Not Everyone in Philly Has Access to Pads and Tampons. Thats a Problem. – Philadelphia magazine

Q&A

No More Secrets, a Mount Airy-based nonprofit, is doing the work to combat Philadelphia's period poverty.

Founder Lynette Medley (right) and her No More Secrets team are working to end period poverty in Philly at a grassroots level. | Photos courtesy No More Secrets.

I realize Im getting my period when I go to the bathroom with cramps and find that quite suddenly, Im bleeding heavily. I grab two Midol, a tampon that Ill have to change soon, and, depending on the pain level, a heating pad, and get on with my day. Some days, the pain is debilitating, and my body feels weak and woozy. Some days, I can tolerate it well. Regardless, I never have to worry about blood leaking everywhere. I can afford the tampons I prefer, the size that works for me, and pads for extra lining when I need it.

For much of Philadelphia, the reality is different.

Women all over Philadelphia wake up with their periods their uteruses contracting, often painfully, to help expel their lining and no supplies to help them manage the pain or the blood flow. Theyll miss work or school, or try to manage the bleeding in other ways, like by using kitchen towels or old rags. Theyll ruin clothes and underwear because of this. Theyll ration pads and tampons to get through. And theyll do it again next month.

This is period poverty: the inability to afford products for dealing with menstruation. Its an issue most often associated with developing countries (a UPenn sophomore won an Oscar last year for her work depicting the issue in New Delhi), but its actually common throughout the United States.

One local organization is trying to change that reality here in Philly. No More Secrets, a sexuality awareness and counseling organization, was founded in 2012 by Mount Airy-based sexual health counselor Lynette Medley, 51, who delivers daily care packages with her daughter, Nya McGlone, 28.

Medleys nonprofit delivers almost 200 three-month supplies of menstrual products in the Greater Philadelphia area each week, undaunted by thunderstorms, 95 degree weather and COVID-19. A normal day for the No More Secrets crew means upwards of 50 deliveries of menstrual products in the city and suburbs.

And what theyre doing is sorely needed. A 2019 study of American cities found that two-thirds of low-income women didnt have the resources to buy menstrual products at some point within the past year. In Philadelphia, almost a quarter of our citizens live in poverty, with Black Philadelphians being about twice as likely to live in poverty as white Philadelphians. And, for some reason, period products which are a human necessity for health, sanitation, and attending work or school arent covered by Medicaid or SNAP. Theyre also not uniformly available in our public schools. In addition to the years of work by No More Secrets, newer organizations like the teenage-run Menstrual Equity Project have been seeking to fill the gaps in Philly schools recently, but this problem mostly continues, as it has for years, without a government solution in sight.

In July, No More Secrets launched its latest social action campaign, #BlackGirlsBleed, to help raise awareness of and end period poverty, address systemic racism in the menstrual health space, and decrease stigma about menstruation in Black communities.

I chatted with No More Secrets founder Lynette Medley to find out more about #BlackGirlsBleed and period poverty in Philadelphia and what we can do about it.

Lynette Medley delivering supplies in the Philly area. | Photograph courtesy of Lynette Medley

Philadelphia magazine: How did you decide to launch your latest social media campaign?Medley: With #BlackGirlsBleed, we are really intentional about entering a space that is not really welcoming to Black bodies and Black organizations. We are really trying to push the envelope and get donations that are actually going to do good. We are trying to ask people to be inclusive of our efforts. Its funny, because we are small very small and we have been doing a lot, because it is our passion.

How did you first become aware of the extent of period poverty in Philadelphia?Im a therapist and sexual awareness counselor. I got into this space because of a situation with a client who was referred to me for acting out sexually. This 13-year-old young lady was sent to me for help.

I asked her, What is going on that you are acting this way? She said, Its just that I will do whatever I can to get a pad or tampon for me and my siblings! My mouth dropped. I was shocked.

I said, What are you talking about?! She said she would do whatever she could everything from stealing to selling her body. I said, You are kidding me!

I said we could fix it. We could call somebody. I told her, Im sure there are resources out there let me call these people. She told me, There are no resources.

Of course, I said we could fix it. We could call somebody. I told her, Im sure there are resources out there let me call these people. She told me, There are no resources. I said, Well, lets call together.

We start calling. I start calling my friends and the city and the health department and the schools. They said they could give her one pad or tampon, but not multi-day supplies. I told her, Dont worry, I am sure there is a bank somewhere. There was no bank. There were no resources. I said Well, doesnt public assistance cover it? She said no. I started calling the government, the state, and to my surprise, nothing covered it. I was shocked. And that is how I got into this space.

So there were no government resources, and you had to take matters into your own hands?Yes. I started collecting and distributing menstrual product donations immediately. I started with saying we were gathering toiletries for teens to raise money. I was aware that there is a stigma, and I didnt want to ask directly for funds for tampons. I didnt know how the community was going to donate, you understand? I wanted to keep it soft so it wouldnt shock them.

We started small, giving out small care packages, and worked our way up to having a menstrual supplies bank that we manage. Everything is still organic. We still have dont have a corporate sponsor; we dont have brands that are funding us. Everything has been from donations and marketing what we do ourselves. When we created the menstrual supplies bank, the people that need these supplies told me that they dont have money to travel to even pick up these supplies they need them delivered. Thats how we started the delivery service.

There is a stigma, and I didnt want to ask directly for funds for tampons. I didnt know how the community was going to donate, you understand? I wanted to keep it soft so it wouldnt shock them.

That is fascinating. I think many people dont understand that this problem isnt only happening in developing countries its a Philadelphia issue.Thats very true. I get frustrated sometimes, but at the end of the day, I think there is really a lack of education and awareness about it. I feel like we arent talking about it enough. I dont think women talk about it enough in general. I started this #BlackGirlsBleed campaign because I really think there is a deficit in communities of color. The purpose was to amplify the voices of Black women, and also to reach out to different brands and suppliers and say, I see your pages, but I dont see people that look like us talking about our experiences. I really just want to decrease the stigma in the communities of color specifically.

For example, not everybody dealing with this is living in total poverty. Many women who ask for donations are hourly wage earners struggling to meet their families needs. Usually when people find me to get products, I find out that their attitudes towards their periods are generational. Theyll say, My mom did it, and my grandmother did it. We all stayed home, couldnt go to school, and we just used this or that. People are still using pieces of rag and pieces of comforter and socks and thinking that its okay. I have had parents and they work, and they are just trying to buy food, and they are trying to pay for utilities, and they and their children use paper towels because there isnt another option for them. Its so much deeper than people imagine, because we really arent talking about it. People dont have a space to talk about it.

What is period poverty, by your definition?Menstrual equity and period poverty are two different things. A lot of large organizations say they address period poverty. If you are giving someone a lunch bag with three tampons and two pads, that is not period poverty; that is menstrual equity. Its, I am giving you this for a moment until you can get other things.

Period poverty is, I dont have any pads; I cant get access to pads or tampons; me and my family need monthly supplies. Period poverty is when you are rationing pads between your sisters every month. That is a whole different conversation. But all these organizations are saying period poverty. So you give me two tampons in the little brown bag , and they are talking about solving period poverty! That is for what, one day? A half-day of my cycle?

What can change at a policy level? In the majority of the United States, these items are still taxed. I dont really get into that conversation about the Pink Tax, because the populations we serve whether its taxed or non-taxed, they still cant pay for it. A dollar or two is not going make a difference for them. These people have stood in lines all summer in the heat trying to get food. Some people would call me and say they need period supplies so they can go get food, because they are bleeding and they dont have toilet paper or paper towels. They cant go get supplies because they are bleeding.

I have had meetings with city officials and with the Department of Human Services and the Department of Public Health. I have gotten rebuttals like, This is not an issue in the community. How can you prove it? Where is the research? There does need to be more research so we have the evidence to show. I think this needs to be on the risk assessment for the Department of Human Services as risky behaviors, like housing insecurity and food insecurity.

Tell me more about the #BlackGirlsBleed Campaign this past month.#BlackGirlsBleed is a movement that we started in July of 2020 addressing the systemic racism in the practices of the menstrual space. The menstrual space is really a white space. There are not many people of color in these commercials and at these companies. We realized because of that, menstrual brands and menstrual movements have not historically uplifted Black communities or Black organizations. They dont like to give us resources even though we are on the ground doing the work. I want to highlight the disparities. I want to highlight that Black girls bleed and share their stories. We realized that women in our communities dont see people like them talking about their menstrual cycles, talking about their periods. Its not just menstrual equity its self-esteem-building, and changing the conversation and helping to empower young women to love themselves.

Their experiences are different than they might see in ads. Ill ask girls, What do you see in the commercials? They talk about people who are surfing and swimming and high-diving, but they say, That is not my experience.

We need to get to reality and be able to get to talk about these issues and not feel shame. It is really just a way of highlighting their voices and amplifying how they feel in our community. We want to get rid of the generational stigma within communities of color. I want women to start seeing more people talking about it. Women in our communities often suffer in silence.

Not everybody dealing with this is living in poverty. Many women who ask for donations are hourly wage earners struggling to meet their families needs.

Photograph courtesy of Lynette Medley.

Do you partner with schools or other local organizations?We do all the deliveries. We delivered to the School District of Philadelphia when it was open. When we delivered to them, they were called RED boxes resources for education and distribution. We would give a huge bin filled with pads, tampons, wipes, whatever the school requested. The school system only supplies feminine products to a very small number of our hundreds of schools. And, they only distributed size-one pads. Nurses who got these supplies told us, We need heavier; we need thicker; we need this size; we need variety.

Thats true. A thin size-one pad would be useless for me and many women I know.Yes. Its not like anyone is asking for a certain brand. I am trying to fit the needs of the people that I am serving. If you are giving size-one pads to a child in poverty who already has an irregular or heavy period, and they are having clots and they are in class, they cant use it. They will tell me, I am still not going to go to school, because I will be there bleeding over this size-one pad on the one uniform I have, and my mom doesnt have regular running water, so I dont know when it will be washed.

I have women who have been in the EARN program. They tell me, I get fired every time because I dont have pads. I only have one outfit to wear to work, and two pairs of underwear, and the boss will ask, Why do you keep going to the bathroom? Its because I have one dollar-store pad and I leak through it every five minutes. These are conversations we just dont have. People are really suffering, and it is actually keeping some people in poverty.

I dont feel as though it is a handout, because I feel that its a disgrace and discriminatory in nature to not address menstrual rights in our communities. I feel it is a human rights issue. Im just giving them what they need to live their lives.

Is there any ever hesitation or shame from people about receiving these boxes of pads and tampons from you?We used to be like thieves in the night and go out to deliver at night, in the dark. Then one day, one of the recipients in our community, Amirra Jenkins, asked me, Why are you not thinking business? Why are you not posting this on IG so people know what you are doing? We took a picture, and soon we started seeing all these girls posting it on social media. So now, people all want to take a picture with us. They want to change this perception.

It was so surprising to me, but the girls feel proud that this is a movement. Its a movement for these girls and women to say, This makes no sense that this happening, and to take a stand. I dont feel as though it is a handout at all, because it is a disgrace and discriminatory in nature to not address menstrual rights in our communities. I feel it is a human rights issue. Im just giving them what they need to live their lives.

To donate to No More Secrets, visit their website here. You can also follow them on Instagram here.

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Not Everyone in Philly Has Access to Pads and Tampons. Thats a Problem. - Philadelphia magazine

University System of Maryland to require COVID-19 testing this fall – Maryland Daily Record

Testudo overlooks McKeldin Mall at the University of Maryland in College Park. (The Daily Record / Tim Curtis)

The University System of Maryland announced Thursday that students, faculty and staff returning to all of its campuses must be tested for COVID-19 within 14 days prior to arrival. Students and employees must also submit official confirmation of a negative result to university officials.

USMs 11 universities, which are typically home to over 170,000 students, will also implement additional infection prevention and control protocols and work with individuals if complications arise as they attempt to get tested, according to a statement released Thursday.

Anyone who tests positive for COVID-19 prior to arriving at a USM campus will not be allowed to return until a required period of isolation has been met, the system said. Those who test positive after arriving on campus will consult with university officials regarding medical follow-up and isolation requirements.

The announcement comes amid an intense national debate over reopening the nations schools from kindergarten up to universities.

USM policies were developed in response to increases in COVID-19s spread. Institutions engaged in involved and intentional discussions among themselves and worked closely with the Maryland Department of Health and its local jurisdictions, said Joann Boughman,senior vice chancellor for academic affairs at USM.

USM also took guidance from its professors with expertise in medicine and public health. Officials said adhering to testing, symptom monitoring and disease mitigation protocols are essential, for both safety and the ability to resume and sustain in-person instruction this fall.

Marylands cases, which started decreasing in late May and began increasing again at the beginning of July, have not been accelerating as rapidly as much of the nations. Right now, Marylands seven-day-averages total out to 873 cases and 10 deaths daily, according to data from the New York Times.

Prince Georges County has the highest rates of infection and death per capita in the state. One out of 40 residents has reportedly been infected with COVID-19. One out of 1,200 has died.

USMs largest campus, the University of Maryland, College Park, is in Prince Georges County. The university last year enrolled over 40,000 students, and it plans to welcome some of them back on Aug. 31. Population on campuses will be quite limited, a fraction of what would occur under more traditional circumstances like fall 2019, said Mike Lurie, media relations and web manager at USM.

Boughman said the system hopes students will be able to access nearby testing sites, which are often provided at no cost or covered by health care providers. Some USM campuses, like College Park, will set up testing sites on their grounds.

While were waiting for the test results, we want students to be not fully interacting and out there. In general, we want them to hunker down if you will, Boughman said. Were not asking them to quarantine in their room and not come out of their rooms, but we want them to in fact be prudent in what theyre doing until we get negative tests back. Once we get the negative tests back, we remain expecting students to do their symptom monitoring on a daily basis and follow the other public health actions.

Individual system universities will provide guidance to students and employees who have been tested for COVID-19 but are still awaiting their test results at the start of the fall semester. The schools alsowill share alternative testing arrangements with anyone who is unable to access a COVID-19 test before arriving.

Each campus will manage records of negative tests differently, said Boughman. Students living in on-campus residences must have this documentation when they move in, and they will be referred for testing if they do not. Universities will also use their campus health officials, registrars offices and general student management systems to stay organized and enforce this requirement.

All students and employees returning to a USM institution must also begin daily symptom monitoring and reporting 14 days before their arrival on campus. Individual universities will provide further evaluation and guidance to anyone reporting COVID-19-associated symptoms.

USMs statement provided a list of five requirements that employees, students and visitors at every USM institution must adhere to:

Individual universities will share with their campus communities the consequences of noncompliance with these rules.Noncompliance could lead to disciplinary measures through a universitys student conduct process, said Boughman. Still, she expects there will be flexibility for honest mistakes.

Everybody is going to be reasonable about this. There are times when people walk out of their dorm or a day they may forget a mask or something, Boughman said. It is the intentional noncompliance that we are most concerned about.

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University System of Maryland to require COVID-19 testing this fall - Maryland Daily Record

NIDDK 70th Anniversary (1950-2020) | NIDDK – National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Message from the Director

As NIDDK celebrates its 70th anniversary, we look back on decades of scientific advances and forward to what we will achieve in the decades to come. Discovery and innovation are at the core of our institute, the result of the dedication and talent of our staff and grantees. Our achievements together have led to better ways to prevent and treat conditions among the countrys greatest public health concerns, including diabetes, obesity, kidney diseases, and many others in our diverse mission. I invite you to read about some of these advances in the links below and to follow the development of our strategic plan, which will guide how NIDDK will maximize public investment in research and amplify efforts where needed the most.

This year weve faced remarkable challenges, as a global pandemic upended life as we know it. NIDDK staff, grantees, and trainees have risen to that charge at every step, joining the search for ways to combat COVID-19 or pioneering solutions to keep operations running smoothlydespite many uncertainties. With a strengthened spirit of community, we embark on the next 70 years with compassion and determination to preserve and advance public health.

- Griffin P. Rodgers, M.D., M.A.C.P.

Click anywhere on the NIDDK social media messages below to then like and share the posts on your Facebook and Twitter pages

Download our NIDDK 70th Anniversary Social Media Graphics (ZIP, 749.08 KB) and content to post on your Instagram , Facebook, and Twitter pages.

Over the past 70 years, NIDDK has made substantial scientific research advancements and our scientists have been honored with prestigious awards for their work to improve public health. Looking forward, we strive to discover better ways to help manage and treat diseases central to our missions. Learn more about NIDDK and its advances in the NIH almanac.

October 16, 1968 Dr. Nirenberg of the National Heart Institute shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with two other scientists. Dr. Nirenberg reported his celebrated partial cracking of the genetic code while an NIAMD scientist.

October 1972 Dr. Afinsen, chief of the Institutes Laboratory ofChemical Biology, shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with twoother American scientists for demonstrating one of the mostimportant simplifying concepts of molecular biology: that the threedimensionalconformation of a native protein is determined by thechemistry of its amino acid sequence. A significant part of theresearch cited by the award was performed while Anfinsen was withthe NIH.

November 1982 Dr. Neufeld, chief of the NIADDKs genetics andbiochemistry branch, received the Albert Lasker Clinical MedicalResearch Award. She was cited, along with Dr. Roscoe O. Brady ofthe then-named National Institute of Neurological andCommunicative Disorders and Stroke, for their contributions to theunderstanding and diagnosis of inherited diseases calledmucopolysaccharide storage disorders.

September 2010 Dr. Friedman, a NIDDK grantee and formergrantee Dr. Douglas Coleman won the Albert Lasker Basic MedicalResearch Award for discovering the hormone leptin, which plays akey role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure.

September 21, 2012 Dr. Starzl, a longtime NIDDK grantee, receivedthe Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award, shared withanother scientist for his work developing liver transplantation, anintervention that has restored normal life to thousands of peoplewith end-stage liver disease.

September 2016 Dr. Semenza, a NIDDK grantee, shared the AlbertLasker Basic Medical Research Award with NIH grantee Dr. WilliamG. Kaelin Jr. and another scientist for their discovery of the pathwayby which cells from humans and most animals sense and adapt tochanges in oxygen availabilitya process essential for survival.

October 7, 2019 NIDDK grantee Dr. Semenza shared the Nobel Prizein Physiology or Medicine with NIH grantee Dr. William G. Kaelin Jr.and another scientist for their discoveries of how cells sense andadapt to oxygen availability.

Chronic liver disease can result from many causes, the two most common being viral hepatitisincluding hepatitis B, C, and Dand nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NIDDK-supported research has yielded important knowledge that has improved the lives of people with many forms of chronic liver disease.

Over the past several decades, NIDDK has supported research to improve our understanding of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) through development of new approaches to study IBD and genetics, gut microbiome research, and personalized treatments for patients with IBD.

An estimated 37 million American adults have Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), and kidney diseases are the ninth leading cause of death in the United States. NIDDKs continued development and testing of new detection strategies, therapies, and community education helps support the health and quality of life of people with CKD.

Nutrition plays a fundamental role in sustaining health and preventing disease. The NIDDK supports an extensive and collaborative portfolio in nutrition research, including clinical studies of diet and nutrition, microbiomes, and precision approaches to dietary recommendations.

Obesity has risen to epidemic levels in the United States and it is a major public health challenge. NIDDK-supported research has improved our understanding of body weight regulation and yielded new treatment approaches for people with obesity.

NIDDK-funded research has made important strides in developing new treatments for diseases like Sickle Cell Disease and understanding anemia. Recently, research into how cells detect oxygen and react to low oxygen levels was selected as the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

NIDDK-supported research has led to critical knowledge in areas of intensive glucose control, preventing type 1 diabetes and improving longevity of people with the disease.

NIDDK research seeks to reduce the burden of this serious and all too common disease with findings shown to prevent, delay, and treat T2D in high-risk people or those living with the disease. NIDDK research also focuses its efforts in gestational diabetes studies and T2D in special populations.

The Healthy Moments celebration of NIDDKs 70th anniversary features five talks with NIHDirector, Dr. Francis Collins.

Episode 1: Creating Medical Devices to Improve Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

Episode 2: Using Genetics to Improve Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

Episode 3: Fighting Kidney Disease with Precision Medicine

Episode 4: Decoding the Burden of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Episode 5: Making Obesity Treatment More Personal

Healthy Moments is a weekly broadcast that provides listeners reliable, science-based,healthy lifestyle tips, actionable suggestions, and other important health informationfeaturing Dr. Griffin Rodgers, Director of NIDDK. View more Healthy Moments episodes.

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NIDDK 70th Anniversary (1950-2020) | NIDDK - National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Sarepta Therapeutics Receives Fast Track Designation for SRP-9001 Micro-Dystrophin Gene Therapy for the Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy -…

CAMBRIDGE, Mass., July 24, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc. (NASDAQ:SRPT), the leader in precision genetic medicine for rare diseases, today announced that theU.S. Food and Drug Administration(FDA) has granted Fast Track designation to SRP-9001 (AAVrh74.MHCK7.micro-dystrophin). SRP-9001 is an investigational gene transfer therapy intended to deliver its micro-dystrophin-encoding gene to muscle tissue for the targeted production of the micro-dystrophin protein. Safety and tolerability data at one year from four clinical trial participants who received SRP-9001 in Study 101 were recently published in JAMA Neurology, and Study 102, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of SRP-9001, is ongoing with results expected in early 2021.

The Fast Track designation is a process designed to facilitate the development and expedited review of drugs that treat serious conditions and fill unmet medical needs.In addition to Fast Track, SRP-9001 has also been granted Rare Pediatric Disease (RPD) designation. SRP-9001 was previously granted Orphan Drug status in the United States, the European Union and Japan.

About SRP-9001

SRP-9001 is an investigational gene transfer therapy designed to deliver the micro-dystrophin-encoding gene to muscle tissue for the targeted production of the micro-dystrophin protein. Sarepta is responsible for global development and manufacturing for SRP-9001 and plans to commercialize SRP-9001 in the United States. In December 2019, the Company announced a licensing agreement granting Roche the exclusive right to launch and commercialize SRP-9001 outside the United States. Sarepta has exclusive rights to the micro-dystrophin gene therapy program initially developed at the Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Childrens Hospital.

AboutSarepta TherapeuticsAt Sarepta, we are leading a revolution in precision genetic medicine and every day is an opportunity to change the lives of people living with rare disease. The Company has built an impressive position in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and in gene therapies for limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs), mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA, Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT), and other CNS-related disorders, with more than 40 programs in various stages of development. The Companys programs and research focus span several therapeutic modalities, including RNA, gene therapy and gene editing. For more information, please visitwww.sarepta.com or follow us on Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram and Facebook.

Forward-Looking StatementsThis press release contains "forward-looking statements." Any statements contained in this press release that are not statements of historical fact may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. Words such as "believes," "anticipates," "plans," "expects," "will," "intends," "potential," "possible" and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements include statements regarding SRP-9001s intention to deliver the micro-dystrophin-encoding gene to muscle tissue for the targeted production of the micro-dystrophin protein; Sareptas expectation to have results from Study 102 in early 2021; and Sareptas plan to commercialize SRP-9001 in the United States.

These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond Sareptas control. Known risk factors include, among others: fast track designation by the FDA may not lead to faster development or regulatory review or approval process, and does not increase the likelihood that SRP-9001 will receive marketing approval; Sarepta may not be able to complete clinical trials required by the FDA or other regulatory authorities for approval of SRP-9001; SRP-9001 may not result in a viable treatment suitable for commercialization due to a variety of reasons including the results of future research may not be consistent with past positive results or may fail to meet regulatory approval requirements for the safety and efficacy of product candidates; Sarepta may not be able to execute on its business plans and goals, including meeting its expected or planned regulatory milestones and timelines, clinical development plans, and bringing its product candidates to market, due to a variety of reasons, many of which may be outside of Sareptas control, including possible limitations of company financial and other resources, manufacturing limitations that may not be anticipated or resolved for in a timely manner, regulatory, court or agency decisions, such as decisions by the United States Patent and Trademark Office with respect to patents that cover Sareptas product candidates and the COVID-19 pandemic; and those risks identified under the heading Risk Factors in Sareptas most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, and most recent Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as well as other SEC filings made by Sarepta which you are encouraged to review.

Any of the foregoing risks could materially and adversely affect Sareptas business, results of operations and the trading price of Sareptas common stock. For a detailed description of risks and uncertainties Sarepta faces, you are encouraged to review the SEC filings made by Sarepta. We caution investors not to place considerable reliance on the forward-looking statements contained in this press release. Sarepta does not undertake any obligation to publicly update its forward-looking statements based on events or circumstances after the date hereof.

Internet Posting of Information

We routinely post information that may be important to investors in the 'For Investors' section of our website atwww.sarepta.com. We encourage investors and potential investors to consult our website regularly for important information about us.

Source: Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc.

Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc.

Investors:Ian Estepan, 617-274-4052iestepan@sarepta.com

Media:Tracy Sorrentino, 617-301-8566tsorrentino@sarepta.com

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Sarepta Therapeutics Receives Fast Track Designation for SRP-9001 Micro-Dystrophin Gene Therapy for the Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy -...

There’s No Such Thing as Family Secrets in the Age of 23andMe – WIRED

From time to time, Ann would notice qualities in Deniseher smarts, her athleticism, her bright blue eyesand think, she must have gotten that from her donor. She secretly hoped that one day Denise would track him down. She knew it was a long shot, though. The clinic hadnt even given her the donor number.

Norman succumbed to his drinking, and in 2010, at age 60, he died from cirrhosis of the liver. Denise was 32. Freed from her promise of secrecy, Ann prepared to tell her daughter the truth. Arriving home with the family after her youngest daughters graduation, Ann announced she had news. A thought came to Denise, as if from someone elses mind. Shes going to tell me my dad isnt my real dad. It took her aback. The idea had never occurred to her before.

Ann told her about the mumps, the infertility, the Birmingham clinic, the donor. She handed Denise the receipt from the clinicfor a couple hundred dollarsand a clipping from the Donor Sibling Registry, an organization that launched in 2000 to connect offspring to their donors and siblings. She hoped that Denise could use it to track down her biological father.

But Denise shrugged it off. She already had someone whod wanted to be her father. My dad was my dad, she said. I dont really need another one. OK, Ann thought, surprised. Thats that.

The first woman ever to give birth to a donor-conceived child never knew it. In 1884, an unscrupulous Philadelphia doctor named William Pancoast chloroformed one of his patients, then inseminated her using a rubber syringe loaded with sperm from what he considered his most attractive medical student. He eventually came clean to the womans husband, but the men agreed the mother would be better off left in the dark. The six medical students who witnessed the procedure were sworn to secrecy; however, compelled by the peculiar ethics of the case, one of them published an account of the affair 25 years later in a letter to the publication Medical World.

Donor insemination continued largely underground, sans chloroform, until the 1950s. Doctors typically used fresh semen from a limited supply of nearby medical studentsor occasionally their own. In 1953, an Arkansas doctoral student named Jerome K. Sherman successfully inseminated a woman with sperm hed frozen in solid carbon dioxide and preserved with glycerol. For the most part, a combination of stigma, religious opposition, and legal roadblocks kept the practice in the closet. In 1954 and again in 1963, state courts ruled that donor insemination constituted adultery, husband consent notwithstanding. They deemed the resulting children illegitimate.

That changed In 1973, when ULC, a nonprofit that drafts state legislation, introduced the Uniform Parentage Act, which was later adopted by a handful of states. It afforded legal paternity rights to the husbands of women who birthed children from donor sperm. A few years later, scientists developed reliable cryopreservation methods, setting the stage for commercial sperm banks. Freezing sperm allowed banks to stockpile catalogs of donors, ushering in an era of consumer choice.

Frozen sperm became standard in the late 1980s during the AIDS crisis, after several women contracted HIV from donors. A new infection could take months to show up on a test, so freezing kept sperm alive during a quarantine period, after which clinics could retest it. The practice remained voluntary, however; no law mandated it.

All the while, doctors advised couples against telling children the truth about their parentage, warning that it could threaten family unity. It wasnt until LGBTQ parents obtained widespread access to assisted reproduction that the practice started coming into the light. Nondisclosure wasnt really an option, and these children expressed curiosity about their origins.

The Sperm Bank of California, the countrys only nonprofit sperm bank, opened in Oakland in 1982, catering to lesbian couples. Responding to requests for more information, they pioneered the first identity disclosure program in 1983: Once donor-conceived people turned 18, they could request their donors identity and contact information. Commercial sperm banks seized the opportunity to expand their customer bases, adding their own identity disclosure programs.

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There's No Such Thing as Family Secrets in the Age of 23andMe - WIRED

Hot-and-cold golfers, try this gambling game to start scoring low – Golf.com

By: James Colgan July 24, 2020

Cut out the valleys and ride the peaks by playing in an eclectic format.

Getty Images

The psycho scorecard is a rite of passage in the world of golf no matter the visceral, occasionally exhausting level of frustration it causes players. The sight of rows of 2s and 3s alongside 6s and 7s (or worse, the dreaded snowman) is enough to raise the blood pressure of any sane golfer.

But worse than the outcome (which is typically a ballooning handicap) is the knowledge that accompanies the psycho scorecard. You know what youre doing at least some of the time youre on the course. But for whatever reason, you cant seem to put it together for longer than a few holes in a row.

I know all this because I am the holder of more than a few psycho scorecards in this season alone. I know the pain of going 3 under on the first four holes of the back nine only to record a 42 coming in, of starting the day bogey-bogey-double and realizing I need to go low to salvage my score.

Frankly, it stinks. Im tired of it. Which is why during my next round(s), Im trying out this weeks golf gambling format, the Eclectic Tournament.

An Eclectic Tournament is, essentially, a collection of your best scores from playing multiple rounds or multiple balls. This tournament is perfect for boom-or-bust players because, over the span of several rounds, your outlier scores should begin to vanish, while your lower scores remain.

An Eclectic Tournament is a perfect format to follow if (like me) youre someone who often falls victim to the psycho scorecard. You dont need to constantly score low, but if you want to be in contention, you have to ride your peaks while avoiding valleys on the same holes. For those whose golf game is feast or famine, its time to feast.

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Hot-and-cold golfers, try this gambling game to start scoring low - Golf.com

PAGCOR in the red as first-half gambling action grinds to a halt – CalvinAyre.com

The first half of 2020 has not been kind to the gaming industry. COVID-19 has attempted to maintain control over gambling and, for the most part, has done a good job, unfortunately. Many gaming operators across the globe have suffered major losses and are looking for ways to stop the hemorrhaging before things get even worse. The Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR), which governs the countrys casino industry and runs several venues of its own, hasnt been immune to the declines, either. It recently presented its results for the first half of the year, and the numbers arent good.

According to PAGCOR, it saw a net loss of almost $32.5 million across the first six months of 2020. Compared to a net gain of almost twice that for same period last year, the hit is huge. Total revenue from gaming operations dropped 49.5% from the first-half results last year, reaching just $374.88 million $743.46 million was seen a year ago.

Of the amount taken in, PAGCOR had to turn over $196.7 million on gaming taxes and other contributions, of which $177.48 million went to the Bureau of the Treasury. According to the laws governing PAGCORs operations, it must give up 50% of its gross take to the Philippine taxman. The entity has reportedly continued to be a good corporate citizen throughout the coronavirus ordeal.

Total expenses during the period dropped by 28.4%, according to PAGCOR, coming in at $230.24 million. This was made possible, in part, due to a cutback in outlay provided to several social responsibility programs and other types of donations it would have normally provided if it hadnt been for the massive losses brought about by COVID-19.

Regulatory fees collected from licensed casinos by PAGCOR during the period dropped, as well. During the first half of last year, PAGCOR received $277.91 million; however, the fees were cut to $138.24 million this year. The only positive movement seen centered on offshore operations, which fall under the Philippine Offshore Gaming Operators (POGO) scheme. The income collected from these entities increased from $54.3 million last year to $59.39 million this year.

That increase from the POGOs is certainly welcome, but PAGCOR cant be confident that the segment will be around for much longer. It is currently involved in a dispute with the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) over the latters attempt to collect a 5% franchise tax on all POGOs, a fee the regulator says is invalid.

As grim as the first half of the year was, the second half isnt shaping up to be much better. The number of cases of the coronavirus in the Philippines hasnt diminished, with Metro Manila, where most casinos are found, seeing the bulk of the infections. That has forced the area to stay locked down on quarantine until at least tomorrow. After that, according to the Manila Bulletin, the quarantine could be extended into August.

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PAGCOR in the red as first-half gambling action grinds to a halt - CalvinAyre.com

What is alt text in WordPress? How to add image descriptions on your web page to improve accessibility and website ranking – Business Insider…

Alt text is a short text description of an image published to the internet that can be read aloud by accessibility programs for the blind and visually impaired, including screen readers.

But theres another reason to include alt text: Google and other search engines use alt text to better understand your photos content, which affects your websites page ranking in search results.

Because WordPress is a popular web site publishing tool, it includes the ability for you to add alt text to images contained in those web pages. The best time to add alt text to an image is when you upload it to WordPress. This way, the image has alt text right from the start, and the text is already there every time you add the image to a web page.

If the image is already in the WordPress media library and you are merely selecting it to insert in the post, there may already be a description in the alt text field in the Attachment Details pane. If the alt text is appropriate, insert it into the post. But if you prefer, you can edit the alt text before adding it.

While alt text is not required, you should strive to add useful, well-crafted alt text to every image you publish via WordPress so all users and search engines can better understand your content.

Heres how to write and add alt text in WordPress.

Because alt text describes the image to a visually impaired person, try to make the alt text as useful as possible. That will also help search engines rank your web pages appropriately for relevant keywords. Here are some things to keep in mind:

1. While writing a post in WordPress, click Add Media at the top of the page.

2. Add the image to your media library, either by browsing or dragging it to the web page.

3. After the is uploaded, the Attachment Details page should appear on the right side of the screen. Enter a description of the image in the Alt Text field.

4. Complete any other entries you need to add, such as the caption and media credit.

5. Click Insert into post.

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What is alt text in WordPress? How to add image descriptions on your web page to improve accessibility and website ranking - Business Insider...

10 Main TV Characters Who Were Dead The Whole Time | ScreenRant – Screen Rant

On television, there have been many characters on shows who were actually dead, too. In many cases, however, this fact was no secret. But the way their death was approached is pretty unique in each case.

RELATED: 5 Coen Brothers Characters Who Didn't Deserve To Die (& 5 Who Did)

In some, the person is only seen only in flashbacks or visions. In others, the story is centered around the dead person's new "life" while dead.

This entire series is set in the future (2033, to be exact) when technology has advanced so much that virtual afterlife is possible, and people can choose (rather, pay) to be uploaded to a variety of different versions of "heaven" once they perish.

Nathan, a young, handsome, smart 20-something, gets into a car accident in the first episode and is seemingly about to die, at which point he makes the decision to upload. The series is very intriguing as Nathan continues his "life" interacting with the people he loves while existing in a completely different virtual world.

It's no secret that Eleanor is dead. In fact, the entire series is based on the premise that she enters the afterlife where she realizes that she was sent to the glorious Utopian version of heaven by mistake and has to try and hide the error from the others so they don't send her to the seemingly less appealing alternative place (the bad place?)

In the living world, Eleanor wasn't exactly "Heaven" material. But since she has been given this tremendous opportunity, she must try to make good and become a better person in order to earn her spot in "the Good Place."

Harry wasn't necessarily a main character on the show, but he did appear in 96 episodes throughout the series' eight-season run. Except he was never alive. He either showed up in flashbacks or as a vision of Dexter's, sort of the angel on his shoulder.

RELATED: Harry Potter: How 10 Characters We Never Met Died

Harry was Dexter's adoptive father who, when alive, found a way to help Dexter control his Dark Passenger by developing a "code" for Dexter to live by (only kill those people who have done very, very bad things). In death, Harry continued to appear as a construct in Dexter's mind, helping him through his toughest times.

Professor Proton wasn't technically dead the whole time. He did appear very much alive in several episodes of the series.But when the show killed his character off, much to Sheldon's heartbreak, that wasn't the end of him.

Professor Proton appeared several times thereafter in Sheldon's dreams, still unhappy to be there, yet unwittingly offering sage advice that Sheldon always took to heart.

The list wouldn't be complete with at least one vampire character. Bill was supposedly over 100 years old, but he was technically dead just turned into a vampire that made him immortal. Like on the other shows, it was well known that he was not human.

He lived among humans, however. So while some people he came across might initially have thought he was actually a living person, he was, most certainly, very, very dead.

At first, Lady Melisandre appeared to be some sort of magical witch with special powers. She was certainly not entirely human, or at least was born with special gifts a deity of some kind.

RELATED: The Walking Dead: 5 Characters Who Died Too Soon (& 5 Who Should've Died Sooner)

It wasn't until that one episode when she looked in the mirror and saw the image of a frail, old woman staring back at her that it was revealed that she wasn't necessarily dead, but able to use her power to appear as a beautiful, young woman. Without that trusty necklace, however, Lady Melisandre would likely perish pretty quickly.

At first, it appears that Mr. Robot is a strange, reclusive man using Elliott to do his bidding. Then, it's revealed that Mr. Robot is really another personality of Elliott's, who suffers from a myriad of disorders, one of which includes having multiple personalities.

But later, it is revealed that Mr. Robot is also based on someone who is no longer living: Elliott's own father. There's so much complexity in who or what Mr. Robot is. But the bottom line: he is based on someone who is dead and he isn't real. Actually, he's Elliott, but the person he is illustrated as in the series isn't really there.

This situation is very unique to the others on this list. The character was set to marry Betty's older sister Hilda. But she finds in the first season finale that he was shot in a convenience store.

When season two begins, however, Santos is seemingly alive and well. Viewers were confused until it was revealed at the end of the episode that he actually was, in fact, dead. In trying to deal with the grief and in serious denial, Hilda contrived an entire fantasy life with him in it until she was able to come to terms with things and accept the fact that he was really gone.

Dan's debatable"death" is one of the most interesting and confusing ones on television. In the final season of Roseanne, the family embarks on a spree after winning the lottery. But then it's revealed that it was all a story that Roseanne made up to help process Dan's death. In fact, the entire series was as he was supposed to have been dead for quite some time, since Darlene (not Becky) and David got married. So he had seemingly appeared on the show when he was supposed to be dead.

Dan, however, rose from the dead for the revival of the series; it was explained away with jokes. In one episode, Dan comes across the novel Roseanne was writing in the finale of the original series and joked that it would have sold like hotcakes had she not killed off the most interesting character.

Kenny, the kid who only talked with a muffled voice in this long-running animated series, wasn't dead all along. But he was dead in pretty well every episode. It became a running gag with the line "Oh my God! They killed Kenny!" delivered each time it happened in some fantastical way.

But he would always be resurrected. As the series progressed, Kenny was supposedly killed off for good in season five, then came back. Now, he only dies occasionally.

NEXT: Westworld: Characters Who Have Died The Most Times, Ranked

Next Game Of Thrones: 5 Characters Who Would Make The Best Girlfriends (& 5 Who Would Make The Worst)

A professional writer and editor with 18+ years of experience, Christine, now a freelance writer/editor, is a self-professed TV fanatic with tastes that vary considerably from comedies to dramas, sci-fi, and more. She can usually be found binging a new show at night, coupled with a glass of red wine. With a long history writing in the field of consumer tech, she now also writes on topics from entertainment to parenting, lifestyle, marketing, and business. She resides in Toronto, Ontario in Canada with her husband and young son.

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10 Main TV Characters Who Were Dead The Whole Time | ScreenRant - Screen Rant

Montage Announces Development of a New Private Island Resort in The Bahamas – Luxury Travel Magazine

Montage Hotels & Resorts has announced Montage Cay, a 48-acre private-island resort and residential community in The Abacos Islands in the Bahamas. Owned in partnership with Sterling Global Financial, the project will see the rebranding and complete redevelopment of the private island of Matt Lowes Cay in The Abacos, re-emerging as Montage Cay, alongside the launch of The Residences at Montage Cay. The private island features seven pristine beaches, varied topography with elevated sight lines for expansive sunrise and sunset views, mature and diverse landscaping,and stunning scenery of the surrounding cays, all in the tranquil turquoise waters of the Sea of Abaco. Poised to become one of the most exclusive ultra-luxury resort destinations in the Caribbean,Montage Cay will blend Montages unparalleled service with the serene, natural beauty of the region and offer a contemporary execution of traditional Bahamian architecture.

Remote yet easily accessible, Montage Cay is located less than one mile off the coast of Marsh Harbour. The private-island resort will feature 50all-suiteaccommodationsand a limited collection of Montage Residences built in harmony with the islands seven white-sand beaches against a tranquil backdrop of the Sea of Abaco and the stunning surrounding cays.A 46-slip marina accommodating vessels up to 110 feet anchors the resort, allowing guests and residents of Montage Cay exceptional access to an array of world-class boating, fishing and water sports activities.

Thoughtfully integrating the guest experience with the islands natural environment, the 50-room,all-suite resort will feature light and airy ocean-view rooms with luxury outdoor amenities including plunge pools, outdoor showers, private gardens and lounge areas, creating an unmatched resort experience in the Bahamas.

Montage Cay will boast an array of unique restaurant and bar experiences including all-day dining, a signature dinner-only restaurant, two beach bar and grilles, lobby and pool bars, as well as a spa caf and juice bar. Additional resort amenities include a full-service Spa Montage, an extensive health and wellness program, fitness center, swimming pools, and Montages signature Paintbox Childrens Club. A robust water sports and recreation center will provide guests and residents endless opportunities to explore some of the most important natural reserves in the Bahamas with pristine coral reefs that showcase an incredible diversity of tropical marine life. The resort will offer indoor meeting space,as well as wedding and social-event lawn space with unobstructed views of the clear blue sea.

The Residences at Montage Cay will unveil an idyllic oceanfront location, coupled with the exclusivity of the Montage brand, to set a new benchmark for luxury living in the Bahamas with a bespoke collection of fully-furnished Villa Residences and Estate Lots with custom homes.Situated within private enclaves adjacent to the resort, the Villa Residences at Montage Cay will include stunning ocean-views and will range from two to four-bedrooms. The Estate Lots with custom homes will showcase unique elevations and sight lines offering buyers the opportunity to create their own personalized Bahamian retreat with breathtaking ocean vistas.Montage Cay guests and residents can easily access the resort through the extensive direct flights offered from major American and European markets to the Bahamas,as well as a modern FBO that welcomes private jets and charters.After arriving on Marsh Harbour, Montage Cay guests and residents will take a brief10-minute boat ride to the resorts exclusive oasis or dock a private boat at the Montage Cay marina. Seaplane access directly to the Montage Cay dock will be available.

For more information on Montage Cay, please visit http://www.montagehotels.com or follow @montagehotels@montagecay.

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Montage Announces Development of a New Private Island Resort in The Bahamas - Luxury Travel Magazine

Private six-acre Connecticut island hits the market for $2.5million and it’s just an hour from NYC – Brinkwire

A private island just one hour from New York City is up for sale at $2.5million, featuring a sprawling six acres which is said to bring real enjoyment to social distancing.

Copps Island, in Norwalk, Connecticut, is a 73-minute car ride north of Midtown Manhattan, and with its position where the Long Island Sound meets the Norwalk River, provides unobstructed views for the ultimate escape from the city.

Surrounded by plenty of green and tucked away behind trees, the three-bedroom two-bathroom cottage on the island also provides ample privacy.

After traveling to the Cove Marina in East Norwalk, owners can take a short boat ride to the island, which is on the southernmost point of the Norwalk Islands.

As the location that gave Copps Island Oysters its name, not only is it a seafood lovers paradise, but listings agent, Sothebys describes it as the ideal getaway amid the coronavirus pandemic this summer.

Once visitors begin the boat ride the island, it immediately feels like they are a million miles away from the hustle, tension and restrictions of everyday life.

Its all thanks to the smells and sounds associated with the island surrounded by oyster beds.

Sothebys calls the cottages large screened porch the centerpiece of the home. Its positioned as a great space to socialize and make the most of island life.

It features an area for casual hangouts as well as a formal table for al fresco dining. The outdoor space is the perfect area for a TV to enhance entertainment options.

Even from inside the 2,624 sq ft home, the next owner wont feel cooped up.

Looking out from the impressive great room surrounded by floor to ceiling windows, one has views of the expansive lawn that stretches down to the waters edge.

As its positioned on the highest point on the island, it has lighthouse-like benefits.

The largest bedroom on the second story of the home features a beautiful cathedral ceiling with wrap around windows letting in plenty of light to the hexagonal room.

Magnificent views of the Sound are also suite available from the suite.

The cottage also contains two smaller bedrooms currently painted green and blue one backs on to the nautical themed great room, which connects to a terrace.

Ceiling fans are fitted throughout the charming property, which has wood exterior siding, an oven range and a refrigerator/freezer.

In stark contrast to the concrete jungle, the next buyer could get lost in the lush gardens and instead of competing for space at one of NYCs beaches, simply take a sun lounger down to the waters edge too escape and soak up some vitamin D.

But come winter, the residents might want to to head back to Big Apple because the home has no heating.

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Private six-acre Connecticut island hits the market for $2.5million and it's just an hour from NYC - Brinkwire

Where to stay in St Vincent and the Grenadines for a tropical ‘air bridge’ holiday – The Telegraph

Please note our writers visited St Vincent and the Grenadines prior to the coronavirus pandemic

This 32-island nation is real get-away-from-it-all territory, from lush, mountainous St Vincent to the magical Grenadine islands. Several private islands have a single hotel such as Petit St Vincent and Palm Island, but the most exclusive, with villas and a few hotels, is Mustique, offering privacy, luxury and a country-club atmosphere for the rich and famous. To partake in local life, head for friendly little Bequia. Its villagey capital, Port Elizabeth, is set at the back of pretty, yacht-filled Admiralty Bay, and the island has excellent beaches, some good restaurants and laid-back bars.

St Vincent and the Grenadines has just been announced as an air bridge partner for Britain, meaning tourists can visit without quarantine at either end or any restrictions. So wherever you choose to stay, your time can be spent soaking up the glorious scenery and making full use of everything on offer. Be sure to make a trip to the Tobago Cays, a cluster of uninhabited islands in a coral reef lagoon offering fantastic snorkelling and swimming with turtles.

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Where to stay in St Vincent and the Grenadines for a tropical 'air bridge' holiday - The Telegraph

Partiers prompt Baker to review gathering limits – Taunton Daily Gazette

BOSTON -- With upticks in positive COVID-19 testing rates linked to larger social events, Gov. Charlie Baker said Thursday that his administration is reviewing the state's guidance on gathering sizes, but blamed the behavior of people choosing to party without precaution for the clusters of infections that have sprung up.

A large party in Chatham has been linked to a cluster of new infections there, while a number of lifeguards who attended a party in Falmouth walked away infected by COVID-19. And on Nantucket, officials are considering scaling back restaurant hours as infection numbers on the island have ticked up and people have been observed gathering on beaches close to one another without masks.

"I think that's one of the things we're talking about," Baker said at a press conference when asked about the state's gathering size limits. "But the bigger issue is not so much the nature of the size of some of these gatherings, especially the private ones that are going on in backyards and places like that. The bigger issue is honestly the behavior generally at those, which is not socially distant, no masks and in some respects a lack of respect for how this virus works and how it moves from person to person."

Baker's assessment of the situation echoed that of frustrated Cape Cod officials, who pointed Thursday to house parties and other private gatherings as a driver of new COVID-19 infections in the region. Rhode Island Gov. Gina Raimondo also told her constituents to tone down the summer partying as she took action to reduce permissable gathering sizes in the Ocean State.

"To all our residents I can't express this enough. Don't be careless or complacent," Baker said.

The state's guidance instructs people to limit indoor gatherings to 25 people, and a maximum of 100 people outdoors depending on the size of the venue. The state's positive test rate is at 2 percent currently, which is still low, but has been rising slightly over the past week or so.

Baker was at Pfizer's facilities in Andover where the pharmaceutical giant this week entered stage three efficacy trials for a vaccine for COVID-19 that is expected to involve up to 30,000 test patients. Pfizer is one of several Massachusetts companies chasing a vaccine, and company officials hope to be able to file for regulatory approvals for use by October.

The company said it expects to produce 100 million doses of the vaccine by the end of the year, and will have the capability to make 1.3 billion doses by the end of 2021. Pfizer's is an mRNA vaccine that requires two doses per patient. Cambridge-based Moderna has also begun widespread testing of its vaccine on humans, and another vaccine candidate linked with Massachusetts, this one being pursued by Johnson & Johnson with researchers at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, has shown potential in a study with monkeys, and is entering an early-stage clinical trial in people.

"Until we have a treatment or a vaccine, and I know you're working on that one, we have to learn how to continue to live with this virus," Baker said, with Pfizer executives standing nearby.

Vaira Harik of the Barnstable County Department of Human Services said on a call with members of Cape Cod's reopening task force on Thursday that it was "irresponsible" to host or attend a group gathering without physical distancing and masks, whether the event is indoors or outdoors.

"If you can hear the frustration in our voices, you are not mishearing this," Harik said.

Thirteen people tested positive for COVID-19 in connection with a house party earlier this month in Chatham, Board of Selectmen chair Shareen Davis said. The Cape Cod Times reported Monday that eight Falmouth lifeguards had also tested positive after attending a party.

Davis called it "reckless and dangerous" to ignore public health guidance and said officials wanted to impress upon young people "that their actions have impact" and they could spread the highly contagious virus to loved ones who may be at higher risk.

Sen. Julian Cyr, a Truro Democrat, said holding parties where people don't wear masks or keep their distance is "profoundly disrespectful to Cape Codders who have been working very hard and done, broadly, a pretty good job to slow community spread."

"There's evidence that the community spread is limited, so we're talking about private events, which admittedly is frustrating, particularly given the fact that there is ample fresh air and sunlight and breezes on Cape Cod," Cyr said. "It's frustrating to see these private events occurring, particularly if they're occurring indoors. Private events at which physical distancing and mask-wearing are not occurring are the clear accelerant that is spreading the virus on Cape Cod."

Cyr said he can relate to the desire to socialize and suggested visiting with friends outdoors, in chairs spaced apart from one another.

In Rhode Island, Gov. Raimondo dropped the maximum gathering size from 25 to 15 after what officials there have described as a slight uptick in cases. In a Wednesday press conference, the governor said an analysis of more than 4,000 COVID-19 cases reported in Rhode Island made one thing "crystal clear."

"We're partying too much," she said.

Raimondo said her state has traced cases back to a house party with more than 50 people, birthday parties in backyards and restaurants, a baby shower, a sports banquet and large pool parties. The patterns are the same, she said -- more than 25 people gathering in close contact for hours, with no masks or social distancing.

"If you're doing this, I need you to knock it off, because people are getting sick, people are dying, and it's unnecessary," Raimondo said. "Yes, it's summer, I know you want to have a good time -- we all do -- but I have friends now whose loved ones are on ventilators. Your right to have a party should not infringe on their right to live."

Stricter rules for anyone traveling from the majority of states outside New England to Massachusetts take effect on Saturday. People arriving from 42 states will need to either self-isolate for 14 days or provide proof of a negative COVID-19 test result within the previous 72 hours, or risk fines. The rules apply to those moving in to university campuses for the fall semester, and some colleges will have their own testing protocols in place.

Cyr said the ability to return to campus might incentivize college students to behave responsibly in the remaining weeks of their summer breaks.

"That fun summer night on Cape Cod may actually have some pretty significant consequences for you not being able to attend classes in person, being stuck at home with whoever your parents are for a long, cold academically remote winter," he said.

Baker said the uptick in cases on the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket -- popular summer vacation destinations -- were part of the reason he put more teeth behind the state's inbound travel restrictions.

The Massachusetts governor paused his discussion of the coronavirus at Thursday's press conference to caution people not to plant mysterious seeds from packages that have been arriving unsolicited from foreign countries and may contain invasive species harmful to the environment.

"Locusts? What's next?" the governor muttered, almost to himself.

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Partiers prompt Baker to review gathering limits - Taunton Daily Gazette

We might have dozens of contactable Alien neighbors – SBS

At this point, it appears all but assured that we are not alone. I mean, the evidence is overwhelming: a quintet of cows, mysteriously sapped of all blood and surgically separated from their genitals? Sounds like aliens, according to us and also the local sheriffs deputy. All those strange, apparently physics-defying flight machines Navy pilots have reported encountering for years? Even the Pentagon now feels comfortable confirming that these are UFOs, wobbling spookily across our skies. And while we cannot assume that these are, for sure, captained by space invaders, consider this: A new, somewhat hypothetical census of our potential extraterrestrial neighbours has determined that the Milky Way Galaxy hosts 36 intelligent alien civilisations - at a minimum.

I think it is extremely important and exciting because for the first time we really have an estimate for this number of active intelligent, communicating civilisations that we potentially could contact and find out there is other life in the universe, Christopher Conselice, a professor of astrophysics at the University of Nottingham and a co-author of research published Monday in the Astrophysical Journal, told the Guardian.

The current go-to calculation for ball-parking Milky Way residents is the Drake equation, which identifies seven factors allegedly necessary to make an educated alien count.

The current go-to calculation for ball-parking Milky Way residents is the Drake equation, which identifies seven factors allegedly necessary to make an educated alien count. Yet the Drake equation provides no firm answers, so Conselice and colleagues tweaked it to account for certain ingredients crucial to the development of life on Earth things like the presence of a metal-rich environment, and the likelihood that other stars may have Earth-like planets in their orbits. It also introduced an assumption that intelligent life would form in about 5 billion years, as it did here. According to the Guardian, all of this worked out to between four and 211 intelligent, communication-ready alien civilisations in our galaxy, although Conselice believes there are most likely 36.

Its just one theory, and even if it did prove correct, wed still be looking at a thousands-of-years wait (at least 6,120 years, per the research) before we can engage in a game of intragalactic telephone; Conselice suspects the closest aliens could live about 17,000 light-years away. Unfortunately, the way things are going, we probably dont have that kind of time.

This article originally appeared on Science of Us 2020 All Rights Reserved. Distributed by Tribune Content

War of the Worldscontinues weekly at 9:30pm from Thursday 16 July. Episodes will be available onSBS On Demandeach week on the same day as broadcast. The series will also be subtitled inSimplified ChineseandArabicfor SBS On Demand.

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We might have dozens of contactable Alien neighbors - SBS

Thousands Of Migrants In The U.K. Are Seeking Relief From No Recourse To Public Funds – Forbes

A homeless man and members of the public in London. (Photo by Dinendra Haria/SOPA Images/LightRocket ... [+] via Getty Images)

A controversial part of the U.K. immigration system which bars migrants without permanent residency from access public funds is under increased scrutiny, as the amount of people applying to have their ban lifted increases more than 500%.

The clause is known as "No Recourse To Public Funds" or NRPF for short. It means any migrant without permanent residency (known in the U.K. as Indefinite Leave to Remain, or ILR) is barred from accessing the state support afforded citizens and permanent residents, such as welfare, school meal subsidies, disability allowance and child support. The U.K. Home Office, responsible for immigration in the country, says ILR is an established threshold for permitting migrants to access public funds, and that this is in the public interest.

Campaign groups have been lobbying for an easing of NRPF for years, but if this is the first time youve heard about it, youre not the only one. At the end of May, Prime Minister Boris Johnson appeared confused when asked by MP Stephen Timms about NRPF: "Hang on Stephen, why aren't they eligible for Universal Credit or Employment Support Allowance?"

After Timms explained it all to him, the PM promised to look into it: "Clearly (...) people who've worked hard for this country, who live and work here, should have support of one kind or another." That was at the end of May, but by early June it was clear the U.K. government was not going to change things, and at the end of June, parliament voted 337-248 against pausing NRPF during the pandemic.

By this point of course, COVID-19 had already wrought a severe economic and human toll in the U.K., not least for those migrants already in tenuous or low-paid employment who were unable to apply for help when their jobs disappeared. The latest government numbers on individual NRPF relief applications reflect this: in the first quarter of 2020, 843 people applied to have their ban lifted to save them and their families from destitution. In the second quarter, there were 5,665 applications. That's an increase of 572%.

"The COVID-19 pandemic is causing an economic crisis of unprecedented scale and has translated into a large increase in unemployment and income losses for a substantial share of the population," wrote Maria Fernndez-Reino, a senior researcher at the Migration Observatory at Oxford University in a recent briefing note. "Recent research has shown that this crisis is expected to widen the existing economic inequalities and has put many migrants with NRPF, particularly those in precarious types of employment, in a vulnerable position."

Another serious concern is the impact of NRPF on victims of domestic abuse. As has been noted, cases of domestic and gender-based violence have spiked during the pandemic, and the government has acknowledged that NRPF can make it harder for people to seek shelter, meaning some victims might be forced to choose between staying with their abuser or living on the streets. An amendment to the recently passed Domestic Abuse Bill which would have lifted NRPF for migrant victims of domestic abuse was rejected 331-207 in the House of Commons.

The Migration Observatory estimates there are around 1.376 million people currently holding U.K. visas that would be subject to NRPF. The majority of these are likely to be in a position to support themselves and will not be experiencing financial hardship approaching destitution. For those less fortunate, however, there are significant barriers to getting help.

In May, a High Court decision led to the Home Office extending the criteria for individual NRPF relief, meaning those in the country on family or private life visas could be allowed to access public funds. This still leaves many people ineligible, in particular people on work visas who have lost their income due to the coronavirus pandemic. Even those who can apply, and are aware that they can apply, face significant obstacles.

"It is a very complicated process, even though they say that it's been made as simple as possible," says Mary Atkinson, family reunion campaigner at the Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants (JCWI). "What we see is that people really do need legal advice to be able to lift the conditions."

Complexity alone is not the only barrier to applying. A successful lifting of NRPF would in many cases double the amount of time the migrant needs to be in the country before she gains permanent residency, up to ten years from the usual five. Prolonging this process would mean thousands of pounds of extra fees the already destitute family would have to pay. Various groups have described this as a punishment or penalty for applying for assistance. The Home Office says this provision reflects a fairness to those immigrants who don't seek taxpayer support during their process towards ILR.

A government spokesperson said: Those seeking to establish their family life in the U.K. must do so on a basis that prevents burdens on the taxpayer and promotes integration. However, individuals who have a right to be in the U.K. on account of their family life or other human rights reasons can apply to have the NRPF condition lifted by making a change of conditions application if their financial circumstances change.

Today's NRPF-relief application numbers show a steady increase in acceptance over the last few years. 89% of the applications made so far in Q2 2020 to lift NRPF have been approved, compared to 41% in Q3 2017. Various charities continue to call for an overall lifting of NRPF, however, in light of a significant rise in the homeless population, which will include many migrant workers who are not in the position to apply for their own relief.

"People are getting in touch on a daily basis, saying 'me and my partner both lost our jobs and we don't know where to turn,'" says the JCWI's Mary Atkinson. "Currently, there are very, very few places they can turn to."

But Atkinson also says the attention on NRPF only makes an existing problem more visible. "It shows the desperate situation that these policies have put people in for years. The fact that there's been this surge doesn't mean that people haven't been in desperate need before."

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Thousands Of Migrants In The U.K. Are Seeking Relief From No Recourse To Public Funds - Forbes

This father-daughter duo lent a helping hand during the Covid crisis – Economic Times

Chairman of the Raizing Group, Rajji Rai is one of the stalwarts of the Indian tourism industry. His entrepreneurial daughter, Srishti Jindal, is also carving her own path now. During the Covid-19 crisis, both of them, despite their busy schedules of remotely running offices across Asia, never forgot to extend a helping hand to those in need.

We distributed around 70,000 prepared food plates to people of JJ clusters, migrant labourers and vulnerable people affected by the Covid crisis, said Rai, who is also the vice-president of Panchsheel Society, New Delhi. The team of volunteers from the society also distributed thousands of masks, clean water, sanitisers and food packets every day during the lockdown.

Rai also motivated people with means to donate rations for the cause. His noble work received appreciation from Delhi Police and South Delhi Municipal Corporation. Jindal also donated food and other supplies and independently supervised the volunteers working in the field through video calls.

She focused on providing sanitary supplies, medicines and personal care items to vulnerable women.

I would love to be present at the distribution centres. But because of my seven-month-old baby, I couldnt be there personally, she said.

Srishti Jindal runs a successful travel media, research, events and branding company, Swift Media International. It has worked with leading airlines of the world and the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India. She has won several awards for her contribution to the tourism industry, including the prestigious APJ Abdul Kalam Award for innovation in 2017. She has always been passionate about creative and original work. Srishti Jindal has also recently launched a virtual platform, http://www.theterrene.com, to highlight and support young creative individuals from around the world.

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This father-daughter duo lent a helping hand during the Covid crisis - Economic Times

Ecosystem- Structure, Functions and Types of Ecosystem

Ecosystem Definition

An ecosystem is defined as a community of lifeforms in concurrence with non-living components, interacting with each other.

What is an Ecosystem?

The ecosystem is the structural and functional unit of ecology where the living organisms interact with each other and the surrounding environment. In other words, an ecosystem is a chain of interaction between organisms and their environment. The term Ecosystem was first coined by A.G.Tansley, an English botanist, in the year 1935.

Read on to explore the types, structure, components, types and functions of the ecosystem in the ecosystem notes provided below.

Types of Ecosystem

An ecosystem can be as small as an oasis in a desert, or as big as an ocean, spanning thousands of miles. There are two types of ecosystem:

Terrestrial Ecosystems

Terrestrial ecosystems are exclusively land-based ecosystems. There are different types of terrestrial ecosystems distributed around various geological zones. They are as follows:

A forest ecosystem consists of several plants, animals and microorganisms that live in coordination with the abiotic factors of the environment. Forests help in maintaining the temperature of the earth and are the major carbon sink.

In a grassland ecosystem, the vegetation is dominated by grasses and herbs. Temperate grasslands, savanna grasslands are some of the examples of grassland ecosystems.

Tundra ecosystems are devoid of trees and are found in cold climates or where rainfall is scarce. These are covered with snow for most of the year. The ecosystem in the Arctic or mountain tops is tundra type.

Deserts are found throughout the world. These are regions with very little rainfall. The days are hot, and the nights are cold.

Aquatic Ecosystem

Aquatic ecosystems are ecosystems present in a body of water. These can be further divided into two types, namely:

The freshwater ecosystem is an aquatic ecosystem that includes lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, and wetlands. These have no salt content in contrast with the marine ecosystem.

The marine ecosystem includes seas and oceans. These have a more substantial salt content and greater biodiversity in comparison to the freshwater ecosystem.

Structure of the Ecosystem

The structure of an ecosystem is characterised by the organisation of both biotic and abiotic components. This includes the distribution of energy in our environment. It also includes the climatic conditions prevailing in that particular environment.

The structure of an ecosystem can be split into two main components, namely:

The biotic and abiotic components are interrelated in an ecosystem. It is an open system where the energy and components can flow throughout the boundaries.

Structure of Ecosystem highlighting the biotic and abiotic factors

Biotic Components

Biotic components refer to all life in anecosystem. Based on nutrition, biotic components can be categorised into autotrophs, heterotrophs andsaprotrophs (or decomposers).

Abiotic Components

Abiotic components are the non-living component of an ecosystem. It includes air, water, soil, minerals, sunlight, temperature, nutrients, wind, altitude, turbidity etc.

Functions of Ecosystem

The functions of the ecosystem are as follows:

It regulates the essential ecological processes, supports life systems and renders stability.

It is also responsible for the cycling ofnutrientsbetween biotic and abiotic components.

It maintains a balance among the various trophic levels in the ecosystem.

It cycles the minerals through the biosphere.

The abiotic components help in the synthesis of organic components that involves the exchange of energy.

Important Ecological Concepts

The sun is the ultimate source of energy on earth. It provides the energy required for all plant life. The plants utilise this energy for the process of photosynthesis, which is used to synthesise their food.

During this biological process, light energy is converted into chemical energy and is passed on through successive levels. The flow of energy from a producer, to a consumer and eventually, to an apex predator or a detritivore is called the food chain.

Dead and decaying matter, along with organic debris, is broken down into its constituents by scavengers. The reducers then absorb these constituents. After gaining the energy, the reducers liberate molecules to the environment, which can be utilised again by the producers.

A classic example of a food chain in an ecosystem

An ecological pyramid is the graphical representation of the number, energy, and biomass of the successive trophic levels of an ecosystem. Charles Elton was the first ecologist to describe the ecological pyramid and its principals in the year 1927.

The biomass, number, and energy of organisms ranging from the producer level to the consumer level are represented in the form of a pyramid; hence, it is known as the ecological pyramid.

The base of the ecological pyramid comprises the producers, followed by primary and secondary consumers. The tertiary consumers hold the apex. In some food chains, the quaternary consumers are at the very apex of the food chain.

The producers generally outnumber the primary consumers, and similarly, the primary consumers outnumber the secondary consumers. And lastly, apex predators also follow the same trend as the other consumers; wherein, their numbers are considerably lower than the secondary consumers.

For example, Grasshoppers feed on crops such as cotton and wheat, which are plentiful. These grasshoppers are then preyed upon by common mice, which are comparatively less in number. The mice are preyed upon by snakes such as cobras. Snakes are ultimately preyed on by apex predators such as the brown snake eagle.

In essence:

Food web is a network of interconnected food chains. It comprises all the food chains within a single ecosystem. It helps in understanding that plants lay the foundation of all the food chains.

Main article:Food web

To learn more about what is an ecosystem, its structure, types, components, and functions, register at BYJUS website or download BYJUS app.

The ecosystem is the community of living organisms in conjunction with non-living components of their environment, interacting as a system.

The different types of the ecosystem include:

We live in a terrestrial ecosystem. This is the ecosystem where organisms live and develop in the soil and in the air that surrounds a specific terrestrial space.

The structure of the ecosystem includes the organisms and physical features of the environment, including the amount and distribution of nutrients in a particular habitat. It also provides information regarding the climatic conditions of that area.

The largest ecosystem in the world is the aquatic ecosystem. It comprises the freshwater and marine ecosystem. It constitutes 70% of the surface of the earth.

The ecosystem is the functional unit of the environment system. The abiotic components provide the matrix for the synthesis of organic components. This process involves the exchange of energy.

A good ecosystem consists of native plants and animal species interacting with each other and the environment. A healthy ecosystem has an energy source and the decomposers that break down dead plants and animal matter, returning essential nutrients to the soil.

The non-living things in an ecosystem include air, wind, water, rocks, soil, temperature and sunlight. These are known as the abiotic factors of an ecosystem.

Register at BYJUS for easy ecosystem notes. Refer to these notes for reference.

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Ecosystem- Structure, Functions and Types of Ecosystem

ecosystem | Definition, Components, Examples, Structure …

Ecosystem, the complex of living organisms, their physical environment, and all their interrelationships in a particular unit of space.

Britannica Quiz

Ecosystems

What is a taiga?

A brief treatment of ecosystems follows. For full treatment, see biosphere.

An ecosystem can be categorized into its abiotic constituents, including minerals, climate, soil, water, sunlight, and all other nonliving elements, and its biotic constituents, consisting of all its living members. Linking these constituents together are two major forces: the flow of energy through the ecosystem, and the cycling of nutrients within the ecosystem.

The fundamental source of energy in almost all ecosystems is radiant energy from the Sun. The energy of sunlight is used by the ecosystems autotrophic, or self-sustaining, organisms. Consisting largely of green vegetation, these organisms are capable of photosynthesisi.e., they can use the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into simple, energy-rich carbohydrates. The autotrophs use the energy stored within the simple carbohydrates to produce the more complex organic compounds, such as proteins, lipids, and starches, that maintain the organisms life processes. The autotrophic segment of the ecosystem is commonly referred to as the producer level.

Organic matter generated by autotrophs directly or indirectly sustains heterotrophic organisms. Heterotrophs are the consumers of the ecosystem; they cannot make their own food. They use, rearrange, and ultimately decompose the complex organic materials built up by the autotrophs. All animals and fungi are heterotrophs, as are most bacteria and many other microorganisms.

Together, the autotrophs and heterotrophs form various trophic (feeding) levels in the ecosystem: the producer level, composed of those organisms that make their own food; the primary consumer level, composed of those organisms that feed on producers; the secondary consumer level, composed of those organisms that feed on primary consumers; and so on. The movement of organic matter and energy from the producer level through various consumer levels makes up a food chain. For example, a typical food chain in a grassland might be grass (producer) mouse (primary consumer) snake (secondary consumer) hawk (tertiary consumer). Actually, in many cases the food chains of the ecosystem overlap and interconnect, forming what ecologists call a food web. The final link in all food chains is made up of decomposers, those heterotrophs that break down dead organisms and organic wastes. A food chain in which the primary consumer feeds on living plants is called a grazing pathway; that in which the primary consumer feeds on dead plant matter is known as a detritus pathway. Both pathways are important in accounting for the energy budget of the ecosystem.

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ecosystem | Definition, Components, Examples, Structure ...

Beyond conservation, why our natural ecosystems need restoration – Down To Earth Magazine

Significant strides have been made in both the science and practice of restoration over the last three decades, with specialisation across diverse ecosystems

Ecosystem degradation has emerged as one of the biggest environmental threats around the world over the last three decades. Almost all our ecosystems, terrestrial or otherwise, stand degraded to varying degrees due to a mix of factors such as developmental pressures, population growth, over-exploitation, etc.

Other stressors such as invasive alien species and climate change also impact many ecosystems.

While the impact of ecological degradation on biodiversity is well-known, its impact on ecosystem services is less appreciated. Degradation of natural ecosystems in the Western Ghats pose a direct threat to water security, and in turn, to livelihoods of millions of people in the plains. Degradation, therefore, has serious implications for human well-being and economic sustainability.

Traditional approaches to ecological conservation focus on protecting and keeping natural spaces inviolate. However, this has proved to be nearly impossible, thanks to a persistent increase in anthropogenic pressures.

Many of our ecosystems today are damaged beyond unassisted self-recovery. Mangroves along our coastline are severely impaired and need intervention. Many protected areas like national parks stand ecologically unprotected due to invasion by species such as Lantana camara.

We are, therefore, in a situation where conservation alone is no longer enough.

What is ecological restoration?

Ecological restoration is defined as the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged or destroyed. Ecosystems are in a constant state of evolution.

Hence, the objective of restoration is to assist an ecosystem to recover to its pre-degradation trajectory (or close to it). This is done through a scientific process of benchmarking with reference models from the same native ecosystem.

Ecosystem integrity, covering both biotic and abiotic aspects, forms the foundation of ecological restoration. A restored site is expected to have the key structural and species characteristics that are representative of the native ecosystem type it belongs to.

Key principles underpinning ecological restoration. Source: The SER international standards

Restoration adopts a holistic approach focused on all elements of an ecosystem such as soil, hydrology, flora, fauna, etc. This helps build resilience and regenerative ability of the ecosystem.

Importance is given to all groups of flora such as grasses, shrubs, trees, etc. as well as to habitat needs of different groups of fauna ranging from insects to large mammals.

These are essential differences between restoration and other rehabilitation approaches such as afforestation and reforestation, which mainly focus on planting of saplings of a few tree species.

Such methods often lead to creation of areas low in resilience and biodiversity, and ecosystem alteration is a common result.

Growth of the restoration discipline

Significant strides have been made in both the science and practice of restoration over the last three decades, with specialisation across diverse ecosystems such as tropical forests, grasslands, rivers, mangroves, oceans, urban habitats, etc. Functional specialisation has grown in many aspects such as seed science, soil conservation, invasive species management, etc.

Restoration methodologies have been developed worldwide for different degradation scenarios including for extreme ones like landslides, mining, forest fires, etc. The scale of projects is also increasing from site-level initiatives to landscape-level projects.

An important milestone for the discipline has been the publication of the standards for the practice of ecological restoration by the Society for Ecological Restoration, the leading global body for the discipline. Of universal application, these standards provide the core principles and framework for restoration.

The ecological recovery wheel (left) and social benefits wheel (right) help measure the ecological and social impacts of a restoration project.Source: The SER international standards

They also include leading-edge monitoring methods to measure the ecological as well as social outcomes of restoration initiatives.

The Bonn Challenge declaration and the United Nations declaration of 2021-30 as the Decade of Ecosystem Restoration have placed ecological restoration at the forefront of the worlds biodiversity and climate change agendas.

Research findings indicate clearly that biodiverse ecosystems are far more effective in sequestering carbon than monoculture plantations. This should encourage climate change programmes to embrace restoration principles so that biodiversity goals are achieved simultaneously.

The Indian context

Ecological restoration is still a developing discipline in India, with a limited number of practitioners and projects. Most initiatives are small and site-specific. On the other hand, the need for restoration is considerable and urgent.

For example, most forests lying outside protected areas have been degraded due to high human pressure. Our protected areas, in turn, are affected by factors like invasive alien species.

At a ballpark estimate, around 40 per cent of our forests may need to be restored. If we extrapolate this to other ecosystems, one can see that the opportunity to improve biodiversity, improve quality of human lives and increase good habitats for fauna is significant. More importantly, restoration has the capacity to generate substantial rural livelihoods and reduce human-wildlife conflicts.

India has an ambitious target of restoring 26 million hectares of degraded lands by 2030. Reaching this target will require certain key enablers to be in place.

First, achieving this scale will need a large number of well-trained restoration practitioners. Restoration ecology has a rather low presence in academic curriculum in India at present and this needs attention.

We will also require separate mechanisms to train field-level personnel who will be handling implementation and monitoring of programmes. Second, we have to make sure that projects adhere to the core principles of restoration. The international standards can help in this regard, with suitable adaptation for Indian conditions.

Last, a typical restoration project lasts well over five-six years, and calls for sustained funding and focus. These enablers will make the difference between successful restoration and otherwise.

The author is a certified ecological restoration practitioner and managing trustee of Junglescapes, a grassroots NGO working on restoration of forest habitats in South India. He is a member of the Board of the Society for Ecological Restoration.

Views expressed are the authors own and dont necessarily reflectthose of Down To Earth

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Beyond conservation, why our natural ecosystems need restoration - Down To Earth Magazine

What kind of civilisation do we want to be? – The Daily Star

Around 3.5 billion years ago, something extraordinary happened in the realm of the observable universe. From non-living matters emerged living organisms that started to occupy the surface of planet earth. Tiny particles like quarks and electrons formed atoms to molecules in various sizes, in such combinations from which emerged living cells. These cells went on a journey of billions of years of evolution leading to numerous kinds of species. After a considerable length of time, life reached a certain species so capable that it could change the face of their home planet.

Humankind, a species that evolved out of the African savannah, has invaded their planet, polymerised it in every manner possible. Human species rose above all other species, and having no other beings to compete with, they developed a sense of superiority. But for thousands of years, humankind fought against many natural forces and even between themselves. They were helpless to famine, diseases, and even gruesome wars. Ultimately, thanks to human ingenuity and scientific development in the last century, humankind achieved amazing feats and found themselves in an unprecedented position. There are still natural threats to consider but those have largely transformed from being an uncontrollable force of nature into something preventable. The collective knowledge and the beginning of greater cooperation among nations have helped them significantly.

What, then, is the human civilisation trying to achieve or become? A plausible answer may lie in a model called the Kardashev scale. The Kardashev scale, proposed by Russian astrophysicist Nikolai Kardashev in 1964, categorises advanced civilisations by taking into account their capacity to harness and utilise the energy available to them. It is a semi-quantitative way to define a civilisation's advancement. The energy consumption part is merely a guideline, and there are other factors as well.

"Type 0 Civilisation"is one that can harness the energy available to its home planet, but not to its full potential yet. Human civilisation is currently at 0.73 on this scale. It is expected that it will reach Type 1 in about a century. The Kardashev scale didn't have any civilisation categorised as Type 0, but this is where the human civilisation is currently poised. Moreover, most of the energy consumption of our civilisation largely depends on the low-tech harnessing of fossil fuels rather than renewable energy sources.

"Type 1 Civilisation" is a planetary civilisation that can harness all the energy available to its home planet at the fullest efficiency, keeping the planet habitable. A Type 1 civilisation can control a planet's weather, influence the climate, and prevent natural events like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and asteroid impacts. They are also capable of interplanetary travels.

"Type 2 Civilisation" is a stellar civilisation that can harness the total energy output of their home star. They are capable of building structures at a planetary scale and also capable of interstellar travel. They could avoid catastrophic events that may lead to their extinction, like a supernova explosion, by moving to other star systems.

"Type 3 Civilisation" is a galactic civilisation that can harness the energy of an entire galaxy. They can mine and transport stars and manipulate black holes. Type 3 is the most advanced stage of civilisation defined by Kardashev, with the ability of a galactic magnitude. Its people can make intergalactic voyages, and deal with energy levels of the magnitude of a galaxy. This civilisation could survive everything short of the end of the universe.

Currently, the human civilisation is set to make the transition from Type 0 to Type 1. But any attempt to measure how advanced the human civilisation is, and how advanced it might become in the future, must be linked to the factor of avoiding extinction. Eventually, the graduation from Type 0 and the intermediate period of "technological adolescence" is not going to be easy. It's not clear if we're going to make it. As per a mathematical equation, there should be thousands of Type 1, 2, and 3 civilisations in the galaxy but when we look at outer space, we detect no evidence of any whatsoever. Maybe they couldn't make it in the outer space eithersince the transition from Type 0 to 1 is the most arduous and important of all transitions, not because of the tremendous technological achievements that are needed but because of the challenges of building a planetary civilisation tolerant of many cultures. It's a race against time and tendency. As theoretical physicist Michio Kaku says, "On the one hand, we have the forces of integration, the forces of tolerance, a multi-cultural fabric emerging before our eyes. On the other hand, we have weapons of mass destruction, germ warfare, nuclear warfare, also the rise of international terrorism." Add to that the incompatible values of exponential growth and sustainability among nations and within cultures. These are the obstacles to reach Type 1 civilisation.

Ironically, there is no natural famine these days on the planet, but only political famine. If any human being dies on the planet earth because they don't have enough food to eat, it's not probably for any natural cause. At least not in its entirety. It may be because some political leaders or governments or ideologues want them to starve to death. Human civilisation has reached a point where there are more threats resulting from politics and incompetence than the uncontrollable natural forces. However, as always, there is recognition and denial at the same time. The tenuous attempts to reconcile and manage this contradiction of exponential growth and sustainability are falling apart.

The contradiction may not be as fallacious as it seems, however. Contradictions are civilisation's engines, pushing forward creativity and dynamism of human species. Incompatible values are still an essential feature of human civilisation. As historian Yuval Noah Harari put it: "Consider the gradual acceptance of two conflicting values like freedom and equality. Equality can be ensured only by curtailing the freedoms of those who are better off. Guaranteeing that every individual will be free to do as he wishes inevitably short-changes equality. The entire political history of the world since 1789 can be seen as a series of attempts to reconcile this contradiction." Since the industrial revolution, human civilisation has been dealing with questions of exponential growth and sustainability. Human civilisation teeters on the edges of these two imperatives in which it can be understood best. There is the urge for negotiation and dialogue between these imperatives but polarisation is surging as well.

This fury of polarisation left human civilisation baffled. Nations around the planet stockpiled weapons of mass destruction. The threat of these weapons is still severe, and stories of close calls over the past decades only show how lucky we have been. But luck doesn't protect a species indefinitely. Humankind has done embarrassingly little about global threats like climate change. The global population is going through a sense of horror as they are bombarded with news of the threats of climate change, environmental pollution, extremism, terrorism, technological disruptions, pandemics, and whatnot. Traumatised minds get further afflicted by the repetitive cultivation of talks about the problems created by humans instead of what human civilisation is capable of doing to negotiate with these civilisational crises.

What institutional and political preparations are there to overcome this? Are we expecting history to wait for us to reach an agreement? Is the delay due to our perpetual hunger for power? Or short-sighted nationalism? Can we handle the growth in physical power, survive our chaotic technological adolescence, and mature into a species with a chance of reaching old age? Or shall we become the reason for our own extinction because our technology has progressed more rapidly than our wisdom? Maybe there is a hidden urge for conflict in human nature leaving a wound on the face of human civilisation.

Debashish Chakrabarty is an artist and a photography graduate of the Pathshala South Asian Media Institute in Dhaka.

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What kind of civilisation do we want to be? - The Daily Star