spooner's greatest passion was antislavery. A radical theorist, Spooner was a hero to many antislavery activists, including John Brown, whose raid on Harper's Ferry was inspired by reading Spooner. He was "pre-eminent in the group of abolitionists who developed the constitutional law now incorporated in the Fourteenth Amendment." C. Shively, Introduction to 4 Lysander Spooner, Collected Works 11 (1971). For more, see Randy E. Barnett, Whence Comes Section One? The Abolitionist Origins of the Fourteenth Amendment, 3 J. Legal Analysis 165 (2011).

Spooner was "the most theoretically profound advocate" of the position that slavery was unconstitutional. David A. J. Richards, Abolitionist Political and Constitutional Theory and the Reconstruction Amendments, 25 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 1187, 1193 (1992).

In the widely-distributed and frequently reprinted book The Unconstitutionality of Slavery, Spooner argued that the Constitution should be interpreted according to the original public meaning of the words in the text. In case of ambiguity, words should construed according to natural justice. Spooner did not favor looking to speeches by political figures, newspaper essays, or other sources to put a gloss on the constitutional text itself.

As Barnett explains:

Spooner supplemented this interpretive claim about original public meaning with a principle of construction he took from the 1805 Supreme Court case of United States v. Fisher in which John Marshall articulated a 'plain statement' rule of construction for resolving ambiguities in the public meaning of statutes. "Where rights are infringed, where fundamental principles are overthrown, where the general system of the laws is departed from," wrote Chief Justice Marshall, "the legislative intention must be expressed with irresistible clearness, to induce a court of justice to suppose a design to effect such objects."

As elaborated by Spooner, under this rule of construction, when the original public meaning is ambiguousthat is, when there is more than one reasonable meaning"the court will never, through inference, nor implication, attribute an unjust intention to a law; nor seek for such an intention in any evidence exterior to the words of the law. They will attribute such an intention to the law, only when such intention is written out in actual terms; and in terms, too, of 'irresistible clearness'"

For example, Spooner's natural justice interpretation of the Second Amendment was straightforward:

This right "to keep and bear arms," implies the right to use themas much as a provision securing to the people the right to buy and keep food, would imply their right also to eat it. But this implied right to use arms, is only a right to use them in a manner consistent with natural rightsas, for example, in defence of life, liberty, chastity, &c. . . . If the courts could go beyond the innocent and necessary meaning of the words, and imply or infer from them an authority for anything contrary to natural right, they could imply a constitutional authority in the people to use arms, not merely for the just and innocent purposes of defence, but also . . . robbery, or any other acts of wrong to which arms are capable of being applied. The mere verbal implication would as much authorize the people to use arms for unjust, as for just, purposes. But the legal implication gives only an authority for their innocent use. (Unconstitutionality of Slavery, p. 66).

Spooner used the Second Amendment to argue that slavery was unconstitutional. Since a slave is a person who is (or can be) forbidden to possess arms, and the Second Amendment guarantees that all persons can possess arms, no person in the United States can be a slave. Similarly, the militia clauses (Art. I, sect. 8, cls. 15-16) give Congress the power to arm the militia and to call it forth. He elaborated:

These provisions obviously recognize the natural right of all men "to keep and bear arms" for their personal defence; and prohibit both Congress and the State governments from infringing the right of "the people"that is, of any of the peopleto do so; and more especially of any whom Congress have power to include in their militia. The right of a man "to keep and bear arms," is a right palpably inconsistent with the idea of his being a slave. Yet the right is secured as effectually to those whom the States presume to call slaves, as to any whom the States condescend to acknowledge free.

Under this provision any man has a right either to give or sell arms to those persons whom the States call slaves; and there is no constitutional power, in either the national or State governments, that can punish him for so doing; or that can take those arms from the slaves; or that can make it criminal for the slaves to use them, if, from the inefficiency of the laws, it should become necessary for them to do so, in defence of their own lives or liberties; for this constitutional right to keep arms implies the constitutional right to use them, if need be, for the defence of one's liberty or life. (Id. at 97-98.)

As Spooner recognized, the Constitution never expressly used the words "slave" or "slavery." James Madison explained that he kept those words out of the document because it would be "wrong to admit in the Constitution the idea that there could be property in men." Timothy Sandefur, The Anti-Slavery Constitution, National Review, Sept. 30, 2019. So the word "slavery" did not appear in the Constitution until 1865, with the 13th Amendment: "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude."

Spooner argued that the so-called "Fugitive Slave Clause" was no such thing. The actual text said:

No person held to service or labour in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labour may be due. (Art. IV, sect. 2, cl. 3.)

According to Spooner, the text could be read to apply only indentured servants, or other persons who voluntarily undertaken a service or labor obligation. Indentured servants were not legally free, but (unlike slaves) their required service would end after several years, according to the contract they had signed. For example, some immigrants to America paid for their sea voyage by signing a five-year indenture that the ship's captain could sell upon arrival in America. Indenture contracts were legally enforceable.

In Spooner's theory, reading the clause to encompass slavery would violate Chief Justice Marshall's rule of interpretation.

As for the right of "persons whom the States call slaves" to use arms to resist recapture by government officers, Spooner wrote:

The constitution contemplates no such submission, on the part of the people, to the usurpations of the government, or to the lawless violence of its officers. On the contrary it provides that "The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed." This constitutional security for "the right to keep and bear arms," implies the right to use them,as much a constitutional security for food, would have have implied the right to eat it. The constitution, therefore, takes it for granted that, as the people have the right, they will also have the sense, to use arms, whenever the necessity of the case justifies it. (Lysander Spooner, A Defence for Fugitive Slaves 27-28 (1850).)

Similarly, Spooner contended that unconstitutional laws need not be obeyed pending their repeal. To require obedience to unconstitutional laws would be to allow the government "to disarm the people, suppress the freedom of speech and the press, prohibit the use of suffrage, and thus put it beyond the power of the people to reform the government through the exercise of those rights." Id. at 28.

In Spooner's best seller, the 1852 An Essay on the Trial by Jury, he used U.S. Constitution right to jury trial and "the right of the people to keep and bear arms" to make his point that the "right of resistance is recognized by the constitution of the United States." (p. 17).

Courts in the 1840s and 1850s did not adopt Spooner's view that slavery was unconstitutional. Then in 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment made explicit was Spooner had argued was always implicit: slavery is unconstitutional. The Thirteenth Amendment was insufficient by itself to prevent the newly-freed from being de facto re-enslaved. If former slave states could prohibit freedmen from assembling, from contracting their labor freely, from traveling, or from defending themselves, then they could be reduced to servitude by the Black Codes being adopted in the ex-confederate states.

Just a few weeks after the Confederate States surrendered at Appomattox, Frederick Douglass declared:

Now, while the black man can be denied a vote, while the Legislatures of the South can take from him the right to keep and bear arms, as they canthey would not allow a negro to walk with a cane where I came from, they would not allow ve of them to assemble togetherthe work of the Abolitionists is not finished. Notwithstanding the provision in the Constitution of the United States that the right to keep and bear arms shall not be abridged, the black man has never had the right either to keep or bear arms; and the Legislatures of the States will still have the power to forbid it, under this [Thirteenth] Amendment. They can carry on a system of unfriendly legislation, and will they not do it? Have they not got the prejudice there to do it with? (Frederick Douglass, In What New Skin Will the Old Snake Come Forth? Address delivered in New York City, May 10, 1865, pp. 83-84 [In Frederick Douglass Papers, series 1, vol. 4).

The next year, Congress recognized that disarming the freedmen was indeed part of the efforts of southern state governments and terrorist organizations to keep the freedmen in de facto servitude. So in 1866, the Second Freedmen's Bureau bill ordered the Union army in the South to protect the freedmen's "full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and estate including the constitutional right to bear arms." The same year, the Civil Rights Act was passed, and the Fourteenth Amendment was sent to the States for ratification. All were enacted with supporters' expressly stated purpose of protecting the Second Amendment self-defense rights of the freedmen. McDonald v. Chicago (2010) (Thomas, J., concurring) (detailing legal history, and citing Spooner).

Whether Spooner's 1845 approach to constitutional interpretation is the best one can be debated. It can be said that parts of his constitutional vision were so compellingand so much in accord with natural justicethat they became the law of the land. As the Fourteenth Amendment recognizes, slavery and the constitutional right to arms are opposites.

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Groups Exercise First, Second Amendment Rights in Peaceful Gatherings – wevv.com

Gatherings of all sizes and kinds marked a lengthy Saturday in the Tri-State, capped with a group spending the evening keeping an eye on businesses in Evansville.

About 15 men came together in the parking lot near Target on the east side, many of them openly carrying firearms.

They told us they were there to protect the community and they didnt want to see anything torn up.

The armed members of the group became the latest in a series of expressions of constitutional rights, done so through the night in peace.

For Saadia Miles, speaking out today is a family affair.

Were tired. Im raising up two beautiful black women. And this cant keep happening. After the whole worlds seen George. Its changed the dynamic of how were moving today, she explained.

She joined others in bringing their kids down to the waterfront in peaceful demonstration Saturday afternoon.

Spreading a message not just across the city, but through generations.

I think its just sad that the racism is going around, her daughter Bianca said.

Weve had a lot of negativity out here. And thats been hard to deal with, Saadia added. Were still not getting the support we need. And thats why were still standing here. Were still fighting. This is all a learning lesson.

For their family, coming out isnt just about a single issue.

We have to stop, and its not even about the police at this point either. We have to stop the gun violence against us too. We have to love each other for everybody to love us as well, Saadia explained.

As crowds continued to gather throughout the afternoonat the Four Freedoms monument before marching to the Ford Centerother mothers in the group of hundreds also shared how the last moments of George Floyd brought them out.

Im a momma. Ive got four kids but I have two black grandkids. It just bothers me. He cried for his momma at the end. Its just sad. Its horrible, Melissa Key said.

Saadia Miles, and her daughters, echoed that idea

We wanna live. This is why were here. Thats why my kids are here. We want to live. We want the same respect we give to everybody else, Saadia explained.

as their voices, and that of others from across the city, echoed through the streets.

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Why Did the Roberts Court Punt on Ten Second Amendment Cases? – National Review

Chief Justice of the United States John Roberts departs the Trump impeachment trial in Washington,January 29, 2020.(Brendan McDermid/Reuters)The most likely explanation is that neither of the Courts ideological factions was confident enough of Robertss support to risk granting certiorari.

On Monday, the Supreme Court declined to review all ten of the Second Amendment cases it had pending on its docket. Though the cases presented different fact patterns and procedural postures, the Court simply refused to weigh in on any of them. There seems to be one likely reason: Chief Justice Roberts does not want the Court to take a stance on the Second Amendment. We know because it only takes four justices to agree to hear a case but five to reach a decision once a case is heard and there are four justices on record as being in favor of the Courts reviewing Second Amendment issues.

Justice Thomas has been dissenting from the Courts refusal to review those issues for years, and he did so again on Monday, writing to protest the Courts decision to pass on Rogers v. Grewal, a case addressing New Jerseys unconstitutional handgun-carry-permit laws:

This case gives us the opportunity to provide guidance on the proper approach for evaluating Second Amendment claims; acknowledge that the Second Amendment protects the right to carry in public; and resolve a square Circuit split on the constitutionality of justifiable need restrictions on that right. I would grant the petition for a writ of certiorari.

Justice Alito authored the landmark 2010McDonald v. Chicagoopinion, which incorporated Second Amendment rights to cover the states, and recently filed a scathing dissent to the Courts decision inNew York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. City of New York:

Twelve years ago inDistrict of Columbia v. Heller. . . we held that the Second Amendment protects the right of ordinary Americans to keep and bear arms. Two years later, our decision in McDonald v. Chicago . . . established that this right is fully applicable to the States. Since then, the lower courts have decided numerous cases involving Second Amendment challenges to a variety of federal, state, and local laws. Most have failed. We have been asked to review many of these decisions, but until this case, we denied all such requests.

Alitos dissent goes on to review the underlying merits of the case and argue that the New York City gun-control law at issue is certainly unconstitutional.

Justice Kavanaugh is also in favor of the Courts weighing in on Second Amendment issues. He wrote a well-knowndissent in Heller II, a follow-up case stemming from the Heller decision Alito references, in which he chastised the D.C. Circuits reasoning and directly applied the Supreme Court test that was established inHeller. More recently, he joined Thomass dissent against the Courts refusal to hearRogers, and wrote, in a concurrence to theNew York State Rifledecision:

I share Justice Alitos concern that some federal and state courts may not be properly applyingHeller andMcDonald. The Court should address that issue soon, perhaps in one of the several Second Amendment cases with petitions for certiorari now pending before the Court.

Finally, Justice Gorsuch, while being quieter on the subject, has voiced his support for a review of Second Amendment issues as well: He has joined a couple of dissents penned by Justices Thomas and Alito, inPeruta v. CaliforniaandNew York State Rifle, respectively.

If youre counting along at home, thats four Justices Thomas, Alito, Gorsuch, and Kavanaugh in favor of the Courts reviewing Second Amendment issues. Those four together can grantcertiorariin any case they wish. One presumes that the only reason they didnt do so in one of the ten Second Amendment cases the Court passed on Monday is that they were unsure how Chief Justice Roberts would vote once the cases were heard.

To be clear, the Court wasnt in want of choice. The ten cases pending before it covered issues ranging from New Jerseys handgun-carry regulations (Rogers) to Californias presumptively unsafe handgun law (Pena v. Horan) and Massachusetts assault weapon and high-capacity magazine bans (Worman v. Healey).

Some of the ten also showed a clear circuit split a conflict between two or more courts of appeals in the nation as to how to decide a similar or identical issue which tends to make the Court far more likely to hear a case. In this instance, there was and is a clear split between circuits on the applicability of the Second Amendment outside the home.

So, ruling out votes and issues, the remaining roadblock would seem to be Chief Justice Roberts. What is unclear is why.

Some have speculated that Roberts wants to avoid risking the Courts reputation on a controversial case during a tense political cycle. But, if the Court had grantedcertiorariin one of these cases today, the case would have been briefed over the summer, argued in late 2020 or early 2021, and decided in early or mid 2021, well after the next president had been elected.

Does Roberts actually align with the four progressive-leaning justices on the Court when it comes to the Second Amendment? Not likely. Remember, the four progressive-leaning justices can grant review of a case just as the four conservative-leaning justices can. Given that they didnt on Monday, they likely dont believe Chief Justice Roberts is on their side of the issue.

The conclusion were left with is that Chief Justice Roberts doesnt want the Court to weigh in on the Second Amendment right now, and neither the four conservative justices nor the four progressive justices were confident enough of his siding with them on the issue to risk granting certiorari in any of the ten cases.

Keep in mind, when the chief justice is in the majority on a decision, he gets to pick who writes the opinion.If Chief Justice Roberts is the swing vote in a case, hell be in the majority however he decides, and could easily assign himself the opinion. Given that the rest of the Court is evenly split, no matter how he drafted it, the justices who agreed with the outcome of the opinion would almost have to sign on, regardless of its reasoning, and that could spell trouble.

For now, we will have to rely on the decisions of the circuit courts in gun-rights cases. But while its unclear what the impact of this week will be on the future of Second Amendment jurisprudence, those of us committed to defending Second Amendment-protected rights will not give up the fight.

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Why Did the Roberts Court Punt on Ten Second Amendment Cases? - National Review

Police Funding, Second Amendment Discussed at Kalispell Council – Flathead Beacon

In response to a number of emails sent to the Kalispell City Council regarding the national debate over defunding police departments, the council assured residents at a recent meeting that the current police department funding would be maintained as it was originally set for the 2021 fiscal year.

The councils June 15 meeting agenda didnt have any items regarding police funding, but numerous people from the public showed up at council chambers to address the issue, as well as to discuss the recent Black Lives Matter protest in Kalispell.

We do fund our police force in Kalispell, Mayor Mark Johnson said. We dont anticipate ever cutting the funding for the police force and we will maintain that funding for as long as I am the mayor.

The proposed 2021 budget for the police department will remain at $5,659,635, a 6.85% increase from the 2020 fiscal year, which the council will finalize this summer.

I think that all of us on the council agree that chain emails are not necessarily how we make decisions, Councilor Kyle Waterman said. Ive seen chain emails from both sides in my inbox they are fairly full and that is not how we make decisions and thats not how we are swayed on funding things.

Community members attended the meeting to express their views on Kalispells Black Lives Matter protest, which occurred on June 6 in Depot Park and included the presence of members of the Flathead Patriot Guard, many who were armed with high-powered rifles and said they were there as peacekeepers.

Roughly 25 local Flathead Valley residents spoke during public comment, some supporting the peacekeepers and others against them, but all speakers agreed in their support of the police department.

I do understand theres some individuals that would like to reform or defund our law enforcement, and Im also concerned about those who are here who exercise their Second Amendment rights, Kalispell resident Bill Miles said, who expressed his support for local police.

While several other residents expressed their support for the police department and the Second Amendment rights on display at the June 6 protest, others spoke out against the armed peacekeepers.

I was (at the protest) with my parents with my granddaughter with my children I was of course shocked to see the heavily armed men all through that park, Valeri McGarvey said. Thats not something Ive ever been around and frankly it didnt feel peaceful. I didnt feel protected. It was frightening to me and very stressful.

Others defended the armed individuals at the protest, saying they were needed after hearing rumors, which were ultimately unfounded, that Antifa, an anti-fascist group, would also be at the protest.

We had intel that Black Lives Matter was coming in to town, Kalispell resident Dennis Gomez said. And also when Black Lives Matter comes into town, Antifa follows with them. Antifa are the rioters We went to the war memorial; I am a veteran of Vietnam We are here to protect our war memorial and our community.

But other residents at the meeting felt that protection should be the responsibility of the police department.

I went to the Black Lives Matter protest and I have a different perspective than a lot of you do, Kalispell resident and Kalispell Regional Healthcare nurse Tara Lee said. I am so grateful for our police. I believe in our police force here within town. I didnt feel that there needed to be excess firearms because I entrust my life with the police who are already here.

The council agreed on the importance of supporting the police department and felt the event was a learning experience for the future.

Im very pleased that when we got to that evening at midnight and checked in and nothing had happened, I was much relieved, Johnson said. But I want to carry on some of that conversation because I think theres a lot that we can learn from this. I think theres a lot of misinformation or lack of information shared amongst the different people who put in community input, but I do want to have that conversation.

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Police Funding, Second Amendment Discussed at Kalispell Council - Flathead Beacon

Fact check: George Washington misquoted on the need for arms and ammunition – Reuters

An image on social media attributes a quote on arms and ammunition to the first president of the United States, George Washington. The quote, however, is partly inaccurate.

Reuters Fact Check. REUTERS/Axel Schmidt

The image shows a memorial plaque titled 2nd Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America. The text that follows reads: A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. A free people ought not only be armed and disciplined, but they should have sufficient arms and ammunition to maintain a status of independence from any who might attempt to abuse them, which would include their own government.

Examples of the post are visible here and here .

The plaque in the picture can be found at a landmark in Amarillo, Texas called the Second Amendment Cowboy ( here ; here ; goo.gl/maps/6DuiCV9BMEBbSPtm8 ).

The first sentence of the text accurately quotes the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, visible here ( bit.ly/37HpGtI ).

The first few words of the second sentence are taken from Washingtons First Annual Message to Congress on January 8, 1790 ( here ).

However, according to the library at Mount Vernon, George Washingtons estate and museum which is managed by a private non-profit, the quote is then manipulated into a differing context and the remaining text is inaccurate ( here ).

The actual text from Washingtons speech is as follows: A free people ought not only to be armed, but disciplined; to which end a uniform and well-digested plan is requisite; and their safety and interest require that they should promote such manufactories as tend to render them independent of others for essential, particularly military, supplies.

Partly false. The quote on arms and ammunition attributed to George Washington does appear on a plaque in Texas but is partly inaccurate.

This article was produced by the Reuters Fact Check team. Read more about our work to fact-check social media posts here .

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Fact check: George Washington misquoted on the need for arms and ammunition - Reuters