Only 209 new COVID-19 cases on Sunday in Oklahoma; 13 more in Garfield County – Enid News & Eagle

ENID, Okla. Oklahoma only saw 209 new COVID-19 cases on Sunday, but 15 of those were in Northwest Oklahoma counties, according to Oklahoma State Department of Health data.

There were no deaths reported Sunday by OSDH.

Eleven of the 13 Garfield County cases were in Enid, and two additional positive tests were confirmed in Kingfisher County by the OSDH. Other communities gaining a case in Northwest Oklahoma were Lahoma, Hennessey and Kingfisher.

Of the 25,265 cumulative COVID-19 cases, 5,348 are active, representing a single-day decrease of 71. There have been 19,466 Oklahomans who have recovered, according to OSDH, which definesrecovered as "not hospitalized or deceased and 14 days after onset/report."

State numbers

Increases in cases per age group reported Sunday were 81 in the 18-35 age group, 47 in the 36-49 age group, 38 in the 50-64 age group, 21 in the 65 and older age group, 16 in the 5-17 age group and six in the 0-4 age group.

Cumulative totals as of Sunday were 552 in the 0-4 age group, 1,953 in the 5-17 age group, 9,230 in the 18-35 age group, 5,524 in the 36-49 age group, 4,413 in the 50-64 age group and 3,593 in the 65 and older age group.

Of those testing positive, 12,942, or 51.23%, have been female, and 12,245 or 48.47%, have been male. There are 78 listed as "unknown" gender, according to OSDH data on Sunday.

Of the overall 451 deaths in the state, 360 or 79.82%, have been 65 and older; 69 or 15.30%, have been in the 50-64 age group; 14, or 3.10%, have been in the 36-49 age group; 7, or 1.55%, have been in the 18-35 age group; and one, or .22%, has been in the 5-17 age group. More men, 238, than women, 213, have succumbed to the virus, according to OSDH on Saturday. The average age of those who have died is 75.1.

Data shows deaths in 49 of Oklahoma's 77 counties, with 84 in Tulsa County; 77 in Oklahoma County; 40 in Cleveland County; 39 in Washington County; 19 each in Delaware and Wagoner counties; 14 in Muskogee County; 13 in McCurtain County; 11 in Caddo County; 10 in Rogers County; 9 each in Comanche, Creek, Kay and Osage counties; 7 each in Greer and Texas counties; 5 each in Grady, Mayes and Pottawatomie counties; 4 each in Adair, Canadian, McClain and Seminole counties; 3 each in Carter, Garvin, Jackson, Pawnee, Pittsburg and Sequoyah counties; 2 each in Cotton, Garfield, Lincoln, Ottawa, Payne and Pontotoc counties; and 1 each in Bryan, Cherokee, Choctaw, Hughes, Kiowa, Latimer, Leflore, Logan, Major, McIntosh, Noble, Nowata, Stephens and Tillman counties.

COVID-19 data released Sunday for Northwest Oklahoma counties shows Garfield with 173 cases, 114 recovered andtwo deaths,a woman in the 36-49 age groupin June and an86-year-old from Garfield Countyin April; Kingfisher with 62 cases, 43 recovered; Noble with 59 cases, 46 recovered and one death; Blaine with 23 cases, 17 recovered;Woodward with 18 cases, 14 recovered; Major with 16 cases, 13 recovered and one death, awoman in18-35 age groupin April; Woods with 12 cases, eight recovered;Grant with four cases, two recovered; and Alfalfa with one recovered case.

CumulativeCOVID-19 cases by city or townin Northwest Oklahoma include 159 in Enid (54 active); 25 in Kingfisher (eight active); 16 in Hennessey (five active); 15 each in Okarche (three active) and Woodward, (three active); 10 each in Alva (two active) and Watonga (two active); seven each in Cashion and Fairview (one active); six in Geary (one active); five in Ringwood (one active); four each in Dover (three active), Garber (one active), Lahoma (one active) and Longdale (two active); two each in Freedom (two active), Laverne (one active), Meno, Pond Creek (two active), Seiling and Waukomis (one active); and one each in Billings (one active), Canton (one active), Fort Supply, Hitchcock, Jet, Lamont, Medford, Mooreland and Okeene, according to data released by OSDH on Sunday. Residents living in areas with under 100 in population or those with unknown addresses may be recorded as "other."

In Enid, there have been 80 cases with 55 recovered, from the 73701 Zip Code, primarily the eastern half of the city, and 79 cases with 49 recovered from 73703, or the western half, according to OSDH data on Sunday. There also has been one recovered case in the 73705 Zip Code, which is listed as Vance Air Force Base athttps://www.unitedstateszipcodes.org/.

COVID-19 cases per county in Oklahoma as reported by the Oklahoma State Department of Health Sunday, July 19, 2020. SOURCE: OSDH

COVID-19 cases per city in Oklahoma as reported by the Oklahoma State Department of Health Sunday, July 19, 2020. SOURCE: OSDH

Nursing homes with resident- or staff-related COVID-19 cases have remained light in Northwest Oklahoma, according to OSDH reports, with eight in Enid three atThe Arbors, one of which was reported July 14 in the OSDH's Executive Report;two at The Commons in April; and one atGarland Road Nursing&Rehabilitation, which officials at the facility say subsequently tested negative.Golden Oaks Retirement Community verified July 3that a contract employee had tested positive for COVID-19 and on July 15 that another contract employee had tested positive, but the facility is not listed on the OSDH report.

Positive tests in long-term care facilities in the area include one each in Blaine, Woods and Woodward counties, five in Kingfisher County and five at Center of Love in Okarche in Canadian County. There have been two in Major County, including one staff member at Seiling Nursing Centerwho lived in Major County, tested positive and diedin April, according to OSDH data.

State Health Department officials areencouraging Oklahomans to get testedfor COVID-19, saying recently that due to adequate supplies, residents no longer need to exhibit symptoms or report exposure to someone with the virus to get in line for testing.

Free testing for COVID-19 is ongoing at the Garfield County and other state Health Departments. Testing is by appointment only for Blaine County, 521 W. 4th, Watonga, (580) 623-7977; Garfield County, 2501 S. Mercer, Enid, (580) 233-0650; Grant County, 115 N. Main, Medford, (580) 395-2906; Kingfisher County, 124 E. Sheridan, courthouse annex room #101, Kingfisher, (405) 375-3008; Major County, 501 E. Broadway, Fairview, (580) 227-3362; Noble County, 300 Fir St., Perry, (580) 336-2257; Woods County, 511 Barnes St., Alva, (580) 327-3192; and Woodward County, 1631 Texas Ave., Woodward, (580) 256-6416. For a full list of county drive-through testing, go tohttps://coronavirus.health.ok.gov/drive-thru-testing. Some health department also advise the public to check their Facebook pages for more information regarding testing.

Emergency warning signs for COVID-19 are trouble breathing, persistent pain or pressure in the chest, new confusion or inability to arouse, bluish lips or face, according to the CDC. More information can be found athttps://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html.

Those with symptoms of COVID-19 should call ahead to local emergency rooms. Those with minor symptoms should contact their regular physicians.

Resources and information on COVID-19 can be obtained by calling 211 or going tohttps://covidresources.ok.gov/.

BREAKING NEWSon the COVID-19 threat and its impact is available athttps://www.enidnews.com/virusand isfree for all readers. That includes information on closings and cancellations.

Get full-access breaking news via text alerts at https://enidnews.com/textalerts.

For more local, state, national and global COVID-19 pandemic news, go tohttps://enidnews.com/news/covid19.

All breaking news is fully accessible on theEnid News & Eaglewebsite.

Information also can be found athttps://coronavirus.health.ok.gov/andhttps://www.cdc.gov/.

We are making critical coverage of the coronavirus available for free. Please consider subscribing so we can continue to bring you the latest news and information on this developing story.

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Only 209 new COVID-19 cases on Sunday in Oklahoma; 13 more in Garfield County - Enid News & Eagle

COVID-19 Daily Update 7-15-2020 – 5 PM – West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources

TheWest Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (DHHR)reports as of 5:00 p.m., on July 15, 2020, there have been 217,786total confirmatorylaboratory results received for COVID-19, with 4,557 totalcases and 98 deaths.

DHHR has confirmed the death of a 77-yearold male from Wood County. Thepassing of this West Virginian is reported with great sadness and we extend oursympathies to his loved ones, said Bill J. Crouch, DHHR Cabinet Secretary.

In alignment with updated definitions fromthe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the dashboard includes probablecases which are individuals that have symptoms and either serologic (antibody)or epidemiologic (e.g., a link to a confirmed case) evidence of disease, but noconfirmatory test.

CASESPER COUNTY (Case confirmed by lab test/Probable case):Barbour(23/0), Berkeley (531/19), Boone (46/0), Braxton (5/0), Brooke (32/1), Cabell(197/7), Calhoun (4/0), Clay (13/0), Fayette (89/0), Gilmer (13/0), Grant(20/1), Greenbrier (74/0), Hampshire (45/0), Hancock (47/3), Hardy (47/1),Harrison (131/0), Jackson (148/0), Jefferson (256/5), Kanawha (442/12), Lewis(23/1), Lincoln (12/0), Logan (41/0), Marion (116/3), Marshall (71/1), Mason(26/0), McDowell (12/0), Mercer (67/0), Mineral (68/2), Mingo (34/2),Monongalia (624/14), Monroe (14/1), Morgan (19/1), Nicholas (19/1), Ohio(158/0), Pendleton (17/1), Pleasants (4/1), Pocahontas (37/1), Preston (86/21),Putnam (93/1), Raleigh (83/3), Randolph (192/2), Ritchie (2/0), Roane (12/0),Summers (2/0), Taylor (22/1), Tucker (7/0), Tyler (10/0), Upshur (31/2), Wayne(136/1), Webster (1/0), Wetzel (38/0), Wirt (6/0), Wood (186/9), Wyoming (7/0).

As case surveillance continues at thelocal health department level, it may reveal that those tested in a certaincounty may not be a resident of that county, or even the state as an individualin question may have crossed the state border to be tested.

Pleasenote that delays may be experienced with the reporting of information from thelocal health department to DHHR.

Please visit thedashboard at http://www.coronavirus.wv.gov for more detailed information.

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COVID-19 Daily Update 7-15-2020 - 5 PM - West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources

COVID-19 Daily Update 7-13-2020 – 6 PM – West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources

TheWest Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (DHHR)reports as of 6:00 p.m., on July 13, 2020, there have been 211,006total confirmatorylaboratory results received for COVID-19, with 4,313 totalcases and 97 deaths.

DHHR has confirmed the death of an 85-yearold female from Ohio County. Pleasejoin with me as we grieve the loss of another West Virginian, said DHHRCabinet Secretary Bill J. Crouch.

In alignment with updated definitions fromthe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the dashboard includes probablecases which are individuals that have symptoms and either serologic (antibody)or epidemiologic (e.g., a link to a confirmed case) evidence of disease, but noconfirmatory test.

CASESPER COUNTY (Case confirmed by lab test/Probable case):Barbour(20/0), Berkeley (518/19), Boone (34/0), Braxton (5/0), Brooke (27/1), Cabell(192/7), Calhoun (4/0), Clay (12/0), Fayette (84/0), Gilmer (13/0), Grant(21/1), Greenbrier (71/0), Hampshire (42/0), Hancock (41/3), Hardy (46/1),Harrison (122/0), Jackson (148/0), Jefferson (253/5), Kanawha (421/12), Lewis (21/1),Lincoln (9/0), Logan (39/0), Marion (106/3), Marshall (65/1), Mason (25/0),McDowell (8/0), Mercer (63/0), Mineral (66/2), Mingo (29/2), Monongalia(554/14), Monroe (14/1), Morgan (19/1), Nicholas (19/1), Ohio (147/0),Pendleton (15/1), Pleasants (4/1), Pocahontas (37/1), Preston (81/21), Putnam(90/1), Raleigh (80/3), Randolph (188/2), Ritchie (2/0), Roane (12/0), Summers(2/0), Taylor (22/1), Tucker (6/0), Tyler (10/0), Upshur (31/2), Wayne (127/1),Webster (1/0), Wetzel (37/0), Wirt (6/0), Wood (179/9), Wyoming (7/0).

As case surveillance continues at thelocal health department level, it may reveal that those tested in a certaincounty may not be a resident of that county, or even the state as an individualin question may have crossed the state border to be tested.Such is the case of Cabell, Lewis, Logan, Marion, Mingo, Nicholas, Ohio, andPreston counties in this report.

Please visit thedashboard at http://www.coronavirus.wv.gov for more detailed information.

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COVID-19 Daily Update 7-13-2020 - 6 PM - West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources

I Wont Return to the Classroom, and You Shouldnt Ask Me To – The New York Times

SEDRO-WOOLLEY, Wash. Every day when I walk into work as a public-school teacher, I am prepared to take a bullet to save a child. In the age of school shootings, thats what the job requires. But asking me to return to the classroom amid a pandemic and expose myself and my family to Covid-19 is like asking me to take that bullet home to my own family.

I wont do it, and you shouldnt want me to.

I became an educator after a career as a nurse. I teach medical science and introduction to nursing to 11th and 12th graders at a regional skills center that serves students from 22 different high schools in 13 different school districts.

My school district and school havent ruled out asking us return to in-person teaching in the fall. As careful and proactive as the administration has been when it comes to exploring plans to return to the classroom, nothing I have heard reassures me that I can safely teach in person.

More than 75 New York Department of Education employees have died of Covid-19. CDC guidelines say a return to traditional schooling with in-person classes would involve the highest risk for Covid-19 spread. But even in-person classes with students spaced apart and prevented from sharing materials are categorized as leading to more risk. The lowest risk for spread, according to the CDC, is virtual learning. I cant understand why we would choose more risk than is necessary.

Its impossible to hear about the way parties, day camps and church services have led to outbreaks this summer without worrying about what will happen if kids and adults gather in the fall. It scares me to think of how many more lives will be lost. It terrifies me that I could be among those who lose their lives.

I completely understand why parents and administrators want kids to return to school. When we first started online learning in March, it was miserable pointless, even. Eventually, we established parameters, and I figured out how to teach kids across the northwest corner of Washington State virtually. During summer school, Ive live-streamed my lectures into campgrounds, living rooms and bedrooms decorated with twinkly lights or festooned with posters. My virtual classroom includes pets and younger siblings.

Yes, it has been hard. Yesterday, as several really adorable teenage faces laughed through the computer screen at my use of a Tyrannosaurus Rex to explain the sympathetic nervous system and the feeling of impending doom it can cause, I thought, I miss them. I wished I was standing in my favorite place in the world, my classroom because, frankly, that T-Rex analogy is much better when accompanied by my dino walk.

But it amazes me how fast students adapted to remote learning. I teach a particularly hands-on class. This summer, Ive managed to teach them to type blood, to suture wounds and how the sensory system works. Ive taught them all about infection control and epidemiology they can not only tell you that you should wear a mask, but they can show you how to do it correctly. I used to put my hand over students hands to guide them through certain lessons. Now I use a GoPro camera. Its hard, but they are learning.

Most important, we students and teacher are safe.

If Im asked to return to the classroom as the pandemic rages, I will have to walk away. As deeply as I love teaching, I will not risk spreading this virus in a way that could hurt a child or a family member of a child. While children make up a small proportion of U.S. coronavirus cases and they are less likely to become seriously ill than adults, the virus might be linked to multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Plus, many of my students struggle with poverty or are from multigenerational households. I will not risk passing a virus to them that they might pass to their vulnerable loved ones. I wont do it.

It isnt fair to ask teachers to buy school supplies; we arent the government. But we do it anyway. It isnt fair to ask us to stop a bullet; we arent soldiers. But we go to work every day knowing that if theres a school shooting, well die protecting our students.

But this is where I draw the line: It isnt fair to ask me to be part of a massive, unnecessary science experiment. I am not a human research subject. I will not do it.

Rebecca Martinson is a teacher at Northwest Career & Technical Academy in Mount Vernon, Wash.

The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. Wed like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips. And heres our email: letters@nytimes.com.

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I Wont Return to the Classroom, and You Shouldnt Ask Me To - The New York Times

Covid-19 data is a public good. The US government must start treating it like one. – MIT Technology Review

Earlier this week as a pandemic raged across the United States, residents were cut off from the only publicly available source of aggregated data on the nations intensive care and hospital bed capacity. When the Trump administration stripped the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of control over coronavirus data, it also took that information away from the public.

I run a nonpartisan project called covidexitstrategy.org, which tracks how well states are fighting this virus. Our team is made up of public health and crisis experts with previous experience in the Trump and Obama administrations. We grade states on such critical measures as disease spread, hospital load, and the robustness of their testing.

Why does this work matter? In a crisis, data informs good decision-making. Along with businesses, federal, state, and local public health officials and other agencies rely on us to help them decide which interventions to deploy and when workplaces and public spaces can safely reopen. Almost a million people have used our dashboards, with thousands coming back more than 200 times each.

To create our dashboards, we rely on multiple sources. One is the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN), run by the CDC. Prior to July 14, hospitals reported the utilization and availability of intensive care and inpatient beds to the NHSN. This information, updated three times a week, was the only publicly available source of aggregated state-level hospital capacity data in the US.

With 31 states currently reporting increases in the number of hospitalized covid-19 patients, these utilization rates show how well their health systems will handle the surge of cases.

Having this information in real time is essential; the administration said the CDCs system was insufficiently responsive and data collection needed to be streamlined.The US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) directed hospitals (pdf) to report their data to a new system called HHS Protect.

Unfortunately, by redirecting hospitals to a new system, it left everyone else in the dark. On July 14, the CDC removed the most recent data from its website. As we made our nightly update, we found it was missing. After significant public pressure, the existing maps and data are backbut the agency has added a disclaimer that the data will not be updated going forward.

This is unacceptable. This critical indicator was being shared multiple times a week, and now updates have been halted. US residents need a federal commitment that this data will continue to be refreshed and shared.

The public is being told that a lot of effort is going into the new system. An HHS spokesman told CNBC that the new database will deliver more powerful insights on the coronavirus. But the switch has rightly been criticized because this new data source is not yet available to the public. Our concerns are amplified by the fact that responsibility for the data has shifted from a known entity in the CDC to a new, as-yet-unnamed team within HHS.

I was part of the team that helped fix Healthcare.gov after the failed launch in 2013. One thing I learned was that the people who make their careers in the federal governmentand especially those working at the center of a crisisare almost universally well intentioned. They seek to do the right thing for the public they serve.

In the same spirit, and to build trust with the American people, this is an opportunity for HHS to make the same data its sharing with federal and state agencies available to the public. The system that HHS is using helps inform the vital work of the White House Coronavirus Task Force. From leaked documents, we know that reports for the task force are painstakingly detailed. They include county-level maps, indicators on testing robustness, and specific recommendations. All of this information belongs in the public domain.

This is also an opportunity for HHS to make this data machine readable and thereby more accessible to data scientists and data journalists. The Open Government Data Act, signed into law by President Trump, treats data as a strategic asset and makes it open by default. This act builds upon the Open Data Executive Order, which recognized that the data sets collected by the government are paid for by taxpayers and must be made available to them.

As a country, the United States has lagged behind in so many dimensions of response to this crisis, from the availability of PPE to testing to statewide mask orders. Its treatment of data has lagged as well. On March 7, as this crisis was unfolding, there was no national testing data. Alexis Madrigal, Jeff Hammerbacher, and a group of volunteers started the COVID Tracking Project to aggregate coronavirus information from all 50 state websites into a single Google spreadsheet. For two months, until the CDC began to share data through its own dashboard, this volunteer project was the sole national public source of information on cases and testing.

With more than 150 volunteers contributing to the effort, the COVID Tracking Project sets the bar for how to treat data as an asset. I serve on the advisory board and am awed by what this group has accomplished. With daily updates, an API, and multiple download formats, theyve made their data extraordinarily useful. Where the CDCs data is cited 30 times in Google Scholar and approximately 10,000 times in Google search results, the COVID Tracking Project data is cited 299 times in Google Scholar and roughly 2 million times in Google search results.

Sharing reliable data is one of the most economical and effective interventions the United States has to confront this pandemic. With the Coronavirus Task Force daily briefings a thing of the past, its more necessary than ever for all covid-related data to be shared with the public. The effort required to defeat the pandemic is not just a federal response. It is a federal, state, local, and community response. Everyone needs to work from the same trusted source of facts about the situation on the ground. Data is not a partisan affair or a bureaucratic preserve. It is a public trustand a public resource.

Ryan Panchadsaram is a cofounder of covidexitstrategy.org and United States Digital Response. He currently works at Kleiner Perkins and was formerly the deputy chief technology officer for the United States.

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Covid-19 data is a public good. The US government must start treating it like one. - MIT Technology Review

‘Carbon savings’ from Covid-19 lockdown halve within weeks – The Guardian

The UKs carbon emissions have begun to rebound following the easing of Covid-19 lockdown measures, causing the carbon savings triggered by the coronavirus to halve within weeks.

Greenhouse gas emissions from the energy and transport industries climbed last month as more people returned to work, raising demand for fossil fuels from record lows in April when strict lockdown measures were in place, according to new data.

An analysis by Sia Partners, seen by the Guardian, shows that the UKs carbon emissions fell by 36% in the first four weeks of the lockdown compared to the most recent official carbon emissions data collected in 2018.

But by June Britains total emissions savings had dwindled to a 16% drop as more cars returned to its roads and demand for energy began to rise.

Chlo Depigny, a senior manager at Sia Partners, said the data underlines the fragility of the UKs short-term carbon savings during the coronavirus, and the need for ambitious fundamental changes to the economy if the government hopes to meet its long-term carbon targets.

The data reveals that at the start of the lockdown Britain recorded a 90% collapse in carbon emissions from the aviation sector, a 60% fall in emissions from passenger vehicles and a 30% decline in emissions from Britains energy system.

In the last month the emissions savings from road use shrank from 60% to 30% of typical levels, and the decrease from the energy system contracted from 30% to 15%.

If lockdown measures are removed entirely by early October the total carbon savings from the coronavirus may erode to 10% below normal levels over the year as a whole, down 1 percentage point from the consulting firms previous full-year forecasts earlier this year.

In order to meet the UKs net zero target by 2050 the UK needs to cut 12 megatonnes of CO2 every year this is the equivalent of 3% of the emissions in 2018. So 10% is definitely a significant fall, she said.

However, from a climate point of view if this only occurs in 2020 and normal emissions return in 2021 then these savings will mean only a very small dent to emissions in the end. We saw this in the 2008 financial crisis; emissions very quickly returned to pre-crisis levels, she added.

One of the greatest threats to the UKs carbon savings this year is a surge in demand for road travel as more people opt to use passenger vehicles over public transport to avoid contact with the coronavirus.

This is one of the big uncertainties as we emerge from lockdown, said Depigny. If everyone is concerned about using public transport, and chooses to switch to using cars, then road emissions may well explode over the second half of the year, and could cause even a 10% emissions cut to disappear within a few months.

Another threat to carbon reductions in the wake of the coronavirus outbreak is the number of people who may continue to work from home during the winter months.

The report predicts that the carbon footprint of British homes is expected to be 6% higher than normal in 2020 based on the assumption that many people working from home will make a gradual return to office spaces from October. But a second lockdown during the colder months could mean far higher residential carbon emissions than currently forecast, Depigny said.

We have been lucky that lockdown has happened during warm summer months. If there was a second lockdown during the winter, homes would rely on gas-heating to keep their homes warm all day, which would produce far more emissions than during the summer. It would probably counter most of the savings from less commuting, she said.

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'Carbon savings' from Covid-19 lockdown halve within weeks - The Guardian

Weather forecasts are less accurate because of Covid-19, a new study reveals – CNN

The study found that the "accuracy of surface meteorology forecast in March-May 2020 decreases remarkably" as flight density drops due to Covid-19.

The research examined weather forecasts from March 2020 and compared them to actual observed weather in the same time frame.

"It is the temperature forecast where accuracy went down," says Chen. Patterns of hot and cold air are critical in hurricane formation and prediction. If temperatures cannot be tracked accurately, it could be more challenging to identify hotspots early on.

The forecasts that meteorologists create for hurricanes rely in part on computer models. These models are only as good as the data that is put into them.

This data comes from a variety of tools, including aircraft, cruise ships, satellites, buoys, weather balloons, ground stations, and radar. The Covid-19 outbreak has significantly reduced the amount of data we get from two of those tools -- aircraft and cruises.

More importantly, meteorologists find themselves at a greater disadvantage, especially over water, where these observation tools are already limited. Over land, they can just launch extra weather balloons or add additional ground stations to help make up the loss of flight data.

But they can't do that over water. Buoys are unevenly distributed and are notorious for data errors. These floating devices alone can't provide a complete and accurate picture of a particular region of the ocean. Meteorologists need the combination of all available tools to accurately understand the state of the atmosphere across the globe at a given point in time.

How it affects forecasts

One way to make up for some of that data loss is having other observation tools gather additional data.

"When the National Weather Service is anticipating high impact weather events, such as a possible tornado outbreak or a potential landfalling hurricane, (it) will usually conduct 'special' weather balloon launches to take additional weather measurements in the upper levels of the atmosphere," explains Kyle Theim, a meteorologist with the NWS in Atlanta. "The accuracy and precision of our weather models are paramount, and these additional observations can then help weather models and forecasters predict how extreme weather events will unfold."

"We find that the reconnaissance soundings have significant beneficial impact." Data collected by hurricane hunter reconnaissance flights is especially effective and can help make up the loss caused by the drop in commercial flights and cruises.

This is especially important for tropical systems where temperature and wind observations are fundamental in getting a more accurate forecast.

Forecasts were better and worse in different areas

The study found that the differences vary by location. Remote areas like Greenland and Siberia saw the greatest issues with lower flight numbers.

"This is because assimilation of aircraft observations provides a much larger improvement in forecasts over regions where very limited conventional observations are available," says the study. It is already difficult to forecast for these remote regions, so the loss of flight data has a greater impact.

A similar effect hurts forecasting in the Southern Hemisphere.

"Degradation of the weather forecast is more substantially in the Northern Hemisphere than the Southern Hemisphere," says Chen. The Northern Hemisphere has more population and significantly more flights than the Southern Hemisphere. A drop in flights over the Northern Hemisphere is consequently more impactful on the ability to accurately forecast the weather.

Forecasts could get worse

The results of the study actually go against normal predictions of accuracy improvement over time.

"A similar analysis for February 2020 suggests that the forecast accuracy of surface meteorology could have been expected to improve in 2020 compared with 2017-2019, if aircraft observations were carried out as usual," the study says. This hit to accuracy comes at a time when Covid-19 is exacerbating the effects of severe weather on vulnerable populations.

The research warns that the issue of accuracy will only get worse as the Covid-19 pandemic continues.

"Further worsening of weather forecasts may be expected and that the error could become larger for longer-term forecasts," says Chen. "This could handicap early warning of extreme weather and cause additional hardship for daily life in the near future."

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Weather forecasts are less accurate because of Covid-19, a new study reveals - CNN

The universe’s clock might have bigger ticks than we imagine – Space.com

The smallest conceivable length of time might be no larger than a millionth of a billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a second. That's according to a new theory describing the implications of the universe having a fundamental clock-like property whose ticks would interact with our best atomic timepieces.

Such an idea could help scientists get closer to doing experiments that would illuminate a theory of everything, an overarching framework that would reconcile the two pillars of 20th-century physics quantum mechanics, which looks at the smallest objects in existence, and Albert Einstein's relativity, which describes the most massive ones.

Related: The 18 biggest unsolved mysteries in physics

Most of us have some sense of time's passage. But what exactly is time?

"We don't know," Martin Bojowald, a physicist at Pennsylvania State University in University Park, told Live Science. "We know that things change, and we describe that change in terms of time."

Physics presents two conflicting views of time, he added. One, which stems from quantum mechanics, speaks of time as a parameter that never stops flowing at a steady pace. The other, derived from relativity, tells scientists that time can contract and expand for two observers moving at different speeds, who will disagree about the span between events.

In most cases, this discrepancy isn't terribly important. The separate realms described by quantum mechanics and relativity hardly overlap. But certain objects like black holes, which condense enormous mass into an inconceivably tiny space can't be fully described without a theory of everything known as quantum gravity.

In some versions of quantum gravity, time itself would be quantized, meaning it would be made from discrete units, which would be the fundamental period of time. It would be as if the universe contained an underlying field that sets the minimum tick rate for everything inside of it, sort of like the famous Higgs field that gives rise to the Higgs boson particle which lends other particles mass. But for this universal clock, "instead of providing mass, it provides time," said Bojowald.

By modeling such a universal clock, he and his colleagues were able to show that it would have implications for human-built atomic clocks, which use the pendulum-like oscillation of certain atoms to provide our best measurements of time. According to this model, atomic clocks' ticks would sometimes be out of sync with the universal clock's ticks.

This would limit the precision of an individual atomic clock's time measurements, meaning two different atomic clocks might eventually disagree about how long a span of time has passed. Given that our best atomic clocks agree with one another and can measure ticks as small as 10^(minus19) seconds, or a tenth of a billionth of a billionth of a second, the fundamental unit of time can be no larger than 10^(minus 33)seconds, according to the team's paper, which appeared June 19 in the journal Physical Review Letters.

"What I like the most about the paper is the neatness of the model," Esteban Castro-Ruiz, a quantum physicist at the Universit Libre de Bruxelles in Belgium who was not involved in the work, told Live Science. "They get an actual bound that you can in principle measure, and I find this amazing."

Research of this type tends to be extremely abstract, he added, so it was nice to see a concrete result with observational consequences for quantum gravity, meaning the theory could one day be tested.

While verifying that such a fundamental unit of time exists is beyond our current technological capabilities, it is more accessible than previous proposals, such as the Planck time, the researchers said in their paper. Derived from fundamental constants, the Planck time would set the tiniest measureable ticks at 10^(minus 44) seconds, or a ten-thousandth of a billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a second, according to Universe Today.

Whether or not there is some length of time smaller than the Planck time is up for debate, since neither quantum mechanics nor relativity can explain what happens below that scale. "It makes no sense to talk about time beyond these units, at least in our current theories," said Castro-Ruiz.

Because the universe itself began as a massive object in a tiny space that then rapidly expanded, Bojowald said that cosmological observations, such as careful measurements of the cosmic microwave background, a relic from the Big Bang, might help constrain the fundamental period of time to an even smaller level.

Originally published on Live Science.

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The universe's clock might have bigger ticks than we imagine - Space.com

Read Before Pontificating on Quantum Technology – War on the Rocks

Quantum technology and quantum computing more specifically has become quite the popular topic in national security circles. The extraordinary level of interest emerges from the potential impacts of quantum computers on information security and general issues of international strategic technological advantage. While academic strength in quantum computing research is globally distributed, U.S. industry maintains substantive international leadership. The most significant technical demonstration of state-of-the-art quantum computing was reported by Google this year, and the first cloud-based quantum-as-a-service offerings are available from IBM and Rigetti, with forthcoming services announced by Amazon Web Services and Microsoft.

With these developments, quantum computing has been identified as a possible target technology for export controls as well as foreign-investment review in emerging tech companies. And the new U.S. National Quantum Initiative is framed around strategic competition and even directly addresses the notion of a technological race with China.

And so now, you Madam, Mister, or Doctor National Security Professional need to understand and speak intelligently about how this technology impacts your portfolio. Where should you begin and how? What are the important lessons to embrace and pitfalls to avoid as you begin your educational journey?

It is easy to find yourself going down the wrong path; there are many new analysts offering expert advice on the technology underlying quantum computing. Many of them merit your skepticism. A combination of technical complexity and competitive media positioning has led to a wide variety of pervasive misconceptions in the field. Watching these flawed and false narratives take off in the national security world that I have worked in for years at DARPA, working with the intelligence community, and now at my own company has been frustrating. And so, as someone with 20 years of experience designing, building, and optimizing quantum computing hardware, I aim to offer friendly advice and insights that arent readily available otherwise.

Learn the Basics

Following many years in which information was found only in specialist technical journals, high-quality educational resources supporting new entrants to the field are finally emerging. I offer some of the better ones below. Turn to them in order to gain proficiency in the underlying technology at either a contextual or technical level, no matter what level of technical expertise you have (or lack).

Q-CTRL the organization I founded and lead has produced an introductory video series for those who have limited background knowledge and are seeking to orient themselves in the field. This is a great place to start if youve encountered various keywords in quantum computing such as qubit, NISQ, or quantum advantage and now want to understand their meaning and context at a high level.

Quantum Computing for the Very Curious is an excellent online e-book introducing quantum computing in an accessible but technical fashion. Its prepared by Michael Nielsen, one of the most recognized textbook authors in the field, and covers material from qubits to universal quantum computing.

The online Qiskit textbook from IBM provides a detailed technical overview of this material, with a focus on programming quantum computers for future quantum developers.

Various supporting tools exist to help build intuition for quantum computing, including BLACK OPAL from my organization, the IBM Quantum Experience, and the Quantum User Interface from the University of Melbourne.

The Massachusetts Institute of Technologys xPRO offers an online course in quantum computing built and taught by actual leading practitioners, such as Peter Shor, Will Oliver, and Isaac Chuang (not consultants, dabblers, or marketers).

Finally, if youd like a broader overview of the intersection between quantum technology and national security, I wrote a primer on quantum technology for national security professionals with Richard Fontaine in these virtual pages.

Start with the History

Many in national security circles became familiar with quantum information and quantum technologies only in the last few years. Understanding the origins of U.S. government activity in the field is essential to evaluating the national security landscape around quantum computing today.

The history of the field is traced back to early intelligence community investments in open university research, following public announcements surrounding the development of Shors algorithm (an algorithm potentially enabling quantum computers to attack public key cryptosystems, named after Peter Shor). Since the late 1990s, the vast majority of participants in the international research field has been supported by competitive programs sponsored by the U.S. Army Research Office and the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (and its predecessor organizations, the Advanced Research and Development Activity and the Disruptive Technology Office). Ultimately, this targeted, highly competitive funding has been foundational to the development of the international quantum computing research community.. Very broadly, this technical leadership (as measured by recognizable research programs and/or publicly acknowledged funding) has come from the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Australia, the Netherlands, and Canada. Much more recently, China has risen independently as it has made quantum information matter of national priority. Singapore and Russia have also made strategic investments in quantum technology.

What should we take from this history? First, openness, collaboration, and international engagement with allied nations have been central to the success we have seen in building this technological discipline. This success, a global public good, is the result of American international leadership. And it therefore risks being undermined by aggressive actions to curtail international collaboration, especially as so much exploratory science remains to be undertaken. Emerging nationalist sentiment seeking to limit international support for research among allies or to add new export control regimes on immature technologies are regressive. Second, the U.S. defense and intelligence communities have played a critical and irreplaceable role in the field. Todays U.S. National Quantum Initiative is seeking to establish expanded research activity through programs administered by new organizations, including the National Science Foundation and Department of Energy through the national labs. The foundational leadership from within the Department of Defense and the intelligence community places the United States at a strategic advantage in knowledge and internal capability within government. Finally, aside from long-term research and development efforts at industrial organizations such as IBM, large-scale industry-led programs have only emerged since about 2013 at Microsoft, Google, and other tech giants, often grown by acquiring academic research teams. Similarly, the boom in quantum technology startups largely derived from academic programs has been growing for about five years. Notably, all of the relevant industrial research leaders and efforts have had substantial overlap with Army Research Office and IARPA programs. This makes clear both the connectivity of personnel running these programs with research leaders, and demonstrates how these government funding initiatives have been instrumental in seeding todays quantum industry.

True Technical Expertise Is Out There, So Reach Out

Maybe youve been asked to write a memo on something at the intersection of national security and quantum technology. Or maybe youre an international security scholar looking to research and write about the implications of the second quantum revolution. Why not collaborate with, or at least reach out to, someone with technical expertise? Quantum computing is not an easy field to understand, even for sharp minds with a deep understanding of other technical topics. So, look (and ask) before you leap.

Most contemporary leaders in the field have built their entire careers in quantum computing and have come up through advanced Ph.D.-level training programs at major universities around the world. Looking across the growing quantum computing startup ecosystem, almost every chief executive officer, chief technology officer, or other sort of senior executive has come from a senior academic appointment. Similarly, the broad U.S. industrial sector in quantum computing is heavily populated with seasoned experts in the field. Many of us have worked with the U.S. defense and the intelligence communities for years. And this cross-sector collaboration means there are a number of practitioner-experts working in government. Substantive expertise exists within various organizations, including the National Security Agencys Laboratory for Physical Sciences, the Sandia National Laboratories, the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (having generated multiple Nobel laureates in quantum physics), the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, and the Army Research Office.

Unfortunately, growth in the field has led to a commensurate growth in the number of consultants and analysts claiming to be experts in quantum computing. Most of these voices are amateur observers, although there are a small number of formally trained experts who have crossed into analytical positions in defense contracting, management consulting, or the like. Third-party business analysts can bring valuable insights into the shape of emerging commercial markets or opportunities for quantum computing to contribute in novel sectors. Use caution when looking to such consultants for expert technical advice on the utility or functionality of quantum computers. As a general matter, beware the LinkedIn profile claiming expertise in quantum computing without evidence!

How to See Through the Hype

The level of true potential for quantum technology in national security and more broadly is profound and fully justifies major investments such as the U.S. National Quantum Initiative. However, this level of promise has inevitably led to hype in the popular media, company press releases, venture-capital newsletters, and (international) government program announcements. It is essential that in making an informed assessment you seek the truth beyond the hype.

The most important leading message is that quantum technology is a deep-tech field and represents a long-term strategic play; the benefits may be enormous in the national security space, but timescales to delivery remain measured in years and decade. We have recently seen an acceleration of commercial and public-sector interest and activity and there is no doubt that this is furthering progress but there has not been an obvious fundamental change in the pace of technological development. Quantum computing has been described erroneously as just engineering at this stage, where all we need to do to realize quantum advantage for useful problems is execute. While there is much room to incorporate lessons from the engineering community, creativity and serendipity remain essential.

Expert leaders in our community feel confident that within five to 10 years we may realize quantum advantage for a problem of general commercial interest. This would certainly be a profound demonstration, but it is supported by the (consistent) rate of progress since the early 2000s and the relatively small scale of machine we believe is needed to achieve this goal. By contrast, codebreaking using Shors algorithm remains a multi-decadal play because the scale of the system required is likely to be gigantic (thousands of high-performing logical qubits, each capable of performing billions of operations).

This highlights another essential piece of advice for quantum novices: caveat emptor. Question the messenger when reading media reports about technological breakthroughs. In many cases commercial and nationalist motives have clouded the landscape of media reporting on the true state of progress in the field. This is especially true at the intersection of quantum computing and national security for obvious reasons. For instance, in their excellent report, Elsa B. Kania and John Costello explain that quantum technology has clearly become a matter of national priority in China, but that it has become difficult to discern real progress from strategic hyperbole in state media. Unfortunately, the same can be true for corporate media releases closer to home. Many journalists have repeated press-release pronouncements without applying the skepticism the topic demands. National security professionals might then use such articles as a source, leaving an important debate ill-served. It is therefore important that such professionals seek validation of claims via primary-source information. This is of utmost importance in understanding the intersection between national security and quantum technology, as misunderstandings of the capabilities of the underlying technology can completely change the associated security implications.

As an example of such a negative impact on national security assessments, the combination of a rise in corporate and nationalist marketing and credulous media reporting has led to many misleading lay descriptions of how quantum technology operates in the security space. The research area perhaps most subject to misrepresentation is quantum communications, which has become an area of major Chinese investment and clear technical leadership. Quantum communications uses concepts of quantum physics (such as the destructive nature of measurement) in order to offer information security. In particular, these systems are theoretically provably secure a term that has a specific quantitative technical definition relating to the probability of eavesdropping in a nominally successful round of communication. This suggestive nomenclature has led to the broad use of popular terms such as unhackable communications or unbreakable quantum security. But these claims are specious. People have translated a technical definition (provably secure) into an accessible but incorrect lay term (unhackable or unbreakable) when, in fact, there is an entire subfield dedicated to cryptographic attacks on quantum communications systems. None of this means that advances in quantum communications wouldnt be enormously valuable, but it does reveal the shallow nature of some aspects of the popular narrative.

On a final and lighter note, its my pleasure to inform you that quantum radar is not likely to be an imminent threat to stealth technology as is sometimes claimed by Chinese media. There is global research interest in the application of quantum illumination to suppress certain kinds of technical noise in radar systems. It is possible that China has built functional prototypes and could in principle be far ahead of the United States and its allies, but there is no evidence that this has made Chinas radars able to detect stealthy or low-observable aircraft in ways they could not before. Public-domain, state-of-the art research from a Canadian team also publicly claiming they hope to defeat stealth technology does not support such claims. Demonstrated benefits show approximately two times improvement in imaging quality using quantum illumination at one-meter imaging distance in a laboratory. This is far from field-deployable, and a factor of two times improvement in imaging even if it did carry over to realistic distances and conditions does not necessarily render low-observable aircraft vulnerable. Nonetheless, media reporting on this topic has been breathless, even within national security publications. Unfortunately, the primary source material which could be used to raise doubts about claims surrounding quantum radar is highly technical and inaccessible to most analysts. While highly specific, this example illustrates how a lack of understanding of the technical material coupled with nationalistic media releases and credulous journalists can produce deleterious strategic assessments.

The advice I offer here is broad and aims to help national security professionals seeking to build a knowledge base in quantum technology. This is an essential undertaking for anyone seeking to engage meaningfully with this emerging and high-impact field.

Michael J. Biercuk is a professor of quantum physics and quantum technology at the University of Sydney and a chief investigator in the ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems. In 2017, he founded Q-CTRL, a quantum technology company for which he serves as CEO.

Image: National Institute of Standards and Technology (Photo by Y. Colombe)

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Read Before Pontificating on Quantum Technology - War on the Rocks

Enter the mind of Bruce Lee – KTVZ

Bruce Lee, the martial arts icon, was being interviewed by a Hong Kong talk show host when the man asked Lee if he saw himself as Chinese or an American.

Neither, Lee said. I think of myself as a human being.

Forty-three years after his sudden death in July of 1973, more people are starting to think of Lee as something else: A profound thinker whose mind was as supple as his body.

That may seem like an odd claim. Lee was a fighter, not a philosopher, according to popular perception. He left behind some of the most exhilarating fight scenes ever captured on film in movies such as Enter the Dragon and The Chinese Connection.

But his legacy also includes a revolutionary book on the martial arts and Eastern philosophy, and seven volumes of writings on everything from Taoism, quantum physics, psychotherapy and the power of positive thinking.

John Little, who examined Lees papers after the actors death, says he was stunned when he first entered Lees library. He had at least 1,700 heavily annotated books. Thats when he realized that Lee sharpened his mind as much as his body.

The philosophy of Lee is more powerful than the martial arts of Lee, says Little, author of The Warrior Within: The Philosophies of Bruce Lee. Everything that Bruce Lee did flowed from his mind and his thinking.

And it flowed from his pride in his Chinese heritage as well.

Lee was a devotee of Alan Watts, a 20th century British philosopher who introduced Eastern thought to Western audiences. Lee would tape Watts lectures and play them back to his martial arts students in class.

Lee, too, saw himself as bridge between the East and the West. He wanted to show Americans the beauty of Chinese philosophy and its culture, his friends and biographers say.

He told me that he could educate people about the East more in films than in books, says Dan Inosanto, one of Lees closest friends and his training partner. Inosanto filmed an insanely exciting fight scene with Lee in Game of Death where both battled one another using Lees signature weapon, nunchakus, a weapon that consists of two sticks connected by a short chain.

Of course, those old enough to remember when Lee was alive didnt go to his films to learn about esoteric Eastern teachings. They wanted to see him kick butt.

And Lee obliged. He hit the American movie screens in the early 1970s like a tsunami.

American audiences had never seen an action star like him before. The liquid grace of his movements; his feline quickness; the weird, high-pitched shrieks he gave off during combat. People squealed in delight so much during his films that a viewer rarely heard all the dialogue.

Lee was a racial pioneer, too. Here was an Asian man who wasnt depicted as a bucktoothed buffoon or fortune-cookie-quoting sage. He was an unabashed sex symbol. Women marveled over his lithe physique; one person said touching his hardened muscles was like touching warm marble.

But Lees mind his grasp of philosophy and his willpower was the engine that powered his physical prowess, says Bruce Thomas, author of Bruce Lee: Fighting Words.

What Lee did was harness energies outside the ordinary energies that are used for daily life, Thomas says. The martial arts were a way a life for him, a genuine path, a means of psychological development and spiritual development.

Another thinker who helped Lee harness those energies was Jiddu Krishnamurti, a philosopher born in India who taught that truth cant be found through any religious tradition or dogma.

In oneself lies the world and if you know how to look and learn, the door is there and the key is in your hand, he wrote. Krishnamurtis emphasis on self-reliance and disdain for mindlessly following tradition shaped Lees approach to the martial arts.

When Lee was alive, the martial arts world was rigidly divided by different fighting styles. He borrowed from virtually all of them to create his own revolutionary fighting called Jeet Kune Do, which he later turned into a book.

Today, Lee is often called the father of MMA, or mixed martial arts, for his willingness to be, as he once said, not one style, but all styles.

Krishnamurti was his go-to thinker, Thomas says. He taught that one must come to the present moment and not be tainted by rituals and dogmas. He took everything Krishnamurti said about religion and applied it to the martial arts.

Lees devotion to philosophy could have just remained an abstract pursuit. But it was also key to his physical speed and power. One martial artist said that Lee had the ability to move from perfect stillness and explode like a firecracker.

Lee could do that because he was able to tap into what ancient Chinese philosophers called chi.

In his book, The Warrior Within, Little described chi as a vast reservoir of free-flowing energy within all people that when channeled to our muscles, can give us great strength and, when channeled to our brain, can give us great insight and understanding.

Lees ability to summon chi at will was the culmination of years of philosophical contemplation and physical training, his biographers and students say.

Lee once described what it felt like to summon these energies within himself:

I feel I have this great creative and spiritual force within me that is greater than faith, greater than ambition, greater than confidence Whether it is the Godhead or not, I feel this great force, this untapped power, this dynamic something within me.

Lee also unleashed those energies through positive thinking. He was a fan of Norman Vincent Peale and read books such As a Man Thinketh, by James Allen. He would also jot down homespun aphorisms in his spare time like, Pessimism blunts the tools you need to succeed.

Lees philosophical beliefs could have been confined to books, but they were refined by events in his life that would have broken lesser people.

First, he had to deal with racism from both sides.

He was born in San Francisco, but grew up in Hong Kong in an affluent family. His father was an opera star and Lee became a childhood actor who appeared in at least 20 Chinese films. Lee started studying martial arts when he was 13 but his instructor stopped personally teaching him when he learned that Lees mother was part White, biographers say.

That experience shaped in part his decision to teach the martial arts to Westerners after he moved to America when he turned 18, some say. Teaching the martial arts to Westerners was taboo at the time, but Lee didnt care, says Doug Palmer, who was one of Lees first students in America.

I think the fact that he [Lee] was part white had something to do with it, Palmer says about Lees decision to teach Westerners. He himself had to overcome obstacles in Hong Kong because he was part white.

Lee then encountered racism from Hollywood.

He had gone to Hollywood with an idea for a television drama about the martial arts. They took his idea but rejected him for a role in the series because they thought he looked too Chinese for an America audience. They gave his role to an American actor and dancer. The drama would eventually become a hit television show called Kung Fu.

Lee also suffered a crippling back injury during training. Doctors told him he would never walk properly again and could never practice the martial arts. It was a low moment in his life. He was bedridden with a wife and two young children to support. At one point he only had $50 in the bank. He could have fallen into a debilitating depression but he overcame his injury through positive visualization, and he used that time to write his groundbreaking book, Jeet Kune Do, says Thomas, one of his biographers.

He healed himself, Thomas says.

Lees belief in the power of positive thinking comes through in a letter he wrote to a friend during that shaky period in his life.

He wrote:

I mean who has the most insecure job than I have? What do I live on? My faith in my ability that Ill make it. Sure my back injury screwed me up good for a year but with every adversity comes a blessing Look at a rain storm; after its departure everything grows.

Lee eventually broke through. He went to Hong Kong to make a series of films that caught Hollywoods attention. He then returned to Hollywood to make Enter the Dragon, which became a huge hit.

But Lee never lived long enough to see the culmination of all of his work.

Just days before the American release of Enter the Dragon, in 1973, Lee died in Hong Kong from an allergic reaction to pain medication he had taken. He was 32. Lees son, Brandon, who would follow him into the martial arts and film, would later die in 1993 from a freak accident with a prop gun on a movie set.

Lees friends still miss him. They talk less about his fighting ability and more about what fun he was to be around: his restless questioning, his optimism, his goofy sense of humor and his loyalty to friends.

He was a very charismatic person, says Palmer, who is now an attorney in Seattle. He could dominate most situations. You walk into a room and in most cases he would dominating the conversation.

Lees influence transcends the martial arts, Inosanto says.

I got letters after he died from people from almost all walks of life, from musicians to skateboarders they all said he influenced him, Inosanto says.

Lees global popularity is matched by only one other person, Inosanto says.

Muhammad Ali and Bruce Lee are the most recognizable faces in the world, Inosanto says. I was very lucky to have stumbled onto him. I never had a dull moment with him.

Lees family is introducing the martial artist to a new generation today.

Lees widow, Linda Lee Cadwell, and his daughter, Shannon Lee, established the Bruce Lee Foundation to share the art and philosophy of Lee. It gives out scholarships to students who embody Lees passion for learning and provides martial arts training to underprivileged youth.

Lees legacy is expanding in other ways too. There are now more authors writing not so much about Lees fighting ability but his resilience as an example to anyone who wants to express their individuality and overcome obstacles in life.

At the foot of Lees grave site in Seattle is a stone tablet with an inscription that reads: Your inspiration continues to guide us toward personal liberation.

Lees legacy is now bigger than any punch he ever threw.

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Enter the mind of Bruce Lee - KTVZ

The universe might have a fundamental clock that ticks very, very fast – Science News

Like a metronome that sets the tempo for a musician, a fundamental cosmic clock may be keeping time throughout the universe. But if such a clock exists, it ticks extremely fast.

In physics, time is typically thought of as a fourth dimension. But some physicists have speculated that time may be the result of a physical process, like the ticking of a built-in clock.

If the universe does have a fundamental clock, it must tick faster than a billion trillion trillion times per second, according to a theoretical study published June 19 in Physical Review Letters.

In particle physics, tiny fundamental particles can attain properties by interactions with other particles or fields. Particles acquire mass, for example, by interacting with the Higgs field, a sort of molasses that pervades all of space (SN: 7/4/12). Perhaps particles could experience time by interacting with a similar type of field, says physicist Martin Bojowald of Penn State. That field could oscillate, with each cycle serving as a regular tick. Its really just like what we do with our clocks, says Bojowald, a coauthor of the study.

Headlines and summaries of the latest Science News articles, delivered to your inbox

Time is a puzzling concept in physics: Two key physics theories clash on how they define it. In quantum mechanics, which describes tiny atoms and particles, time is just there. Its fixed. Its a background, says physicist Flaminia Giacomini of the Perimeter Institute in Waterloo, Canada. But in the general theory of relativity, which describes gravity, time shifts in bizarre ways. A clock near a massive object ticks slower than one farther away, so a clock on the surface of the Earth lags behind one aboard an orbiting satellite, for example (SN: 12/10/18).

In attempts to combine these two theories into one theory of quantum gravity, the problem of time is actually quite important, says Giacomini, who was not involved with the research. Studying different mechanisms for time, including fundamental clocks, could help physicists formulate that new theory.

The researchers considered the effect that a fundamental clock would have on the behavior of atomic clocks, the most precise clocks ever made (SN: 10/5/17). If the fundamental clock ticked too slowly, these atomic clocks would be unreliable because they would get out of sync with the fundamental clock. As a result, the atomic clocks would tick at irregular intervals, like a metronome that cant keep a steady beat. But so far, atomic clocks have been highly reliable, allowing Bojowald and colleagues to constrain how fast that fundamental clock must tick, if it exists.

Physicists suspect that theres an ultimate limit to how finely seconds can be divided. Quantum physics prohibits any slice of time smaller than about 10-43 seconds, a period known as the Planck time. If a fundamental clock exists, the Planck time might be a reasonable pace for it to tick.

To test that idea, scientists would need to increase their current limit on the clocks ticking rate that billion trillion trillion times per second number by a factor of about 20 billion. That seems like a huge gap, but to some physicists, its unexpectedly close. This is already surprisingly near to the Planck regime, says Perimeter physicist Bianca Dittrich, who was not involved with the research. Usually the Planck regime is really far away from what we do.

However, Dittrich thinks that theres probably not one fundamental clock in the universe, but rather there are likely a variety of processes that could be used to measure time.

Still, the new result edges closer to the Planck regime than experiments at the worlds largest particle accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider, Bojowald says. In the future, even more precise atomic clocks could provide further information about what makes the universe tick.

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The universe might have a fundamental clock that ticks very, very fast - Science News

What is the most important phrase in all science according to the Nobel Prize for Physics Richard Feynman and why – Explica

.What would be your message?

If, in some cataclysm, all scientific knowledge were destroyed but we had the opportunity to pass on a single sentence to the next generations of creatures, what should that sentence be?

That is the question that physicist Richard Feynman posed on the shoulders of some undergraduate students one day in 1961, in one of his legendary lectures given at the California Institute of Technology or Caltech.

If you are taking pity on the poor students, put aside the pity.

Not only did Feynman himself answer the question immediately, but they were fortunate enough to stand before who is widely regarded as the most influential physicist since Albert Einstein.

On top of that, he was the most charismatic, fun and irreverent teacher they could have had.

In short, one of the most extraordinary scientists of the 20th century and someone to whom it hurts to compare.

He was born in 1918, during the Depression, into a working class family outside of New York, USA and, at age 17, he won a math contest in which his talent in that subject was clear .

That same year, he went to study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, and then moved to Princeton, achieving a top score on the mathematics and physics entrance exam, an unprecedented feat.

But soon after, he received sad news: Arline Greenbaum, his girlfriend, had tuberculosis, a disease for which there was no cure at the time. Feynman decided to marry her so that he could take care of her.

Science Photo LibraryRichard and Arline married in 1942, when he was 24 years old and she, 22, under the shadow of a disease that was incurable at the time.

Soon, another threat loomed over the couple: A few months before Richard and Arline were married, the United States was embroiled in World War II, after the Pearl Harbor bombing.

Feynman was asked to join a top-secret project based at a government laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Code-named Manhattan, their goal was to build an atomic bomb.

Germany was the intellectual center of theoretical physics and we had to make sure that they did not rule the world. I felt like I should do it to protect civilizationFeynman said.

Extraordinary physicists of the stature of Julius Robert Oppenheimer, Niels Bohr, and Enrico Fermi combined their intellectual abilities, but the challenge of developing an atomic bomb so quickly was a titanic task.

A fundamental problem was the large volume of calculations required. Without computers, everything had to be done manually, greatly hampering progress.

Science Photo LibraryAs part of the Manhattan Project, Feynman made human computer equipment work at an inhuman pace.

Feynman devised a way to do calculations in parallel, reducing problem solving time exponentially.

He became a key member of the team, but he also made a name for himself by playing tricks like opening locks behind which top-secret documents were kept just to show that he could.

When he was in Los lamos, he received the sad news that his wife, who was confined to a nearby sanitarium, died.

She was 25 years old. He, 27 and a broken heart.

Shortly after, he was forced to face the reality of what he had helped create.

.The devastation left behind by the bomb he had helped create.

The bomb exploded over the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. It killed more than 80,000 people. Three days later, a second bomb was detonated, in Nagasaki.

Feynman was deeply disturbed to have contributed to the deaths of so many.

In the months after the double trauma, was plunged into a dark depression.

In the fall of 1945, Feynman was invited to become a professor in the Physics Department at Cornell University.

He was still shocked by the events of that summer, but reflected and remembered that I used to enjoy physics and mathematics because I played with them, so I decided that I was going to do things just for fun.

Science Photo LibraryHaving fun was a priority.

While Feynman was rediscovering the fun in physics, science was in crisis.

New discoveries about atoms had caused confusion in physics.

The old assumptions about the world were wrong and there was a new problem area called Quantum Mechanics.

Quantum mechanics, in many ways, was the most profound psychological shock that physicists have had in all of history.

Isaac Newton was not right: you can know everything there is to know about the world, and yet you cannot predict with perfect precision what will happen next.

Quantum mechanics had revealed the problems of anticipating the behavior of atoms and their electromagnetic forces.

And since they are the fundamental building blocks of nature, everything else was also in doubt.

.Electromagnetism is one of the four fundamental forces of the known universe and it is everywhere.

Think about it: everything that happens around you, apart from gravity, is due to electromagnetism.

When two atoms come together to form a molecule, that is electromagnetism, so all chemistry is electromagnetism. And if all chemistry is electromagnetism, then all biology is electromagnetism.

Literally everything around us is a manifestation of electromagnetism in one way or another.

To greatiwe show features

To try to make sense of electromagnetism and subatomic matter, a new field called quantum electrodynamics or QED, for its acronym in English.

The problem was that while sometimes it seemed to work, other times it didnt make any sense. He was confusing the smartest physicists on the planet, even QEDs father Paul Dirac.

Science Photo LibraryEnglish theoretical physicist Paul Dirac (left) conversing with Feynman in 1962 at the International Conference on Relativistic Theories of Gravitation in Warsaw, Poland. Dirac and Feynman won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933 and 1965, respectively.

Feynman had read a book by Dirac, describing problems that no one knew how to solve.

I didnt understand the book very well. But there, in the last paragraph of the book, it said: Some new ideas are needed hereso I started thinking of new ideas, Feynman recalled in an interview.

Typically, Feynman approached the matter in an unconventional way: with drawings.

He found a pictorial way of thinking, inventing a brilliant way to bypass the complicated calculations necessary for QED.

The result were Feynman diagrams, which put the finishing touches on QED, the most numerically accurate physical theory ever invented.

The diagrams turned out to be so useful that today they are applied in completely different fields to particle physics, such as calculating the evolution of galaxies and large-scale structure in the Universe.

Drawing, in fact, would later become another of his hobbies, in addition to playing bongos, which for him were what the violin for Einstein and the piano for Werner Heisenberg.

He decided to learn to draw in his fourth decade of life, helped by an artist friend, and was so enthusiastic that he adopted a topless bar as his secondary office, where he sketched the girls and physics equations.

But it was the QED related drawings that made him deserving of the Nobel Prize in Physics, which he shared with Julian Schwinger and Shinichiro Tomonaga, in 1965.

.Although he accepted the Nobel Prize and had fun at the gala dancing with Gweneth Howarth, his third wife and mother of their two children, Feynman always said that the true award was the pleasure of discovery and seeing that it is useful to other people.

Among those who live in the quantum world, Feynman is also known for works that amaze us, such as the theory of quantum electrodynamics and the physics of superfluidity of subcooled liquid helium.

Let us stay with knowing that he was one of the pioneers in the field of quantum computing and that introduced the concept of nanotechnology.

And his involvement in 1986, when he was already fatally ill, in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster investigation, when he revealed what NASA was reluctant to accept: the cause of the ships disintegration 73 seconds after its launch put him in the center of public attention.

The phrase with which he summarized his conclusions became famous: For a successful technology, reality must prevail over public relations, since you cant fool nature

But it was his solution to another problem related to physics, this time in university classrooms, that would reveal his gift for spreading the science that would make him famous in the outside world.

In the early 1960s, Caltech was struggling as it failed to attract students to physics classes. Looking for ways to get them excited about the subject, they asked Feynman to redo the curriculum.

His work was a series of lectures that were so engaging that they were edited and published under the title The Feynman Lectures of Physics, one of the most popular physics books in history.

It was in the first of those classes that, after confirming that if they wanted to be physicists, they would have a lot to study (200 years on the fastest developing field of knowledge that exists) and warn them that it would take many more years to learn it (Theyll have to go to graduate school!), He wondered where to start and asked them that question.

But, What was for Feynman the statement that would contain the most information in the fewest words?

BBCCaltech made all of Feynmans legendary lectures available to the public on the website The Feynman Lectures on Physics http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/.

I think it is the atomic hypothesis (or the atomic fact, or whatever you want to call it) that all things are made of atoms: small particles that move in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are within walking distance, but repelling when trying to press them against each other

Why?

In that single sentence there is an enormous amount of information about the world, if only a little imagination and thought is applied

If you know that all matter is made of atoms that are constantly moving, you can start to understand phenomena like temperature, pressure and electricity.

They all have to do with the speed at which the atoms are moving and how many and / or what parts of them are doing it.

ANDit can only lead you to discover, for example, the power of steam, the pressure of gases, weather patterns and inventing things like motors, telephones and electric light.

Science Photo LibraryWith his lively and lucid explanations, Feynman made abstract concepts tangible, and his warm presence inspired (and continues to inspire thanks to books and films) the interest and wonder of even the most science-averse.

The final part of his sentence, which refers to the way atoms interact with each other (attracting and repelling each other) reveals the chemistry to you.

Once you understand how Atoms come together to form molecules, you can do it to create antibiotics, vaccines, gasoline and air mixed together form an explosive mixture (combustion engines), batteries, asphalt, steel and even the essence of life: amino acids, carbohydrates, DNA.

For all that Feynman chose that phrase as a legacy for creatures to start again, after everything was lost (and to spark his students interest in physics).

Of course, that is not the only answer.

In fact, there are those who criticize it, such as neuroscientist Daniel Toker who pointed out in an article that strictly speaking, the atomic hypothesis turns out to be false, because according to the theory of the quantum field, a discipline in which Feynman played a key role in development, () subatomic particles are not actually particles, but simply local excitations of quantum fields.

Fortunately, science is not a dogma and as it develops it constantly throws up new possibilities.

Six decades later, the question remains intriguing. And the spirit of the second part of Feynmans answer, eternal.

It will always be urgent to bequeath to the new generations clues so that, with a little imagination and thought, they can discover the world.

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What is the most important phrase in all science according to the Nobel Prize for Physics Richard Feynman and why - Explica

Cristin Milioti on the Palm Springs Ending, Working with Andy Samberg – HarpersBAZAAR.com

Warning: Palm Springs spoilers ahead.

Cristin Milioti is an actors actor. A theater kid to her core (and not just because shes a regular at Maries Crisis in the Village when living in New York), she broke out nearly a decade ago starring in the Broadway musical, Once. Over the past ten years, her craft transcended mediums, as she landed roles in The Sopranos, FXs TV adaptation of Fargo, and Martin Scorseses The Wolf of Wall Street. Of course, she never entirely left the stage behind: In 2015 she starred in David Bowies bizarrely sensational off-Broadway musical, Lazarus.

This month, its back to film for Milioti in the delightful, time-bending Palm Springs, streaming now on Hulu. Milioti plays Sarah, the no-bullshit, wine-drinking thirty-something (in another world, shes your new best friend) who meets Nyles (Andy Samberg) at her younger sisters wedding. After an ill-fated evening walk into a beckoning desert cave, Sarah wakes up only to realize its still the morning of her sisters wedding. So begins life with Nyles in this infinite time loop, where every new day reveals more about Sarah and her past. Between Samberg and Milioti, hilarity ensues, of course: theres a dance montage, a chaotic hook-up, and a slew of ridiculous death scenes. (Because, hot tip, you cant die in a time loop!) But as the days go on (and on) and their relationship develops, its clear that the films message is about something much more relevant. And not just because viewers can relate to the monotony of life in the time of quarantine and lockdownswhere every day feels the same for manybut because it explores what it means to be forced to sit with your flaws. Its a film ripe for fan theories, which seem as infinite in number as the days in their alternate universe.

Recently, the actress sat down with BAZAAR.com to discuss the existential comedy (she prefers this description over "rom-com"), the problematic love stories of our youth, and why shell never ever share her personal opinions on that ending.

I knew Andy and was always a huge fan of his. I was called in to have a general [meeting] with our fantastic producer, Becky Sloviter. She was working with [The Lonely Island's production company] Party Over Herethat's who produces Pen15, which is an incredible show. And Tim Robinson's, I Think You Should Leave

Its incredible. So I met with them to see if we were interested in possibly collaborating with each other, either with me writing something or acting in something. It was just sort of a, "Hi, here's where I'm from," sorta thing. It was supposed to be a half hour and it turned into three hours. We talked about every single subject under the sun, and I left there sort of feeling like, What a blast, what a great group of people. A couple of days later, they emailed me the script and asked if I'd be interested, and I read it and flipped out for it. I told them I would love to, I would be so interested and then I never heard anything. I assumed that they had gone to someone very fancy. Months and months and months passed, and I would check in on it every now and then, and I sort of had to let it go. And then I was on a trip in Africa with my best friend and we had no Internet. I never looked at my phone and I checked it once every five days to make sure that everyone in my family was happy and alive. And one day, I had 10 voicemails and a bunch of emails and texts being like, You got this movie! Are you alive? Where are you? It was really thrilling.

Christopher Willard

I was first attracted by the people who were involved, obviously. I really clicked with Andy and I really clicked with Becky. I thought Andy Siaras script was brilliant, and I'd never read anything like it. I really kind of went on the same journey that I hope the viewer goes on, which is the amount of left turns and surprises. But the role of Sarah I really flipped for because she's so human. She's a complete spectrum of a human being. You see the good and the bad and the ugly. And she is allowed to be flawed and she is allowed to be as funny and as irreverent as Nyles, and that really appealed to me. She's not like the strong woman trope or the manic pixie trope. She's just a human. And that's the stuff that I have always wanted to play. And I love that. I love how flawed she is. And she's majorly flawed. She does a lot of really shady stuff. And you also feel for her.

She has real fire in her too. I got to show so many different sides of her. I really, really loved playing her. I think also one of the things that I love about iteven though I know it's sort of marketed as a romcom, I've always thought of it as an existential comedythat this is a story about two people who are desperately trying to run away from themselves, and are put in a situation where they can't. She is just boiled in her own shame and anger, and she refuses to take responsibility or any culpability for why she has ended up in the position that she's in. And I'm not just talking about the time loop, I mean in her life. She's always throwing blame, she's always drinking it away, or fucking it away, or whatever. But she goes on this journey of realizing that you have to save yourself, that you have to govern your own shit, that no one is going to swoop in and save you.

Weddings are marketed to us and relationships are marketed to us, especially as young women, that the Knight on the horse comes to get you.

I think a lot about the romances that I watched as a kid. I mean, Jesus The Little Mermaid. Think about that. They take away her voice, and then she's finally with the guy she's with, and then they're like, You have to say goodbye to your family. And then she says goodbye to her whole family and just waves goodbye into the sunset. Pretty Woman, same thing, deeply problematic. Julia Roberts, incredible queen of cinema. However. They just never deal with, I don't know, any of the PTSD she'd have from being a streetwalker. Like a street prostitute. And there's just this implication that once you meet that person, you can finally have yourself, that you're waiting for this person to give you yourself. I think what I love about this film is that [Sarah] chooses [Nyles]. They choose each other, and they're there, warts and all. They see all sides of each other. Without giving anything away, at one point she says, I will be okay without you. She finally takes responsibility. She truly pulls herself up by her bootstraps and stops feeling sorry for herself and stops making excuses. And I think that's universal. We all go through times in our lives where we are trying to escape ourselves and something I like to think of for Sarah and Nyles is that there's no walking off into the sunset moment. They're going to continue to be in the process of this.

Weddings are marketed to us and relationships are marketed to us, especially as young women, that the Knight on the horse comes to get you. It doesn't leave any room for humanity. We're all flawed, and we're all struggling with stuff, and we're all processing things. And we're all evolving at all timesif we're lucky. We all have our history and our traumas and our vulnerabilities and our joys and our dreams and our hopes. It's positive and negative qualities, if you can even call them that. I think they just are what they are.

Oh my God, I have a trove of opinions and I would never speak to them. Because I think that's one of the most beautiful parts about the film. There are many moments of ambiguityor not even ambiguitybut something that is left up to the viewer's interpretation. In terms of the end, I have a wildly different opinion about what it is than Andy. And Andy has a different opinion than Andy Siara and Max [Barbakow, the director]. And all of our opinions are valid. That's my favorite type of stuff to consume as a viewer. I love digging inside of the gray area of life. It's the most uncomfortable. I think when you can portray that in a movie or TV or in a book or in a songIm all for it.

Jessica Perez

That it just sparks joy. I find it to be dark and weird and funny and moving. And I think that even if we weren't in a situation as a human species where many of us, it seems, are repeating the same day over and over. I think that all of us can relate to wanting to run away, and wanting to escape, and wanting to not sit in the shit.

Sit in the discomfort of your past, of your present, of the fears you have about the future. I think that the only way out is through. And if people are able to take that away, Amen. And if they laugh while it happens and if they're moved and if they're made to have discussions about what this part means, and what this part might mean, and what this signifiesall the better.

Theres the logic of the time loop itself, which they did a bunch of painstaking research on. The physicist I speak to in the movie is an actual quantum physicist who worked with them on this monologue that my character used to have. Three pages that explained everything about how a time loop works. I did a ton of research so that I would really understand every single thing I was saying. And the monologue kept changing depending on the physicist theyd talk to. They would send the monologue along to physicists who would add things in there. I was just rehearsing it constantly. In the shower, while cooking, while taking my dog for a walk, just speaking these theories to myself out loud so that I really understood. And we filmed it. And it was a three-page speech, including a drawing that I did. I think that part is still in there a little bit. I draw on a mirror with lipstick. Well that used to be the whole thing of me making that drawing and explaining each single part of it and different theories and all this stuff. And it was all cut. But it was moot, you know?

Jessica Perez

There were a couple of things like that. There used to be a speech my character gave about how marriage is a sham. It was just a lot about how it was a product of the patriarch, and the biggest wool that's pulled over women's eyes is that they're made to think that. I remember when I saw it, I was like, Nooo! But then I also kind of understood, You know she feels that way. I think its the same thing with the quantum physics speechit didn't matter. All that matters is the journey these people are going on.

Another thing about the time loop mechanism: Its very open to interpretation about how long they're in there, you know, with a giant asterisk. I mean, I don't even want to say that. Its so hard to do press for this film without spoiling it.

Right. Watching it with an audience at Sundance for the first timewe watched it in a movie theater with 400 people. And no one knew anything about it. We'd done two days of press and had gone above and beyondmuch to the chagrin of like everyone who interviewed uswhere they were like, What is this about? And we were like, We can't tell you. We would talk about how much fun it was to filmwe could like talk about things that were sort of vague, almost adjacent. And it was so worth it. This is why I'm always so reticent to discuss it. When that audience saw it, watching them go through all the reactions to this film was one of the most gratifying experiences of my life. Because it was the same reaction I had when I read it. All the turns, all the things that are funny, all the things that are sad, all the things that are shockinghearing a group of 400 people react in that way was incredible.

Watching [the audience] go through all the reactions to this film was one of the most gratifying experiences of my life.

And little did we know that was the last time wed all be in a movie theater together. Though it was not the last movie I saw.

The last movie I saw in theaters was The Hunt starring my brilliant genius friend, Betty Gilpin. Oh my gosh, she's amazing. And she did such an incredible job in that film. And that was the last movie I saw in theaters. Because that was the weekend of shut down.

Obviously, the montage was as fun as it looks. That was a blast, for sure. But I do think that campfire scene Andy said in an interview we did a week ago, that it felt hypnotic. And I thought that was such an apt description for it, because it did. We shot that at three in the morning, out in the middle of the desert. The cameras were weirdly far away from us. And we could get so lost in that scene and in the journey of those people. It really felt like we could sort of let go. Wed also spent so much time with the characters by then. It just felt so, so beautiful. That was such a beautiful scene to get to shoot together. That was one of my favorite memories. And the dance sequence. But I gotta say, the dramatic stuff that we do was a blast. It doesn't feel like a blast in the current moment when you're going to those places, but we were so in sync as a pair, and I think that we would really just throw down.

Courtesy of Hulu

Was it fun to meet that challenge?

Well, that's one of my favorite moments of the film, that scene. Because to me, youre in the process of really examining some stuff about yourself. One of the things I love about this film is they really gave a lot of thought to how someone would try to escape the monotony of waking up every day. Which you could say is a metaphor for one's life, maybe at certain times. And you fight it. You fight, you fight, you fight. Then you acquiesce. Then you do a bunch of drugs. Youre partying hard. You're like,Well, who cares? Doesn't matter. And then you start getting a little uncomfortable. Then you start getting into the mud. And that's what that scene is. And so I loved it.

I also feel like it's also such a window into who those people are. So it is a type of fun. Definitely while doing it I'm not like, Woohoo! I love going to these places! I love acting, so I do love going to those places, for sure. But I don't know if I would categorize it as it's a very specific type of fun. It's not even fun. I don't know. It's very hard to describe it. But I loved us going toe to toe in that scene.

You guys have great chemistry.

I was very blessed. That was something that came very easy to us because we're also friends.

This interview has been edited and condensed.

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Cristin Milioti on the Palm Springs Ending, Working with Andy Samberg - HarpersBAZAAR.com

Epigenetics and pandemics: How allopathy can turn into a curse from a cure – The Times of India Blog

As a Gen-X child, I am lucky to have watched the birth of genetics and also its golden period when there was a phase (similar to that experienced by classic physics during Newtonian era) that we had a feeling that we were on the verge of unveiling the ultimate secret of life.

When Watson and Crick discovered DNA, the code of life, it was a serendipitous shock as scientists felt that they now have a key to understand everything about life.

As genetics moved forward, it appeared as if each life-form was constructed using a set of instructions and nothing more, and the quest was all about reading that code.

As genetic expression was presumed to be based only on the code available in the DNA, it was felt that body construction and pathology it will lead to was completely and totally governed by the code with no real way of altering it. For example, if you have a gene with a specific error, say one more (third) copy of chromosome 21, you have no escape from developing Downs syndrome.

As genetics offered a very clear cause-and-effect relationship model, it made allopathy feel very happy with itself, because it strengthened the belief that doctors already had thanks to discovery of pathogens that cause diseases.

So, the early days of genetics was also the golden age of allopathy that was already empowered by antibiotics that killed pathogens and cured diseases and now knew that finding a way to correct genetic errors would cover the rest of the systemic malaises.

Unfortunately for us today, both these optimistic beliefs of allopathy have taken a severe beating, and allopathy is now on the verge of breakdown.

As evolution has started blunting the edge of antibiotics, allopathy is now desperately trying to find newer toxins to be a step ahead of the pathogens that are fast developing resistance, but it looks like a hopeless quest now.

While evolution is beating allopathy (on a front it had arguably won some great battles), on the genetic front, the situation is not looking too good thanks to a newly discovered concept called epigenetics.

In the early years of genetics, DNA looked like an instruction manual written in a linear way to build a life-form. Each protein had its code and each process had a fixed assembly line, so there was a clear one-to-one relationship and hence the comfort of predictable cause-and-effect logic that science thrives on was available.

Unfortunately, scientists soon realised that the book of life was not as simple or linear. It was actually a book that you have to keep flipping through because it had multiple options for a given decoding.

The science of epigenetics is based in this new understanding that DNA code is read by life depending on the given situation.

In simple terms, it is like a book where you read the instructions of what to do on the page 32 if a man coming at you is wearing a white shirt; but, if he is wearing a blue short, you need to read the instructions on page 245.

Similarly, the book of genes gets read depending on external circumstances, and hence genetics is now added with an epi, i.e. outside of to describe it more correctly.

So, epigenetics did what quantum physics did to classical physics. It destroyed the hope of having a deterministic view of a life-form, and what nCovid19 has done today is to tell that secret to the whole world.

While biology or genetics is not mainstream information that the masses are aware of, thanks to the coronavirus pandemic, the whole world saw how the great allopathy that claimed having the best cause-and-effect understanding of human body and its diseases actually failed completely in answering even the most simple questions.

It is about time allopathy recognises that the local cause-and-effect model it is pursing is not the only way to look at health and healthcare.

There are deeper and bigger systems at play in each illness and hence the brute-force cure of antibiotics or same-treatment-for-everyone cant be looked at as a future of healthcare.

We need a new allopathy that is ready to grow beyond the current idea of local cause-and-effect and widen its scope to understand the larger global systems that impact behaviour of the micro-systems it is focusing on.

If allopathy is not re-invented soon, it will cause far too many disruptions in larger systems (like what antibiotics have done to the web of life) and if they are agitated to cascade (as we can see with the HIV or coronavirus pandemics) into a problem, they have the power to send our species down the path of existence in a jiffy.

Allopathy may have cured a billion individuals in its golden age, but it is about to turn into a curse from a cure for human species at large. It needs to grow into becoming a holistic system that recognises the idea of optimisation in this chaotic interwoven universe instead of struggling to find cause-and-effect relationships in local systems.

DISCLAIMER : Views expressed above are the author's own.

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Epigenetics and pandemics: How allopathy can turn into a curse from a cure - The Times of India Blog

Pure math takes PhD across the world – University of Victoria News

Discovering pure mathematics

Nine years after transferring to UVic as an undergraduate student, Chris Bruce is leaving with a PhD in Mathematics and a prestigious NSERC Banting Postdoctoral Fellowship.

In that time, he has proven himself to be an exceptional mathematician.

Born and raised in Victoria, Bruce started his undergraduate degree at Camosun College, and had quite a different path in mind. I thought Id major in business or economics, he says. He had already started an online business, selling parts for mountain bikes. But after transferring to UVic and taking an introduction to abstract algebra course, he knew his path was changing.

He explores connections between two areas of mathematics algebraic number theory, an ancient field of mathematics which deals with prime numbers, rational numbers, and their generalizations, and operator algebras, a relatively new field of math that was originally developed to model systems in quantum physics.

If you can come up with a strong enough connection between these two areas, you can give new approaches to solving problems and potentially solve some of the worlds most famous unresolved problems in pure mathematics, such as the Riemann hypothesis or Hilbert's 12th problem.

While one might imagine mathematics as being a solitary activity at a desk, Bruces experiences belie that.

Working with peoplediscussing problems and having a back and forth of ideas, working on a proofthat is the most enjoyable part of mathematics for me, Bruce says. To that end, he started a graduate-level seminar in his department, giving graduate students, post-docs and visitors a chance to present to their peers.

During his undergraduate degree, he completed a semester in Moscow. Since then, hes taken courses at the University of Wollongong in Australia, attended workshops at the Hausdorff Research Institute for Mathematics in Germany, and developed collaborations in the United Kingdom and Japan.

Once Bruce is able to travel internationally, hell be continuing onto Queen Mary, University of London, with a prestigious NSERC Banting Postdoctoral Fellowship, a prize which provides the best applicants with $70 000 per year in funding for two years.

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Pure math takes PhD across the world - University of Victoria News

Light From Inside the Tunnel: Advance in Steering and Monitoring the Light-Driven Motion of Electrons – SciTechDaily

Light emission (blue) from the current associated with light-induced electronic tunneling inside a transparent dielectric material due to excitation with a strong optical field (red). Credit: University of Rostock, B. Liewehr

Steering and monitoring the light-driven motion of electrons inside matter on the time-scale of a single optical cycle is a key challenge in ultrafast light wave electronics and laser-based material processing.

Physicists from the Max Born Institute in Berlin and the University of Rostock have now revealed a so-far overlooked nonlinear optical mechanism that emerges from the light-induced tunneling of electrons inside dielectrics. For intensities near the material damage threshold, the nonlinear current arising during tunneling becomes the dominant source of bright bursts of light, which are low-order harmonics of the incident radiation.

These findings, which have just been published in Nature Physics, significantly expand both the fundamental understanding of optical non-linearity in dielectric materials and its potential for applications in information processing and light-based material processing.

Our current understanding of non-linear optics at moderate light intensities is based on the so-called Kerr non-linearity, which describes the non-linear displacement of tightly bound electrons under the influence of an incident optical light field. This picture changes dramatically when the intensity of this light field is sufficiently high to eject bound electrons from their ground state. At long wavelengths of the incident light field, this scenario is associated with the phenomenon of tunneling, a quantum process where an electron performs a classically forbidden transit through a barrier formed by the combined action of the light force and the atomic potential.

Already since the 1990s and pioneered by studies from the Canadian scientist Franois Brunel, the motion of electrons that have emerged at the end of the tunnel, which happens with maximal probability at the crest of the light wave, has been considered as an important source for optical non-linearity. This picture has now changed fundamentally.

In the new experiment on glass, we could show that the current associated with the quantum mechanical tunneling process itself creates an optical non-linearity that surpasses the traditional Brunel mechanism, explains Dr. Alexandre Mermillod-Blondin from the Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, who supervised the experiment.

In the experiment, two ultrashort light pulses with different wavelengths and slightly different propagation directions were focused onto a thin slab of glass, and a time- and frequency-resolved analysis of the emerging light emission was performed.

Identification of the mechanism responsible for this emission was made possible by a theoretical analysis of the measurements that was performed by the group of Prof. Thomas Fennel, who works at the University of Rostock and at the Max Born Institute in the framework of a DFG Heisenberg Professorship. The analysis of the measured signals in terms of a quantity that we termed the effective non-linearity was key to distinguish the new ionization current mechanism from other possible mechanisms and to demonstrate its dominance, explains Fennel.

Future studies using this knowledge and the novel metrology method that was developed in the course of this work may enable researchers to temporally resolve and steer strong-field ionization and avalanching in dielectric materials with unprecedented resolution, ultimately possibly on the time-scale of a single cycle of light.

Reference: Origin of strong-field-induced low-order harmonic generation in amorphous quartz by P. Jrgens, B. Liewehr, B. Kruse, C. Peltz, D. Engel, A. Husakou, T. Witting, M. Ivanov, M. J. J. Vrakking, T. Fennel and A. Mermillod-Blondin, 29 June 2020, Nature Physics.DOI: 10.1038/s41567-020-0943-4

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Light From Inside the Tunnel: Advance in Steering and Monitoring the Light-Driven Motion of Electrons - SciTechDaily

The visionary woman the left cant stand – Long Beach Press Telegram

Recently there was an explosion of bilious joy on Twitter at the news that among the four million or so Paycheck Protection Program loans that the government handed out to keep people employed during the coronavirus shutdown of the economy, there was one that was accepted by the Ayn Rand Institute.

Today seems like a good day to remind you that Ayn Rand has provided the justification for unbridled selfishness and contempt for the common good, wrote former Secretary of Labor Robert Reich, who served in the Clinton administration. Her ideas must be firmly and unequivocally rejected not subsidized by American taxpayers.

Leaving aside the point that the PPP loans are not a subsidy of anyones ideas, its interesting that a writer provokes this level of hostility so many years after the publication of her work.

Ayn Rand is trending now so maybe weve finally hit rock bottom in this awful year, was one of the printable comments posted by the angry crowd on Twitter.

Who was Ayn Rand?

Ayn (rhymes with fine) Rand was born in Russia in 1905 and died in New York City in 1982. In between, she wrote books, articles and newspaper columns. She created a philosophy that she named Objectivism, and people like Robert Reich are still attacking her over it.

Reich tweeted a five-minute video that he created in 2018 to attack Rand for her influence on people in and around the Trump administration, including then-Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, then-CIA Director Mike Pompeo, and President Trump himself. During the 2016 campaign, Trump told USA Today that Rands 1943 novel, The Fountainhead, was his favorite book.

Donald Trump once said he identified with Ayn Rands character, Howard Roark, in The Fountainhead, Reich sneered in his Twitter video, an architect so upset that a housing project he designed didnt meet specifications that he had it dynamited.

Actually, the book is about the battle of a individual who thinks independently and builds great achievements against a world filled with frightened and officious secondhanders who try to tear him down for not doing things the way other people do them.

Luckily for people who think independently, the written word is an immortal communication from one mind to another. No interpreter or intermediary is required. The Fountainhead still speaks to people who find in its pages the inspiration, encouragement and strength to follow their own path.

Another of Rands books that Reich said people must reject is Atlas Shrugged, published in 1957. Its the story of what happens to the world when the long-abused people who think independently are quietly persuaded to withdraw their services. The individual who persuaded them later tells the rest of the world, suffering for lack of solutions, No, you do not have to think; it is an act of moral choice. But someone had to think to keep you aliveI have removed your means of survival, your victims.

In the last lecture she gave before she died, Rand addressed a group of businessmen on the topic of The Sanction of the Victim. We saw a recent illustration of this concept when Dallas salon owner Shelley Luther was told by a judge that she could avoid a jail sentence for operating her non-essential business in violation of the law only if she apologized. But Luther, who said she and her stylists had had no income from March until May because of the stay-at-home order, defended her actions. Feeding my kids is not selfish, she said.

The judge desperately sought the sanction of the victim. He wanted her to say the law was right and she was wrong. She didnt think so, and she wouldnt say it.

Which of those two people would you want in the room if you were trying to accomplish something?

Ayn Rands essays and newspaper columns, in addition to her novels, are available to anyone who would like to think independently about her ideas instead of accepting someone elses characterization of them. The Voice of Reason is one collection. The Ayn Rand Column is another.

In August 1962, Rand wrote a column for the L.A. Times about the death of Marilyn Monroe. If ever there was a victim of society, Marilyn Monroe was that victim of a society that professes dedication to the relief of the suffering, but kills the joyous. Rand writes of the limitless swamp of malice that the actress found when she reached the top. It was much worse than envy, she wrote, it was hatred of the good for being the good hatred of ability, of beauty, of honesty, of earnestness, of achievement and, above all, of human joy.

In The Romantic Manifesto, Rand writes about film, theater, music, fiction and the meaning of the messages in our culture. If youd like to read her thoughts about the reason for the enduring popularity of superhero and detective stories, pick it up.

The intensity of the hostility to Rands work is an acknowledgment of the power of ideas to change long-held beliefs. In Atlas Shrugged, Rand writes of the misery caused by the Morality of Death, a code that begins by damning man as evil, then demands that he practice a good which it defines as impossible for him to practice.

Measure those words against modern calls for everything from reducing your carbon footprint to social distancing.

In her final lecture, Rand concluded by quoting from Atlas Shrugged:

The world you desired can be won, it exists, it is real, it is possible, its yours. But to win it requires your total dedication and a total break with the world of your past, with the doctrine that man is a sacrificial animal who exists for the pleasure of others. Fight for the value of your person. Fight for the virtue of your pride. Fight for the essence of that which is man: for his sovereign, rational mind. Fight with the radiant certainty and the absolute rectitude of knowing that yours is the Morality of Life and that yours is the battle for any achievement, any value, any grandeur, any goodness, any joy that has ever existed on this earth.

Why are so many people so hostile to the ideas of Ayn Rand? Take nobodys word for it. See for yourself.

Susan Shelley is an editorial writer and columnist for the Southern California News Group. Susan@SusanShelley.com. Twitter: @Susan_Shelley.

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The visionary woman the left cant stand - Long Beach Press Telegram

US Conducts Freedom of Navigation Operation Near China-Held Features in Spratlys – The Diplomat

Flashpoints|Security|Southeast Asia

The operation comes shortly after the unveiling of a new South China Sea position by the U.S. government.

On Tuesday, a U.S. Navy warship conducted a freedom of navigation operation (FONOP) near Chinese-held features in the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. The operation was the first publicly reported FONOP since May 28.

USSRalph Johnson, an Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyer, sailed within 12 nautical miles of Cuarteron Reef and Fiery Cross Reef the sites of two Chinese artificial islands in the South China Sea. The operation coincided with the release of an updated position by the U.S. government on the South China Sea.

#USSRalphJohnson steams near the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea on Tuesday in the midst of a deployment to the region conducting #USNavy maritime security operations for a #FreeandOpenIndoPacific, the U.S. Pacific Fleet noted on its Twitter account.

The operation coincided with the announcement of a new position by U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for East Asia and the Pacific David Stillwell at a virtual event hosted by the Washington, D.C.-based Center for Strategic and International Studies.

In his remarks, Stillwell spoke of Chinas campaign to impose an order of might makes right in the South China Sea, and said Beijing is working to undermine the sovereign rights of other coastal states and deny them access to offshore resources.

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His speech mostly expanded on an announcement Monday by U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo that the United States position on the South China Sea was going to be more aligned with the findings of an international tribunal in 2016 in the Philippines 2013 case against China.

On Tuesday, Stillwell said the United States rejects any PRC claim to waters beyond a 12 nautical mile territorial sea derived from islands it claims in the Spratly Islands.

This means that the United States rejects any PRC maritime claim in the waters surrounding Vanguard Bank (off Vietnam), Luconia Shoals (off Malaysia), Natuna Besar (off Indonesia), or in the waters of Bruneis EEZ, he added.

The United States began conducted freedom of navigation operations within 12 nautical miles of Chinese features in the South China Sea in October 2015 under the Obama administration.

The Trump administration continued the practice of using FONOPs to protest excessive maritime claims by littoral states, but increased the frequency of such operations. The U.S. regularly conducts these operations in the vicinity of the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands.

U.S. FONOPs are conducted near features held by China and other South China Sea claimant states.

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US Conducts Freedom of Navigation Operation Near China-Held Features in Spratlys - The Diplomat

3 Ways to Invest in Virtual and Augmented Reality – The Motley Fool

Augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) is still a small industry. According to tech researcher IDC, global spending on AR/VR was $10.5 billion in 2019. Although the coronavirus pandemic has cast some doubt on short-term outcomes, IDC was predicting late last year that there would be a surge in global AR/VR spending to some $18.8 billion in 2020. That would be some impressive growth if it panned out.

The problem is that there are few viable investment options in AR/VR that are pure-play companies. However, existing technologists are investing in the next-gen digital viewing format and should reap handsome rewards if it continues to take off. Three companies that are worth a look are Facebook (NASDAQ:FB), Electronic Arts (NASDAQ:EA), and PTC (NASDAQ:PTC).

Facebook is one of the leaders of the AR/VR movement via its Oculus subsidiary, which it acquired back in 2014 for $2 billion. The Oculus Rift headset (which requires a PC) and the Quest headset (a freestanding unit) are best-known for video game and entertainment use, but the business world is also a fast-growing application. The Oculus for Business platform includes a Quest headset, helping organizations put together virtual training modules and build collaborative work environments.

Image source: Oculus.

These types of commercial applications are where IDC thinks the biggest AR/VR growth lies. Facebook's well-developed ecosystem covering the entire process from software development to app store to device management puts it in prime position to capitalize on the opportunity. In fact, IDC thinks half of global AR/VR spending this year will be for commercial use and come close to surpassing virtual entertainment use for the first time. AR/VR training is expected to grow at a more-than-60% rate through 2023 and become the largest sub-segment of the industry.

However, though I think Facebook finds itself in a leadership position with Oculus, this social media giant is still very much an advertising company. In 2019, the "other" revenue segment (comprised mostly of Oculus results) grew 26% year over year and surpassed $1 billion in revenue for the first time. That accounts for a big slice of the overall AR/VR market, but it was still just shy of 1.5% of Facebook's total revenue (the rest of which came from ads).

But things are changing fast. The "other" segment reported an 80% surge in revenue to $297 million to kick off the first quarter of 2020, and is quickly approaching 2% of Facebook's total revenue. With video games and related device sales up this year due to shelter-in-place measures and business spending on new virtual tools, this is a promising segment that could help keep Facebook in growth mode and diversify its revenue stream over the long term.

Of course, while business use of AR/VR is the fastest-growing segment of the industry, let's not forget that video games got it all started and still make up roughly half of global industry spending. And while fully immersive gaming experiences are still the minority, that is changing as the technology progressively improves and game producers invest in the development of dedicated AR/VR titles. One of those companies is Electronic Arts.

EA already has a library of games that feature a VR mode, like those accessed via Sony's PlayStation VR or an Oculus headset. But investment in AR/VR game modes is picking up pace. EA has announced a handful of titles that were built from the ground up to be used with a virtual headset. And one of the biggest tests of this format is coming this autumn, with the October release of Star Wars: Squadrons.

As big as the Star Wars franchise may be, EA's game development licensing agreement with the space opera's parent company Disney is relatively small potatoes. EA pays the bills with its marquee entries for FIFA soccer and Madden NFL video games, as well as the Battlefield and Apex Legends franchises. Priced at $40 on release with the promise of no in-game microtransactions to further monetize gameplay over the long term, Star Wars: Squadrons will be one-third cheaper than a typical new video game. That hints at either low production costs, a short storyline, or both. What the budget-friendly game means for EA's financials remains to be seen.

Nevertheless, just as last year's Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order sold very well and laid down some new groundwork for what is required of the sci-fi entertainment epic, so too could Squadrons set a new bar for AR/VR gaming. Players will be able to fully immerse in a VR experience for the game in its entirety -- apparently both in the single-player story mode and online multiplayer mode. If it helps more consumers embrace VR, the new game could be a springboard for EA into the virtual entertainment space.

Let's shift back to commercial AR/VR use for this last pick, by way of industrial technologist PTC. The company's suite of software helps industrial and manufacturing companies (like those specializing in healthcare equipment, automotive, and aerospace outfits) make digital transformation. Often referred to as industry 4.0, today's manufacturing demand is being driven by automation via robotics, network connectivity to supply real-time data and equipment monitoring, and product design simulation and collaboration. That last piece of the puzzle is where AR/VR comes in.

The bulk of PTC's revenue is derived from its core design and product management software, which made up 70% of total revenue during the quarter ended in March 2020 and grew 10% compared with a year ago. However, the company's "growth" segment, which includes industrial Internet of Things and augmented reality offerings, grew annual recurring revenue by 30% in the period and made up 15% of the total.

PTC expects this area to remain a double-digit percentage growth concern for the next few years as its customers adapt to the new digital-first reality we find ourselves in. Whether it's new ways to remotely collaborate in the workplace, 3D simulation of product design, or virtual training modules, PTC's AR platform is helping industrial companies pivot to a new normal and optimize operations for better flexibility and profitability.

With a market cap of just $9 billion, PTC is by far the smallest stock on this list. However, its reliance on AR applications makes it the most concentrated on the advancement of the technology and could have the most to gain if commercial use of AR/VR ramps up in grand style like IDC predicts it will. Thus, for those looking to invest in virtual and augmented reality, PTC is worth a serious look right now.

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3 Ways to Invest in Virtual and Augmented Reality - The Motley Fool

Virtual Reality Time Machine Made with 365 Days of Video – Nerdist

San Francisco-based inventor and speaker Lucas Rizzottohas built a virtual reality time machine that allows him to relive his past. And while time machine is, of course, just a moniker, Rizzottos invention still allows him to experience his recent life in a way that, most likely, nobody else ever has. A way that allows Rizzotto to view 365 days worth of stereoscopic video through a virtual reality portal in time.

Rizzotto, whos created other amazing projects beforelike the AR chemistry table at bottomrecently posted the above video to YouTube. The time machine was posted only with the simple, relatable phrase, Screw 2020, time to go back. Which is a true enough sentiment, but doesnt hint at the enormous amount of work that went into building the VR time machine.

To create his portal in time, Rizzotto wore Snap SpectaclesSnapchat glasses that record high-resolution stereoscopic 3D videofor a full year, while traveling the globe. Along with recording a years worth of video, a task that required a small mountain of hard drives, Rizzotto also developed the software that would allow him to navigate it. Which, for about three months, seemed like it was going to be an impossible task thanks to an apparent loss of metadata.

Lucas Builds the Future

Its really hard to describe the feeling you get, reliving your own past, Rizzotto says in the video as he navigates his memories. He adds that You dont just see the memory portal, you see everything around it, like the rush of memories you get when you smell food you used to eat as a child.

Perhaps the most intriguing, and haunting, feeling Rizzotto describes in the video is that of feeling like his own ghost, watching [himself] wandering through life with no idea of what [is] going to happen next. Which is unfortunate, because we really want to know what project Rizzotto is working on now.

Feature image: Lucas Builds the Future

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Virtual Reality Time Machine Made with 365 Days of Video - Nerdist