Love is blind – meet the Aussie couple who have been married for 55 years – That’s Life!

On our wedding day

Once Pete was out of the rehab centre, he took me for dinner in the city, and a kind waiter read us the menu.

Soon, friendship blossomed into love.

Our connection felt so genuine none of it was based on looks; it was about our energy and personalities. Pete was always making me chuckle with silly jokes, so I knew he was the one for me.

As hed had vision in the past, he would tell me about things I never knew.

When youre speaking to someone, its important to look at them. It lets them know youre interested in what theyre saying, he said.

After four years together, Pete and I got married.

Moving in together, we put braille labels on things to help us out.

My confidence definitely encouraged him, but Petes determined attitude meant he usually wanted to work things out for himself.

Living without vision had its challenges, though.

One time, I got home to Pete boiling some cabbage for dinner. But instead of salt, hed poured powdered Ajax all over it!

Eventually, Pete got his first guide dog, Jasper, who made such a big difference. Our ambassador, he helped us socialise and led us through life.

Wanting to help others, we set up a charity, travelling the world and supporting blind kids from disadvantaged areas.

David, Winsome, Pete and me

We also went on to have our own children, Winsome and David. Id often put the kids on a rein and attach them to me, so I knew where they were.

My sister-in-law, Jenny, guided me through things such as changing nappies and feeding, so that I could gradually do it alone.

I would sometimes get covered in the kids mess though!

At bedtime, instead of reading books to them, Pete would make up incredible stories.

We also had a regular support worker, and I joined a blind mothers club, where I learned a lot.

To clear up after the kids, I was taught to shut them out of the room and feel around, putting any toys in a big bag.

When I dressed them, Id work out what colour an item was by feeling the texture.

Sometimes, Im sure their socks were mismatched!

As they got older, our golden rule was that if we called their name, they had to answer immediately so we knew where they were.

Over the years, I wished I could see their faces change.

When they brought home schoolwork, Winsome and David would take our fingers and carefully trace over their words or drawings.

They helped me at the supermarket too, but sometimes theyd take full advantage of my low vision.

Do you really need all of those lunch wraps? a checkout lady asked one day.

Id asked Winsome to grab a pack and she cheekily piled about 50 into the trolley!

Pete, Kobie, Gracie and me

Pete, Kobie, Gracie and me

Winsome, now 52, and David, 50, have both gone on to have their own children.

How did you both do it? Winsome often says in awe.

Pete and I both have a guide dog I have Gracie, and Kobie is Petes. Theyre smart animals and make a big impact on our lives. If I lose Pete in the supermarket, Ill say to Gracie, Find Pete, find Kobie, and shell work her way around the store until she finds them.

Gracie and Kobie enable us to experience so much; simple things like going for a coffee or enjoying a walk.

Pete and I have been married for 55 years now.

Like any marriage, weve had our ups and downs.

Pete sometimes quips, Love is blind, but marriage is an eye opener!

But we both know we are so lucky to have each other were kindred spirits.

Support Guide Dogs Australia by walking for theirPawgustcampaign.

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Love is blind - meet the Aussie couple who have been married for 55 years - That's Life!

How New Technology will affect the Online Casino Experience – Gildshire Magazines

The casino industry is one of the fastest-growing industries globally. With new advancements in technology, the industry moved online offering fans and players an opportunity to explore the online casino gaming experience. Currently, online casino developers and service providers make the most of innovations to provide quality games characterized with great visuals, audio, and an array of modern games to play. Today, you can play your favorite games without visiting a land-based casino.

Whats more, new technology has changed the way you make payments, engage with live dealers, and enhanced the entire gaming experience for players. Here is how new technology will affect the online casino experience.

Casino games, IT experts, and slot machine developers have embraced VR/AR technologies to provide a gaming experience similar to that of land-based casinos to all players. Regardless of your location, you can make the most of VR headsets and AR technology to play poker, roulette, blackjack, and other exciting games that immerse you in the real world. Already, many casinos are offering the best AR and VR games for you to explore. Based on your gaming goals, skills, and experience, you will always find a platform that suits your needs.

Smart devices have made life more interesting for millions of casino game lovers globally. With modern and advanced smartphones, you can play any game from wherever you are. You only need to leverage the power of the internet, make smart decisions when choosing an online casino, and use your smartphone to explore the most thrilling and rewarding games.

Since 2017, when Micrograming introduced the smartwatch for online casino slot games, the industry has never looked back. It has continued to advance this technology making it easy for players to game even when traveling or when relaxing in your backyard. The smartwatch is highly portable, offers exciting games to play, and is more entertaining bearing in mind that you have easy access to your online casino, right on your wrist.

The gambling and online gaming industry embraced blockchain and cryptocurrency technology to enhance the easy transfer of money in land-based and online casinos. Today, you dont have to carry lots of money to play or bet on your favorite platform. With the technology, you only need to make use of cryptos including bitcoin and other popular digital money options accepted in an online casino. Using digital money is safe because of highly encrypted information that only you can access. Therefore, as you transact, you are at peaceknowing your payment option is secure, safe, and guarantees easy withdrawals.

How New Technology will affect the Online Casino Experience

When it comes to enhancing a players online casino gaming experience, understanding his or her needs is very important. This is why online casinos are using modern data and predictive strategies to evaluate a players gaming behavior. With such details, it becomes easy to tailor gaming to match the unique needs of a player. It is a technology that impacts a players experience and helps online casinos to tap more players based on a gamers positive reviews.

New technology also enhances a players whole round experience. A player today can access the best information on different online casino games at the click of a button. This includes the best games to play, bonuses, winning strategies, players across the globe who want to play virtually among other exciting details. The new technology has paved the way for a player who is informed and whole rounded to enjoy the best online casino experience. Gone are the days when you would play blindly and end up losing your money.

In a nutshell, technology has transformed online casino experience and created an incredible platform where you can play safely, conveniently, and comfortably. It has made the online gaming world an ideal place for entertainment and exciting rewards for players and fans globally.

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How New Technology will affect the Online Casino Experience - Gildshire Magazines

Thats so unfair – The New Indian Express

Express News Service

HYDERABAD: As a kid, my classmates used to call me blackie. My teachers would rarely let me participate in school dances or fashion shows. I thought I was not good enough for anything and it left a lasting impact on me, shares a 25-year-old journalist.

While I was interning as a school counsellor, I had adolescent clients who were dealing with body image concerns triggered by name-calling in class because of their skin colour, says K Apuroop, a counsellor. As a model, clients and brands would prefer white skin women and I had to struggle to get to where I am today. Very few designs houses or brands about ten years ago accepted my skin colour and booked me for their shows or shoots, comments Deborah Doris Fell, Ponds Femina Miss India 2013 - II nd runner up and finalist, Kingfisher Supermodels - Season 3.

The fairness creams market in India is estimated to be worth nearly `5,000 crore, and Fair and Lovely holds nearly 70% market share. Naturally, the branding was to convince the average Indian girl to become fair to look lovely. In my over 25 years as a make-up artist, I have had many requests from clients to make them look fairer. I have flatly refused even at the cost of losing some work. Skin should have a beautiful gradation and a glow, whether fair or dusky-skinned, reveals Hyderabad make-up artist Sachi Dakoji.A friend passed a coy comment when some guys were playing blackjack. He said to me with a chuckle that I cant play blackjack because I am black, shares Aditya V, a content writer.

Snide comments on dark or dusky skinned people right from the time they are born are not uncommon. We have quickly gone from oh what a cute and pink child to just oh! for a dusky newborn. Being derided for you will never find a suitable match to name-calling couples Black and White TVs if one is fairer than the other; from our well-meaning grandmothers to pesky neighbours, all and sundry have an opinion on skin colour.

Sushmita Jakkula, founder, The Soaptub Co shares that she gets many requests from clients in their late 20s for soaps that will make their skin fairer. She informs, I try to educate them that being fair-skinned or not, is just genetic. Face masks can improve skin health, but not change skin colour.

In a market obsessed with fairness, numerous companies have sold tubes of creams and jars of bleach in an attempt to make one fair. People over the years have fought hard to break this social stigma surrounding colour. When recently Hindustan Unilever Ltd (HUL) rebranded its face cream to drop the word fair and make it Glow & Lovely, many felt it was a small step in the right direction.

A good thing about taking down the word fair from skin whitening cosmetic creams is that it will provide opportunities to have conversations on systemic racism and body image concerns. When we see advertisements that emphasise fairness to be the beauty standard, it causes viewers to develop negative body perceptions, says Apuroop. Stating that historically beauty standards were often shaped by the culture people are in, he adds, We have a colonial hangover which makes us obsessed with fairness.Deborah terms the name change a welcome decision. She feels, I believe everyone is beautiful no matter what skin colour they have. Colour should never be something that is looked down upon. We must learn to embrace ourselves and love ourselves first in order for others to do the same.

Looking good has always meant fair and lovely, not just what is seen in advertisements, but it has been put as a belief ingrained in us right from our adolescent years, feels Chaitanya Ch, image consultant, StyleChai. It has to set in that, dark is also beautiful, comments she. On her clients, she says, I have noticed that homemakers and even professionals placed in high offices suffer from low self-worth because they are dark in colour.

Harsha Tallapragada, model and an under-graduate student, begs to differ. She says, Firstly, changing the name of the product doesnt really bring changes to the product. Changing the product name is just like changing the cover of an old book. Adding that brands should come up with new products instead, she adds, With beauty trends changing, I dont think one should judge a person based on their colour.

Says Kavitha Emmanuel, Dark is Beautiful campaigner, Women of Worth Founder who is passionate about social justice and gender equity. Good to know that people are talking about colourism and companies are thinking about it. While I started Dark is Beautiful campaign in 2009, it took a long time to get matrimonial alliance firms such as Shaadi.com to rephrase words such as fair and beautiful etc. However, I wish the company will show more commitment to the cause and go beyond just the tokenism of changing the name. The 45-year-old fair is lovely narrative has to change to ensure that the change happens in mindset, and not just the brand name.

Inside GlowThe word radiant or glow to is holistic. It comes from inside and is enhanced by what you put on the outside. It is important to have wholesome food and drink lots of water. On the outside, enhance natural features. Embrace your skin colour and match whatever foundation you are using to that. For warm skin tones, never try to make skin look fairer because this will work against you. It will make you look grey and dull. Find a shade that matches your skin tone. Even while picking eye shadows or blush, pick warmer earthy tones, low warm oranges or deep pinks. This will give radiant-looking skin!-Gazal Surana, makeup artist

tamanna@newindianexpress.com@tamannamehdi

(with inputs from Ananya Mariam Rajesh)

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Thats so unfair - The New Indian Express

What the end of Moores Law will mean for the tech world and consumers – MyNorthwest.com

Are we ready for the end of Moores Law? Its something that could have huge ramifications in the tech world, and yet we dont seem to be doing much about it at the moment. So says David Rotman, editor of MIT Technology Review, who joined Seattles Morning News to explain what it is and why it matters.

It was in 1965 that Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors you could squeeze into a computer chip would double every year. And then later it became every two years. So its a prediction that you would get more powerful, faster computer chips every two years, he said.

When he predicted it, there were about 50 transistors on a chip. By 1975 it was 65,000 and now its 50 billion transistors on a chip, and thats why we have such powerful devices, Rotman explained. When you think about the progress, almost everything we use, our devices from smartphones to cloud computing to artificial intelligence all depends on the progress. The iPhone is 100,000 times more powerful in computing power than the computer on the Apollo spacecraft that went to the moon.

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So what does it mean if this pace of progress doesnt continue? Weve come to expect the level of ease of use and immediacy that you get from an iPhone with its billions of transistors. Is there a change around the corner?

We know Moores Law will end sooner or later, and no one knows quite when, but it will end (likely within the next 10 years). So what happens next? No one really knows what comes next. And maybe more importantly, no one is really working on whats the next big technology, he said.

SCOTUS decision on scholarships to religious schools not applicable to WA

Thats what I found a bit troubling at the end of the article is that were not spending the money and the resources to find the next great technology that will drive progress through the next 50 years.

One of the possibilities is the advent of quantum computing because there youre using particles that presumably are as small as nature permits.

Quantum computing is, for now, very specialized. Its amazing what it may be able to do, but its not a generalized computing technology, he said.

Why do we not appear to be investing in the next big technology? Partially because it might require tossing out the way we do things now.

It would take you to completely throw out the rule book, rethink everything. And thats why Im thinking about what comes after Moores Law, it will end over the next 10 to 20 years, and finding a different approach will mean rethinking everything. And thats going to take a long time its going to take a lot of smart people thinking hard about it, he said.

Many of the things that we really are interested in these days, for example artificial intelligence the idea of self-driving cars or all these things, robotics that think for themselves these amazing technologies are really computational intensive, Rotman said. They require really powerful computers and so we just have an endless appetite for computational power.

Listen to Seattles Morning News weekday mornings from 5 9 a.m. on KIRO Radio, 97.3 FM. Subscribe to thepodcast here.

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What the end of Moores Law will mean for the tech world and consumers - MyNorthwest.com

Free Speech And Hate Speech: Another Reckoning For Social Media Companies : 1A – NPR

Founder and CEO of US online social media and social networking service Facebook Mark Zuckerberg reacts upon his arrival for a meeting with European Commission vice-president in charge for Values and Transparency, in Brussels. KENZO TRIBOUILLARD/KENZO TRIBOUILLARD/AFP via Getty Images hide caption

Founder and CEO of US online social media and social networking service Facebook Mark Zuckerberg reacts upon his arrival for a meeting with European Commission vice-president in charge for Values and Transparency, in Brussels.

Coca Cola, Target and other major companies have recently limited or stopped advertising on Facebook. Those boycotts are part of a campaign designed to pressure the social media company into cracking down on hate speech on its platform.

YouTube, Reddit, Twitter, and others have all taken action in recent weeks to block white supremacist groups and restrict hate speech. But who defines what is hate speech? Do these restrictions run contrary to our constitutional right to freedom of speech?

Does the First Amendment also guarantee freedom of reach to have our voice amplified by technology and algorithms? Do some social media platforms not only allow hate speech, but incentivize it?

We tackled these important questions with Daphne Keller, platform regulation director at the Stanford Cyber Policy Center, Louise Matsakis, staff writer at Wired and John Matze, CEO of Parler.

Like what you hear? Find more of our programs online.

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Free Speech And Hate Speech: Another Reckoning For Social Media Companies : 1A - NPR

Removing Signs is a Violation of Free Speech and the First Amendment – TAPinto.net

Dear Editor,

1st amendment and Chatham New Jersey dont work Perfect together Tom Kean Sr.

I found this very disturbing. Today Monday July 6th while driving up Main Street in Chatham Boro I witnessed and took pictures of a Chatham DPW worker removing Rosemary Becchi Political signs off of Main Street in said Borough. The sign behind Rosemarys was a Mikki Sherrills sign and that sign was left along as where all others on main street for Mikki and other candidates. I also called and spoke to the Chatham Business Administrator Steve Williams prior to keying up this email. I urged them to put the signs back where they were as this is a First Amendment right of the candidate. Mr. Williams told me that they have an ordinance in place about the size of the signs in their town. I reminded him that just up the street from these so called wrong sized signs there are all sorts of signs for Front line workers and apartments newly renovated for rent signs etc. I by the way have nothing against the signs up the street especially the signs thanking our front line workers who are amazing and should have the recognition . Chatham has struggled with the constitutionality of signs all the way back to 2011. In an article below the council over road the Veto of then Mayor Vaughan on this vary controversial subject. I find the use of DPW workers on Tax Payers time part of the issue and second that this is clearly a violation of Freedom of Speech and the first amendment. Irrespective to the size and or scope the signs they should have remained where they were given that tomorrow is election day.

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Council Unanimously Overrides Borough's First Veto

Mayor concerned some limitations of the sign ordinance violate the Constitution.

By Laura Silvius, Patch Staff

Oct 25, 2011 1:58 am ET|Updated Oct 25, 2011 1:48 pm ET

The Chatham Borough Council voted unanimously Monday night to override Mayor Nelson Vaughan's veto of the amendments to the sign ordinance.

The amendments to the sign ordinance passed unanimously on second reading at the Oct. 11 meeting. It includes several restrictions to political signs that were part of the original ordinance, including a limiting size to no more than 4-feet squared and can be displayed for no more than 30 days. It also prohibits billboards in the borough.

At the Sept. 26 meeting, borough resident Ed DiFiglia told the council the ordinance could be construed as limiting political speech. He said the ordinance could be challenged and overturned in court.

Vaughan exercised his right of veto, the first mayoral veto in the borough's history, due to these issues. He said the limitations were unconstitutional and left the borough open to a potential lawsuit.

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Removing Signs is a Violation of Free Speech and the First Amendment - TAPinto.net

Letters: Freedom of speech cant be limited to saying things that are inoffensive – Telegraph.co.uk

SIR Our Polish carpenter wanted touse his space at home in Poland to make some kitchen units for us. He was quarantined for two weeks on arrival in Poland, and a policeman came to his house every day to check.

He came back to England two weeks ago and was quarantined for a fortnight here but nobody rang or checked up on him in any way.

We do things differently here.

Diccon SwanLondon SW2

SIR It is suggested that commuters should move to using carnet ticket books instead of whole-year season tickets, given that we are all looking for more flexibility in the new normal (report, July 3).

The railway through the Transport Secretarys own constituency, run by Great Northern, has a carnet option, which is already popular. A customer can buy a book of five or 10 return tickets at a discount price. However, the system involves queuing at the ticket office, then writing the date on apaper ticket each day. The tickets rarely work on the automated barriers.

For a long time, I have been asking Great Northern to move this to its digital key (Oyster equivalent) system. Great Northern has informed me thatthis is coming in September. Maybe the Transport Secretary can expedite this system as a pilot for the whole country.

James DunmoreWelwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire

SIR The Government is way behind the curve in introducing legislation to cover the use of e-scooters (Letters, July 4).

Surely these vehicles should be licensed and made to carry a minimum of third-party insurance.

Jill MorrisLondon W4

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Letters: Freedom of speech cant be limited to saying things that are inoffensive - Telegraph.co.uk

Democrats Declare War on Conservatives at University of North Texas – Texas Scorecard

UPDATE 7/9/20 2:19 PM:Jayne Howell, chairwoman of the Denton County Republican Party, gave the following statement to Texas Scorecard:

Banning people and groups from anywhere due to their political orientation is a fundamental violation to the U.S. Constitution. This is cancel culture and discrimination at its best. Campuses are to be an area where free speech flourishes, despite ones political leanings.

Members of a conservative student organization at the University of North Texas (UNT) are under siege from threats of violence, hexes, and a petition drive for the taxpayer-funded university to ban themall led by a coalition of extreme-left Democrat organizations. The situation has drawn the attention of Republican and Democrat county parties, a state representative, and UNT President Neal Smatresk, who says he is looking into allegations made by the extreme-left coalition.

The UNT chapter of the Young Conservatives of Texas (YCT at UNT)a nonpartisan conservative youth organizationhas been a target of the extreme-left for some time. Last year, the chapters chairman, Kelly Neidert, described resistance her organization has faced from employees of taxpayer-funded UNT.

The situation caught the attention of State Rep. Tony Tinderholt (RArlington), who called for taxpayer-funded institutions, like UNT, that violate freedom of speech to be held accountable and punished.

Now, UNT College Democrats, allied with UNT GLAD(a student LGBTQorganization) and MUEVE (a Spanish acronym translated to mean Eternal Life United Student Movement), has started a petition to ban YCT at UNT.

Student organizations such as UNT GLAD and MUEVE advance extreme-left policies through race and sexual identity politics.

This extreme-left coalition accuses YCT at UNT of showing a pattern of racism, transphobia, and homophobia throughout the 2019 through 2020 school year.

They include as part of their evidence a post from YCT at UNTs Twitter account, which said, Pronouns in your [T]witter bio isnt a personality trait. This is in reference to the push from academic leftists for individuals to reject their gender identity and define themselves by how they feel, using pronouns such as they, them, or ze.

UNT GLAD responded with, Being white and Christian isnt a personality trait, to which the YCT at UNT account replied, Neither is having HIV but you guys based your club off of that.

Regarding that reply, Chairman Neidert told Texas Scorecard that the person who tweeted that was removed from the organization, but our account did send it.

We owned up to it and apologized to GLAD in person and removed the person who sent it, she added. They offered UNT GLAD a written Peace Treaty, apologizing for how the HIV tweet was interpreted.

They added, YCT is not here to appease your demands, but the group did offer a compromise of deleting their replies to UNT GLAD if they would do the same. YCT at UNT refused to delete their initial tweet.

The petition cites another Twitter post, in which YCT at UNT encouraged conservatives on campus to come out on National Coming Out Day and held a bake sale where whites were apparently charged higher prices for baked goods than others.

The extreme-left coalition claims this as evidence YCTs presencehas created a particularly unwelcoming environment for students of color.

Neidert argues they were trying to show the results of affirmative action. We chose different prices for minorities to show how affirmative action reflects races differently, she said. Its supposed to show an over-simplification of AA for people who might have never really understood exactly what it is.

The coalition is also holding YCT at UNT responsible for a controversial social media post by Will Crawford, who asked if one needs to have HIV in order to join UNT GLAD and if the organizations president has Super HIV. Neidert says she had not previously heard of Crawford.

The coalition is also holding YCT at UNT responsible for a controversial act by a previous iteration of the UNT chapter, which allegedly offered candy to students who captured people posing as illegal immigrants. That chapter was banned in 2005.

The petition also alleges YCT at UNT violates the universitys definition of equity.

In addition to this petition, YCT at UNT and Neidert have had threats of violence leveled against them, and they claim their account was recently hacked.

Neidert has been the target of doxxing (attempts to publish her private and identifying information on the internet) by a member of antifa, as well as hexes.

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Democrats Declare War on Conservatives at University of North Texas - Texas Scorecard

Assault on rights to free speech, dissent: 99 ex-IAS, IPS, IFS officers say in open letter – ThePrint

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New Delhi:A group of former civil servants, including prominent former IAS officers such as Aruna Roy and Wajahat Habibullah, have penned an open letter expressing concern over the growing assault on the Rule of Law in India and on its citizens rights to free speech and dissent.

In a letter titled Assault on the Rule of Law and Article 19 of the Constitution of India, 99 civil servants lamented the erosion of the rule of law in the country and urged all Indians to unite in defence of the rule of law and Article 19 the Right to Freedom of Speech, which they said are basic elements of any democracy.

The collective known as the Constitutional Conduct Group, is known for voicing concerns regarding socio-political developments in the country and includes several prominent ex-IAS, IPS and IFS officers.

Prominent IAS officers who are part of the group include Aruna Roy, P.S.S. Thomas, Vijaya Latha Reddy, Meena Gupta and Wajahat Habibullah.

Some of the well-known Indian Foreign Services officers in the group include Shivshankar Menon, Madhu Bhaduri, Deb Mukharji and Shiv Shankar Mukherjee. A.S. Dulat, Amitabh Mathur, Aloke B. Lal are some of the Indian Police Services officers who are signatories to the letter.

Also read: Indian citizens and media have been terrorised enough with sedition. SC must end it now

The letter talked about the blatant use of the sedition law and how the rule of law militates against the actualization of the freedom of speech.

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It cited the arrest of 11 activists, including Kafeel Khan, Safoora Zargar, Akhil Gogoi, Sharjeel Imam, and the murder of Karnataka-based journalist Gauri Lankesh to highlight the corrosion of Article 19 under the government.

The letter added that the government cannot use the current pandemic as an excuse to curb media freedom across the country.

According to the letter, the law of sedition, which it terms a colonial relic, has seen a sharp increase in use. The letter alleges that any criticism of the government is considered anti-national and invites punitive wrath.

The former civil servants also blamed the government for attempting to clamp down on the media and note Indias fall in the Press Freedom Index of Reporters Without Borders.

India ranked 142nd out of 180 countries covered in 2020. In 2019, it was ranked 140.

The letter alleged that the government has used the pandemic as a means to silence the media, giving examples of 55 journalists who were singled out for writing about mishandling of the crisis, and the criminal case against Siddharth Varadarajan, the founding editor of TheWire, for writing against Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath.

Also read: After SC, how Tripura High Court added muscle to freedom of speech & expression

The signatories of the letter also argued that the gulf between the rhetoric and reality in the rule of law is widening.

They mention the government-imposed curfew in Kashmir and the use of the stringent Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA) against people who participated in the protests against the Citizenship Amendment Act and the National Register of Citizens.

The letter further alleged that the police establishment has become a proxy at the hands of the political party in power.

According to the letter, the arrest of activists such as Sudha Bharadwaj, Shoma Sen, Gautam Navlakha and Anand Teltumbde under the UAPA is choking their freedom of expression.

Commenting on the Northeast Delhi riots, the letter noted, The investigations into the riots in north-east Delhi have betrayed an institutional bias against the minority community.

This was in reference to Dr M.A. Anwar, the proprietor of Hind Hospital, being mentioned in a chargesheet by the Delhi Police.

Dr Anwar had reportedly provided crucial medical services to the victims of the Delhi riots.

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Assault on rights to free speech, dissent: 99 ex-IAS, IPS, IFS officers say in open letter - ThePrint

Salman Rushdie survived an actual fatwa. Yet he still thinks the Twitter crowd has gone too far – Sydney Morning Herald

Of all the names that signed the open letter published this week in Harpers magazine, warning against a growing illiberalism of debate, Rushdies was the most interesting.

Other high-profile signatories included Noam Chomsky, Margaret Atwood, John Banville, JK Rowling and Gloria Steinem.

Illustration: Reg LynchCredit:

The letter expressed anxiety that the free exchange of information and ideas, the lifeblood of liberal society, is daily becoming more constricted and that while we have come to expect this on the radical right, censoriousness is also speaking more widely in our culture.

This was expressed through an intolerance of opposing views, a vogue for public shaming and ostracism, and the tendency to dissolve complex policy issues in a blinding moral certainty, they said.

The reaction to the letter which was really an affirmation of liberalism, free speech and tolerance was swift.

Much of it reiterated, without irony, the points about censoriousness its authors were trying to make.

Some people made the valid point that one persons cancel culture is another persons critique; that the vigorous criticism, including ridicule, of a persons ideas or art, does not amount to a crushing of free speech. That freedom of speech is truly threatened when states silence dissent with force, not when peoples feelings get hurt on the internet.

Look at Hong Kong right now, not Sydney or New York or the boundless plains of Twitter, if you want to see what real threats to free speech look like.

Which brings us back to Rushdie.

He has experienced state censorship and death threats. He risked his life for his artistic freedom.

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Yet he still thinks the social media-enabled phenomenon of public shamings and cancellations is pernicious and suffocating to artists like himself.

And that its consequences will result in risk aversion among artists, which equals the death of any real creative questing.

Journalists, writers and artists may not fear for their lives, but they might fear for their livelihoods and reputations. They may fear their work will be labelled problematic before its artistic worth is even considered.

Rushdies support for the letter suggests that while there are obvious differences between a state-sponsored fatwa which inspires terrorist murders, and, to take one recent example, the vicious internet trolling of a food writer who tweeted something snobby about a popular celebrity it is possible to condemn both things. To admit, even, some relationship between the two.

What happens on the internet is not what happens in society, and the pace of social change as expressed by Twitter and other platforms has not been matched by real change in the institutions which most affect peoples lives.

Does it matter, really, if an artist takes a reputational hit for producing an incorrect work, when our societys most powerful institutions parliament, the judiciary, and the boardroom are still so unrepresentative, and so resistant to change?

It does matter, just as it is a mistake to set those two causes up in competition with each other. Actually, they are in deep and intense conversation with each other.

The Harpers letter represents the moment the forces for moderate liberalism realise they have been outflanked.

To their left, at the extreme, is a set of principles and orthodoxies that they could try to play along with, and may have some sympathy for, but which, they fear, they will eventually fall foul of themselves.

To the right is the kind of entrenched structural power and inequality they oppose in principle.

The result is the increasing alienation of a large chunk of the middle.

They may not fear death, like Rushdie did.

But they will fear ostracisation by their professional peers, public shame, social media intimidation, and real-world consequences like the loss of reputation, the inability to land an employment contract, or disinvitation from cultural festivals.

That is even leaving aside the question of personal vulnerability - some people can shake off an internet shaming or a newspaper campaign against them.

For others, it will send them into a spiral of anxiety they find difficult to recover from. You know who those people mostly are? Women. Another large chunk of them will be from the vulnerable groups whose voices social media has worked so beautifully to raise up.

Do we want to foster a society where it's only possible to be artistically or intellectually brave if you have wealth or privilege to fall back on?

And so this perverse obsession with calling out problematic individuals reaches its end point - a schoolyard game where the popular kids make the playground such a nasty place to play, that the more sensitive kids pack up and go home.

Others are turned off by the silliness of it all. Still more fail to engage in the first place, because they see nothing there that appeals to them.

Jacqueline Maley is a senior journalist, columnist and former Canberra press gallery sketch writer for The Sydney Morning Herald. In 2017 she won the Peter Ruehl Award for Outstanding Columnist at the Kennedy Awards

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Salman Rushdie survived an actual fatwa. Yet he still thinks the Twitter crowd has gone too far - Sydney Morning Herald

Summerville Medical celebrates 1 year anniversary of obstetric consolidation – Journalscene.com

This week Summerville Medical Center is celebrating the one year anniversary of consolidating obstetric and neonatal services across Trident Health system to one location at Summerville Medical Center.

We are honored to continue providing excellent care to our Lowcountry families close to home. said Dr. Beth Cook, Womens Services Medical Director for Summerville Medical Center and a local OB/GYN.

Combining more than 170 highly qualified clinicians and board-certified physicians, a comprehensive range of services for women and children, and facility resources onto one campus signaled a landmark moment for the health system in caring for Lowcountry women and children.

In the last year, the hospital has delivered more than 2,700 babies, including 36 sets of twins, and cared for more than 400 babies in the hospitals Level II neonatal ICU (NICU).

In the 26 years Summerville Medical Center has been open, we have been embraced by our community, said Dr. Beth Cook.

In 2018, Summerville Medical Center completed a $53 million womens and neonatal expansion in advance of the consolidation that provides patients with the highest quality care and the comforts of home. The new unit features a two story tower with 30 private postpartum rooms, 12 labor and delivery rooms, a 16-bed Level II neonatal ICU, Emergency Department OB suite, C-section suite, and more than $10 million in state-of-the-art technology.

Summerville Medical Center is proud to be the only Lowcountry hospital offering NICView technology, a 24/7 secure feed for families to watch their baby on any electronic device. Other additions such as wireless fetal monitoring and 55 Apple TVs in patient rooms provides families with the comforts of home while being in the hospitals care. In addition, the hospital provides families with special touches to celebrate the occasion with a celebratory meal for mom and partner, including sparkling grape juice in champagne flutes, a high end bath robe for mom, and a special raised on sweet tea and sunshine for their little one.

The hospital also has a Maternal Fetal Medicine Clinic that provides care for high risk expecting moms on their pregnancy journey, as well as genetic counseling and fertility services for women considering starting a family. The Maternal Fetal Medicine Clinic cared for more than 1,000 families in the last year.

We are experiencing significant growth in the Lowcountry, commented Angel Bozard, AVP of Womens & Childrens Services at Summerville Medical Center. As a result, Summerville Medical Center is committed to continue growing our facility, our services and our team so that moms and babies can receive excellent care in their own community. We are honored to have the most experienced providers of maternity and newborn care here at Summerville Medical Center.

Take a virtual tour of the new unit at http://www.TridentHealthsystem.com/momandbaby.

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Summerville Medical celebrates 1 year anniversary of obstetric consolidation - Journalscene.com

An intriguingbut far from provenHIV cure in the ‘So Paulo Patient’ – Science Magazine

HIV, shown here budding from cell, remains stubbornly resistant to cure strategies because its DNA can lie silently in host chromosomes for years.

By Jon CohenJul. 7, 2020 , 9:00 AM

A 36-year-old man in Brazil has seemingly cleared an HIV infectionmaking him the proof of principle in humans of a novel drug strategy designed to flush the AIDS virus out of all of its reservoirs in the body. After receiving an especially aggressive combination of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs and nicotinamide (vitamin B3), the man, who asks to be referred to as the So Paulo Patient to protect his privacy, went off all HIV treatment in March 2019 and has not had the virus return to his blood.

The patients story is remarkable, says Steven Deeks, an HIV/AIDS clinician at the University of California, San Franciscowho was not involved with this study. But he and others, including the study leaders, caution that the success hasnt been long or definitive enough to label it a cure. Interesting anecdotes have long driven the HIV cure field, and they should be considered largely as hypothesis-generating observations that can simulate new areas of investigation, says Deeks, who also conducts HIV cure research.

Most people who suppress HIV with ARVs and later stop treatment see it come racing back to high levels within weeks. Not only did the So Paulo Patient not experience a rebound, but his HIV antibodies also dropped to extremely low levels, hinting at the possibility he may have cleared infected cells in the lymph nodes and gut.

Ricardo Diaz of the Federal University of So Paulo, the clinical investigator running the study, says he doesnt know whether the patient is cured. He has very little antigen, Diaz says, referring to HIV proteins that trigger the production of antibodies and other immune responses. But he notes his team has not sampled the mans lymph nodes or gut for the virus since he stopped treatment. Diaz discussed the patient today at a press conference for AIDS 2020, the 23rd International AIDS Conference taking place virtually this week, and he plans to present the study in full tomorrow.

Only two people are known to have been cured of their HIV infections:Timothy Ray Brown and a man who has asked to be referred to as the London Patient; both received bone marrow transplants as part of a treatment for cancers. The transplants cleared their infections and gave them new immune systems that resist infection with the virus. But bone marrow transplants are expensive, complicated interventions that can have serious side effects, making them an impractical cure for the 38 million people now living with the AIDS virus.

Other potential HIV cure cases have received intense media attention only to see the virus return after prolonged absences. Most soberingly, a baby in Mississippi who started ARVs shortly after birth stopped treatment at 18 months and was thought to be cured until the virus suddenly resurfaced more than 2 years later. Several adults who had bone marrow transplants and appeared to have been cured were not.

HIV has proven particularly difficult to eliminate because the virus weaves its genetic material into human chromosomes, where it can lie dormant, escaping the immune surveillance that typically eliminates foreign invaders. These silently infected cells may persist, perhaps indefinitely, because they have stem cell-like properties and can make clones of themselves. Researchers have come up with several strategies to flush reservoirs of cells that harbor latent HIV infections, but none have provedeffective.

To compare different reservoir-clearing strategies, Diaz and colleagues in 2015 recruited the So Paulo Patient and other individuals who had controlled their HIV infections with ARVs. The most aggressive approach, used in this man and four others, added two ARVs to the three they were already taking, in the hopethis would rout out any HIV that might have dodged the standard treatment. On top of this intensification, the study group received nicotinamide, which can, in theory, prod infected cells to wake up the latent virus. When those cells make new HIV, they either self-destruct or are vulnerable to immune attack.

After 48 weeks on this intensified schedule, the five trial participants returned to their regular three-drug regimen for 3 years, after which they stopped all treatment. Four saw the virus quickly return, but the So Paulo Patient has now gone 66 weeks without signs of being infected. Sensitive tests that detect viral genetic material did not find HIV in his blood. An even more sensitive test, which mixed his blood with cells that are susceptible to HIV infection, produced no newly infected cells.

Intriguingly, during the intensification period with nicotinamide, this man was the only one of the five who twice had the virus detected on standard blood tests. To Diaz, this suggests that latently infected cells had been roused, leading to blips of viral production. Im always trying to be a little bit the devils advocate, but in this case, Im optimistic, Diaz says. Maybe this strategy is not good for everybody because it only worked in one out of five here. But maybe it did get rid of virus. I dont know. I think this is a possibility.

Deeks says he does not know of any report, other than the two people cured by bone marrow transplants, of decreases in HIV antibody levels after stopping treatment. One large, outstanding question, he says, is whether the man indeed stopped taking his ARVs. I have not taken any HIV medication since March 30, 2019, the So Paulo Patient says. Diaz plans to confirm this by examining the mans blood for ARVs.

Another unknown is how soon the man started ARVs after becoming infected with HIV. Studies have shown that a small percentage of people who begin ARV treatment shortly after becoming infected have a better chance of controlling the virus for prolonged periods if they cease the drugs, presumably because they never built large reservoirs of infected cells. The So Paulo Patient started treatment 2 months after being diagnosed in October 2012. As with most people who become infected with HIV, he cannot say for certain when transmission occurred, but he suspects it was in June 2012. The only certainty is that he tested negative in 2010.

Its also unclear how nicotinamide would awaken silent infected cells. HIV DNA remains latent when it tightly spools around chromosome proteins known as histones. To make viral copies, it must unspool, and Diaz points to evidence that nicotinamide can trigger this unspooling in different ways.

Sharon Lewin, an HIV cure researcher who directs the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity in Melbourne, Australia, finds the antibody response intriguing. But she underscores it is not a convincing, controlled experiment. We need to move beyond case reports of HIV remission, Lewin says. I would be super excited to see long term remission in multiple participants in a clinical trial. This is what the field needs to really advance.

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An intriguingbut far from provenHIV cure in the 'So Paulo Patient' - Science Magazine

MyoKardia: The Precision Cardiac Medicine Company with Diversity and Inclusion at its Heart – BioSpace

Putting your employees and company culture first keeps the focus on inclusion and innovation, giving the company an incredible competitive advantage. At least thats the mantra at the heart of MyoKardia, a California-based biotech company that is developing precision medicine for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).

We want to change the world for people with cardiovascular disease by taking a patient-focused, scientifically driven approach, Tassos Gianakakos, MyoKardias CEO, told BioSpace. When youre addressing hard problems, you need different opinions, approaches, and expertise at the table. That is the only way to effectively deliver on the mission.

Companies are at risk of getting it wrong when they dont focus on culture early on you need to launch out of the gate with a culture mindset, Gianakakos added. You get back what you put out there, so being a mission-driven, culture-valuing company will help draw in likeminded employees. That group genius is what enables remarkable improvements to health outcomes for society.

CVD, also called heart disease, is a blanket term used to describe many diseases that affect the heart or blood vessels. Globally, heart diseases are by far the number one killer in the world, with CVDs responsible for 17.9 million deaths worldwide. These conditions are highly prevalent throughout the population 30.3 million US adults have been diagnosed with CVDs.

Credit: WHO

We lose more people in the U.S. and around the world to cardiovascular conditions than any other disease, Gianakakos. MyoKardias entire purpose is to change that. We want to be the leading company developing precision medicine for CVDs. Our approach is different; were subtyping patient populations within these large, heterogeneous conditions so that we can identify effective, targeted therapeutics. The idea is to discover and develop medicines that have transformative potential for people.

MyoKardias late-stage pipeline focuses on two CVDs: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), where the heart muscle becomes abnormally thick (hypertrophied), making it harder for the heart to pump blood; and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), where the hearts main pumping chamber (called the left ventricle) stretches and thins (dilates), making it harder for the heart to pump blood.

HCM is frequently caused by gene mutations in heart muscle proteins that cause the heart muscle to squeeze with more force than needed, leading to abnormal thickening over time. It is the most common inherited heart disease, occurring in about 1 in 500 people (over 650,000 people in the US). HCM is the most common cause of cardiac arrest (where the heart suddenly stops beating), in younger people. Although certain medications, like beta blockers and blood thinners, are used to treat some HCM symptoms, there arent any drugs that specifically address the underlying problem in HCM the genetic mutation-induced thickened heart muscle.

Positive results from a Phase III clinical trial of mavacamten, MyoKardias lead drug candidate for HCM, were announced in May. MyoKardia aims to submit a New Drug Application (NDA) submission with the FDA in the first quarter of 2021 and is planning for its first product launch.

DCMs causes may be varied in addition to genetics, a number of diseases are linked to left ventricle dilation, including diabetes, obesity, high blood pressure, infections, and drug and alcohol abuse. It is a common cause of systolic heart failure (where the heart isnt pumping blood as well as it should be). Medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta blockers, and blood thinners can successfully treat heart failure, but none of them are specific to the heart and have systemic side effects.

MyoKardias investigational drug danicamtiv is intended to increase heart contractions without interfering with the hearts ability to fill. The company recently reported encouraging data from their Phase IIa study of danicamtiv in chronic heart failure patients. They plan to advance into two new Phase II studies in specific patient populations: genetic DCM patients and systolic heart failure patients with paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation (AFib).

BioSpace spoke to Gianakakos and Ingrid Boyes, MyoKardias Senior Vice President of Human Resources, about the companys pipeline, culture, and why building a culture of diversity and inclusion is foundational to a company.

(Boyes previously spoke to BioSpace in 2015 about what MyoKardia is looking for when theyre hiring.)

COMPANY CULTURE, DIVERSITY & INCLUSION

BioSpace: Why is company culture and diversity so important to a successful company? How do you promote diversity and inclusion at MyoKardia?

Gianakakos: The diseases we are tackling know no ethnic, gender or socioeconomic boundaries. So our company culture needs to reflect this. Our teams need to reflect this and the patients we are working to help. Its hard for us to see doing good science and achieving our mission any other way. And it goes beyond the science. To have a successful and meaningful company, we need to innovate more broadly in growth strategies, commercial models, and new ways to more effectively get our therapies to patients who need it around the world.

Im proud of how we embrace each others differences gender, ethnicity and race, orientation, socioeconomic status and beliefs -- and highlight the importance of company culture. Everyone at MyoKardia shares the same mission, the same values, but we embrace and value each persons differences. We want our employees to feel safe sharing their own voice and know that different points of view are valued and respected.

Boyes: Tassos passion for company culture is a large part of why I joined the company five years ago. As a Hispanic woman, its really important to me to create an environment where people can thrive and grow. We have fun while creating a valuable community. As employee number 50, I was able to focus on how to help build a company culture with Tassos that values diversity by building on employees experiences. We were very intentional about company culture and how we evolve it. Every voice at MyoKardia counts and every person plays an important role in improving CVD patients lives.

We actively seek input from our employees and encourage them to challenge the status quo. We also invite employees to lead activities and bring their unique perspectives to work.

Gianakakos: We want to bring great people who are passionate to the company and play to their strengths. Focusing on increasing their engagement and creating an energizing work environment allows employees to do their most creative and best work. Having people build the skills they want and need by cross-training and encouraging lifelong learning improves the connectivity and the innovation within the company.

We believe this is one of the key competitive advantages at MyoKardia connecting and supporting people to engage and excite them and ensuring they have a voice that is valued. Having diverse perspectives and a commitment to listening leads us to much better decisions and results.

What kind of diversity and engagement activities do you do both within MyoKardia and externally with the general public?

Boyes: We always strive to improve the culture by actively soliciting feedback from our employees though a number of channels, including engagement surveys. Implementing employee-led initiatives has brought great features into the companys culture, such as a womens forum that brings in external women speakers and identifies female role models, a green team focused on being more sustainable, and a community volunteer team that actively supports our community. All of these activities also help to develop valuable leadership skills regardless of title within our organization.

Gianakakos: Based on employee feedback, weve also implemented several policy changes, such as increasing the companys 401k match and giving each employee a six-week sabbatical once they have been with the company for six years.

Boyes: We want to be connected with diverse organizations and participate as much as possible externally connecting with others in the community with culture-focused passion. We are always looking to connect with driven people who share our company values.

Switching gears to the science, what does CVD drug development look like right now?

Gianakakos: In many ways, CVD is where oncology was 20 years ago there were no precision medicines and non-specific treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation were used regardless of cancer type. The number of drugs in development for CVDs is woefully low relative to its global burden. There are over 1,100 oncology drugs in development, but only 200 for cardiovascular diseases, despite CVDs killing more people annually than all cancers combined. In oncology today, precision medicine approaches have given us countless targeted therapies that have completely transformed patient care. We are making this happen today in CVD, where we feel may even have advantages over oncology given the many tools now available to monitor the heart, such as wearables and patches that measure the heart rate and rhythm.

What made you focus on precision cardiac medicine? Why now?

Gianakakos: Momentum around precision medicine in other disease areas was clearly growing and resulting in important advances when MyoKardia started eight years ago. The first cystic fibrosis drug that treated the underlying cause rather than the symptoms (ivacaftor) was just launched by Vertex and a few years prior to MyoKardia our founding investors were involved in launching several exciting new companies like Foundation Medicine, Agios and bluebird bio who were developing potentially game-changing targeted therapies.

Traditionally, CVD clinical trials are massive, expensive, and often fail. When there is a lack of understanding of the underlying disease biology and its unclear exactly what the drug is doing, that can result in a large signal-to-noise ratio. This in turn, requires larger studies which are more expensive, and the therapies have to benefit large numbers of patients for the investment to make sense. This is a recipe that doesnt lead to innovative or efficient drug discovery. Identifying smaller, more homogenous subgroups of patients who all share the same disease pathology, and targeting them with drugs designed specifically to address the underlying disease biology is so powerful. Were matching the tailored treatment to address each persons underlying condition understanding how to identify the right drugs for the right patients.

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE DRUG DEVELOPMENT & MYOKARDIAS PIPELINE

What are the major knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to make precision cardiac medicine achievable for many patients? What does the landscape look like right now for precision cardiac medicine?

Gianakakos: There needs to be a cultural shift in the CVD field to move away from grouping broad heterogenous patients together, to focusing on smaller, well defined patient groups treated with targeted therapies and learning as much as we can from those that respond very well and, as importantly, those that do not.

Matching patient profiles to drugs that specifically address their underlying disease is key. Leaning on existing technology, such as wearables, genetic sequencing, imaging, and biomarker profiles to subtype CVD patients and deeply understand the biological drivers of disease will lead to critically important targeted therapies and much more effective clinical trials.

In terms of other precision cardiac medicine approaches in development, gene therapies are being explored. While that technology is maturing, most gene therapies for CVDs are still in early-stage research, but eventually could be helpful for certain sub-groups of patients with CVD.

Relative to other disease areas, like oncology, it has been challenging for companies to invest in new approaches to drug discovery and development in areas like CVD and neurology. However, given the staggering medical need, and with progress being made by companies like ours, I expect interest in CVD precision medicine to increase over the next 3-5 years.

What does MyoKardias pipeline look like?

Gianakakos: Our Phase III drug, called mavacamten (MYK-461), is for HCM. HCM is a genetic disease where the heart thickens due to excessive force of contraction cause by mutations in the heart muscle proteins. There are two common subtypes of HCM: obstructive, where the thickening also occurs near the base of the aorta and prevents (obstructs) blood from flowing well out of the heart; and non-obstructive, where the thick muscle makes it challenging for the heart to relax and fill, reducing the amount of blood flow out of the heart without physically obstructing blood flow. About one-third of HCM patients have the non-obstructive type.

Mavacamten is a small molecule that targets the heart muscle protein myosin reducing the excessive force of contraction, directly addressing the underlying cause of HCM. We announced positive data from our Phase III trial (EXPLORER-HCM) of mavacemten in about 250 symptomatic obstructive HCM patients and we are now able to move full steam ahead on our first regulatory submission for approval. Encouraging results from a Phase II trial (MAVERICK-HCM) of mavacamten in about 60 participants with symptomatic non-obstructive HCM were recently presented and we are going to be moving mavacamten forward in non-obstructive patients. We are also conducting a long-term extension study is also ongoing for patients who participated in either EXPLORER-HCM or MAVERICK-HCM.

We started hyper focused in a disease with a defined genetic background and will expand in a deliberate way into adjacent diseases with similar problems, such as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. About 3 million people in the U.S. have problems filling and relaxing their hearts and we estimate that approximately 10% of them share similar pathology to HCM. Are these disease subtypes related? Do they have similar genetic mutations? We plan to start a Phase II trial in the next few months to explore if mavacamten can help that specific heart failure population and learn much more about this devastating form of heart failure.

We also have a Phase II molecule, called danicamtiv (MYK-491), for DCM that is designed to increase the force of contraction in the heart - the opposite of what mavacamten has been created to do. Danicamtiv is a small molecule that selectively increases the number of myosin-actin cross bridges, supporting heart muscle contractions to help the heart pump more efficiently. It has recently completed a Phase Ib/IIa trial in DCM or stable heart failure patients and has shown very promising early results. We are now moving into a separate Phase II study in DCM patients with certain genetic mutations. Among the most interesting new findings from our clinical study of danicamtiv is that it appears to have a direct effect on the performance of the left atrium. We were able to confirm and learn more about these findings in nonclinical studies, which is leading us to explore danicamtiv in patients with systolic dysfunction and atrial fibrillation.

MyoKardia has gone from startup to successfully completing our first Phase III trial in eight years. In the coming months, we will be submitting our first drug to the FDA this year, which if approved will bring the first every therapy designed specifically for HCM to people with this debilitating condition.

We design our therapies with the aim of targeting the underlying disease mechanism to treat and, in some cases, reverse the problem, actually slowing down or reversing disease progression. That allows patients to live full lives, free from fear and complications. We are very excited and remain super ambitious. The magic and special sauce is really our employees and our culture.

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MyoKardia: The Precision Cardiac Medicine Company with Diversity and Inclusion at its Heart - BioSpace

First Extensive Validation Study of Saphyr for Constitutional Genetic Disorders by European Consortium Shows 100% Concordance to Standard Cytogenetics…

SAN DIEGO, July 08, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Bionano Genomics, Inc. (Nasdaq: BNGO) announced today that two top cytogeneticists from leading institutions in The Netherlands and France presented their research data as part of a multicentric, international effort to compare data generated with Bionanos Saphyr system against gold standard cytogenetic methods consisting of karyotyping, FISH, and/or chromosomal microarray in patients with a variety of constitutional or inherited genetic disorders and in patients with leukemias. In back-to-back online presentations, each showed 100% concordance between Saphyr and standard cytogenetics along with other discoveries that extend the capabilities of the current standard of care.

Summary of data presentations:

In a webinar originally hosted by LabRoots on Friday, June 22, Dr. Laila El Khattabi from the Cochin Hospital in Paris, France discussed how Saphyr improved structural variant detection for constitutional chromosomal aberrations in her research. The data originate from an international multi-center effort between the hospitals of Paris-Cochin, Lyon and Clermont-Ferrand and the Radboud University Medical Center in the Netherlands, as part of the first international consortium to validate Saphyr for constitutional cytogenetic analysis. The consortium compared the performance of Saphyr against the combination of karyotyping, FISH and array-based methods in 85 samples with a variety of constitutional aberrations including deletions, duplications, balanced and unbalanced translocations, inversions, ring chromosomes and aneuploidies in patients with intellectual disabilities and recurrent miscarriages. Saphyr showed 100% concordance with gold standard methods in these 85 samples. Dr. El Khattabi expressed the consortiums confidence in Saphyrs potential to largely replace standard cytogenetic testing methods in the future. A manuscript describing the study results will be submitted for publication in the coming weeks.

Dr. Alexander Hoischen from Radboud University Medical Center described how Bionano genome imaging identified likely pathogenic variants in 25% of unsolved rare disease cases analyzed with Saphyr. Dr. Hoischen presented two of these research cases, which involved families with undiagnosed genetic disorders. The first case involved a rare and aggressive childhood tumor named Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor (ATRT) in which Saphyr detected an insertion in the SMARCB1 gene in a family affected by ATRT, while MLPA and next generation sequencing were unable to identify this variant. In a family affected by intellectual disability, Saphyr identified a single de novo deletion affecting the NSF gene, undetected by chromosomal microarray, whole exome and whole genome sequencing and long read sequencing. This deletion was confirmed to be de novo in the child through PCR validation. Finally, Dr. Hoischen provided an update on his retrospective comparative study on leukemias, which he presented at ESHG 2020 and is expected to be submitted for peer-review publication in the near future. The study showed 100% concordance between Bionanos Saphyr system and standard cytogenetics in 48 leukemia patients. Additionally, Saphyr identified novel events previously undetected by traditional cytogenetic methods, many of them being rare inter-chromosomal translocations causing gene fusions never described before, opening potential new avenues of research in precision medicine and drug development. Dr. Hoischen concluded that Saphyr has value in solving unanswered rare disease cases and has the potential to replace classical cytogenetics methods.

At the ESHG 2020 conference, Dr. Uwe Heinrich, representing MVZ Martinsried, Germany presented that Bionano was able to confirm all known large rearrangements in a cohort of patients with intellectual disability, developmental disorders and chromosomal aberrations. Drs. Hoischen and Heinrich announced that their respective teams are planning to seek accreditation for the Saphyr system, to start offering Bionanos genome imaging as part of a stepwise diagnosis, and to subsequently replace chromosomal microarray with Saphyr altogether later on.

Erik Holmlin, Ph.D., CEO of Bionano Genomics commented: We previously demonstrated the notable performance of Saphyr in leukemia studies across the globe, but the international study presented by Dr. El Khattabi demonstrates that Saphyr performs equally well in genetic diseases such as intellectual disabilities and subfertility. Saphyr showed 100% concordance with traditional cytogenetic methods and made additional discoveries in both leukemia patients and in those with constitutional disorders. We believe that Saphyr is capable of replacing traditional cytogenetic methods and consolidating these outdated methods into a single digital platform that is faster, less expensive and has lower manual labor needs, while providing greater accuracy than these methods.

A recording of the presentation by Drs. El Khattabi and Hoischen can be viewed at https://bionanogenomics.com/library/webinars/

About Bionano GenomicsBionano is a genome analysis company providing tools and services based on its Saphyr system to scientists and clinicians conducting genetic research and patient testing. Bionanos Saphyr system is a platform for ultra-sensitive and ultra-specific structural variation detection that enables researchers and clinicians to accelerate the search for new diagnostics and therapeutic targets and to streamline the study of changes in chromosomes, which is known as cytogenetics. The Saphyr system is comprised of an instrument, chip consumables, reagents and a suite of data analysis tools, and genome analysis services to provide access to data generated by the Saphyr system for researchers who prefer not to adopt the Saphyr system in their labs. For more information, visitwww.bionanogenomics.com.

Forward-Looking StatementsThis press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as may, will, expect, plan, anticipate, estimate, intend and similar expressions (as well as other words or expressions referencing future events, conditions or circumstances) convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes and are intended to identify these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include statements regarding our intentions, beliefs, projections, outlook, analyses or current expectations concerning, among other things: our intentions, beliefs, projections, outlook, analyses or current expectations concerning the Saphyr System; the intended use of Saphyr by the institutions identified in this press release; expectations regarding the rate and extent of adoption of Saphyr in research and clinical settings; and the general effectiveness and utility of Saphyr, including its ability to replace traditional cytogenetic methods and enable discoveries that can contribute to treatment of disease. Each of these forward-looking statements involves risks and uncertainties. Actual results or developments may differ materially from those projected or implied in these forward-looking statements. Factors that may cause such a difference include the risks and uncertainties associated with: the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business and the global economy; general market conditions; changes in the competitive landscape and the introduction of competitive products; changes in our strategic and commercial plans; our ability to obtain sufficient financing to fund our strategic plans and commercialization efforts; the loss of key members of management and our commercial team; and the risks and uncertainties associated withour business and financial condition in general, including the risks and uncertainties described in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including, without limitation, our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 and in other filings subsequently made by us with the Securities and Exchange Commission. All forward-looking statements contained in this press release speak only as of the date on which they were made and are based on management's assumptions and estimates as of such date. We do not undertake any obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of the receipt of new information, the occurrence of future events or otherwise.

ContactsCompany Contact:Erik Holmlin, CEOBionano Genomics, Inc.+1 (858) 888-7610eholmlin@bionanogenomics.com

Investor Relations Contact:Ashley R. RobinsonLifeSci Advisors, LLC+1 (617) 430-7577arr@lifesciadvisors.com

Media Contact:Kirsten ThomasThe Ruth Group+1 (508) 280-6592kthomas@theruthgroup.com

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First Extensive Validation Study of Saphyr for Constitutional Genetic Disorders by European Consortium Shows 100% Concordance to Standard Cytogenetics...

From pandemic to rare disease, medical innovation is the answer – EURACTIV

Living through a global pandemic, we can take some comfort from the enormous collaborative research and development response that is taking place to find a way out from under the shadow of the COVID-19 crisis. Scientists around the world are working to find new diagnostics, treatments and vaccines to use in the fight against the coronavirus.

Nathalie Moll is the Director General of the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA).

The polar opposite of a pandemic, a rare disease may only affect a handful of patients in a particular country, but to the patient, their family, carers and clinicians, the impact of their condition can be just as devastating. Often genetic, discovered in childhood and frequently severe, rare diseases are some of the most significant scientific challenges in medicine. Typically they affect only 1 in 2,000 people, but there are more than 6000 rare diseases meaning around 30 million Europeans are living with some form of rare condition.

Rare diseases certainly dont attract the levels of media attention and interest that a public health crisis like COVID-19 does but for patients living with the 95% of rare diseases where no treatment options exist, the need for new diagnostics and medicines is every bit as real.

As the industry responsible for developing those new therapies, we are committed to achieving the crucial objective of finding new treatments for patients in areas of unmet medical need. It means supporting and strengthening the framework of incentives to drive further research into the next generation of treatments and cures for rare disease and paediatric treatments. Incentives drive investment, research and results. Results that mean new treatments and ultimately better outcomes for patients.

It is why EFPIA supports the existing European legislation on orphan medicines and paediatric medicines, while underlining the need to co-create vehicles to address issues around access to new treatments. Prior to the orphan legislation coming into force in 2000, there were just 8 treatments licensed for use to treat rare diseases, now there are 169, underlining the fundamental role that a predictable and stable incentives framework for research and development has. Any destabilisation of that framework threatens the investment in research and development in this area.

At the same time, faster, more equitable access to new rare disease treatments for patients across Europe is a shared goal and responsibility. Re-opening the Orphan Medicinal Product Regulation will not address the core challenges regarding unequal access and availability of orphan drugs within the EuropeanUnion. Addressing this challenge requires a structured dialogue with relevant stakeholders, Member States and the European Commission sensitive to their respective competence areas, to find solutions to introduce these ground-breaking treatments. That is why we reiterate the call to Member States and the Commission to set up a High-Level Forum composed of EU and national decision makers, patients, as well as the research and healthcare communities to find collaborative, multi-stakeholder solutions to these complex issues of access.

Considering the lack of innovation policy drivers in the Roadmap for the EUs Pharmaceutical Strategy, it is all the more critical that we maintain a stable and predictable incentives framework that can continue to support the development of new treatments for rare disease patients in Europe. We have to work together to ensure access to new treatments and technologies today, medical innovation in rare diseases for tomorrow and sustainable healthcare systems in a globally competitive Europe. Destabilising investment in the discovery and development of new treatments for patients living with rare diseases by re-opening a legislation, proven to be effective in stimulating the development of new treatments, cannot be the right approach.

One crystal clear lesson from the COVID-19 pandemic has been that the answer lies in medical innovation. This is equally true for patients living with rare diseases. Now is the time to re-build and re-invigorate rather than devalue Europes health research ecosystem, to make sure we address these challenges and #WeWontRest until we make treatments for rare diseases less rare.

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From pandemic to rare disease, medical innovation is the answer - EURACTIV

If you have this blood type, studies show youre at higher risk for the coronavirus – San Francisco Chronicle

The roulette wheel that decides who lives and dies from the coronavirus is weighted by the type of blood coursing through the veins of victims, gifting some with innate resistance and dooming others to misery and torment.

Infectious-disease specialists say the worldwide pandemic is especially cruel to people with Type A blood, which apparently lacks certain compounds that help fight off the disease.

A study published June 17 in the New England Journal of Medicine found that people with Type A blood have a higher risk of contracting the disease and suffering complications. The analysis, conducted by an international team of scientists, also showed that people with Type O blood were at least partially protected from the virus.

It was one of several recent reports on the phenomenon, which epidemiologists say is not unique to COVID-19.

People with Type A blood ... are more likely to have severe disease and death than people with other types, said John Swartzberg, an infectious-disease specialist at UC Berkeley. It doesnt surprise me because we know that blood types are associated with other infectious diseases.

Blood type is determined by a gene that tells the body what blood cell proteins to make. The types, A, B, AB and O, have different antigens, which determine their properties, including weaknesses and strengths. A blood type that is positive means that persons red blood cells carry a protein called Rh, also known as the RhD antigen. Negative blood type does not.

Epidemiologists have long known that blood type plays a role in how peoples bodies react to infectious diseases, and Type A positive and negative appears to be among the most problematic.

For example, people with Type A blood have a higher chance of developing certain cancers, particularly stomach cancer. All the types of blood have agreeable and disagreeable qualities, but Type A is associated with higher levels of the stress hormone cortisol, according the National Institutes of Health.

Swartzberg said people with Type A blood are also more likely to contract the most virulent form of malaria, known as Plasmodium falciparum. The protozoan parasite that causes it is transmitted through the bite of a female mosquito.

On the other hand, people with Type O blood are less likely to develop inflammation during infections, suffer from heart disease, pancreatic cancer or contract parasitic diseases like P. falciparum.

The Journal of Medicine study sequenced the genomes of 1,980 COVID-19 patients in Spain and Italy who had suffered respiratory failure and compared their results with an approximately equal number of people who were not sick. The researchers concluded that people with Type A blood had as much as a 45% higher risk of getting severely ill from the coronavirus.

Another study, of more than 2,000 people in China in March, also found that blood group A had a significantly higher risk of coronavirus infection. That information aligns with other studies, most of them not yet peer reviewed.

In each case, Type O blood was linked to lower risk and less severe illness. A study by the genomics site 23andMe calculated that people with blood Type O were 9% to 18% less likely to contract COVID-19 than people with other types of blood.

Type O blood is handy in other ways. O positive is the most common blood type, and O negative is compatible with all other types of blood. Because O negative blood can be given to anybody, it is commonly used for transfusions.

Studies have shown that people with Type O blood also get fewer blood clots, a serious problem among COVID-19 patients.

SARS-CoV-2, the specific coronavirus that causes COVID-19, is essentially like a tiny parasite that uses its telltale spike proteins to latch onto the much larger human cells, like pepper on an egg. The virus uses the cells receptors to worm its way inside, where it replicates itself billions of times and spreads throughout the body.

There are a variety of factors that influence vulnerability to a coronavirus infection, including old age, underlying medical conditions and possibly race, although the high mortality rate among minorities is more likely related to poverty and a lack of medical care. A study, published Wednesday in Nature, said Latinos and African Americans are three times more likely than white people to be infected by the coronavirus and nearly twice as likely to die.

Men are hospitalized and die from the virus more often than women, a disparity that researchers have linked to testosterone, the male sex hormone.

Researchers know that the coronavirus targets ACE2 receptors, a protein on the surface of human cells that normally helps regulate blood pressure. Peter Chin-Hong, a professor of medicine and infectious diseases at UCSF, said the genes that make the ACE2 receptors are next to the genes that provide the blood type codes.

Because they are so close to each other, they influence each other in ways we dont understand, Chin-Hong said. Things are next to each other for a reason.

Nobody knows exactly how the coronavirus operates, but some scientists believe the virus, when it infects a new host, carries with it genetic coding blood type antigens from its last victim. Apparently, Type O blood adapts better to the coronavirus coding.

Swartzberg said this may have something to do with the types of carbohydrates, or sugars, on the surface of red blood cells.

The Type A carbohydrate may facilitate the entrance of the (malarial) protozoan into the red blood cell, causing more severe infection, Swartzberg said. People with Type O blood, which doesnt have any of those carbohydrates, may be somewhat protected.

George Rutherford, a UCSF infectious-disease specialist, said Caucasians of Mediterranean descent have the highest percentage of Type A blood.

Most of these (blood type) observations are from Italy and Spain, which have had horrendous COVID outbreaks, Rutherford said.

A big puzzle is that blood type doesnt seem to matter when it comes to African Americans and other people of color. Type O blood is more common among African Americans a little more than half carry that type yet African Americans have disproportionately high infection rates. The same goes for Latinos, 57% of whom carry Type O blood.

Its an indication, Rutherford said, that socioeconomic problems like poverty, obesity and stress may be bigger factors in who gets the disease and how ill they become than blood type.

Peter Fimrite is a San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. Email: pfimrite@sfchronicle.com Twitter: @pfimrite

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If you have this blood type, studies show youre at higher risk for the coronavirus - San Francisco Chronicle

COVID-19 Now Research Focus Of Health Database That Has Several Wisconsin Partners – WUWM

A federal program trying to recruit 1 million people for medical research is launching an effort to learn more about COVID-19. WUWM's Chuck Quirmbach reports.

A federal program trying to recruit 1 million people for medical research is launching an effort to learn more about COVID-19. The Medical College of Wisconsin and some other health care outlets in the state are part of the program called All of Us.

All of Us began during the Obama administration and could cost $1.5 billion nationally over a 10-year period.

READ:In Return For Some DNA, Program Promises Medicine Eventually 'Tailored To You'

So far, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has gotten about 280,000 people to sign up for All of Us. Volunteering means allowing NIH confidential access to online medical records and to provide researchers with blood and urine samples. The hope is to build a diverse biomedical database that will lead to more individualized, or precision, disease prevention, treatment and care.

Enrollment for All of Us has been on hold for more than three months due to the COVID-19 pandemic. But program officials are about to start conducting antibody tests of the blood samples of at least the last 10,000 people who signed up for All of Us early this year.

Dr. Jeff Whittle is a professor of Medicine and the Medical College of Wisconsin's principal investigator for All of Us. He says the tests will look for antibodies, or disease-fighting proteins that formed in people who had the coronavirus at the time of giving the blood sample.

"It won't lead directly to effect treatment. It will help us to understand who are the higher-risk individuals for infection and at higher risk for becoming ill. It may help us target resources. It may help target testing. It may help us target vaccination because when a vaccine becomes available, there will be some groups that providers will be wanting to vaccinate sooner than others, Whittle said.

Whittle also told WUWM there may be a genetic link to how humans interact with the coronavirus."There may be markers on your cells, determined by genetics, that make you more or less likely to be infected. There may be aspects of how your immune system works, that are genetically determined, that may make you able to mount a more robust or less robust response."

Whittle says All of Us volunteers, in effect, already gave permission for their submitted blood samples to be tested for research. He says after the antibody study is conducted at Vanderbilt University, some participants may eventually be contacted for follow-up.

As for recruiting nationally 720,000 more people for All of Us, Whittle says people can call to begin preliminary sign-up. He says The Medical College of Wisconsin will schedule local appointments tobegin later this month.

Support for Innovation reporting is provided by Dr. Lawrence and Mrs. Hannah Goodman.

Do you have a question about innovation in Wisconsin that you'd like WUWM's Chuck Quirmbach to explore? Submit it below.

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COVID-19 Now Research Focus Of Health Database That Has Several Wisconsin Partners - WUWM

The Prostate Cancer Foundation Collaboration With Pan-Cancer Consortium Clarifies And Promotes Consistent Use Of Common Terms For Biomarker And…

LOS ANGELES, July 7, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- The Prostate Cancer Foundation (PCF) has collaborated with a consortium of 41 leading patient advocacy organizations, professional societies and industry partners to publish a white paper detailing recommendations for the use of testing terminology in precision medicine for patient education throughout the cancer community. Use of consistent language will significantly improve patient awareness and understanding of potentially life-saving testing options available for both new cancer diagnoses and progression or recurrence of disease. In prostate cancer, testing is a crucial tool that may reveal additional treatment options and/or information for a man's family about their own cancer risk.

Research shows that despite widespread acceptance of the importance of testing, actual testing rates lag far behind best-practice recommendations for both biomarker testing for somatic (acquired) mutations and other biomarkers, and for germline genetic testing for identifying germline (inherited) mutations (also known as variants). Analysis by The Consistent Testing Terminology Working Group (Working Group) indicates that language disparity is a primary obstacle to patient communication with providers about testing for their specific cancer type. Further, development of consistent language can increase patient understanding and communication, facilitate shared decision making, support value-based care and assure concordance in policy development.

"Both types of testing biomarker testing and genetic testing for inherited cancer risk are important in the care of prostate cancer patients," said Dr. Andrea Miyahira, Director of Global Research and Scientific Communications at PCF. "One example is the very recent approval of medications for men with advanced prostate cancer and certain mutations in their tumor or inherited mutations that would be revealed through testing. Therefore, clear terminology and understanding between patients and providers is all the more vital. PCF supports this valuable collaboration across cancer types."

The Working Group is a consortium of 20 cancer patient advocacy groups representing solid tumor and hematologic malignancies, three professional societies, and 18 pharmaceutical and diagnostic companies and testing laboratories. Over the course of many years, multiple activities, led by numerous individual patient advocacy organizations and professional societies have developed the groundwork for this effort. The Working Group has launched a multi-faceted dissemination and communications effort to ensure that its recommendations and supporting materials are widely available among all key stakeholders within the cancer ecosystem, including providers, patient advocacy organizations, guidelines agencies, payers, and policymakers.

In developing its recommendations, the Working Group, first convened in 2019 by LUNGevity Foundation, identified 33 terms related to biomarker, genetic and genomic testing that were being used in patient education and clinical care within the different cancer communities. In many cases, multiple terms were used to describe the same test. Various testing modalities, the source of testing samples, and the multiplicity of gene mutations currently identifiable by testing, were contributing factors in this often-confusing overlap.

In the final analysis, three umbrella descriptor terms emerged as recommendations from the Working Group's milestone exploration: "Biomarker testing" was selected as the preferred term for tests that identify characteristics, targetable findings or other test results originating from malignant tissue and blood; "genetic testing for an inherited mutation" and "genetic testing for inherited cancer risk" were selected as consensus terms for tests used to identify germline (inherited) mutations.

"Far too many patients across all cancer types are still missing out on essential tests for biomarkers and inherited mutations indicating cancer risk," said Michelle Shiller, DO, AP/CP, MGP, Co-Medical Director of Genetics at Baylor Sammons Cancer Center and Staff Pathologist at Baylor University Medical Center. "With rates of biomarker testing and genetic testing for an inherited mutation at sub-optimal levels for numerous patient populations, patients are not benefiting from biomarker-directed care or not learning about their inherited cancer risk. Confusion around testing terms is a driving factor in this undertesting and ultimately has a detrimental impact on patient care."

"When someone is diagnosed with cancer, they're swept into a whirlwind of bewildering words and complex, pressing decisions. Our Working Group's goal is to help calm that storm of confusion with clear and consistent language that facilitates communication and medical decision-making. A unified voice and message from providers, industry and the patient advocacy community about testing is absolutely vital to optimal cancer care," said Nikki Martin, Director of Precision Medicine Initiatives at LUNGevity Foundation.

An abstract on the Working Group's recommendations was published in May 2020 as part of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting Virtual Library. The White Paper can be viewed in its entirety athttp://www.commoncancertestingterms.org/.

About LUNGevity Foundation LUNGevity Foundation is the nation's leading lung cancer organization focused on improving outcomes for people with lung cancer through research, education, policy initiatives, and support and engagement for patients, survivors, and caregivers. LUNGevity seeks to make an immediate impact on quality of life and survivorship for everyone touched by the diseasewhile promoting health equity by addressing disparities throughout the care continuum. LUNGevity works tirelessly to advance research into early detection and more effective treatments, provide information and educational tools to empower patients and their caregivers, promote impactful public policy initiatives, and amplify the patient voice through research and engagement. The organization provides an active community for patients and survivorsand those who help them live better and longer lives.

Comprehensive resources include a medically vetted and patient-centric website, a toll-free HELPLine for support, the International Lung Cancer Survivorship Conference, and an easy-to-use Clinical Trial Finder, among other tools. All of these programs are to achieve our visiona world where no one dies of lung cancer. LUNGevity Foundation is proud to be a four-star Charity Navigator organization. Please visit http://www.LUNGevity.org to learn more.

About the Prostate Cancer Foundation The Prostate Cancer Foundation (PCF) is the world's leading philanthropic organization dedicated to funding life-saving prostate cancer research. Founded in 1993 by Mike Milken, PCF has raised more than $830 million in support of cutting-edge research by more than 2,200 research projects at 220 leading cancer centers in 22 countries around the world. Thanks in part to PCF's commitment to ending death and suffering from prostate cancer, the death rate is down more than 50% and countless more men are alive today as a result. PCF research now impacts more than 73 forms of human cancer by focusing on immunotherapy, the microbiome, and food as medicine. For more information, visit PCF.org.

Media Contact: Donald Wilson Prostate Cancer Foundation (310) 428-4730 press@pcf.org

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How Accurate Are the Coronavirus Diagnostic and Antibody Tests? – Healthline

Theres encouraging and not so encouraging news about COVID-19 testing.

The most common tests used to diagnose an infection with the novel coronavirus are almost 100 percent effective if administered correctly.

However, the same cant be said of tests to determine if youve already had the disease and have developed antibodies.

Experts say diagnostic testing is one of the most powerful public health tools for fighting the spread of the coronavirus.

The tests identify people who may need treatment. Results also trace those who have been in contact with other individuals to help prevent the transmission of the disease further. This can assist epidemiologists in determining how widely the virus has spread.

Testing makes the enemy visible, said Dr. Emily Volk, an assistant professor of pathology at the University of Texas-Health in San Antonio and president-elect of the College of American Pathologists (CAP).

There are two basic types of tests for the novel coronavirus. One type diagnoses an infection and the other tests for antibodies.

Diagnostic tests detect active infections. This is the test you want if you think youve been exposed to the coronavirus or are exhibiting symptoms of COVID-19.

There are currently two types of diagnostic tests available.

The RT-PCR nasopharyngeal tests are more widely used and more familiar. Most involve sticking a 6-inch swab deep into your nose to collect virus samples to test.

However, some more recently approved RT-PCR tests seek to avoid the discomfort associated with the nasopharyngeal swab tests by allowing samples to be collected via a shallow swab of the nose or by testing saliva for the presence of the virus.

If performed correctly, RT-PCR swab tests would be pretty close to 100 percent accurate, Volk told Healthline.

We should be diagnosing people with PCR tests because they are the most accurate, added Dr. Christina Wojewoda, a pathologist at the University of Vermont and vice chair of CAPs microbiology committee.

To get the most accurate results, RT-PCR tests should be conducted 8 days after suspected exposure or infection, to ensure that enough viral material is present to detect.

Some clinicians know that, but people who are swabbing may not be passing that information along, Wojewoda told Healthline.

Its also possible to administer the test too late, after the body has successfully fought off the disease, according to Dr. William Schaffner, professor of medicine in the division of infectious diseases at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Tennessee and medical director of the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases.

The test must also be administered properly, which means inserting the swab 3 inches or so to reach the cavity where the nasal passages meet the pharynx.

If youve had this test and it wasnt uncomfortable, it wasnt done correctly, Schaffner told Healthline.

False-positive results, while rare, can occur with PCR tests, said Wojewoda, because the coronavirus genetic material may linger in the body long after recovery from an infection.

You cant tell if the person [had an infection] 3 days ago or 5 months ago, she said.

Swabs are also used to collect samples for antigen testing. These tests have the advantage of yielding faster results (hours rather than several days).

Theyre also less accurate than RT-PRC tests, mostly because they require test samples to contain large amounts of virus proteins to yield a positive result.

False-negative results from antigen tests may range as high as 20 to 30 percent.

If an antigen test is positive, you can believe it, said Wojewoda. If its negative, you have to question that.

As the name suggests, these tests look for antibodies made by your immune system in response to an infection with the new coronavirus.

Antibody tests are not diagnostic tests.

Antibodies can take several days or weeks to develop after you have an infection and may stay in your blood for several weeks after recovery, according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Because of this, antibody tests should not be used to diagnose an active coronavirus infection.

Antibody tests also arent terribly useful.

Ideally, a positive antibody test would tell you that youve recovered from COVID-19 or a coronavirus infection and have immunity from future infections, allowing you to return to work, travel, and socialization without the risk of transmitting the infection or becoming sick again yourself.

However, researchers dont yet know whether the presence of antibodies means that you have immunity, whether you could still get sick from a different strain of the virus, or how long immunity lasts.

Antibody tests are problematic because they can be misused easily, said Volk. You may think if you have a positive antibody test that you dont have to wear a mask or conform to social distancing, but antibodies dont tell us that you have immunological armor against future infections.

Antibody tests also are subject to false-positive results.

The job of antibodies is to stick to things, so they can create a positive test result if they react to a different type of coronavirus, said Wojewoda.

Antibody tests show the most promise if the way the human body controls the coronavirus is with an antibody response, Wojewoda added. If not, it doesnt make any difference.

For example, she said, its T cells, not antibodies, that help the body fight an HIV infection.

Thats another piece of data that needs to be figured out before testing can be figured out, Wojewoda said.

Every COVID-19 test currently (and legally) available in the United States has been approved by the FDA under the agencys Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) protocol.

The EUA permits the FDA to allow unapproved medical products or unapproved uses of approved medical products to be used in an emergency to diagnose, treat, or prevent serious or life threatening diseases or conditions caused by chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear threat agents when there are no adequate, approved, and available alternatives.

That has allowed novel coronavirus tests to quickly hit the market without the research and testing normally required for FDA approval.

To date, the FDA has approved 130 different RT-PCR, antigen, and antibody tests for the new coronavirus.

Doing a full clinical trial takes a long time, but we need tests now, said Sherry Dunbar, PhD, senior director of global scientific affairs for Luminex Corporation, which manufactures a pair of PRC tests and has submitted an application to the FDA for emergency approval of a new antigen test.

Experts generally agree that the RT-PCR tests are more accurate and useful than antigen and antibody tests, which are better used as confirmatory tools.

Dunbar told Healthline that some testing labs are using multiple tests to anticipate shortages on testing products. Theyre also using the quicker tests when demand is high and the slower but more accurate tests on weekends or during slower times.

Wojewoda said that while some tests promise quicker results than others, the biggest limiting factor to turnaround results is shortages of reagents the chemicals used to do the testing.

Im not looking for a new test, she said. Those on the market are as accurate and fast as they need to be. We have the instruments we need to test. We just need more stuff to do it with.

As with most other things regarding the novel coronavirus, pathologists and testing labs are learning about COVID-19 on the fly, said Dunbar.

Never in my career have I seen anything like this, where the public is discussing and analyzing the data at the same time as the researchers, she said. Were basing our response on past knowledge of other viruses, but as we like to say, the bugs dont read the book. What happened in the past can help us prepare, but things will continue to evolve.

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How Accurate Are the Coronavirus Diagnostic and Antibody Tests? - Healthline

Post-PCI Mortality Higher in Blacks vs Whites, Comorbidities Aside – Medscape

A combined analysis of 10 prospective trials, intended to shed light on racial disparities in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) outcomes, saw sharply higher risks of death and myocardial infarction (MI) for Blacks compared with Whites.

The burden of comorbidities, including diabetes, was greater for Hispanics and Blacks compared to Whites, but only in Blacks were PCI outcomes significantly worse even after controlling for such conditions and other baseline risk factors.

The analysis based on more than 22,000 patients was published July 6 in JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions, with lead author Mordechai Golomb, MD, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City.

In the study based on patient-level data from the different trials, the adjusted risk of MI after PCI was increased 45% at 1 year and 55% after 5 years for Blacks compared with Whites. Their risk of death at 1 year was doubled, and their risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) was up by 28% at 5 years.

"Improving healthcare and outcomes for minorities is essential, and we are hopeful that our work may help direct these efforts, senior author Gregg W. Stone, MD, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, told theheart.org | Medscape Cardiology.

"But this won't happen without active, concerted efforts to promote change and opportunity, a task for government, regulators, payers, hospital administrators, physicians, and all healthcare providers," he said. "Understanding patient outcomes according to race and ethnicity is essential to optimize health for all patients," but "most prior studies in this regard have looked at population-based data."

In contrast, the current study used hospital source records, which are considered more accurate than administrative databases, and event coding reports, Stone said, plus angiographic core laboratory analyses for all patients, "allowing an independent assessment of the extent and type of coronary artery disease and procedural outcomes."

The analysis "demonstrated that even when upfront treatments are presumably similar [across racial groups] in a clinical trial setting, longitudinal outcomes still differ by race," Michael Nanna, MD, told theheart.org | Medscape Cardiology.

The "troubling" results "highlight the persistence of racial disparities in healthcare and the need to renew our focus on closing these gaps, [and] is yet another call to action for clinicians, researchers, and the healthcare system at large," said Nanna, of Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, and lead author on an editorial accompanying the published analysis.

Of the 10 randomized controlled trials included in the study, which encompassed 22,638 patients, nine were stent comparisons and one compared antithrombotic regimens in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), the authors note. The median follow-up was about 1100 days.

White patients made up 90.9% of the combined cohort, Black patients comprised 4.1%, Hispanics 2.1%, and Asians 1.8% figures that "confirm the well-known fact that minority groups are underrepresented in clinical trials," Stone said.

There were notable demographic and clinical differences at baseline between the four groups.

For example, Black patients tended to be younger than White, Hispanic, and Asian patients. Black and Hispanic patients were also less likely to be male compared with White patients.

Both Black and Hispanic patients had more comorbidities than Whites did at baseline, the authors observe. For example, Black and Hispanic patients had a greater body mass index compared with Whites, whereas it was lower for Asians; and they had more diabetes and more hypertension than Whites (P < .0001 for all differences).

Hispanics were more likely to have ACS at baseline compared with Whites and less likely to have stable coronary artery disease (CAD) (P < .0001 for all differences). Similar proportions of Blacks and of Whites had stable CAD, about 32% of each, and ACS, about 68% in both cases.

Rates of hyperlipidemia and stable CAD were greater and rates of ACS was lower in Asians than the other three race groups (P < .0001 for each difference).

In adjusted analysis, the risk of MACE at 5 years was significantly increased for Blacks compared with Whites (hazard ratio (HR),1.28; 95% CI, 1.05 - 1.57; P = .01). The same applied to MI (HR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.15 - 2.09; P = .004).

At 1 year, Blacks showed higher risks for death (HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.26 - 3.36; P = .004) and for MI (HR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.01 - 2.10; P = .045), compared with Whites.

No significant increases in risk for outcomes at 1 and 5 years were seen for Hispanics or Asians compared with Whites.

Covariates in the analyses included age, sex, body mass index, diabetes, current smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, history of MI or coronary revascularization, clinical CAD presentation, category of stent, and race stratified by study.

Even with underlying genotypic differences between Blacks and Whites, much of the difference in risk for outcomes "should have been accounted for when the researchers adjusted for these clinical phenotypes," the editorial notes.

Some of the difference in risk must have derived from uncontrolled-for variables, and "Beyond genetics, it is clear that race is also a surrogate for other socioeconomic factors that influence both medical care and patient outcomes," they write.

The adjusted analysis, note Golomb et al, suggests "that for Hispanic patients, the excess risk for adverse clinical outcomes may have been attributable to a higher prevalence of risk factors. In contrast, the excess risk for adverse clinical outcomes for Black patients persisted even after adjustment for baseline risk factors."

As such, they agree, "The observed increased risk may be explained by differences that are not fully captured in traditional cardiovascular risk factor assessment, including socioeconomic differences and education, treatment compliance rates, and yet-to-be-elucidated genetic differences and/or other factors."

Stone said that such socioeconomic considerations may include reduced access to care and insurance coverage; lack of preventive care, disease awareness, and education; delayed presentation; and varying levels of provided care.

"Possible genetic or environmental-related differences in the development and progression of atherosclerosis and other disease processes" may also be involved.

"Achieving representative proportions of minorities in clinical trials is essential but has proved challenging," Stone said. "We must ensure that adequate numbers of hospitals and providers that are serving these patients participate in multicenter trials, and trust has to be developed so that minority populations have confidence to enroll in studies."

Stone reported holding equity options in Ancora, Qool Therapeutics, Cagent, Applied Therapeutics, the Biostar family of funds, SpectraWave, Orchestro Biomed, Aria, Cardiac Success, the MedFocus family of funds, and Valfix; and receiving consulting fees from Valfix, TherOx, Vascular Dynamics, Robocath, HeartFlow, Gore Ablative Solutions, Miracor, Neovasc, W-Wave, Abiomed, and others. Disclosures for the other authors are in the report. Nanna reports no relevant financial relationships; other coauthor disclosures are provided with the editorial.

JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2020;13:1586-1595, 1596-1598. Abstract, Editorial

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Post-PCI Mortality Higher in Blacks vs Whites, Comorbidities Aside - Medscape