Scarborough Beach snack bar closed after positive COVID-19 test – The Westerly Sun

The snack bar at a major state beach in Rhode Island has been closed after an employee tested positive for coronavirus, the state Department of Environmental Management announced.

The agency said it was notified Saturday afternoon of the positive test result at the concession at Scarborough South State Beach by the vendor that runs the facilities at the state beaches.

DEM said the employee last worked at the snack bar July 24 and that the beach had been closed July 21 to July 23 for high bacteria levels in the water.

The agency declined to identify the worker but said the state health department will conduct contact tracing. DEM also said the concession wont reopen until its deep-cleaned and disinfected.

A look at other coronavirus developments across New England:

Connecticut

Coronavirus cases among teens and young adults are rising in Connecticut.

The Hartford Courant reports nearly 40% of people diagnosed with coronavirus from July 5 to 18 were under the age of 30.

The newspaper reports people between the ages of 20 to 29 accounted for nearly 25% of coronavirus cases reported from July 5 to 18, despite representing less than 13% of the more than 48,000 cases reported in the state since the pandemic started.

Youths in the 10-to-19-year-old age range accounted for more than 12% of the cases reported from July 5 to 18, despite only representing 3% of cases overall during the pandemic.

Kids are socializing because thats what kids do, but they need to realize that theyre not immune to COVID either, Lynn Sosa, a deputy state epidemiologist, told the newspaper.

Massachusetts

Bostons popular Museum of Science reopened Sunday to the wider public with new restrictions to prevent spread of the coronavirus.

The museum, which reopened to members only earlier this week, is requiring all visitors to reserve tickets in advance, wear face masks and submit to a temperature check at the door.

Exhibits have also been modified to improve social distancing and interactive ones will be cleaned regularly, officials said.

The wider opening comes nearly two weeks after the state moved into the third phase of its virus recovery plan, which allowed museums, art galleries and other public institutions to reopen.

Museum officials say they waited to reopen to come up with a plan to keep as many exhibits open as possible.

Meanwhile, the Holyoke Medical Center in western Massachusetts will be receiving nearly $9 million in additional federal funding, Congressman Richard Neal announced Saturday.

Neal, who chairs the powerful House Ways and Means Committee, said the funding is on top of the hospitals original allocation of about $3 million distributed in early April.

MassLive reports the Holyoke hospital was treating less than 100 coronavirus patients in April, but then received an influx of patients from the nearby Holyoke Soldiers Home, the site of one of the deadliest COVID-19 outbreaks in a nursing home in the nation.

Spiros Hatiras, the hospitals CEO, said the extra funding will help bring some of the facilitys 300 furloughed workers back as the initial funds were used on protective equipment and medical supplies.

And state health officials Sunday reported 19 new deaths and more than 270 additional positive cases of COVID-19. That brings Massachusetts death toll to 8,310 deaths and its total cases to more than 108,000 since the pandemic started.

New Hampshire

For the first time in more than a century, hikers in the White Mountains this summer wont be able to take advantage of a system of popular backcountry lodges.

The Appalachian Mountain Clubs eight huts, which are spaced about a days hike along roughly 50 miles of trail, have remained closed to overnight visitors this season because of pandemic concerns, the Boston Globe reports.

The huts arent reachable by road and can each house up to 90 people in communal living quarters that include prepared meals, bunk beds and shared, cold-water bathrooms.

The system dates to 1888 and generates about 40% of the Boston-based groups operating income. The Appalachian Mountain Clubs car-accessible facilities in Pinkham Notch and in Crawford Notch, however, remain open, though officials report stays are down about 50% at those sites.

The community aspect that usually is a huge driver in our organization is also a barrier for our success right now, James Wrigley, the director of the organizations White Mountain lodges, told the newspaper.

Vermont

The COVID-19 pandemic is giving new life to the grandparent scam, said Vermont Attorney General T.J. Donovans office.

There have been 93 reports of the grandparent scam since the beginning of the year, and 34 since June 1, the office said.

Scammers, posing as the grandchildren of unsuspecting grandparents, call and pretend to be in the hospital, in jail, or stranded overseas and in urgent need of wire transfers, gift cards, or cash.

The office recommends people who receive such a call hang up and contact a friend or other family member to verify before sending any money.

Meanwhile, state health officials reported four additional cases of COVID-19 on Sunday, bringing Vermonts tally to 1,400 since the pandemic started. Most have since recovered.

The states death toll remains 56, and one person is hospitalized with the virus, officials said.

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Scarborough Beach snack bar closed after positive COVID-19 test - The Westerly Sun

Weymouth man drowns off Merrimack River beach; foul play not suspected – Boston.com

LOWELL, Mass. (AP) A 21-year-old man drowned at a beach on the Merrimack River in Massachusetts on Saturday afternoon, prosecutors said.

Middlesex District Attorney Marian Ryans office said the Weymouth resident drowned while swimming off Rynne Beach in Lowell.

Emergency officials responded to a report of a male swimmer that had gone missing, the office said. The victim, whose name has not yet been released, was found at about 4:30 p.m. He was pronounced dead at the scene.

Ryans office said the incident remains under investigation, but foul play is not suspected.

The area where the man drowned is a popular swimming spot, but warning signs note there are no lifeguards on duty.

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Long Beach police release videos in killing of liquor store clerk who tried to stop thief – KTLA Los Angeles

The Long Beach Police Department released surveillance videos Saturday showing a man they identified as the thief who killed a liquor store clerk in a hit-and-run crash.

The crash happened on Anaheim Street near Magnolia Avenue on Thursday night, according to the department.

Officers said they arrived at the location to find a man in his 50s on the ground. Investigators later determined that the man was a clerk at a liquor store in the 300 block of West Anaheim Street, and that he had climbed the roof of a thiefs gray or silver four-door sedan in an effort to stop him.

The thief continued to drive for several blocks, and the clerk was thrown from the vehicle and died, according to police.

The Police Department released three videos of a man walking around the store, one video that captured the suspected sedan involved traveling on the street and another that showed the vehicle swerving and who appeared to be the clerk falling from the cars hood.

Authorities urged anyone who can identify the suspect to come forward. Police did not release the identity of the victim.

Those who have information can contact Detectives Oscar Valenzuela and Eric Thai at (562) 570-7244. People who wish to remain anonymous can call 1-800-222-TIPS (8477), text TIPLA and their tip to 274637 (CRIMES) or visit lacrimestoppers.org.

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Long Beach police release videos in killing of liquor store clerk who tried to stop thief - KTLA Los Angeles

For many in Connecticut, COVID-19 restrictions have made it harder to go to the beach this summer – theday.com

New London native Melissa Eccleston wants her daughter to have the same childhood experiences she had growing up, like spending summers at Ocean Beach Park.

But this summer, Eccleston said thats proved nearly impossible as Ocean Beach, which is allowingfewer visitors in than usual due to the coronavirus pandemic, has filled to capacity before 10 a.m. most weekends. Eccleston said she works during the week so cant go then when it is usually less busy.

"I've been here my whole life, and now as a parent, I would like my daughter to have the same childhood experiences at Ocean Beach that I had growing up, but with the limited capacity regulations, it is almost impossible to get even halfway down Ocean Avenue to even get close to entering the beach, she said.

While its not uncommon during the summertime for places such as Ocean Beach, which is city-owned, and state parks like Rocky Neck and Harkness to close on weekends due to being full or for there to be a long line of cars waiting to get in, reduced capacity limits as a result of the coronavirus pandemic have led them to close even earlier than usual.

Ocean Beach, for example, has closed at 9:30 a.m. and reopened around 4 p.m. most weekends. Posts on the beachs Facebook page have advised those traveling from a distance not to come on weekends so as not to be turned away when they get there because the beach is at capacity.

In addition to reduced capacity limits, several towns are only allowing residents to access their beaches orselling a limited number of day passes for nonresidents, and theyoften charge much higher fees for nonresidents, making the persistent problem of beach access in Connecticut, with much of its shore privately owned, an even bigger issue this summer.

These measures are also being put in place in other communities across the country.

Invariably, these measures are justified in the name of public health and concerns about the spread of the virus shouldnt be taken lightly. But exclusionary measures that predominantly white and wealthier communities have eagerly adopted, combined with the fact that many cities and towns are keeping public swimming pools closed to help narrow budget gaps, mean many Americans who rely on public facilities for outdoor recreation disproportionately lower income families and people of color will step outside this summer only to find that there are few places left for them to go, wrote Andrew Kahrl, a professor of history and African-American studies at the University of Virginia and the author of Free the Beaches: The Story of Ned Coll and the Battle for Americas Most Exclusive Shoreline, in a recent Op-Ed for the New York Times.

DEEP spokesman Will Healey said, DEEP has worked very hard throughout the pandemic to maintain safe access to the beaches it oversees. Shoreline swimming areas have remained open throughout the pandemic, thanks to the hard work of our Parks staff. We are proud of the fact that we were able to keep shoreline beaches open and operating at the maximum capacity allowed by the parking and acreage available at each of those beaches. The value of these recreational resources has never been more clear as evidenced by the approximately 300% increase in the number of at-capacity events at our beaches this year as compared to last. Last week, DEEP also opened swimming areas at eight of its inland state parks. DEEP has also created the https://portal.ct.gov/whatsopenoutdoors webpage to help residents plan their beach outings.

Demand for outdoor spaces has grown in Connecticut potentially a symptom of people being cooped up indoors for months due to the pandemic. When much else was closed in Connecticut this spring, state parks remained open with reduced visitor capacity. TheConnecticut Trail Census, which tracks usage of the multiuse trails around the state, found huge increases in March, April and May but said additional analysis would be needed to determine whether the jumpcan definitively be attributed to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and stay-at-home orders.

Being outdoors and in nature has proved benefits for one's mental health, a fact that has taken on newimportanceaftermonths of isolation.

"Just 15 minutes a day can make a big difference in someone'sclarity of mind, mood and stability of emotions as well as reducing cortisol levels and overarching reduction of stress and depression," said Janelle Posey-Green, a licensed clinical social worker who co-owns Magnolia Wellness LLC in New London.

The reality is that not everyone has the sameaccess to outdoor spaces, so Posey-Green tells her clients that even sitting outsidecan be beneficial.

"You dont have to live in a wooded area or near theocean to receive those benefits," she said. "Sitting out on the front steps for five minutes, absorbing thesunlight and observingthesounds aroundyou will make a significant difference in your mental health, clarity and cognitive function."

j.bergman@theday.com

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For many in Connecticut, COVID-19 restrictions have made it harder to go to the beach this summer - theday.com

Nueces County beaches are closed to pedestrians, vehicles and will reopen Monday, July 27 – KIIITV.com

CORPUS CHRISTI, Texas At Thursday's City-County COVID-19 press briefing, officials announced that beaches will be closed beginning Friday, July 24 at 12:00 p.m.

This decision made by officials is due to what will soon beTropical Storm Hanna. Beaches will reopen Monday at 6 a.m.

Nueces County Gulf Piers and the parking lot at Bob Hall Pier will be closed as well. All County and City Gulf beaches, Packery Channel Parking Lot and Windward Parking Lot, along with McGee Beach and North Beach will also be closed. There will not be any lifeguards on duty at the beaches.

Due to weather conditions, officials encourage residents to refrain from pedestrian access on the beach.

For the latest updates on coronavirus in the Coastal Bend, click here.

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Nueces County beaches are closed to pedestrians, vehicles and will reopen Monday, July 27 - KIIITV.com

Hundreds gather in Huntington Beach to be baptized with cold dunk in the ocean – OCRegister

UPDATE (Saturday, July 25): Saturate OC revival meeting held in Huntington Beach despite city orders to cancel

The thought of walking into a cold church seems intimidating to Stefan Marchand. But the beach? Not so much.

So, on a recent Friday, he joined hundreds of Christians in a revival worship and baptism in Huntington Beach, right by lifeguard tower 20. It was about 6 in the evening when Marchand, an actor, took a dunk in the cold water. He was enthralled by the magical lighting and sheer intensity of the experience, he said.

When I act, everything feels more intensified, he said. It was the same feeling I had when I came out of the water, except it was that times 100. It was the most incredible feeling.

For the past three Fridays, starting on July 3, Costa Mesa couple Jessi and Parker Green have organized the events, which are part revival, part worship and part baptisms, all rolled into one. They draw hundreds to the beach even though Orange County is experiencing a surge in coronavirus infections. Just this week, the county overtook Riverside County for the second largest number of coronavirus cases in California.

Last week, Gov. Gavin Newsom ordered several types of businesses and houses of worship to close again because of the recent surge in COVID-19 cases. But the state orders do not preclude churches from having outdoor services as long as they take precautions, such as social distancing and wearing masks. The closure orders have been a point of contention for some faith leaders, who believe it is imperative for them to remain open to fulfill their essential services to congregants. Some congregations have opted for drive-in services and others have continued to operate in violation of state orders.

Parker and Jessi Green of Costa Mesa with their children: Ethan, 2, David, 3, and Summer, two months, stand on the beach north of the Huntington Beach Pier on Wednesday, July 22, 2020. The couple have been holding beach baptisms at Huntington Beach for the last three Fridays with hundreds in attendance, when most churches are closed or are doing online services due to the coronavirus pandemic. (Photo by Mark Rightmire, Orange County Register/SCNG)

Saying a prayer, Chris Daniels, center, prays with Stefan Marchand after he was baptized as over 500 worshipers participate in a Christian religious service with baptisms at lifeguard station 20 Friday, July 17, 2020 in Huntington Beach. The ritual is performed every Friday in July. The event is hosted by Saturate OC, a group of over 60 churches from California and beyond.(Photo by Michael Fernandez, Contributing Photographer)

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Minister Parker Green speaks to over 500 worshipers as they participate in a Christian religious service with baptisms at lifeguard station 20 Friday, July 17, 2020 in Huntington Beach. The ritual is performed every Friday in July. The event is hosted by Saturate OC, a group of over 60 churches from California and beyond.(Photo by Michael Fernandez, Contributing Photographer)

Over 500 worshipers sing praise and participate in a Christian religious service with baptisms at lifeguard station 20 Friday, July 17, 2020 in Huntington Beach. The ritual is performed every Friday in July. The event is hosted by Saturate OC, a group of over 60 churches from California and beyond.(Photo by Michael Fernandez, Contributing Photographer)

Missionary Troy Cline and his bird Ezekiel speak to some of the over 500 worshipers participating in a Christian religious service with baptisms at lifeguard station 20 Friday, July 17, 2020 in Huntington Beach. The ritual is performed every Friday in July. The event is hosted by Saturate OC, a group of over 60 churches from California and beyond.(Photo by Michael Fernandez, Contributing Photographer)

Just baptized, Jane Marczewski, right, receives a hug as over 500 worshipers participate in a Christian religious service with baptisms at lifeguard station 20 Friday, July 17, 2020 in Huntington Beach. The ritual is performed every Friday in July. The event is hosted by Saturate OC, a group of over 60 churches from California and beyond.(Photo by Michael Fernandez, Contributing Photographer)

People are baptized as over 500 worshipers participate in a Christian religious service with baptisms at lifeguard station 20 Friday, July 17, 2020 in Huntington Beach. The ritual is performed every Friday in July. The event is hosted by Saturate OC, a group of over 60 churches from California and beyond.(Photo by Michael Fernandez, Contributing Photographer)

Over 500 worshipers participate in a Christian religious service with baptisms at lifeguard station 20 Friday, July 17, 2020 in Huntington Beach. The ritual is performed every Friday in July. The event is hosted by Saturate OC, a group of over 60 churches from California and beyond.(Photo by Michael Fernandez, Contributing Photographer)

The Mayfield family is baptized as over 500 worshipers participate in a Christian religious service with baptisms at lifeguard station 20 Friday, July 17, 2020 in Huntington Beach. The ritual is performed every Friday in July. The event is hosted by Saturate OC, a group of over 60 churches from California and beyond.(Photo by Michael Fernandez, Contributing Photographer)

Sergio Blanco and his son Matteo listen to a sermon as over 500 worshipers participate in a Christian religious service with baptisms at lifeguard station 20 Friday, July 17, 2020 in Huntington Beach. The ritual is performed every Friday in July. The event is hosted by Saturate OC, a group of over 60 churches from California and beyond.(Photo by Michael Fernandez, Contributing Photographer)

People lay hands on Revivalists Jessi, left, and Parker Green as over 500 worshipers participate in a Christian religious service with baptisms at lifeguard station 20 Friday, July 17, 2020 in Huntington Beach. The ritual is performed every Friday in July. The event is hosted by Saturate OC, a group of over 60 churches from California and beyond.(Photo by Michael Fernandez, Contributing Photographer)

Parker and Jessi Green of Costa Mesa stand on the beach north of the Huntington Beach Pier on Wednesday, July 22, 2020. The couple have been holding beach baptisms at Huntington Beach for the last three Fridays with hundreds in attendance, when most churches are closed or are doing online services due to the coronavirus pandemic. (Photo by Mark Rightmire, Orange County Register/SCNG)

People young and older sing praise as over 500 worshipers participate in a Christian religious service with baptisms at lifeguard station 20 Friday, July 17, 2020 in Huntington Beach. The ritual is performed every Friday in July. The event is hosted by Saturate OC, a group of over 60 churches from California and beyond.(Photo by Michael Fernandez, Contributing Photographer)

Parker and Jessi Green of Costa Mesa stand on the beach north of the Huntington Beach Pier on Wednesday, July 22, 2020. The couple have been holding beach baptisms at Huntington Beach for the last three Fridays with hundreds in attendance, when most churches are closed or are doing online services due to the coronavirus pandemic. (Photo by Mark Rightmire, Orange County Register/SCNG)

Over 500 worshipers participate in a Christian religious service with baptisms at lifeguard station 20 Friday, July 17, 2020 in Huntington Beach. The ritual is performed every Friday in July. The event is hosted by Saturate OC, a group of over 60 churches from California and beyond.(Photo by Michael Fernandez, Contributing Photographer)

The Greens, who call these beach revivals Saturate OC, said the timing of the events wasnt planned. The couple moved from New York City to Orange County in 2016, after Jessi Green said she had a vision of doing baptisms in the waves at Huntington Beach. She was employed with a social media marketing agency and her husband was a pastor at a local church.

When the couple arrived in Orange County, they started a microchurch movement called Salt Churches, which are small groups that meet to worship in peoples homes, parks or beaches.

Weve taken the last year to prepare for this event, she said. We had no idea we would do it in the middle of a pandemic when most churches are closed. But thats just the way it turned out.

In May, they decided to hold the first worship on July 3, a holiday, followed by three more each Friday in July. Newsom had ordered all beaches closed for the holiday weekend, but the city of Huntington Beach decided to keep its beaches open until July 3, which allowed the Greens event to proceed as planned.

I was worried if anyone would even come, Jessi Green said. But, about 300 people showed up and it was amazing.

In the following two weeks, hundreds more showed up as the word got out on social media.

Jane Marczewski of Long Beach said she heard about it on Instagram. Marczewski recently moved to Southern California from Nashville after she was diagnosed with breast cancer and was given three to six months to live.

My husband left me shortly after that and I was devastated, she said.

Marczewski says she miraculously became cancer-free just four months after going through alternative treatments combined with a mild dose of chemotherapy.

I came to the revival because I need to let go of my traumatic past and begin my life as a new person, she said. When I stepped into the waves, I felt like I was washing off my past. I left all that pain in the water and came back as a new person.

The Greens said they were not too concerned about the coronavirus spreading through their events because they are held outdoors, although they urge all attendees to wear masks and practice social distancing.

So far, we havent heard of anyone who became ill because of coming to our worship, Jessi Green said. And thats a good thing.

Her husband, Parker, said they welcome anyone who is comfortable being there.

If youre nervous, wear a mask, keep your distance, he said. I dont feel like there is an overbearing risk. Were just trying to pray, listen and be open.

Both Marczewski and Marchand said they were not concerned about contracting the virus.

I guess I shouldve been concerned, Marczewski said. But I thought if I can beat terminal cancer, I can survive COVID-19. It was just more important for me to have this experience.

But these types of events, where a large number of people congregate in one place, still pose significant risks, said Clayton Chau, director and acting health officer at the countys health care agency.

The longer the community continues to practice risky behaviors causing widespread community transmission, the longer our county will remain on the states monitoring list, he said. Being on this list will prolong the shutdown stage, causing a negative economic effect for the entire county, on top of putting vulnerable citizens at high risk.

While the states rules do allow worship outdoors, any large gathering outdoors be it church or protests can be risky, Chau said.

Thats especially true if people are hugging or having physical contact and not wearing masks, he said. When you have 1,000 people in one place, thats a big concern.

The Greens list several church partners that have lent their support for the beach events, including Harvest Christian Fellowship, Rockharbor and Fathers House OC. They initially had planned to end these worships by July 24. But now, after seeing the popularity of the beach baptisms, theyve extended them to Aug. 7.

Parker Green said he and his wife believe in their purpose to help people find their purpose and meaning in life.

You have all these churches trying to get people to come to them, he said. We are going to where the people are. We really want to see believers activated, not just passively listening to a sermon in church.

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Hundreds gather in Huntington Beach to be baptized with cold dunk in the ocean - OCRegister

Resurrecting the chestnut tree, with cross-breeding or genetic engineering – Concord Monitor

A long-running attempt to resurrect the American chestnut tree from the blight that virtually exterminated it an attempt that can be seen in a Plymouth germplasm conservation orchard among other places is now running on two tracks, one with traditional cross-breeding and one with genetic modification.

Well be harvesting nuts in late September. Hopefully were going to have hundreds if not thousands, said Thomas Klak, a professor at the University of New England in Maine who is about to send modified chestnut tree genes into the wild. The weird weather has not helped us. Flower development on chestnut trees has been relatively slow this year.

At UNE, Klak has built a lab that uses high-intensity light and fertilizers to bring trees to sexual maturity in six months as compared to a few years, speeding up cross-breeding efforts.

Recently his lab has used this process to grow trees developed at the State University of New York that contain a gene common in grasses which neutralizes the fungal toxin, rendering the blight harmless. This month he will perform the first cross-pollination between these genetically modified trees and American chestnut trees in the wild, having obtained permission from the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

If all goes as expected, Klak said, Half of the offspring wont die from the fungal blight and there will be renewed hope of returning the American chestnut to our forests.

Weve got a long way to go. There are four billion trees to bring back, he said.

The chestnut was one of the giants of Eastern forests, so prevalent that foresters joked a squirrel could travel from Georgia to Maine without leaving the chestnut canopy. It was valued both for its wood and for its bounty of nuts that were a major source of wildlife food.

Around 1904, however, a bark fungus was carried here on Chinese chestnut trees and within a few decades it had exterminated the native species. The only American chestnut trees around now are sprouts from stumps that occasionally live long enough to produce flowers and nuts for a year or two before dying.

For decades the American Chestnut Federation has been hunting down these natural remnants to mix their pollen with the flowers of Chinese chestnut trees, which resist the blight but dont have the beauty and heft of the American species. These trees have been grown in orchards around the country, including one in downtown Plymouth that grows pure American chestnuts to preserve the genetics, and mixed back and forth with other American chestnuts or Chinese chestnuts or with each other.

This has gone on for more than six generations in hopes that genes for resistance will be transferred via germplasm, or the heritable DNA, to a tree that looks and grows like the American chestnut.

Earlier this month I saw this process in action when Curt Laffin of Hudson came to my town to pollinate a chestnut tree that my wife had spotted. It probably wont last much longer because it has a big ugly canker, a sure sign of the blight, but for the moment its a handsome, 30-foot tree full of green leaves and long, hanging flowers.

Laffin, a wildlife biologist and American Chestnut Foundation member who Ive interviewed several times over the years, brought male flowers from two surviving chestnut trees in Merrimack and spent a half-hour shaking them next to female flowers on our tree. Part of the work was done with an extendable pole that he designed. Then he cut off some male flowers that hell take back to Merrimack to do the same there.

We collect as much DNA from wild trees as we can, he said.

Hell put small bags over the flowers so they wont be pollinated by anything else, then later will collect the nuts. Theyll be planted and the resulting trees added to the cross-breeding mix at orchards throughout the Vermont-New Hampshire chapter of the American Chestnut Foundation, increasing the genetic diversity of this long-running effort.

It takes a couple of years to grow a mature tree and more years to see if the tree can resist the blight thats present in the environment before deciding which individuals to use for the next generation, so this has been a slow, laborious process.

And its beginning to look like a process that wont succeed.

Originally they thought that it took three or four genes from Chinese chestnut to provide resistance. Now we know dozens of genes are needed, Laffin said. The possibility of transferring that many genes via the random mixing of cross-breeding is beginning to seem very unlikely.

Enter genetic modification, which can pick and choose among the genes that get transferred.

Scientists at SUNYs College of Environmental Science and Forestry were able to insert a gene that lets a plant create an enzyme called oxalate oxidase, written as OxO. The enzyme neutralizes the acid produced by the fungus, which is what destroys the chestnut trees cells and kills it.

Klak said OxO is a good candidate for genetic transfer because it exists naturally in many different plants, from azaleas to bananas the one used at SUNY-ESF came from wheat. Klak said theres hardly a person in the U.S. who hasnt eaten something which contains the gene already.

Just as importantly, Klak said OxO wont push the chestnut tree blight into evolving resistant strains because it doesnt alter the fungal life cycle, but merely neutralizes a side effect.

The blight can function and live well. It doesnt kill the blight, just makes the chestnut tree tolerate it, said Klak.

The resulting tree is normal in all other ways, he said: Dozens of studies have been done to document that transferring it creates a tree that is just like the wild chestnut except it wont die from blight.

That isnt any solace to opponents, who are opposed to the project because of concerns about the unintended consequences of genetic modification, particularly when it transfers a gene from a species that would not naturally cross-breed with the host.

Once a gene becomes released in the wild it is almost impossible to contain it. Thats especially true if the gene jumps to other species, which has happened with some genes inserted into domestic crops, where it might cause a different and unwelcome response.

There is also a concern from opponents that the chestnut program will be used as a sort of biotech Trojan horse. If creating a GMO chestnut helps bring back a beloved and valuable species, it might become a poster boy for other GMO trees and then genetic modification of other wild species, they fear.

As might be expected, Klak thinks these concerns are misplaced.

This doesnt open up a Pandoras box, he said. It doesnt affect other attempts to bring genetically engineered plants into deregulation. They have to go through the same process go through a very rigorous scientific process to ensure there are no dangers of releasing the transgenic species.

As for Laffin and the American Chestnut Federation, they will continue with the decades-old program of crossing Chinese and American chestnuts in hopes that nature will create the solution.

The New Hampshire-Vermont chapter of the ACF is one of 16 around the country. Each is supposed to provide 35 trees that can be fertilized with pollen from the transgenic tree, which is a clone my towns tree and the Merrimack tree will be part of that. The idea is to create a diverse population with traits developed from growing in different parts of the Eastern seaboard, each carrying the OxO gene.

This is a pretty vigorous tree, he commented as he loaded his pickup. Well have to see how it goes.

(David Brooks can be reached at 369-3313 or dbrooks@cmonitor.com or on Twitter @GraniteGeek.)

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Resurrecting the chestnut tree, with cross-breeding or genetic engineering - Concord Monitor

Why are scientists creating genetically modified mosquitoes? – The Week

Scientists plan to release altered mosquitoes designed to sabotage the species' ability to reproduce. Is this safe? Here's everything you need to know:

Who's doing this?The federal Environmental Protection Agency has approved a plan by a British biotech company called Oxitec to release about 1 billion genetically modified (GM) mosquitoes in the Florida Keys and, next year, Texas. The mosquitoes (code-named OX5034) will only be male the gender that does not bite humans and will carry a new gene that will be passed on to their female offspring and cause them to die while they're still larvae. Repeated releases of such "Trojan horse" mosquitoes should kill, in theory, 90 percent of the local population of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which is capable of transmitting the Zika and West Nile viruses, as well as dengue and yellow fever. Oxitec claims it's safe and notes that the species is invasive to south Florida, anyway. But the plan has drawn protest from residents and some in the scientific community. "People here in Florida do not consent to the genetically engineered mosquitoes or to being human experiments," said Barry Wray of the Florida Keys Environmental Coalition. Henry Greely, a Stanford law professor and bioethicist, said the Oxitec plan reflects the almost limitless possibilities and dangers of genetic technology. "We can remake the biosphere to be what we want, from woolly mammoths to nonbiting mosquitoes," he said. "How should we feel about that? Do we want to live in nature, or in Disneyland?"

How does this technology work?Scientists first genetically modified an animal a mouse in 1974. But the process remained cumbersome and slow until the development of the CRISPR technique and other "gene-editing" technology this decade. Now scientists can target exactly which genes they want to modify using RNA, break the DNA apart at the gene's location using an enzyme, and then insert a new gene. Last year, University of Georgia researchers created the first genetically modified reptile, a brown anole, and an Indiana company, AquaBounty, expects to begin harvesting tons of salmon genetically modified to grow faster at an indoor facility later this year. Critics say this is all moving too fast, without adequate study of risks and unintended consequences. Jaydee Hanson, policy director for the International Center for Technology Assessment and Center for Food Safety, calls Oxitec's project a "Jurassic Park experiment, except without the island."

Where do the plans stand?In May, the EPA greenlighted Oxitec's plans for both Florida and Texas, issuing the company an experimental use permit. Florida state authorities followed suit with their own approval. Texas authorities and the Florida Keys Mosquito Control commission still need to sign off, and may face lawsuits. More than 31,000 people filed objections with the EPA and only 56 expressed support with some accusing the agency of relying solely on data supplied by Oxitec to issue permits. "What could possibly go wrong?" asked Hanson. "We don't know, because they unlawfully refused to seriously analyze environmental risks."

What could go wrong?Some geneticists, including Dr. Ricarda Steinbrecher of EcoNexus, a public-interest research organization, have raised alarms that Oxitec's altered mosquitoes haven't been adequately studied. The researcher said "the underlying mechanism(s) leading to cell death" in the larvae aren't "fully understood" and thus can't yield "precise and predictable results." An independent group of researchers also claimed that some of the larvae produced from an earlier Oxitec field study in Brazil survived to sexual maturity and were able to reproduce introducing the mosquitoes' modified DNA into the local population. (So far, there is no evidence that the resulting hybrid is more robust or dangerous to humans.) Critics also warn that the potential removal of even an invasive species from the food chain and ecosystem could have profound unintentional consequences; many kinds of birds and bats, for example, eat mosquitoes. "I'm not sure I care if mosquitoes suffer, if they can suffer," Greely said. "But mammals or birds, I do care."

What's the upside?Some see world-changing possibilities. Florida witnessed its first mosquito-to-human transmission of the Zika virus (which causes serious birth defects) in 2016, and West Nile is a perennial problem. As these diseases spread northward in a warming world, the elimination of a species that transmits them could prevent many illnesses and save lives. Meanwhile, a team of scientists led by the renowned botanist Joanne Chory is using CRISPR to create plants capable of storing extra carbon dioxide. Theoretically, if applied on a large scale, such plants could suck more greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and arrest the forces of climate change. "I feel like I have the weight of the world on my shoulders," Chory has said. In Australia, researchers are devising a genetically modified coral capable of withstanding rising sea temperatures. "The worst thing that we could do is ignore genetic engineering because it's frightening for some people," said coral geneticist Line Bay, "and then get 10 or 15 years down the road and realize it's the only option."

Oxitec's modified mothsSouth Florida and Texas aren't the only places that Oxitec is testing its genetically modified insects. Earlier this year, Cornell University scientists announced the results of a project they had conducted with the company involving its genetically modified diamondback moths, or Plutella xylostella. The pest reportedly wreaks between $4 billion and $5 billion a year of damage to crops like broccoli, canola, cauliflower, and cabbage. Scientists and farmers are eager to find ways of limiting the damage as well as reducing the $19 billion worth of chemical pesticides sprayed on crops each year. The modified male moths come with a self-limiting gene that causes their female progeny to die. The Cornell team declared the test a success, saying that the modified moths should "effectively suppress populations of pest P. xylostella in the field." The company is also at work developing a modified, self-limiting version of the fall armyworm, which is responsible for terrible crop losses across sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia. An Oxitec scientist who co-authored the Cornell report hailed the "immense potential" of protecting plants without resorting to potentially toxic pesticides.

This article was first published in the latest issue of The Week magazine. If you want to read more like it, you can try six risk-free issues of the magazine here.

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Why are scientists creating genetically modified mosquitoes? - The Week

Breeding isn’t resurrecting the chestnut tree; genetic engineering might – Concord Monitor

A long-running attempt to resurrect the American chestnut tree from the blight that virtually exterminated it an attempt that can be seen in a Plymouth germplasm conservation orchard among other places is now running on two tracks, one with traditional cross-breeding and one with genetic modification.

Well be harvesting nuts in late September. Hopefully were going to have hundreds if not thousands, said Thomas Klak, a professor at the University of New England in Maine who is about to send modified chestnut tree genes into the wild. The weird weather has not helped us. Flower development on chestnut trees has been relatively slow this year.

At UNE, Klak has built a lab that uses high-intensity light and fertilizers to bring trees to sexual maturity in six months as compared to a few years, speeding up cross-breeding efforts.

Recently his lab has used this process to grow trees developed at the State University of New York that contain a gene common in grasses which neutralizes the fungal toxin, rendering the blight harmless. This month he will perform the first cross-pollination between these genetically modified trees and American chestnut trees in the wild, having obtained permission from the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

If all goes as expected, Klak said, Half of the offspring wont die from the fungal blight and there will be renewed hope of returning the American chestnut to our forests.

Weve got a long way to go. There are four billion trees to bring back, he said.

From Georgia to Maine

The chestnut was one of the giants of Eastern forests, so prevalent that foresters joked a squirrel could travel from Georgia to Maine without leaving the chestnut canopy. It was valued both for its wood and for its bounty of nuts that were a major source of wildlife food.

Around 1904, however, a bark fungus was carried here on Chinese chestnut trees and within a few decades it had exterminated the native species. The only American chestnut trees around now are sprouts from stumps that occasionally live long enough to produce flowers and nuts for a year or two before dying.

For decades the American Chestnut Federation has been hunting down these natural remnants to mix their pollen with the flowers of Chinese chestnut trees, which resist the blight but dont have the beauty and heft of the American species. These cross-bred trees have been grown in orchards around the country and bred back and forth with other American chestnuts or Chinese chestnuts or with each other.

The orchard in Plymouth has only pure American chestnuts that were cross-bred with each other, preserving the germplasm of the native species so it can be added to any resistant strain that gets created.

This has gone on for more than six generations in hopes that genes for resistance will be transferred via germplasm, or the heritable DNA, to a tree that looks and grows like the American chestnut.

Earlier this month I saw this process in action when Curt Laffin of Hudson came to my town to pollinate a chestnut tree that my wife had spotted. It probably wont last much longer because it has a big ugly canker, a sure sign of the blight, but for the moment its a handsome, 30-foot tree full of green leaves and long, hanging flowers.

Laffin, a wildlife biologist and American Chestnut Foundation member who Ive interviewed several times over the years, brought male flowers from two surviving chestnut trees in Merrimack and spent a half-hour shaking them next to female flowers on our tree. Part of the work was done with an extendable pole that he designed. Then he cut off some male flowers that hell take back to Merrimack to do the same there.

We collect as much DNA from wild trees as we can, he said.

Hell put small bags over the flowers so they wont be pollinated by anything else, then later will collect the nuts. Theyll be planted and the resulting trees added to the cross-breeding mix at orchards throughout the Vermont-New Hampshire chapter of the American Chestnut Foundation, increasing the genetic diversity of this long-running effort.

It takes a couple of years to grow a mature tree and more years to see if the tree can resist the blight thats present in the environment before deciding which individuals to use for the next generation, so this has been a slow, laborious process.

And its beginning to look like a process that wont succeed.

Genetic modification

Originally they thought that it took three or four genes from Chinese chestnut to provide resistance. Now we know dozens of genes are needed, Laffin said. The possibility of transferring that many genes via the random mixing of cross-breeding is beginning to seem very unlikely.

Enter genetic modification, which can pick and choose among the genes that get transferred.

Scientists at SUNYs College of Environmental Science and Forestry were able to insert a gene that lets a plant create an enzyme called oxalate oxidase, written as OxO. The enzyme neutralizes the acid produced by the fungus, which is what destroys the chestnut trees cells and kills it.

Klak said OxO is a good candidate for genetic transfer because it exists naturally in many different plants, from azaleas to bananas the one used at SUNY-ESF came from wheat. Klak said theres hardly a person in the U.S. who hasnt eaten something which contains the gene already.

Just as importantly, Klak said OxO wont push the chestnut tree blight into evolving resistant strains because it doesnt alter the fungal life cycle, but merely neutralizes a side effect.

The blight can function and live well. It doesnt kill the blight, just makes the chestnut tree tolerate it, said Klak.

The resulting tree is normal in all other ways, he said: Dozens of studies have been done to document that transferring it creates a tree that is just like the wild chestnut except it wont die from blight.

GMO concern

That isnt any solace to opponents, who are opposed to the project because of concerns about the unintended consequences of genetic modification, particularly when it transfers a gene from a species that would not naturally cross-breed with the host.

Once a gene becomes released in the wild it is almost impossible to contain it. Thats especially true if the gene jumps to other species, which has happened with some genes inserted into domestic crops, where it might cause a different and unwelcome response.

There is also a concern from opponents that the chestnut program will be used as a sort of biotech Trojan horse. If creating a GMO chestnut helps bring back a beloved and valuable species, it might become a poster boy for other GMO trees and then genetic modification of other wild species, they fear.

As might be expected, Klak thinks these concerns are misplaced.

This doesnt open up a Pandoras box, he said. It doesnt affect other attempts to bring genetically engineered plants into deregulation. They have to go through the same process go through a very rigorous scientific process to ensure there are no dangers of releasing the transgenic species.

As for Laffin and the American Chestnut Federation, they will continue with the decades-old program of crossing Chinese and American chestnuts in hopes that nature will create the solution.

The New Hampshire-Vermont chapter of the ACF is one of 16 around the country. Each is supposed to provide 35 trees that can be fertilized with pollen from the transgenic tree, which is a clone my towns tree and the Merrimack tree will be part of that. The idea is to create a diverse population with traits developed from growing in different parts of the Eastern seaboard, each carrying the OxO gene.

This is a pretty vigorous tree, he commented as he loaded his pickup. Well have to see how it goes.

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Breeding isn't resurrecting the chestnut tree; genetic engineering might - Concord Monitor

A Woman Goes All Count of Monte Cristo on Genetics in the Biohackers Trailer – Gizmodo UK

A medical student studying under a controversial professor finds herself entangled in a world offorbidden science. A tale as old as time. But what if theres another, more personal reason shes embraced synthetic biology and genetic enhancements? Its not just because she thinksbiohackingis cool. Shes there to bring someone down.

Netflix has released the first trailer forBiohackers, a German sci-fi series directed by Christian Ditter(Girlboss), coming on the heels of the third and final season ofDark. It stars Luna Wedler as Mia Akerlund, a medical student studying under Professor Tanja Lorenz (Jessica Schwartz). Thanks to her roommates (and a cute colleague), Mia finds herself embroiled in the world of biohacking, which is the catch-all term for citizen or do-it-yourself biology.

But its not all silent discos and bioluminescent mice. Mias determined tofigure out the truth behind Tanjas experiments, which destroyed her family years ago and could, even now, be placing biohack technology in the wrong hands.

Its interesting that this series takes place in Germany, as the country is known for its opposition to the practice of biohacking. The government has had a long-standing law that prohibits genetic engineering experiments outside of state-licensed facilities. In 2017, the German governmentgot aggressiveagainst biohackers, warning them that anyone caught doing genetic experiments outside of a lab could face a huge fine or up to three years in prison. That said, there has been some slow progress. Last year, two officers from the German Armed Forcesannouncedtheir own line of biohacking supplements, which were inspired by their time studying at a California university.

According toBiohackinfo, some folks in the DIY science community are worried that the countrys general anti-biohacking stance means the series could wind up promoting the same viewpoint (likeGattaca, a movie they donotcare for). That doesnt mean basement biohacking isnt immune to criticism. There are somelegitimate issueswith the practice, namely when folks do things like inject themselveswith their own semento try and cure their back pain.

The six-episode first season ofBiohackersdebuts on Netflix August 20.

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A Woman Goes All Count of Monte Cristo on Genetics in the Biohackers Trailer - Gizmodo UK

Novel CRISPR enzyme could expand the range of targets for gene therapy – Drug Target Review

The novel CRISPR-Cas enzyme, isolated from bacteriophages, can target a wider range of genetic sequences, say the researchers.

Scientists reveal a newly discovered CRISPR enzyme, CRISPR-Cas, can target a wider range of genetic sequences than either Cas9 or Cas12, and its comparatively small size could make cellular delivery easier.

In their study published in Science, Patrick Pausch, Jennifer Doudna and colleagues from University of California Berkeley, US, tested the functionality of the new Cas enzyme in both human and plant cells. They concluded that the enzyme, isolated from bacteriophages, provides a powerful new tool in the CRISPR genome editing toolbox.

While commonly known as a tool for genetic engineering, in their natural habitat CRISPR-Cas systems provide single-celled organisms with adaptive immunity against viruses and plasmids. CRISPR RNAs (crRNA) in the host recognise DNA from previously encountered viruses upon reinfection and direct CRISPR-associated or Cas enzymes to destroy the viruses.

While CRISPR-Cas systems almost exclusively exist and operate in the genomes of bacteria and archaea, they have also recently been discovered in the viruses that attack bacteria, called bacteriophages. However, these systems notably lack the Cas proteins commonly found in other CRISPR-Cas systems, instead they harbour the genetically unique and unusually small Cas enzyme.

In their paper, the team demonstrated how the phage-derived CRISPR-Cas system functions: according to the researchers, Cas uses a single active site for both CRISPR RNA (crRNA) production and processing; and crRNA-guided DNA cutting to target foreign nucleic acids. This enzyme is the most compact CRISPR-Cas system identified so far, remarked the scientists.

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Novel CRISPR enzyme could expand the range of targets for gene therapy - Drug Target Review

Researchers offer solution for one of synthetic biology’s biggest problems – Penn State News

UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. Ateam of Penn State and University of Washington researchersrecentlydeveloped anewalgorithmtohelp prevent the failure of engineered genetic systems,ororganisms engineered to have new capabilities.

Engineered genetic systems are the source of biotechnology's revolution, said Howard Salis, Penn State associate professor of biological engineeringand chemical engineering andcorresponding author of the study. Engineered organisms produce a cornucopia of biorenewable products, including biodegradable plastic bottles, therapeutic proteins and nutritional supplements. Probiotic bacteria have been engineered to live in your gut and cure metabolic disease. TheImpossible Burgerwas made possible by engineering organisms to produceheme.

The Salis Lab at Penn State created thousands of highly non-repetitive genetic parts for engineering organisms with much greater genetic stability, using a newly developed algorithm that uses graph theory to solve a challenging computational problem.

In synthetic biology, engineers select genetic parts and assemble them into engineered genetic systems. However, problems arise when engineers reuse genetic parts in multiple locations or choose genetic parts with similar DNA sequences, which include genes and their controlling sequences.

Engineers often build systems by repeatedly using the same components, whether it's a multi-truss bridge or a multi-core CPU, Salis said. However, when synthetic biologists apply the same strategy to add new capabilities to organisms, millions of dollars of R&D [research and development] effort can be lost overnight. The key challenge is that reusing genetic parts will introduce long repetitive sequences of DNA into an organism,which often causes the organism to spontaneously break this DNA, removing the newly added capabilities.

Repetitive DNA is modified by a biological process called homologous recombination, where two regions of DNA with similar nucleotide sequences will swap locations or be deleted. When these sequences are modified, it disrupts the cells ability to produce RNA and protein molecules. This process severely limits synthetic biologists ability to engineer cells that produce several types of RNA and protein molecules at the same time, which is necessary for many biotechnology applications.

Our research has solved this challenge by developing a novel algorithm, the Non-Repetitive Parts Calculator, and using it to rapidly create thousands of highly non-repetitive genetic parts with desired functionalities, Salis said. We now have enough characterized non-repetitive genetic parts to completely rebuild the genomes of simple organisms.

As part of the study published in Nature Biotechnology, the research team designed, constructed and characterized 4,350 highly non-repetitive bacterial promoters and 1,722 highly non-repetitive yeast promoters. Promoters are genetic parts that express genes, using transcription to produce corresponding RNA molecules.

These promoters enable the co-expression of many genes at desired expression levels, all at the same time without inadvertently introducing repetitive DNA, Salis said. It increases the availability of characterized non-repetitive genetic parts from dozens to thousands.

According to Salis, the team's unique solution can prevent significant R&D losses when engineering organisms.

Large Fortune 500 companies have spent many millions of dollars on engineering metabolic pathways in organisms to produce a desired product, he said. And then their engineered organism self-deletes the introduced DNA when grown overnight in a bioreactor,shutting down all production, a costly failure. Our non-repetitive genetic parts will prevent spontaneous failures like these from occurring.

Along with Salis, other researchers involved in the study from Penn State include Ayaan Hossain, doctoral graduate student in bioinformatics and genomics; and Sean Halper, Daniel Centar and Alexander Reis, graduate students in chemical engineering. Researchers from the University of Washington include Eirberto Lopez, research scientist/engineer; Devin Strickland, senior research scientist; and Eric Klavins, professor and chair of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department.

The study was supported by funding from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the United States Department of Energy, and a Graduate Research Innovation award to Hossain from Penn States Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences.

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Researchers offer solution for one of synthetic biology's biggest problems - Penn State News

Nikki Haley, capitalism, and fighting the coronavirus pandemic – American Enterprise Institute

Theres a certain kind of person who upon hearing or reading any praise of markets or capitalism, immediately demands clarification or expansion. Dont forget the government!

For instance: Mention Google or Amazon as great examples of American free enterprise, and they will immediately counter with What about ARPANet?, referring the Pentagon-backed predecessor to the modern internet. No ARPANet, no Amazon, no Google, no digital economy. Of course, no market-driven commercialization, no savvy entrepreneurs, no Amazon Prime, no amazingly efficient search engine.

Which brings us to Nikki Haley, former US ambassador to the United Nations and former governor of South Carolina. (Maybe also a 2024 Republican presidential candidate.) Yesterday, Haley tweeted:

When you consider that the antiviral drug Remdesivir was developed by biopharmaceutical company Gilead Sciences and that private companies are playing a critical role in developing a vaccine [see below], crediting capitalism doesnt seem like much of a stretch to me.

Now as that chart shows, government is playing an important role by supplying market and funding certainty. And of course, government spends massively on medical research every year maybe not enough! I mean, we all know this. We all know federal research spending is important.

And yet Twitter went crazy nuts about Haleys tweet because she didnt also credit government. (Some of this group even blames, bizarrely, capitalism for the pandemic.) What about NIH? As if she thinks we are living in some minimalist government utopia where government doesnt spend quite a bit on science research.

On the other hand, many capitalism critics seem to think the private sector really contributes nothing, that drug companies merely exploit government research and US taxpayers for filthy profit. Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, for instance, has said that by funding federal research agencies such as the National Institutes of Health, the public is acting as an early investor, putting tons of money in the development of drugs that then become privatized. The American people get no return on the investment that they have made. Here is part of my 2019 podcast chat with biotechnology entrepreneur Safi Bahcall (also author of Loonshots: How to Nurture the Crazy Ideas That Win Wars, Cure Diseases, and Transform Industries):

There are three things that people who talk about this get wrong so often. Number one, that federal dollars pay for new drugs. No. Federal dollars pay for ideas. Heres the difference. I have an idea in the shower for a movie. Heres my vision: Robots take over the world. Thats an idea. Heres the product: the movie Terminator. The distance between an idea and basic research and a finished drug is roughly the distance between me having that idea in the shower and James Cameron making the movie Terminator. Its a huge, huge distance. So no, federal research does not pay for drugs. Federal research pays for ideas, and there are lots and lots of ideas for biology and drugs just like there are lots of ideas for movies. And very, very few actually get turned into something useful.

Number two, that federal research turning into something commercial is a bad thing. As you just said in that sentence, thats exactly the point of federal research. Federal research funds market failures, game-theory issues where it doesnt make sense for any one company to invest but it does make sense for the entire society. Lets say the invention of GPS or the internet or fusion power or nuclear power or genetic engineering. The goal of that is to create something commercial. Otherwise, what are we doing it for? Just for fun?

Number three, that the government doesnt get any economic return. Of course it does. Once its created, whether its the biotechnology industry or the satellites that deliver GPS and its empowered every smartphone in the world or the internet which has enabled these trillion-dollar companies. What do those companies do every year? They pay taxes, a lot of taxes. And what do those individuals who work at those companies do every year? They pay taxes. So, of course they get an economic return.

And, finally, to ignore the indispensable role of the private sector in frontier-pushing innovation and tech progress is a massive mistake. As I have written:

The old Soviet Union, recall, had plenty of natural resources and an educated population. In his famous analysis of why the Soviets centrally planned economy failed, economist Joseph Berliner wrote, It is only a slight exaggeration to assert that if the Soviet Union had succeeded in matching the technological attainment of the leading capitalist countries, there would have been no Gorbachev, no perestroika, and no retreat from socialism. But the Soviet economy lacked the Darwinian struggle for market share and profits that otherwise would have compelled industry to seek and adopt new innovation, either technological or operational. There was, Berliner explains, no invisible foot of competition where firms faced the threat of failure from new rivals if they did not innovate.

And if you think China is powerful counter-evidence, think again.

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Nikki Haley, capitalism, and fighting the coronavirus pandemic - American Enterprise Institute

Luck? Genetics? Italian island spared from Covid-19 outbreak – Deccan Herald

Stranded on a tiny Italian island, a cancer researcher grew increasingly alarmed to hear that one, and then three more visitors had fallen ill with Covid-19.

Paola Muti braced for a rapid spread of the coronavirus to the 800 closely-knit islanders, many of whom she knows well. Her mother was born on Giglio Island and she often stays at the family home with its charming view of the sea through the parlor's windows.

But days passed and none of Giglio's islanders developed any Covid-19 symptoms even though the conditions seemed favorable for the disease to spread like wildfire.

The Gigliesi, as the residents are known, socialise in the steep alleys near the port or on the granite steps that serve as narrow streets in the hilltop Castle neighbourhood, with densely packed homes built against the remnants of a fortress erected centuries ago to protect against pirates.

Follow latest updates on the Covid-19 pandemic here

Dr. Armando Schiaffino, the island's sole physician for around 40 years, shared Muti's worry that there would be a local outbreak.

Every time an ordinary childhood illness, like scarlet fever, measles or chicken pox strikes, within a very few days practically all get infected on Giglio, he said in an interview in his office near the port.

Muti, a breast cancer researcher at the University of Milan where she is an epidemiology professor, decided to try to find out why it wasn't happening this time.

Were residents perhaps infected but didn't show symptoms? Was it something genetic? Something else? Or just plain luck?

Dr. Schiaffino came to me and told me, 'Hey, look, Paola, this is incredible. In this full pandemic, with all the cases that came to the island, nobody is sick.' So I said to myself: 'Right, here we can do a study, no? I am here,' Muti said.

By then, Muti was trapped on the island by Italy's strict lockdown rules. What was especially puzzling to her was that many of the islanders had had close contact with the visitors.

Giglio's first known Covid-19 case was a man in his 60s who arrived on February 18 a couple of days before Italy's first native case" would be diagnosed in the north.

The man came to Giglio for a relative's funeral, and had been coughing all the way though the service, Muti said.

The virus is mainly spread through droplets when someone coughs, sneezes or talks. The man headed back on the ferry the same day to the mainland and died three weeks later in a hospital.

On March 5, four days before the national lockdown was declared, three more visitors came from the mainland and would test positive on the island. One of them was a German man from northern Italy, the initial epicenter of Europe's outbreak.

He socialised for several days with longtime friends in Giglio, including in public eateries. After a week, due to a bad cough, he was tested on the island and the result was positive. He self-isolated in a house on Giglio.

There were other known cases, including an islander who had lived in Australia for two years before slipping back onto Giglio in mid-March during lockdown to see his parents.

Three days after arriving on Giglio, he developed a mild fever and tested positive, Muti said. He self-isolated at his parents' home.

No other case has surfaced on Giglio, including since lockdown was lifted in early June, and tourists from throughout Italy have been arriving.

Giglio is part of Tuscany, and its health office quickly sent over kits to test for antibodies to see if others may have had Covid-19.

In late April, just before the first lockdown travel restrictions would be eased, the islanders had their blood tested, lining up outside the island's school and doctor's office.

Of the 800 or so year-round residents, 723 volunteered to be tested.

We all wanted to do it, to be tranquil about any possible infection, but also to help science,'' said Simone Madaro, who had been working at the cemetery while the infected man had gathered with fellow mourners.

The Reverend Lorenzo Pasquotti, the priest who conducted the service for around 50 mourners, and who himself was tested recalled: After the funeral, there were greetings, hugging and kissing, as is the custom.

Then came the procession to the cemetery, where there were more hugs and kisses.

Of the islanders tested, only one was found to have antibodies, an elderly Gigliese man who had sailed on the same ferry to the island with the German visitor, Muti said.

Intrigued about why the virus didn't seem to interact" with the island's native population, Muti hadn't reached any conclusions by the time she was preparing to leave the island this month. She plans to write up up her study for eventual publication.

It's possible, Muti guessed, that islanders weren't exposed to enough Covid-19 to get infected.

That possibility was also voiced by Massimo Andreoni, head of infectious diseases at Rome's Tor Vergata hospital. He noted some patients are simply less capable of spreading the disease for reasons that are still unclear.

Chance might have played a role, said Daniel Altmann, a professor of immunology at Imperial College London.

It could be something more or less trivial nobody got infected because through good luck there was little contact,'' he said in an email exchange.

Or, Altmann also noted that it could be something important and exotic, such as a genetic variant common among the island's population.

With many of the Gigliesi intermarrying through generations, Muti would like to do a genetic study someday if she could obtain funding.

Giglio lies in pristine waters in a protected regional marine sanctuary, and the islanders voice relief that they live in a natural environment they like to think is good for health, whatever Muti's study might determine.

As an island, as the environment goes, we're OK, no? said Domenico Pignatelli, as the elderly man kept company with friends in chairs placed on a stony street atop Giglio.

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Luck? Genetics? Italian island spared from Covid-19 outbreak - Deccan Herald

Scientists find the secret ingredient to improve brain power; exercise in a pill may soon be a reality – Economic Times

By Gretchen ReynoldsExercise may help change exercisers brains in surprising ways, according to a new study of physical activity and brain health. The study, which included both mice and people, found that exercise prompts the liver to pump out a little-known protein, and that chemically upping the levels of that protein in out-of-shape, elderly animals rejuvenates their brains and memories. The findings raise provocative questions about whether the brain benefits of exercise might someday be available in a capsule or syringe form essentially exercise in a pill.

We already have considerable evidence, of course, that physical activity protects brains and minds from some of the declines that otherwise accompany aging. In past rodent studies, animals that ran on wheels or treadmills produced more new neurons and learned and remembered better than sedentary mice or rats. Similarly, older people who took up walking for the sake of science added tissue volume in portions of their brains associated with memory. Even among younger people, those who were more fit than their peers tended to perform better on cognitive tests.

But many questions remain unanswered about how, at a cellular level, exercise remodels the brain and alters its function. Most researchers suspect that the process involves the release of a cascade of substances inside the brain and elsewhere in the body during and after exercise. These substances interact and ignite other biochemical reactions that ultimately change how the brain looks and works. But what the substances are, where they originate and how they meet and mingle has remained unclear.

So, for the new study, which was published this month in Science, researchers at the University of California, San Francisco, decided to look inside the minds and bloodstreams of mice. In past research from the same lab, the scientists had infused blood from young mice into older ones and seen improvements in the aging animals thinking. It was like transferring a memory of youth through blood, says Saul Villeda, a professor at UCSF, who conducted the study with his colleagues Alana Horowitz, Xuelai Fan and others.

Those benefits were a result of the donor animals young age, though, not their exercise habits. The scientists suspected that exercise would spark additional changes in the bloodstream that might be transferable, whatever an animals years.

Intrigued, the scientists next set out to find what differed in the exercisers blood. Using sophisticated mass spectrometry and other techniques, they separated out and enumerated various proteins in the running animals blood that were not seen in similar profusion in blood from inactive mice.

Exercise may help change exercisers brains in surprising ways.

So, the researchers now employed genetic engineering to amplify the release of GPLD1 from the livers of old, inactive mice. Afterward, those animals performed almost like young mice on tests of learning and memory, and their brains teemed with far more newborn neurons than in other old mice. In effect, they gained the brain benefits of exercise without the effort of actually exercising.

To ensure that this reaction was not purely rodent-based, the scientists also checked blood drawn from elderly people. The older men and women who habitually walked for exercise showed higher levels of GPLD1 in their bloodstreams than those who did not.

The combined upshot of these findings seems to be that exercise improves brain health in part by prompting the liver to pump out extra amounts of GPLD1, Villeda says, although it is not yet clear how the protein then changes the brain. Subsequent experiments by the scientists showed that the protein probably does not breach the blood-brain barrier and act directly on the brain, Villeda says. Instead, it is likely to incite alterations in other tissues and cells elsewhere in the body. These tissues, in turn, produce yet more proteins that have effects on other tissues that eventually lead to direct changes to the neurotransmitters, genes and cells in the brain itself that undergird cognitive improvements.

Villeda believes that if further experiments show that GPLD1, in isolation, helps to initiate this molecular chain reaction, then it is at least conceivable that infusions of the substance might offer the brain benefits of exercise to people who are too frail or disabled for regular physical activity.

This experiment principally involved mice, though, not people, and does not tell us anything about the systemic effects of extra GPLD1, which in high amounts might be undesirable. More fundamentally, the findings highlight the pervasive, intricate, whole-body effects of exercise, with the liver, in this case, somehow changing minds and brains after workouts. At the moment, it is impossible to know if the same synchronized, interwoven processes all would occur in response to a GPLD1 exercise pill and, if not, whether it could be considered an exercise pill at all.

Villeda is quick to agree that pharmaceutical GPLD1, even if effective for brain health, would not recapitulate the benefits of exercise. There would be none of the usual fat burning, muscle building or cardiovascular improvements, he points out. But he hopes that, if future experiments in his lab with animals and people show consistent results, the substance might eventually help people who find moving difficult to think better.

Being diagnosed with any health problem is taxing, but correctly understanding it is the key to dealing with a progressive, neurological condition. One such neurological condition is Parkinsons disease, first described by James Parkinsons 200 years ago. It is characterised by tremours, overall slowing, rigidity, falls, speech troubles, constipation and more.

With research ongoing to find a permanent cure, there are many things one can routinely do to keep its multifaceted symptoms under control.

On World Parkinsons Day, Dr Azad M Irani, Consultant Department of Neurology at Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, shares some points that will help you fight the disease.

Educating Oneself About Their IllnessUnderstanding the disease is a key to successful management. Once diagnosed with Parkinsons, request your doctor for reliable sources of information. Avoid reading unreliable information online as it may often be untrue and stressful. Advice received during small talks with relatives and friends must also be counter-checked as it may often be untrue and add to unnecessary stress.

Treatment Compliance And Timely Follow-UpsOne must take medicines on time. Dont miss follow-up appointments. Dont adjust your own medication. These can be harmful.

Physical ActivityAn essential part of successful treatment is daily exercise and physiotherapy, as this can delay progression of symptoms significantly if done regularly. Adequate sleep, preventing constipation are very important to minimise symptoms. The significance of weight loss for those overweight-obese should be emphasised. Continuing household chores, taking walks, and yoga help delay progression of symptoms significantly.

Healthy LifestyleKeeping oneself fit with a nutritious diet, sleeping on time, and daily meditation to relax calm a worried mind.

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Scientists find the secret ingredient to improve brain power; exercise in a pill may soon be a reality - Economic Times

Are the British conformist or libertarian? Our face mask response is telling – The Guardian

Later this week, the wearing of masks in shops and supermarkets will become mandatory in England. The question then will be how quickly the public accepts this new law whether face masks become a social norm could be of vital importance to public health.

The science behind the benefits of mask wearing is pretty solid. Masks principally protect others. You wear them because you dont want to pass on a nasty virus that you may not know you have. Pretty simple. Mathematical models suggest the more people that wear masks, the lower the transmission rate (effective R). And when we look abroad, the evidence supports this contention.

Mask wearing is, without the apparent necessity to enforce laws, almost ubiquitous in China, Japan, and south-east Asia. In a country once called the deferential nation, you might expect this policy would go down with relative ease. But a cursory glance at newspaper articles shows English commentators bristling at the suggestion of mandatory mask wearing. According to the Conservative MP Desmond Swayne, face masks are a monstrous imposition that threaten our fundamental liberties; the New York Times, meanwhile, reports that people in England would rather be sick than embarrassed.

For masks to be effective, people need to conform to wearing them. More than 80 years ago the behavioural psychologist Floyd Allport described what he called the J-curve hypothesis of conforming behaviour. He suggested that when a rule came into effect, almost everyone conformed, but a recalcitrant few resisted the rules with all their might, even to the point of breaking the law. They were usually a very small minority.

Allport looked at how motorists behaviour changed as they approached a crossroads and whether a stop sign was present or absent. Where a stop sign was absent, 17% of drivers stopped, 71% slowed down, and 12% kept going without slowing down. Put in a stop sign, however, and 75% of drivers stopped, 22% slowed a lot, 2% slowed a little, and just 1% didnt change their speed at all.

To achieve good compliance to a rule, Allport suggested, the purpose of it must be understood and the specifics must be crystal clear. The governments prevarications over masks with politicians regularly appearing without masks, and Michael Gove seemingly contradicting the mandatory policy later set out by Boris Johnson may have made this new rule anything but clear.

According to social psychologists, behavioural norms have two dimensions: first, how much a behaviour is exhibited, and second, how much the group approves of that behaviour. Getting people to wear masks requires social approval. The challenge for the government will be increasing social approval of mask wearing and doing it quickly. The medical historians Dorothy and Roy Porter once wrote that the subtle art of the administratively possible was at the heart of enforcing public health policies that threaten individual freedoms. Where this falls short, or where a policy is a matter of urgency, authorities may resort to using the threat of sanctions to quickly shift people towards perceiving something as a social norm which is why police in England will fine people for non-compliance.

We have a complex relationship with rules and public health in Britain. In the 19th century, when vaccination for smallpox was made compulsory, dissenters writing in 1854 declared that such a measure, unspeakably degrades the freeborn citizen, not only depriving him of liberty of choice in a personal matter, but even denying him the possession of reason. Those laws, which George Bernard Shaw later described as nothing short of attempted murder, were eventually repealed early in the 20th century for a number of reasons, including a belief that they were ineffective, that the side effects were worse than the diseases, and they were an assault on liberty. In much of the rest of the world, mandatory vaccination laws remain in place. Britain was, at least then, less deferential than Walter Bagehot might have anticipated.

Britains response to the introduction of mandatory seatbelts was rather more obedient. Those opposing the law argued, among other things, that it would be unenforceable. Proponents countered that the British were a law-abiding people and the measure would be virtually self-enforcing. And this proved to be the case when it was introduced in 1988. The compliance rate remains around 95%.

Americans, by contrast, responded more slowly. After seatbelt laws were introduced in the US at around the same time as the UK, initially only around 50% of Americans complied with them. Nowadays, compliance is around 90%. This same attitude in the US can be seen with the adoption of masks, where disputes have escalated even leading to a fatal shooting.

So, is Britain a land of feisty liberty-seeking individualism, or a deferential state? Perhaps it is neither. Notions of risk, public health, and adherence to norms, whether mandated through law or not, are playing out differently across the globe. Moving from east Asia, across Europe to the US, we can witness a gradient of mask use. In past times we might have viewed this as a gradient of the tradition of individualism, of non-conformity with social norms, of resistance to state authority. In Britain today we might instead see this as an expression of confusion, of a lack of concern for others, of limited social solidarity.

My sense, for what its worth, is that mask wearing will become more prevalent in England, more acceptable, less embarrassing, and will impact on the epidemiology in ways that are difficult to measure. Outliers will persist because full enforcement is too challenging, but they may be too few to matter. But another norm will persist for some time: our collective confusion about government interventions that should have been far clearer from the outset.

Richard Coker is emeritus professor of public health at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine

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Are the British conformist or libertarian? Our face mask response is telling - The Guardian

SPORTS MEDICINE:Routine needed in times that are anything but – nwitimes.com

The Panthers Kawann Short, an E.C. Central grad, has played a key role on the defensive line.

The big, bold and colorful mural on the outside wall of Columbus Drive Gyros hits you like a storm surge while entering the building.

Its a life-size painting of hometown hero Kawann Short, defensive tackle for the Carolina Panthers, in his No. 99 uniform and holding the Super Bowl 50 trophy triumphantly in his right hand, an event that was not to be.

Throughout Northwest Indiana, there were banners, posters and pep rallies throughout the city in support of the E.C. Central grad. Social media kept him in touch daily with the Region, as if he were standing at the corner of Chicago Avenue and Indianapolis Boulevard, taking it all in.

One particular banner stretched across Columbus Drive at Alder Street, proclaimed: East Chicago is proud of our hometown Kawann Short. We are East Chicago Super Bowl 50. Go Panthers!

That 10-by-10-foot mural at Columbus Drive Gyros was painted Jan. 28 by the artist known as Fhat Cousins, who worked on his labor of love for eight hours.

Im 6-foot, and I still have to look up at it, said restaurant owner John Troupis. Its a win-win for the city because it went viral on social media. People are always pulling up, taking pictures of it.

Kawann loved it and ended up sharing it (on social media). It lit a fire under everybody to join the celebrating.

E.C. Central and middle school football players watched the 2016 Super Bowl in the high schools mini-theater, with a pre-game video message delivered by Kawann Short.

Ive seen so much of the love coming from home. Its sincere and coming from the heart, he said by phone prior to the game. East Chicago isnt very big. It has only about 30,000 but they respect people who get out and do things with their lives.

And when you do, they gladly jump on board and support you 100 percent.

The 44th overall pick in the 2013 draft, Short went from five sacks combined over his first two seasons to an eye-popping 11 in 2105-16 a team record for defensive tackles before the NFL championship game.

But what really jumps out to students of the game is 11 sacks, 55 tackles and three forced fumbles by a 4-3 interior lineman who also is a fierce pass rusher on the edge.

Short has transformed from a player who flashed across the screen once a game to a surefire Pro Bowler.

Im just out here doing what Im doing and trying to help this team win. Its the only thing I can ask or work for, said the 6-foot-3, 315-pound Short.

Short has partnered with Athletes for Charity, HealthLinc and the East Chicago Fire and Police Departments to create academic incentives to benefit youth. Hes launched a Youth Literacy Project to deliver books and academic incentives to children in need of encouragement when it comes to reading and academic achievement.

They always come back. Theyve never forgotten about their city and thats whats so great, said Steve Segura, multimedia director of East Chicago.

Getting involved, sending a positive message, can work wonders in any environment.

Some guys play this game 16-17 years and havent been to the Super Bowl. Ive played three years and Im here, said Short, who had a video message for the citys football players watching Super Bowl 50 game at the high school:

Ive been in your position and in the same seats many years ago. I had a vision and a dream to be where I am today, Short said. East Chicago ... you guys have been behind my back 100 percent. I appreciate you guys for being there, showing love and support. Youve been amazing. Have a blessed day.

As kids, ETwaun Moore and Short often stopped at Columbus Drive Gyros for a quick bite after school. It was a popular hangout with their basketball teammates.

ETwaun was the star point guard and Kawann a power forward on the Cardinals 2006-07 team. Owner John Troupis recalled how the players, prior to sectionals, had assured him they were going to win the 4A championship.

He made a deal. Win state and its all you can eat.

The Cardinals advanced through the tourney knocking off Lowell, Munster, South Bend Adams, Valparaiso and Marion for a shot at Indianapolis North Central, featuring high school phenom Eric Gordon.

E.C. Central prevailed, 87-83.

It wasnt long after when Moore and Short, holding the trophy, led the Cardinals into Columbus Drive Gyros and said: Were really hungry!

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SPORTS MEDICINE:Routine needed in times that are anything but - nwitimes.com

Arnica Homeopathic Medicine: Overview, Uses, and Benefits – Healthline

Bright yellow in color and similar in appearance to the daisy flower, arnica (Arnica montana) is a perennial herb that grows in Canada, the United States, Europe, and East Asia. Its also known as mountain tobacco, mountain arnica, leopards bane, and wolfs bane (1).

Homeopathic arnica a highly diluted form has been used for centuries as an alternative medicine to treat hair loss, arthritis, inflammation, bruises, infections, and muscle and joint pain (1).

However, the herb itself is highly poisonous and considered unsafe. Therefore, many medical professionals advise against the herb due to its unknown effectiveness and safety.

This article tells you all you need to know about arnica in homeopathic medicine, including its uses, benefits, and potential risks.

Discovered in the 1700s by Samuel Hahnemann, homeopathic medicine is a controversial form of alternative medicine. Homeopathy involves administering highly diluted herbs and substances to promote healing (2).

Its based around several main principles, including (2, 3):

In fact, the solutions can be so diluted that theres very little compound remaining, although its still believed to be effective. Typically, homeopathic remedies are provided in pill, capsule, or tincture form (2).

Given the high prevalence of addiction to painkillers, many people turn to arnica as an alternative form of treatment.

Typically applied to the skin as a gel, ointment, salve, poultice, tincture, or oil, its believed to reduce pain and inflammation. Its also found in capsule and tablet forms that are taken orally (1, 4).

Homeopathic arnica is usually diluted 1030 times and uses the labels C for centesimal (more diluted) or D for decimal dilutions (less diluted). For example, a C10 and D10 dilution would indicate arnica was diluted 10 times at a dilution of 1-to-100 and 1-to-10, respectively (5).

Ultimately, the amount of arnica in most homeopathic solutions is almost nonexistent. Despite being a poisonous herb, homeopathic arnica is believed to be safe due to its high dilution (3).

Unlike the toxic arnica plant, homeopathic arnica contains trace amounts of arnica and is likely safe when consumed in small amounts. Many proponents of homeopathy recommend highly diluted arnica to treat pain and inflammation.

There are many arnica-related health claims. Due to the high level of skepticism from the medical community and fact that most initial studies showed limited efficacy, few modern studies exist in the literature.

Arnica is well known for its anti-inflammatory properties. It contains a wide array of inflammation-fighting plant compounds, such as sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. As such, its believed to help with pain management (1).

In a 2014 review study, applying topical arnica gel was found to be as effective as topical ibuprofen, a common pain reliever, at reducing osteoarthritis pain and improving physical function (6).

Another 2003 study found that taking 5 pills of arnica D30 twice daily significantly improved muscle soreness (7).

However, multiple studies showed no improvements when using C30 doses, though some of the research is on the older side (8, 9).

Interestingly, a 2010 study found that topical arnica with a potency of 7% of D1 gel led to a significant increase in calf pain 24 hours after performing calf exercises, further putting into question the effectiveness of homeopathic arnica (10).

Beyond this, the majority of studies and reviews have concluded that arnica is not effective for pain management, especially when delivered in tablet form. Nonetheless, the large inconsistencies in dosages and flaws in study design warrant up-to-date, higher quality research (11, 12, 13).

Bruises occur when tiny blood vessels burst due to some form of trauma, such as surgery or hitting your skin against an object. Historically, homeopathic arnica has been used to treat bruises, although research is mixed.

In one study, participants with small bruises were treated with either 20% arnica gel, 5% vitamin K, a combination of 1% vitamin K and 0.3% retinol, or a placebo. After 14 days, the arnica group had significantly less bruising compared with the placebo and combined group (14).

Another 10-day study found significant improvements in bruising and swelling post-rhinoplasty when arnica cream (D1 homeopathic solution) was applied topically, compared with the placebo group. Yet, the other treatment (mucopolysaccharide polysulfate cream) was equally effective (15).

However, numerous older studies have shown no benefit to using arnica in the treatment of bruises. Though, these studies used much smaller doses of arnica, suggesting that highly diluted arnica the goal of homeopathy is ineffective (16, 17, 18, 19).

Arnica is widely used in homeopathic medicine to promote hair growth, prevent hair loss, and treat dandruff. Its commonly found as an oil, shampoo, or hydrogel, a 99% water-based product.

Despite many anecdotal claims, limited research supports its ability to treat hair loss and promote hair growth. In fact, one case study in a 26-year-old woman with hair loss reported no improvements in hair growth after using homeopathic arnica oil (20).

In theory, applying arnica oil may help reduce scalp irritation and inflammation due to its anti-inflammatory properties, which may allow for a better environment for hair growth. However, more research is needed.

Topical arnica gel may improve skin bruising and reduce osteoarthritis pain and inflammation. Beyond this, limited research supports the use of homeopathic arnica for hair growth, muscle soreness, and other uses.

Before trying arnica, its important to be aware of potential risks and side effects.

Arnica either in whole plant form or large amounts of undiluted arnica (for example, plant extracts or oils) is poisonous and should be avoided.

Consuming it can lead to serious side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, high blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, coma, or even death (21, 22, 23, 24).

When arnica is highly diluted in homeopathic formulations, its likely safe to take orally. However, its best to avoid oral ingestion of homeopathic arnica (i.e., oils, tablets, tinctures) or other products containing arnica, including mouthwash unless under medical supervision.

Whats more, children, people with allergies to the Asteraceae family, those on certain medications, and women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should avoid taking arnica due to potentially life threatening safety concerns (21, 24, 25).

Overall, its critical to check with your healthcare provider before taking oral arnica, even if its highly diluted.

Additionally, topical arnica gel can lead to skin dryness, itchiness, rash, and increased pain. Certain products, such as bubble bath products, creams, and shampoos, may also cause these side effects. Avoid applying arnica gel or creams to broken skin or open wounds (21, 24, 26).

All people should avoid ingesting the whole arnica herb due to its high toxicity.

Moreover, women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should avoid ingesting arnica in all forms. In one case study, a 9-day-old breastfed infant experienced a large decrease in red blood cells after its mother began drinking arnica extract tea (27).

Those who have a ragweed allergy or an allergy to other members of the Asteraceae family should avoid arnica, as these belong to the same plant family (24, 28).

Finally, those with certain medical conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease, high blood pressure, and arrhythmias, should avoid its use (24).

Though theres limited research available, arnica may interact with antiplatelet medications (e.g., Aspirin and Plavix) and herbs (e.g., clove, garlic, ginger, ginkgo, and ginseng) (24).

Its best to consult your healthcare provider before using homeopathic arnica orally or topically.

Homeopathic arnica is highly diluted and likely safe for use in small amounts. However, those who are pregnant or breastfeeding, have ragweed allergies, or taking certain medications should avoid its use. Always speak to your healthcare provider first.

Currently, there are no standard recommendations for homeopathic arnica for treating bruises or pain.

Further, most oral homeopathic arnica products come in widely varying doses. The most common include C12, C30, and C200 all of which are extremely diluted.

For topical arnica gels, be sure to follow the instructions on the label and only use highly diulted products. Most over-the-counter products can be applied topically 23 times daily for up to 3 weeks.

Its best to store all forms of arnica in a cool, dry environment away from direct sunlight.

However, arnica products are not regulated in the same way as medications, and the stated quantities on the package may not be accurate. Therefore, do not use more than indicated, and be sure to run this by your healthcare provider first (24).

Always follow the directions on the label or those of your healthcare provider when taking homeopathic arnica.

Arnica is a perennial herb thats used in many homeopathic products, such as tablets, creams, and gels.

Some small studies show promise in using topical homeopathic arnica gel to treat bruises and osteoarthritis pain. However, theres limited research to show it helps with hair growth, muscle pain, and other claims.

Though the plant is toxic, taking homeopathic arnica is likely safe when consumed in small amounts because its highly diluted. Those who are pregnant, breastfeeding, allergic to ragweed, or on antiplatelet medications should avoid taking homeopathic arnica.

If youre interested in trying homeopathic arnica, be sure to speak with a healthcare professional first.

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Arnica Homeopathic Medicine: Overview, Uses, and Benefits - Healthline

Military medicine joins forces to fight COVID-19 around the world – DC Military

From the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the efforts of Navy Medicines research and development enterprise (NMR&D) to support everything from outbreak response to laboratory detection and warships to floating hospitals highlights the speed and relevance of military medical and scientific capabilities that help make the U.S. armed forces so strong.

From staffing aboard the Navys hospital ships and aircraft carriers to clinical studies at hospitals and in the field, many of Naval Medical Research Centers (NMRC) staff members were out helping to quash COVID-19 during quarantine. Capt. Charmagne Beckett, senior clinical research medical officer at NMRCs Infectious Diseases Directorate, deployed within three days of receiving the order to the U.S. Forces Japan (USFJ) where she is now the Assistant Officer in Charge.

The USFJ Surgeon, dual hatted as the U.S. Air Force 374th Medical Group (MDG) Commander, submitted several requests for forces to support the COVID-19 mission. The additional forces allowed the standing up of the Surgeon Cell with the mission to monitor, prevent, contain, and mitigate the spread of COVID-19 disease through direct action and collaborative efforts to preserve Warfighter readiness by keeping our service members, civilian employees, family members, and our neighboring community healthy, resilient and safe.

Multiple commands from the Navy and Air Force responded to the request with personnel from all over the country, including Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Naval Hospital Camp Pendleton, Wright Patterson, Randolph Air Force Base (AFB), Randolph AFB, Davis-Monthan AFB, Scott AFB and Naval Medical Center San Diego. Beckett and the 14-member team are providing knowledge, skill sets and capabilities from a variety of disciplines: preventive medicine, infectious diseases, advanced care nursing, medical planning, public health analytics and medical surveillance. Beckett and the Surgeon Cell team are providing direct support and advisement of all COVID-19 related activities.

We are hopeful that the USFJ Surgeon Cell provides strength to the overall COVID-19 response across Japans sub-unified commands. Specifically, at the 374th MDG, clinical research activities were limited prior to COVID-19 but the need to establish access to potential life-saving therapeutics was great thus paving the way for speedy processing of protocol approvals and training, Beckett said.

The 374th MDG located at Yokota AB, Japan, ensures medical readiness of the 374th Airlift Wing, 5th Air Force, the U.S. Forces Japan Headquarters staff and provides health care, including occupational health, preventive medicine and environmental protection to more than 11,000 personnel.

Working in a new environment even temporarily requires adjustments to professional routines as well as personal. The additional COVID-19 restrictions and requirements do not hinder the work efforts but they can sometimes add to the challenges and no deployment is without challenges.

The major challenge is the requirement to gather and synthesize the rapidly evolving information regarding COVID-19. We are cautious to avoid missing important information that would threaten to impact operational missions, Beckett said.

This mission demands learning and adapting to a joint environment, she added. After 26 years on active duty, staying flexible is a personal, life-long lesson that Ive continued for this mission. Things change swiftly and constantly especially with COVID-19.

Beckett and the Surgeon Cell team are expected to remain in Japan for roughly 170 days and they are already planning redeployments. A new rotation will replace the current team in order to maintain the critical functions. NMR&D has deployed over 30 people to the COVID-19 fight to date.

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Military medicine joins forces to fight COVID-19 around the world - DC Military

Letter: Please let science and medicine lead the discussion on queer youth – INFORUM

In the last few months weve been hearing about trans youth from individuals with huge platforms such as JK Rowling or Joe Rogan. Recently weve seen the North Dakota Republican Party approve their platform with statements stating queer compulsions are primarily developmental and not genetic, LGBTQ+ practices are unhealthy and dangerous, and protections for queer folk must be stopped because they will result in lawsuits (bakers), crimes (voyeurs), and corruption of youth.

This language from the ND GOP is as unfounded as it is extreme and disappointing. In North Dakota, we have the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, which is a survey of approximately 10,000 students. The data from this survey is showing that our queer youth are disproportionately targets of harassment, bullying and homelessness. The Trevor Project recently released data showing the negative impacts from rejecting queer youth at https://www.thetrevorproject.org/survey-2020/. The language and policy we are seeing from the ND GOP will have direct harm on a group that is already suffering.

The Endocrine Society of America did a literature review of 40 different studies looking into the origin of the transgender condition and made a statement it should be considered to have a biological underpinning. We have a number of studies that show trans individuals brain structure matches their identity and 70 years of medical research into the transgender condition.

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It is incredibly unfortunate that we are making the trans condition into something political, where we are listening to and being led by the feelings and opinions of people who have no actual experience or knowledge on the subject. While they may find a study or two that confirms their feelings, I assure everyone that the major medical consensus is being queer is not a choice, not contagious, and most negative outcomes these youth experience come from rejection and bigotry.

Minnesota has had comprehensive LGBTQ+ protections for over 25 years. This list of fears is just not found when looking at the results of inclusive policy. This notion of it being a choice or lifestyle has been shelved by most of the modern world because there is no common lifestyle between any member of the LGBTQ+ community. Its a diverse group of people belonging to every religion, every political party, every hobby, community and interest.

And while none of this may matter compared to religious freedom, all practitioners of faith I know have tenants of love and acceptance. It really feels like a perversion of religion to use it in a way to attack the most vulnerable because of personal feelings or political agenda.

Our queer youth in North Dakota are already struggling beyond belief and it really should be a non-partisan issue to research and implement effective policy to reduce these negative outcomes. If a person finds themselves with a trans child, please do not follow the opinions we hear online or from politicians. Please seek professional medical opinion of someone who has experience in this topic and listen to what they say.

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Letter: Please let science and medicine lead the discussion on queer youth - INFORUM