Alnylam Pharmaceuticals : Submits CTA Application for ALN-HSD, an Investigational RNAi Therapeutic for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis -…

CAMBRIDGE - Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq: ALNY), the leading RNAi therapeutics company, announced today that the Company has submitted a clinical trial authorization (CTA) application to The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the United Kingdom to initiate a Phase 1 study of ALN-HSD, an investigational RNAi therapeutic targeting HSD17B13 for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).

The Company plans to initiate a Phase 1 study in late 2020, upon obtaining MHRA approval.

'We are excited to advance our ALN-HSD program to the clinic in partnership with Regeneron, particularly given the mass prevalence and high unmet need in NASH, a progressive disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. Given the genetic validation of the target, we believe ALN-HSD has the potential to change the course of this serious and potentially life-threatening disease for which there are currently no approved pharmacologic treatment options,' said David Erbe, Ph.D., Senior Distinguished Investigator, Program Leader, ALN-HSD program at Alnylam. 'Pending feedback from the MHRA, we look forward to initiating the Phase 1 study to evaluate the safety and preliminary pharmacodynamic activity of ALN-HSD in healthy volunteers and patients with NASH.'

About ALN-HSD

ALN-HSD is an investigational, subcutaneously administered RNAi therapeutic targeting HSD17B13 in development in collaboration with Regeneron Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. ALN-HSD utilizes Alnylam's Enhanced Stabilization Chemistry Plus (ESC+) GalNAc-conjugate technology, which enables subcutaneous dosing with increased selectivity and a wide therapeutic index. The safety and efficacy of ALN-HSD have not been evaluated by the FDA, EMA or any other health authority.

About NASH

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a highly prevalent chronic liver disease in which inflammation and liver cell injury are caused by accumulation of hepatic fat. NASH is a subset of a group of conditions called nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that can lead to progressive fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Comorbidities include obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Approximately 16 million people in the US live with NASH, with prevalence of the disease increasing due to rising rates of obesity. NASH is projected to be the leading indication for liver transplants in developed countries within the next 10 years. There are currently no approved medical therapies for NASH.

About RNAi

RNAi (RNA interference) is a natural cellular process of gene silencing that represents one of the most promising and rapidly advancing frontiers in biology and drug development today. Its discovery has been heralded as 'a major scientific breakthrough that happens once every decade or so,' and was recognized with the award of the 2006 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. By harnessing the natural biological process of RNAi occurring in our cells, a new class of medicines, known as RNAi therapeutics, is now a reality. Small interfering RNA (siRNA), the molecules that mediate RNAi and comprise Alnylam's RNAi therapeutic platform, function upstream of today's medicines by potently silencing messenger RNA (mRNA) the genetic precursors that encode for disease-causing or disease pathway proteins, thus preventing them from being made. This is a revolutionary approach with the potential to transform the care of patients with genetic and other diseases.

About Alnylam Pharmaceuticals

Alnylam (Nasdaq: ALNY) is leading the translation of RNA interference (RNAi) into a whole new class of innovative medicines with the potential to transform the lives of people afflicted with rare genetic, cardio-metabolic, hepatic infectious, and central nervous system (CNS)/ocular diseases. Based on Nobel Prize-winning science, RNAi therapeutics represent a powerful, clinically validated approach for the treatment of a wide range of severe and debilitating diseases. Founded in 2002, Alnylam is delivering on a bold vision to turn scientific possibility into reality, with a robust RNAi therapeutics platform. Alnylam's commercial RNAi therapeutic products are ONPATTRO (patisiran), approved in the U.S., EU, Canada, Japan, Brazil, and Switzerland, and GIVLAARI (givosiran), approved in the U.S., EU, and Brazil. Alnylam has a deep pipeline of investigational medicines, including six product candidates that are in late-stage development. Alnylam is executing on its 'Alnylam 2020' strategy of building a multi-product, commercial-stage biopharmaceutical company with a sustainable pipeline of RNAi-based medicines to address the needs of patients who have limited or inadequate treatment options. Alnylam is headquartered in Cambridge, MA.

Alnylam Forward-Looking Statements

Various statements in this release concerning Alnylam's future expectations, plans and prospects, including, without limitation, the potential of investigational RNAi therapeutics, in particular ALN-HSD, Alnylam's filing of a CTA for ALN-HSD and its expectations regarding the anticipated timing for initiation of a Phase 1 study of ALN-HSD, and expectations regarding the continued execution on its 'Alnylam 2020' guidance for the advancement and commercialization of RNAi therapeutics, constitute forward-looking statements for the purposes of the safe harbor provisions under The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Actual results and future plans may differ materially from those indicated by these forward-looking statements as a result of various important risks, uncertainties and other factors, including, without limitation: the direct or indirect impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic or a future pandemic, such as the scope and duration of the outbreak, government actions and restrictive measures implemented in response, material delays in diagnoses of rare diseases, initiation or continuation of treatment for diseases addressed by Alnylam products, or in patient enrollment in clinical trials, potential supply chain disruptions, and other potential impacts to Alnylam's business, the effectiveness or timeliness of steps taken by Alnylam to mitigate the impact of the pandemic, and Alnylam's ability to execute business continuity plans to address disruptions caused by the COVID-19 or a future pandemic; Alnylam's ability to discover and develop novel drug candidates and delivery approaches and successfully demonstrate the efficacy and safety of its product candidates; the pre-clinical and clinical results for its product candidates, which may not be replicated or continue to occur in other subjects or in additional studies or otherwise support further development of product candidates for a specified indication or at all; actions or advice of regulatory agencies, which may affect the design, initiation, timing, continuation and/or progress of clinical trials or result in the need for additional pre-clinical and/or clinical testing; delays, interruptions or failures in the manufacture and supply of its product candidates, including ALN-HSD, or its marketed products; obtaining, maintaining and protecting intellectual property; intellectual property matters including potential patent litigation relating to its platform, products or product candidates; obtaining regulatory approval for its product candidates, including ALN-HSD, and maintaining regulatory approval and obtaining pricing and reimbursement for its products, including ONPATTRO and GIVLAARI; progress in continuing to establish a commercial and ex-United States infrastructure; successfully launching, marketing and selling its approved products globally, including ONPATTRO and GIVLAARI, and achieving net product revenues for ONPATTRO within its revised expected range during 2020; Alnylam's ability to successfully expand the indication for ONPATTRO in the future; competition from others using technology similar to Alnylam's and others developing products for similar uses; Alnylam's ability to manage its growth and operating expenses within the ranges of guidance provided by Alnylam through the implementation of further discipline in operations to moderate spend and its ability to achieve a self-sustainable financial profile in the future without the need for future equity financing; Alnylam's ability to establish and maintain strategic business alliances and new business initiatives, including completing an agreement for funding by Blackstone of certain R&D activities for vutrisiran and ALN-AGT; Alnylam's dependence on third parties, including Regeneron, for development, manufacture and distribution of certain products, including eye and CNS products, Ironwood, for assistance with the education about and promotion of GIVLAARI, and Vir for the development of ALN-COV and other potential RNAi therapeutics targeting SARS-CoV-2 and host factors for SARS-CoV-2; the outcome of litigation; the risk of government investigations and unexpected expenditures; as well as those risks more fully discussed in the 'Risk Factors' filed with Alnylam's most recent Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and in other filings that Alnylam makes with the SEC. In addition, any forward-looking statements represent Alnylam's views only as of today and should not be relied upon as representing its views as of any subsequent date. Alnylam explicitly disclaims any obligation, except to the extent required by law, to update any forward-looking statements.

ALN-HSD has not been evaluated by the FDA, EMA, or any other regulatory authority and no conclusions can or should be drawn regarding the safety or effectiveness of this investigational therapeutic.

Contact:

Christine Regan Lindenboom

Tel: 617-682-4340

See more here:

Alnylam Pharmaceuticals : Submits CTA Application for ALN-HSD, an Investigational RNAi Therapeutic for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis -...

How to watch live as NASA’s Mars Perseverance rover launches this week – CNET

Perseverance is locked inside the ULA Atlas V and ready for launch

Editor's note: NASA and ULA launched the Perseverance rover at approximately 4:50 a.m. PT. The spacecraft separated successfully around 57 minutes after launch. You can read about the mission to Mars right here.

The third Mars mission in two weeks is ready to launch from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.NASA's newest Mars 2020 rover, Perseverance, is on the launch pad and ready to head for Mars, with a helicopter on board, no less! Current weather conditions are extremely favorable for launch, with an 80% chance of getting off the pad and into space. Of course, you can watch the whole, historic launch live right here. We've got a livestream link above and more information about how to follow along below.

NASA will livestream the event as the car-size rover takes off within a United Launch Alliance (ULA) Atlas V rocket. Prelaunch coverage starts at 4 a.m. PT and the two-hour window opens at 4:50 a.m. PT.

NASA announced on July 22the mission had passed its flight readiness review, which includes a preparedeness assessment of the spacecraft, rocket, procedures and personnel. "Mars is a tough customer, and we don't take anything for granted," said the Perseverance mission's deputy project manager, Matt Wallace.

The launch will depend on weather and technical factors. It was previously delayed from earlier in the month because of technical issues.

From the lab to your inbox. Get the latest science stories from CNET every week.

It's been almost nine years since NASA sent off its previous rover, Curiosity, to Mars. Perseverance is the most advanced robot NASA has sent to the surface of Mars. Once it sets down in the Jezero Crater -- an area with a history of water -- the rover will kick off a mission to seek out signs of ancient microbial life.

The rover isn't going alone. It also carries an experimental helicopter named Ingenuity under its belly.

NASA's mission is one of several launching to Mars within a limited window of opportunity this year when the red planet is in a favorable position relative to Earth. Missing that window means waiting until 2022 for the next chance. Perseverance could potentially launch as late as mid-August, if necessary.

The United Arab Emirates successfullysent off its Hope probe on July 19, and China launched its own orbiter and rover on July 22. All three missions are scheduled to reach Mars in February 2021.

Now playing: Watch this: How NASA's new Perseverance Mars rover compares with...

5:49

Read more here:

How to watch live as NASA's Mars Perseverance rover launches this week - CNET

Why Is the Ketubah Written in Aramaic? – Chabad.org

The Ketubah is the marriage contract that outlines the obligations of the husband to his wife, as well as the financial compensation due to the wife in the event of the marriages dissolution through divorce or widowhood. Similar to a Get (divorce document), the Ketubah is traditionally written in Aramaic, the common language of the Jews during Talmudic times.

Why was it originally written in Aramaic, not Hebrew? And why is it still written in that language today, when most of us are more proficient in English or another language?

The importance of the Ketubahs precise and exact language cannot be overstated, due to the legal nature of the Ketubah as well as its deeper spiritual significance.

In fact, having a properly written kosher Ketubah is so criticalnot just to the marriage ceremony itself, but to married life in generalthat it is problematic for a couple to live together, even temporarily, without a kosher Ketubah. (In the event that the document is lost or destroyed, or if a serious error is found in its text, the couple must immediately obtain a replacement from a rabbi.)

For centuries, going back to Talmudic times, the sages have pored over the Aramaic Ketubah formula, ensuring that each word is precise, and especially looking out for words that may have multiple meanings.

As with contemporary contracts, the more important the contract, the more experts youd have review the language to tighten it and make sure it is precise. So it is no wonder that the contract for marriage, one of the most important and monumental steps that one takes in life, bonding two half-souls into one union, needs to have extremely precise language. Thus, we use the traditional Aramaic text, which has gone through the rigor of centuries of Talmudic scholars.

Although it is theoretically possible to have a Get or Ketubah in another languageif written precisely, in accordance with all the relevant laws, etc.halachah only permits this in extreme situations.

To be sure, there are many translations of the Ketubah, both in English and Hebrew (including on our site). And since the Ketubah is a legal document, one should certainly read a translation to understand what is written in it (or at the very least, have the rabbi explain the basics of the document). Nevertheless, the actual Ketubah used for the marriage should be the traditional text, ensuring that it is precise and kosher.

Aside from the legal aspect of the Ketubah, there are deeper reasons for the Aramaic as well.

The Ketubah has been written in Aramaic going back to Second Temple times, imbuing the text with holiness and the tradition of our ancestors. Thus, using the traditional Aramaic text of the Ketubah links us and our future family to our ancestors rich and illustrious heritage.

The Ketubah and the Get are actually written in Aramaic with a sprinkling of Hebrew. A document that alternates between two languages is generally invalid. So why is it OK here?

Among other explanations, Rabbi Moses Isserlis explains that Aramaic has a certain holiness to it (going back to Mount Sinai ) and can therefore go together with Hebrew, the Holy Tongue.

In fact, parts of the Bible itself, as well as the Oral Torah as recorded in the Talmud, are written in Aramaic. Furthermore, some of the special prayers, such as the Kaddish, are also recited in Aramaic, signifying that Aramaic is considered a special and unique language.

But why was Aramaic chosen over Hebrew?

On a homiletic level, many cite a Midrash regarding the time before Gd gave the Jewish people the Torah. Wishing to keep the Torah in Heaven, some angels claimed that mere mortals could not be trusted to study the Torah. In reply, Gd promised that the Jewish men would occupy themselves with learning Torah.

Yet, in the text of the Ketubah, the Jewish men accept upon themselves unconditionally to work their very hardest to support their wives. This can theoretically be used by the angels to bolster their case that the Jews cannot be relied upon to study Torah assiduously.

The sages teach us that the angels understand all languages except for Aramaic. Thus, some explain, by writing it in Aramaic we prevent the angels from using the Ketubah in their argument.

In a somewhat similar vein, some cite another Midrash.

When the time came for Gd to create Adam, Gd consulted the ministering angels. The Angel of Truth said, Dont create humans, for they will be full of lies. The Angel of Peace said, Do not create them, for they will be in constant strife! What did Gd do? He grabbed the Angel of Truth and hurled him to the earth.

While that took care of the Angel of Truth, the commentaries ask, how did Gd contend with the Angel of Peace?

The commentaries explain that, based on the halachah that one is allowed to bend the truth to keep the peace, now that the need for absolute truth had been thrown down, it was possible to maintain peace.

However, part of the text of the Ketubah reads, I will work, honor, feed and support you in the custom of Jewish men, who work, honor, feed and support their wives faithfully. The Aramic word translated as faithfully, , literally means in truth. Thus, when we are creating a union that will, with the help of Gd, result in more of mankind, we are stating that it will be with truth. This gives room for the Angel of Peace to again raise objections that there will be a lack of peace. To avoid this, we write it in a language that the angels dont understand.

These homiletical explanations, while not the main reasons for the Aramaic Ketubah, stress the importance of being mindful to imbue our new home with Torah and peace.

Follow this link:

Why Is the Ketubah Written in Aramaic? - Chabad.org

The Real Reason the Beit HaMikdash Was Destroyed – The Jewish Voice

By: Ariel Natan Pasko

Any generation in which the Beit HaMikdash [the Temple] was not rebuilt in their days, its considered as if they destroyed it, (Talmud Yerushalmi Yoma 5a).

As we enter the Nine Days, before the fast of Tisha BAv, commemorating both Temples destructions, we need to investigate deeper into this situation.

If were responsible, we need to ask, whats the real reason the Beit HaMikdash was destroyed, why it hasnt been rebuilt and, how can we fix it?

Theyre hard questions to deal with, and even tougher answers, but if we (the Jewish people), want Geulah Shleima, complete redemption, the total truth must be confronted, and the real reason must be rectified.

To do the Tikkun (to fix, heal, repair) the sins of our forefathers and foremothers, we must know precisely, not just in a general way, exactly how they damaged their relationship with HaShem (the God of Israel).

What exactly caused the destruction of the Beit HaMikdash, Jerusalem, and the long exile of the Jewish people?

The rabbis in the Talmud Bavli ask, Due to what reason was the First Temple destroyed? [And answer] It was destroyed due to the fact that there were three things that existed [were out of control] during the First Temple era: Idol worship, forbidden sexual relations, and bloodshed, (Yoma 9b)

Then the rabbis of the Talmud ask, But why was the second Sanctuary destroyed, seeing that in its time they were occupying themselves with Torah study, Mitzvot, the [observance of] precepts, and the practice of charity and kindness?

They answer, Because there was Sinat Chinam, wanton hatred without cause. That teaches you that groundless hatred is considered equivalent to the three grave sins of idolatry, immorality, and bloodshed together, (Talmud Bavli 9b).

Then we are taught by the rabbis, that the Sinat Chinam was, brought on by the Lashon HaRa, slander of Jews by other Jews, that actually caused the destruction of the Second Temple, and relate the story of Kamtza and bar Kamtza. (Talmud Bavli, Gittin 55b56a).

Thats what were taught every year, senseless hatred and slander, caused the destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple

But what caused the Lashon HaRa and wanton hatred?

There are many, many Shmirat HaLashon (be careful with your speech) groups operating around the Jewish world today. Many, many articles and books have been written, audios and videos made, since the big push of the Chafetz Chaim, almost 150 years ago, which put Shmirat HaLashon on the Jewish radar. Sincere people, try to watch their words and speak positively. Many work on loving all Jews regardless of affiliation.

So, why havent the Jewish people fixed the sin yet? Why hasnt the Beit HaMikdash been rebuilt? Why hasnt Mashiach, the messiah come?

I believe its because weve been focusing too much on the Talmud of Galut (exile), the Talmud Bavlis explanation, and havent learned well enough, the Talmud of Geulah, the Talmud of Redemption, the Talmud Yerushalmi.

We begin with the Talmud Yerushalmi (Yoma 4a) which comes to the same conclusion about the destruction of the Second Temple as does the Talmud Bavli namely, that it was due to Sinat Chinam.

However, the Yerushalmi (Yoma 4b) whose text is identical till this point with the Bavli, adds three important words, that explain everything, what Sinat Chinam really came from. R. Yochanan ben Torta, adds, Ohavin et HaMamon, having too much of a lust for money.

The 18thcentury commentator, from Germany, Rabbi David ben Naphtali Frankel, (his Korban Edah, is like the Rashi on the Bavli), explains this further in his glosses to his Korban Edah, the Shirei Korban.

It comes to teach, that their love for money, led to being jealous of each other, it wasnt that they lusted for money to buy necessities for themselves, and, they were careful to give their tithes [charity] etcBut, they lusted for the money [possessions] of their friends, and this is what led to the jelousy and senseless hatred.

It wasnt a lust for money per se, as anti-Semites have accused Jews of historically, but they were obsessive,in whats commonly called today keeping up with the Joneses.

Simply put, they broke the Tenth Commandment, as stated in Parshat Yitro, at Mount Sinai, You shall not covet your neighbors house. You shall not covet your neighbors wife, his manservant, his maidservant, his ox, his donkey, or whatever belongs to your neighbor, (Exodus 20:14).

Then repeated by Moses, in the upcoming Parsha, Vaetchanan, And you shall not covet your neighbors wife, nor shall you desire your neighbors house, his field, his manservant, his maidservant, his ox, his donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbor, (Deuteronomy 5:18).

There you have it, the real reason for the Beit HaMikdashs destruction and why it hasnt yet been rebuilt.Instead of being joyful, about what they had received from HaShem, they wanted more, until it led to jelousy and hatred.

Are we any better today?

Talking about Lashon HaRa and Sinat Chinam out of context, doesnt help us repair the sin. We need laser beam focus on the real reason.

Modern marketing and advertisings main goal is stimulating the feeling of lack in people. Two minutes earlier, someonedidnt feel anything missing in their life, and now they do.

And, what about when the neighbor rolls up in a new car How do you feel?

Now that you know the cold hard truth; in a nutshell, beware of modern advertisings influence and the values of international consumer culture today, which leads to, if unchecked, covetousness, jelousy, dissatisfaction, Lashon HaRa, and finally Sinat Chinam

Maybe, if we learn the lesson quickly enough, God-willing, instead of fasting for Tisha BAv (the 9thof Av) this year, well be too busy, rebuilding the Beit HaMikdash instead.

Ariel Natan Pasko, an independent analyst and consultant, has a Masters Degree specializing in International Relations, Political Economy & Policy Analysis. His articles appear regularly on numerous news/views and think-tank websites and in newspapers. His latest articles can also be read on his archive: The Think Tank by Ariel Natan Pasko.

Read the original here:

The Real Reason the Beit HaMikdash Was Destroyed - The Jewish Voice

Listen: Longtom on electro-shock treatment for Great Whites; Chas Smith continues his outspoken advocacy for kicking dogs. You see a good thick dog,…

Extent of injuries unknown.

A surfer in his twenties has been hit by a fifteen-foot Great White shark at Bunker Bay, an awesomely pretty crescent of white sand and green water almost at the tip of Cape Naturaliste, a little north of Margaret River.

Phil Mummert, twenty-eight, was surfing The Farm, a wave protected from todays south-west onshore. He was bitten on the right thigh,helped by a longboarder to the beach and stabilised at a nearby house before being choppered to Bunbury hospital.

A local surfer on the scene said, the White came out the water and inhaled the board pretty much. The guy managed to roll out of the way and then a longboarder got him to the beach.

Mummerts girl, Mish Wright, posted an update, with photos, on Facebook.

Just want to let everyone know that Phil is doing okay! He was bitten by a shark at Bunker Bay this afternoon and got a few chunks taken out of his leg. I honestly dont know how a person can see a total stranger getting attacked by a 4m great white shark and swim towards to save him so we are beyond grateful to everyone that helped save Phils life. So lucky that Phil got away with his life and limbs and beyond lucky that we live in such a kind and caring community. So thankful for everyone who carried him to shore and for the ones that held his leg together for half an hour while waiting for the ambulance.Thank you from the bottom of our hearts thank you, thank you, thank you.Weve been flown to the hospital and just waiting for him to get stitched up. Phils doing great and singing [baby] shark do do do do do do.

Nine years ago, bodyboarder Kyle Burden, twenty-one, was bitten in half at a nearby beach called Boneyards by a Great White witnesses say was six metres long or twenty feet.

Both waves, Bonyards and The Farm, are right there on Cape Naturaliste, a fist of geography that juts out on the western edge of Geographe Bay, home to a thriving New Zealand fur seal colony.

Plenty of White around the Cape?

Yeah, there is.

Plenty of em circling the rest of Australia, too.

Todays attack is the third hit on surfers by Great Whites in two months.

Three weeks ago, fifteen-year-old Mani Hart-Deville was killed by a White at Wilsons Headland, just north of Coffs Harbour; the previous month saw sixty-year-old surfer Rob Pedretti killed by a White near the Surfing Australia High Performance Camp at Casuarina, just south of the Gold Coast.

Two weeks ago, a ten-year-old by was snatched off the deck of his daddys fishing boat by a twelve-foot White on Tasmanias north-west coast.

More on the latest hit as it comes.

(And read about the ethics of executing Great Whites, here.)

Read more:

Listen: Longtom on electro-shock treatment for Great Whites; Chas Smith continues his outspoken advocacy for kicking dogs. You see a good thick dog,...

Even More Harm Than We Think – The Jewish Press – JewishPress.com

Photo Credit: Jewish Press

The haftorah of Shabbos Nachamu (Yeshayah 40:1) begins with the words, Comfort, comfort My people, says Hashem.

The Yalkut Shimoni Eichah says that since the retribution was double, the expression of comfort in this haftorah is doubled as well.

We know, however, that Hashem metes out punishment middah kneged middah. So how could our punishment have been double? Also, doesnt every nation sin? Why were we punished so harshly?

The Yismach Yisroel explains that every deed of the Jewish people has a powerful effect on the entire world. He notes further that every deed actually consists of two components: the act itself and the consequence of that act.

Hashem designated us as His chosen nation. Hashem has chosen you for Himself to be a treasured people from among all the peoples (Devarim 14:2). We are unique and different in our disposition and temperament.

Every Jewish soul is bound to Hashems kisei hakavod the throne of glory with a chut hameshulash (a threefold chain that is not easily broken), which stretches through the heavens, the constellations, and the earths atmosphere. When we do a mitzvah, it makes an impression all along the way, beyond the world, and up to the kisei hakavod. One good act, one pasuk of Torah learned, one pasuk of Tehillim said, brings holiness and purity to the entire world.

This fundamental mechanism is also at work when a Jew commits a sin; a ripple of cause and effect extends throughout the world and beyond.

When we say in our personal prayer for forgiveness (in Shemone Esrei), Grant me atonement for my sinsand make whole all the names that I have blemished in your great name, we are referring to the injury we caused with our transgressions.

The Talmud tells us (Yoma 86b) that the entire world is forgiven on account of one individual who repents. A Jew has the power to bring merit to all of mankind.

The actions of the nations of the world, in contrast, have no such effect on the universe. There is no connection to Hashem that is impacted by their aveiros.

So now we understand why we received a double punishment. Our sin was double because of the sin itself and the negative effect of the sin that pulsated throughout the world.

And Hashem gives us a double measure of nechamah (comfort) because teshuvah mahavah repentance out of love turns our sins into merits and brings us closer to Hashem than we ever were.

Rabbi Israel Abuchatzera (1890-1984), known as the Baba Sali, was born in Morocco to a distinguished rabbinic family. He was renowned as a legendary Talmudic scholar, a great ohev Yisroel, and a holy man who could work miracles through his prayers. In his early years, his love for the people of Eretz Yisrael often took him from Morocco to Israel until he eventually settled in Netivot.

On one of these trips, a violent storm arose at sea on Shabbos. The skies turned ominously dark, the winds turned fierce, and towering walls of water slammed into the ship. The captain told all the passengers that the ship was in danger of capsizing.

Baba Sali had remained below deck in his cabin on the holy day of Shabbos, immersed in prayer and learning. When the gabbai heard the captains warning, he hurried down to Baba Salis cabin and shared the information.

Baba Sali responded that he would like to make kiddush. The gabbai was puzzled by his reaction, but he did not question the tzaddik. He brought Baba Sali a kiddush cup with some wine, and Baba Sali recited kiddush with deep kavanah.

He partook of the wine, and then went up on deck with the shiurei mitzvah (the remaining wine from kiddush in his cup). He walked over to the railing on the side of the ship and poured the shiurei mitzvah into the raging waters below. Immediately, the sea quieted and the storm abated.

The people on board could not believe their eyes and were inspired with a strong belief in G-d. When the ship docked, the passengers tried to offer Baba Sali a reward as they thanked him and kissed his hand.

Baba Sali would accept nothing. In his self-effacing manner, he quietly stated, It was all Hashems doing.

Read more:

Even More Harm Than We Think - The Jewish Press - JewishPress.com

Addressing inequalities in women’s health research – Contemporary Obgyn

Womens health research continues to be marginalized. To address and reverse this trend requires committed, accountable leadership, inclusion of diversity of thought and critical social science issues, in addition to the more well-funded basic traditional and clinical research.

There are several areas that contribute to this marginalization, first, with respect to pregnant women. Optimizing pregnancy outcome would significantly improve world health, as babies, if born early and often thus small have higher risks of heart disease, diabetes, and asthma.

Therefore, a baby born without complications, at the right time and weight, has the potential for a healthier life. Similarly, optimizing a womans health both for a healthier pregnancy and outcome and for her long-erm health also has the potential to improve world health. A womans health is known to impact her family, including both younger and older generations, thus strategies to address womens health are essential.

Funding for womens health research is limited. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) categorizes research funding to provide consistent and transparent information on the categories of disease, conditions, and research areas.

The categorization uses sophisticated text data mining based on scientific experts to define a research category. Incredibly, 2019 was the first year that federal funding for womens health research was classified based on scientific relevance, rather than based on the percentage of female subjects included in the studies.1

The rationale for using the percentage of females enrolled in a study to count as womens health research is unclear, and unfounded, as women certainly are enrolled in studies that are not focused on womens health.In 2019, the NIH funded $4,749M in womens health research, with the largest percent (26%) by the National Cancer Institute (Figure 1).

As examples, the genetics, neurosciences, biotechnology, brain disorders, pediatrics, and aging research categories all had more NIH funding in 2019 than womens health.

To prevent transmission of the virus, all non-essential visits and encounters have been appropriately stopped, thus all ongoing clinical research has effectively ceased aside from that impacting clinical care. As I mentioned in my editorial in April, when there were only 51 studies2 - and now substantiated in 588 studies3 - pregnant and breastfeeding women are yet again excluded from research, notably from participating in COVID-19 clinical trials during this pandemic.

This is a major missed opportunity as results with therapies studied in men and nonpregnant women may not be generalizable. Furthermore, therapies are potentially not being offered to women, or if they are offered, are not being systematically studied in this population to provide needed data with which to guide therapy.

The impact of COVID-19 on womens health research highlights the long-standing inequities in including this population in research. Only in the last few decades were women required to be included in clinical research.

Yet even with this mandate, subsets of women remain excluded.

Despite mandated inclusion of women in research, womens health research remains marginalized, as are women researchers and physician-scientists. Although data suggest that women submitting NIH research project grant (RO1) applications for the first time have the same grant success rate as men4, they are half as likely to apply for those grants5, despite the fact that just as many women as men are receiving advanced degrees.

A natural history experiment using the investigator-initiated Canadian Institutes of Health Research Grant Programmes demonstrated that gender gaps in funding were due to female principal investigators being evaluated less favorably than male principal investigators - and not related to the quality of their research proposals.6

This marginalization of women researchers is rampant. As reported in numerous studies, women are less likely to be promoted, achieve tenure, or be selected for leadership roles (Supplemental figure).

Similarly, women with equal stature are less likely to be selected to participate in think tanks than men. As an example, a recent article outlining a research strategy for womens health with 17 authors included only 4 (24%) women.7

Furthermore, of the nine physician authors, only one is an ob/gyn and four are pediatricians. The themes from the think tank neglect critical areas of research, focusing on traditional sciences and emphasize genetics, overlooking the role of racial disparities and health inequities.

As noted by the 2018 NIH Gender Inequality Task Force Report, Sustainable change in representation of women, and of all individuals from underrepresented groups, requires committed, accountable leadership along with effective tools to accomplish this important goal.8 It is troubling that gender diversity in leadership positions is lacking nationally.

Using 2019 data, only 19% of department chairs (both interim and permanent) are held by women. Extrapolating the trend lines suggests another 50 years are needed to attain parity of department chairs and medical school deans by gender (Figure 2).

This diversity is not due to a lack of qualified women, as since 2002, women have earned the majority of all doctorates9 and in 2019, women comprise the majority of enrolled US medical students.10

Underrepresentation creates a culture that perpetuates inequalities. For our patients, for ourselves, for our families, we must correct this course. This is not easy, and will require a change of culture led by a committed, accountable, proactive leadership.

Equally important will be the inclusion of diversity and broadening of the research agenda to include critical social science issues, health disparities, and social determinants of health.

One ray of hope to address these pressing issues is the formation of the Womxns Health Collaborative, a group determined to identify and initiate actionable steps.

If you are interested in participating, I encourage you to contact Dr. Michal Elovitz at womxnshealth@gmail.com.

__

__

Original post:

Addressing inequalities in women's health research - Contemporary Obgyn

Seeing the Health Care Profession Through the Eyes of a Medical Scribe – Hamilton College News

Shaquelle (Shaq) Levy 20 likens his new job as a medical scribe at CityMD, an urgent care walk-in center in Manhattan, to speed dating. Each patient comes in,you build a rapport with them, get their medical history, the reason they are coming in today, and ask more questions about their complaint, Levy said.

Levy, who was focused on pre-med at Hamilton, said he found the job after other positions in which he was interested fell though during the coronavirus pandemic.

Hoping to get more clinical experience in his first job, Levy said he was at first skeptical about the medical scribe position. Then I realized that a medical scribe at CityMD is quite different from other places. My job entails bringing patients from the waiting room to examination rooms, where I am responsible for taking vitals, getting the chiefcomplaint, medical history, and history of present illness, he said.

Levy documents the encounter between the provider and the patient and adds the information to the patients chart. Some of my other responsibilitiesinclude setting up procedure trays for providers, performing patient caretests, rapid strep, rapid mono, urinalysis, COVID testing, and more, he said.

The position is full-time and Levy works 12-hour shifts. He said he most enjoys the patient interactions and is surprised at how fast 12 hours goes by when youre busy.

Levy, who took part in a shadowing and volunteer program at SUNY Upstate Medical University while at Hamilton, said he especially appreciates the support given to him by Leslie Bell, health care professions advisor. Throughout my four years at Hamilton, she gave me various opportunities that made me further explore my career path, he said.

Levy plans to attend medical school within the next three years. Being able to jump in during the pandemic and help in whatever way through this job is well appreciated, he said. I also value the experiences I will gain from this job, seeing as it will help me to better understand the medical profession and what it takes to practice medicine.

See the original post here:

Seeing the Health Care Profession Through the Eyes of a Medical Scribe - Hamilton College News

Collaborative team of Macau, Hong Kong and mainland China scientists makes major breakthrough in development of potential COVID-19 vaccine for mass…

A team working out of the Faculty of Medicine at Macau University of Science and Technology (MUST), in collaboration with scientists from mainland China and Hong Kong, have made a potentially game changing breakthrough in their efforts to develop a highly effective COVID-19 vaccine that can be produced on a mass scale.

Research Professor Zhang Kang from the MUST Faculty of Medicine led the collaborative research team together with top scientists from many renowned institutions in mainland China and Hong Kong.

The peer-reviewed results from the teams research were published in the leading British science journal Natureon Wednesday 29 July. Inside Asian Gamingunderstands the breakthrough is amongst the most significant yet in overcoming the global pandemic.

The research found that a vaccine developed using certain residues found in the Spike protein receptor-binding domain (S-RBD) which is what the virus uses to engage with the cells of the host and cause infection induced a potent functional antibody response in immunized mice, rabbits and monkeys. These antibodies effectively blocked S-RBD from binding with the host cell receptor as it does in cases of infection, therefore neutralizing the virus during laboratory studies.

Importantly, immunization was effective from just a single dose and produced the antibody response as early as 7 or 14 days after injection. Elevated RBD-specific antibodies were also found in patients with COVID-19.

The fact that our candidate RBD vaccine can induce effective viral neutralizing activity in three different animal species is very encouraging, the study explains.

It is also encouraging to observe (a) that the antibodies shared common binding epitopes from infected patients, (b) that there is a strong viral neutralizing activity associated with a good humoral response, (c) that a simple vaccine adjuvant like Alum can further enhance the immune response, (d) that even one dose of the vaccine can already generated an excellent level of viral neutralizing activity, (e) that the vaccine can protect non-human primates from live [COVID-19] challenge, and (f) that the toxicology studies in the non-human primates showed that this vaccine candidate is safe.

All these features are excellent prospects in supporting the further development of this vaccine candidate.

The study also noted the significance of how quickly the vaccine sparked an antibody response.

Given the current pandemic, developing some type of viral neutralizing activity around 7 days after the first dose would be very helpful, it says.

This effect may have tremendous impact on treating infected individuals and preventing the spread of [COVID-19] in the populations.

Our finding highlights the importance of the RBD domain in the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) vaccine design and provides the rationale for the development of a protective vaccine through the induction of antibody against the RBD domain.

The research paper published in Naturethis week included 86 authors. IAGunderstands that more than 100 scientists have been involved in this collaborative effort to find a COVID-19 vaccine.

Read this article:

Collaborative team of Macau, Hong Kong and mainland China scientists makes major breakthrough in development of potential COVID-19 vaccine for mass...

New Galaxy ICC, Macau, to showcase at IT&CM China – Conference and Meetings World

Ahead of the opening of Galaxy International Convention Center (GICC) in Macau early in 2021, Galaxy Integrated Resorts will showcase the new facility and its MICE offer at the IT&CM China 2020 virtual event, 3-5 August.

We look forward to participating in IT&CM Chinas new virtual event format this year, said Joey Pather, the groups senior vice-president, MICE operations and sales.

With GICC as the newest addition to Macaus MICE scene next year, it will be one of the most technologically advanced MICE destinations in Asia, offering 5G for high-speed connectivity and live streaming of content. We are witnessing an accelerating trend of more hybrid events. GICC will soon have the infrastructure and technology in place to become best in class in global digital and simulcast communication.

Situated within the Galaxy Integrated Resorts precinct, GICC will offer 40,000sqm of meeting space, a 650-seat auditorium, the 16,000-seat Galaxy Arena and a new 700-room Andaz Macau hotel all in one location.

For large-scale exhibitions, GICC offers 10,000sqm of pillar-less areas that can cater for 7,000 delegates.

Galaxy Arena will play host to major sports events, concerts, fight nights and corporate launches.

Organisers who book an event at GICC or at any of the eight luxury hotels at the resort precinct before December 31, 2020 can enjoy discounts, free welcome drinks, complimentary coach transfer, suite upgrades, complimentary rooms and 15% off on dining for hotel guests of Galaxy Macau and Broadway Macau. Minimum 25 room bookings required for minimum of two nights.

This resort-wide MICE offer is for events booked within this year and held before December 31, 2021.

A We Are Ready campaign is in place to inform guests about enhanced health and safety measures at the resorts. Measures include temperature screening at all main entrances and exits at the resort and nano-coating technology for long-lasting, self-disinfection of surfaces.

View post:

New Galaxy ICC, Macau, to showcase at IT&CM China - Conference and Meetings World

Malaysia Police Say Theres Strong Indication Jho Low in Macau – Bloomberg

Jho Low

Photographer: Michael Loccisano/Getty Images

Photographer: Michael Loccisano/Getty Images

Malaysias police suspect that Low Taek Jho is hiding in Macau, amid efforts to bring the fugitive financier home to face justice for his role in the troubled state fund 1MDB.

Strong indication that he is there -- full stop, Inspector-General of Police Abdul Hamid Bador said in a text message to Bloomberg. The police chief in February had said they received intelligence that Low was active in Wuhan.

Malaysias court Tuesday said that Low had played a crucial role in transferring 42 million ringgit ($10 million) of funds from a former 1MDB unit to ex-prime minister Najib Razaks accounts. Najib was found guilty of all seven charges in the trial and faces 12 years in prison, along with a 210 million ringgit fine.

Before it's here, it's on the Bloomberg Terminal.

View post:

Malaysia Police Say Theres Strong Indication Jho Low in Macau - Bloomberg

Macau travel agencies in talks with airlines to increase frequencies for connections to Europe/US – CAPA – Centre for Aviation

CAPA publishes more than 400 global News Briefs every weekday, covering all aspects of the aviation and travel industry. Its the most comprehensive source of market intelligence in the world, with around 50 per cent of content translated from non-English sources. The breadth of our coverage means you wont need any other news sources to monitor competitors and stay informed about the latest developments in the wider aviation sector.

Our daily News Briefs are only available to CAPA Members. Membership provides access to more than 400 News Briefs every weekday, with quick links to our Analysis Reports, Research Publications, Data Centre and more.

Its easy to keep your News Briefs relevant by customising your email alerts based on topic, region, sector, frequency and more. Once youve saved your settings, you can stay up-to-date wherever you are, by quickly scanning our News Briefs online or via the CAPA mobile app.

Membership also provides full access to our Analysis Reports, in-depth Research Publications and comprehensive Data Centre. Premium CAPA Members can also access add-ons such as our exclusive Fleet Database, Airline Cask Data tools and more, to enjoy the full capabilities of our global platform.

Continue reading here:

Macau travel agencies in talks with airlines to increase frequencies for connections to Europe/US - CAPA - Centre for Aviation

Government Information Bureau meets with Macao Youth Media Association to exchange ideas on changing face of local media – Inside Asian Gaming

The Director of the Macao Government Information Bureau (GCS), Ins Chan Lou, and Deputy Director Wong Lok I met with representatives of the Macao Youth Media Association last week to exchange views on key issues facing the development of Macau media in 2020.

Among the topics raised by the Associations President, Cheong In Cheng, was the status of new and emerging media which she said plays an equally important role in informing the public on topical issues. Cheung said the definition of media should not be limited to the certain types of media but should be more open in order to reflect modern society.

It was also suggested by one Association representative that the GCS arrange a special internal team to assist and respond to new media, with Chan acknowledging the idea has merit.

Chan who was appointed to head the GCS in late June agreed that new media can play an important role as a bridge between the Macau SAR Government and its residents and expressed her pleasure at seeing youth willing to make increasingly important contributions to Macaus media industry. She said she will actively encourage more young people to become involved.

The ideas floated for further development of youth in media included for the GCS to cooperate with local universities in promoting new media. The Association recommended offering greater promotion and training to students in order to provide opportunities to learn about exactly how Macaus media operates from day to day.

Other representatives of the Macau Youth Media Association present at last weeks meeting were Vice Presidents Lam Ka Wai, Kuan Seng Ip and Victoria Man Sok Wa, Chairman Chan Ka Chon, Vice Chairman Tang Sio Ian, Executive Director Chan In Kei and Chief Supervisor Lam Chan Sing.

Read this article:

Government Information Bureau meets with Macao Youth Media Association to exchange ideas on changing face of local media - Inside Asian Gaming

Macau health authority warns casinos will close again if positive COVID-19 case found on gaming floors – Inside Asian Gaming

Macaus Health Bureau has underlined the necessity of requiring casino guests to submit negative COVID-19 test results before entering the gaming floor, stating Macaus casinos would need to close again if any confirmed cases are found.

Guangdong removed mandatory quarantine on visitors returning from Macau on 15 July, with Macau authorities announcing at the same time a requirement for all guests to provide negative test results from the previous seven days when entering casino floors or VIP rooms.

The policy has created some unrest among local citizens, who argue the policy is unnecessary because Macau has no active cases and visitors require a negative test just to enter the SAR in the first place.

But Health Bureau officials explained on Tuesday that even though Macau has not recorded any new locally transmitted cases for over four months, the global situation remains concerning.

The gaming industry is the most important industry in Macau, the Health Bureau said. Generally, people stay on casino floors for a longer time than other places, so that the risk of spreading the virus would be higher than in other places.

Many infected people do not show obvious symptoms. It is hard to guarantee that Macau does not have any hidden patients at this moment.

We have the conditions to keep a close eye on the preventive works of casinos.

Despite requiring negative virus test results, all casinos must also check each guests body temperature at entrances while enhancing disinfection measures on casino floors.

Between 50,000 and 60,000 casino frontline workers will also receive a one-off virus test, with all 25,000 workers from Sands China and SJM Holdings having completed their tests last week.

Read more:

Macau health authority warns casinos will close again if positive COVID-19 case found on gaming floors - Inside Asian Gaming

China accuses US of ‘outright bullying’ over TikTok – Macau Business

China accused the United States on Tuesday of outright bullying over popular video app TikTok, after President Donald Trump ramped up pressure for its US operations to be sold to an American company.

This goes against the principles of the market economy and the (World Trade Organisations) principles of openness, transparency and non-discrimination, said foreign ministry spokesman Wang Wenbin.

A day earlier, President Trump gave TikTok six weeks to sell its US operations, in the latest escalation to an ongoing political and trade battle between Washington and Beijing.

The app has been under formal investigation on US national security grounds, because it collects large amounts of personal data on users and is legally bound to share it with authorities in Beijing if they demand it.

But Wang told a regular press briefing Tuesday: The US, without providing any evidence, has been using an abused concept of national security unjustifiably suppressing certain non-US companies.

He said the national security grounds for the USs clampdown on Chinese firms does not hold water, adding that the companies conduct their business activities in accordance with international rules and US laws.

But the US is cracking down on them on trumped-up charges. This is all political manipulation, said Wang, who warned the US not to open Pandoras box.

Read more here:

China accuses US of 'outright bullying' over TikTok - Macau Business

Thailand launches another probe in Red Bull heir’s ‘hit-and-run’ – Macau Business

Thailands attorney general ordered a new investigation Tuesday into the heir to the Red Bull billions accused of a fatal hit-and-run, following public outrage after his charges were dropped last month.

Vorayuth Boss Yoovidhya was accused of killing a police officer in 2012 when he crashed his Ferrari in Bangkoks most exclusive neighbourhood.

The case has dragged on for years, and Vorayuth the grandson of Red Bull co-founder Chaleo Yoovidhya and one of the heirs to the family fortune fled the kingdom in 2017.

Last month, police and prosecutors said all charges against the 38-year-old had been dropped, including reckless driving causing death, citing new evidence.

The move spurred widespread anger amplified by trending hashtags on Twitter such as #BoycottRedBull, as his case was perceived as an example of the impunity apparently enjoyed by the kingdoms powerful billionaire class.

It also led to a rare statement by eight members of the sprawling Yoovidhya clan considered Thailands second-richest family according to Forbes who broke ranks to decry it.

Under growing pressure, the attorney generals office, police and the prime ministers office have now each opened probes into why the charges were dropped.

Following a review of the case, the Attorney Generals Office (AGO) announced Tuesday they will order police to conduct new investigations into the accident and Vorayuths alleged drug use.

Traces of cocaine were detected in Vorayuths system after the accident, according to a police report.

Police told a parliamentary committee last week that they had not pressed drug charges because Vorayuths dentist said the cocaine was administered for dental treatment.

The AGO said it agrees to firstly inform police investigators to press charges against him on the use of cocaine, said Prayut Bejaguna, deputy spokesman.

They must also open the new investigation on the charge of reckless driving cause death, which has seven years left on the statute of limitations.

He cited new evidence showing discrepancies between the original police report of Vorayuths speed.

The case is not over yet.

Last week, a defence witness key to clearing Vorayuts name was killed in a motorbike accident in the northern city of Chiang Mai.

Charuchart Martthong had told investigators that Vorayut was not speeding, an account apparently delivered years after the 2012 accident.

The probes launched by multiple Thai agencies would likely have seen the truck driver questioned again.

His sudden death on Thursday prompted premier Prayut Chan-O-Cha to order a new autopsy.

The former army general on Tuesday urged for calm from the public, calling for them to be patient for the results of all probes.

The Red Bull case has served as a fresh conduit for anger against Prayuts administration which enjoys close alliances with Thailands billionaire clans as it struggles with a flatlining economy due to the epidemic.

View original post here:

Thailand launches another probe in Red Bull heir's 'hit-and-run' - Macau Business

Former tennis player admits lying to get reduced ban – Macau Business

Argentine former tennis player Mariano Puerta admitted on Monday he lied to get a reduced sentence when he was caught doping following the 2005 French Open final he lost to Rafael Nadal.

The explanation we used as a strategy was a lie. But I didnt gain any sporting advantage, I dont want to be seen as a cheat any more, Puerta told the La Nacion newspaper.

Spanish great Nadal bounced back from losing the first set on a tie-break to win his first Grand Slam title at Roland Garros where he has been crowned champion a record 12 times.

Following the final, Puerta, now 41, tested positive for the stimulant etilefrine.

Given hed already served a nine-month doping ban in 2003 after testing positive for another stimulant, clenbuterol, he was initially handed an eight-year ban.

However, upon arguing that he had accidentally ingested the etilefrine when he took a sip from his wifes glass of water in which she had put medication for menstrual pains, his ban was reduced to two years by the Court of Arbitration for Sport.

However, Puerta told La Nacion that at the time he was taking a nutritional supplement that contained caffeine and ginseng that he acquired from a friend of his personal trainer Dario Lecman, and which was contaminated with traces of etilefrine.

We couldnt do anything because the pills were bought, I dont know how to put this not in a legal way, said Puerta.

My lawyers didnt think it was a good idea to say what happened.

However, questioned by La Nacion, Lecman said: Ive got nothing to do with this. I didnt give him anything. Its a lie.

Puertas former coach Andres Schneiter, also cast doubt on the new version of events.

I asked him what had happened and he told me he didnt know. I thought he was lying. I sensed that reply wasnt sincere, I think he took something without knowing and it was negligence, said Schneiter.

Puerta was ranked number nine in the world at the time but never managed to reach that level again after his comeback in 2007 and he retired two years later.

Read the original:

Former tennis player admits lying to get reduced ban - Macau Business

Classes on the University of Macao to begin on 7 September – Macau News

The University of Macau (UM) announced on Wednesday that the classes for the upcoming academic year will begin on 7 September.

A note sent to all UM students said that all teaching activities will resume normally in the new academic year and classes will mainly be arranged on a face-to-face teaching basis.

The note, however, said that students should pay close attention to the Special Webpage against Epidemics of the Macao Health Bureau.

According to information released by UM, all current postgraduate students will be allowed to return to campus from 10 August 2020.

The university is closely monitoring the situation of the pandemic and will make necessary adjustments to the teaching arrangement in accordance with the announcements and prevention guidelines of the Macao government, the note said.

The notice by UM also asks students to wear a mask, wash hands frequently, maintain distance and avoid crowd gathering.

PHOTO University of Macau

Excerpt from:

Classes on the University of Macao to begin on 7 September - Macau News

Suncream made of skin pigment will help shield astronauts from lethal x-ray radiation, scientists suggest – The Independent

Astronauts should be protected from dangerous radiation in deep space by using a hybrid of metal and melanin the skin pigment that colours human beings hair, eyes, and bodies.

Research published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society suggest a new material called selenomelanin, which has never been found to exist in nature, could block lethal x-rays from harming spacegoers.

Given the increased interest in space travel, and the general need for lightweight, multifunctional and radioprotective biomaterials, we've become excited about the potential of melanin, said Northwestern Universitys Nathan Gianneschi in a statement.

Sharing the full story, not just the headlines

Melanin containing selenium would offer better protection than other forms of melanin [and] this as-yet undiscovered melanin may very well exist in nature so we skipped the discovery part and decided to make it ourselves.

Melanin, specifically a form of melanin called pheomelanin, was used to create this new material.

Pheomelanin compound contains sulphur, and gives human beings red and auburn hair, as well as red lips. It also absorbs x-rays particularly effectively.

Researchers used pheomelanin as a base, swapping out the element sulphur with the metal element selenium, which is very close to sulphur on the periodic table and is known for its role in preventing cancer in organisms.

By swapping these elements the researchers created selenomelanin. This new biomaterial then received a dose of radiation which would be lethal to humans.

The researchers also directed a dose into synthetic pheomelanin and eumelanin the pigment in black and brown hair as well as cells with no protective melanin.

The scientists found that only the cells with selenomelanin exhibited a normal cell cycle. Moreover, further testing using bacteria found that selenomelanin can be created organically, leading to the hypothesis that it may already exist through evolution but has yet to be discovered.

It is possible that such a material could be applied to an astronauts skin, in the same way we apply suncream on Earth, to protect against radiation, or could be used as a layer over other materials.

The harm that X-rays can cause in space cannot be underestimated. Nasas Twin Study - where astronaut Scott Kelley spent three years in space and had his DNA compared to his twin brother on Earth showed damage to his genetic makeup from his time in orbit.

It is hypothesised that an astronaut on a Mars mission could receive 700 times more radiation than on Earth. It is expected that 110 people will need to be sent to Mars to start a colony, with scientists predicting that we will land on Mars within the next two decades.

More here:

Suncream made of skin pigment will help shield astronauts from lethal x-ray radiation, scientists suggest - The Independent

Caribbean – Wikipedia

Region to the center-east of America composed of many islands / coastal regions surrounding the Caribbean Sea

The Caribbean (, )[4] (Spanish: El Caribe; French: les Carabes; Haitian Creole: Karayib; Dutch: De Caraben) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea[5] and some bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean)[6] and the surrounding coasts. The region is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and the North American mainland, east of Central America, and north of South America.

Situated largely on the Caribbean Plate, the region has more than 700 islands, islets, reefs and cays (see the list of Caribbean islands). Island arcs delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea:[7] the Greater Antilles on the north and the Lesser Antilles on the south and east (which includes the Leeward Antilles). They form the West Indies with the nearby Lucayan Archipelago (The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands), which are sometimes considered to be a part of the Caribbean despite not bordering the Caribbean Sea. On the mainland, Belize, Nicaragua, the Caribbean region of Colombia, Cozumel, the Yucatn Peninsula, Margarita Island, and The Guianas (Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Guayana Region in Venezuela, and Amap in Brazil) are often included due to their political and cultural ties with the region.[8]

A mostly tropical geography, the climates are greatly shaped by sea temperatures and precipitation, with the hurricane season regularly leading to natural disasters. Because of its tropical climate and low lying island geography, the Caribbean is vulnerable to a number of climate change effects, including increased storm intensity, salt water intrusion, sea level rise and coastal erosion, and precipitation variability.[9] These weather changes will greatly change the economies of the islands, especially the major industries of agricultural and tourism.[9]

The Caribbean was occupied by indigenous people since at least 3600 BC. When European colonization followed the arrival of Columbus, the population was quickly decimated by brutal labor practices, enslavement and disease and on many islands, Europeans supplanted the native populations with enslaved Africans. Following the independence of Haiti from France in the early 19th century and the decline of slavery in the 19th century, island nations in the Caribbean gradually gained independence, with a wave of new states during the 1950s and 60s. Because of the proximity to the United States, there is also a long history of United States intervention in the region.

The islands of the Caribbean (the West Indies) are often regarded as a subregion of North America, though sometimes they are included in Middle America or left as a subregion of their own.[10][11] and are organized into 30 territories including sovereign states, overseas departments, and dependencies. From December 15, 1954, to October 10, 2010, there was a country known as the Netherlands Antilles composed of five states, all of which were Dutch dependencies.[12] From January 3, 1958, to May 31, 1962, there was also a short-lived political union called the West Indies Federation composed of ten English-speaking Caribbean territories, all of which were then British dependencies.

The region takes its name from that of the Caribs, an ethnic group present in the Lesser Antilles and parts of adjacent South America at the time of the Spanish conquest of the Americas.[13]

The two most prevalent pronunciations of "Caribbean" outside the Caribbean are (KARR--BEE-n), with the primary stress on the third syllable, and (k-RIB-ee-n), with the stress on the second. Most authorities of the last century preferred the stress on the third syllable.[14] This is the older of the two pronunciations, but the stressed-second-syllable variant has been established for over 75 years.[15] It has been suggested that speakers of British English prefer (KARR--BEE-n) while North American speakers more typically use (k-RIB-ee-n),[16] but major American dictionaries and other sources list the stress on the third syllable as more common in American English too.[17][18][19][20] According to the American version of Oxford Online Dictionaries, the stress on the second syllable is becoming more common in UK English and is increasingly considered "by some" to be more up to date and more "correct".[21]

The Oxford Online Dictionaries claim that the stress on the second syllable is the most common pronunciation in the Caribbean itself, but according to the Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage, the most common pronunciation in Caribbean English stresses the first syllable instead, (KARR-ih-bee-an).[4][21]

The word "Caribbean" has multiple uses. Its principal ones are geographical and political. The Caribbean can also be expanded to include territories with strong cultural and historical connections to Africa, slavery, European colonisation and the plantation system.

Islands in and near the Caribbean

Maritime boundaries between the Caribbean (island) nations

The oldest evidence of humans in the Caribbean is in southern Trinidad at Banwari Trace, where remains have been found from seven thousand years ago. These pre-ceramic sites, which belong to the Archaic (pre-ceramic) age, have been termed Ortoiroid. The earliest archaeological evidence of human settlement in Hispaniola dates to about 3600 BC, but the reliability of these finds is questioned. Consistent dates of 3100 BC appear in Cuba. The earliest dates in the Lesser Antilles are from 2000 BC in Antigua. A lack of pre-ceramic sites in the Windward Islands and differences in technology suggest that these Archaic settlers may have Central American origins. Whether an Ortoiroid colonization of the islands took place is uncertain, but there is little evidence of one.

Between 400 BC and 200 BC the first ceramic-using agriculturalists, the Saladoid culture, entered Trinidad from South America. They expanded up the Orinoco River to Trinidad, and then spread rapidly up the islands of the Caribbean. Some time after 250 AD another group, the Barancoid, entered Trinidad. The Barancoid society collapsed along the Orinoco around 650 AD and another group, the Arauquinoid, expanded into these areas and up the Caribbean chain. Around 1300 AD a new group, the Mayoid, entered Trinidad and remained the dominant culture until Spanish settlement.

At the time of the European discovery of most of the islands of the Caribbean, three major Amerindian indigenous peoples lived on the islands: the Tano in the Greater Antilles, the Bahamas and the Leeward Islands, the Island Caribs and Galibi in the Windward Islands, and the Ciboney in western Cuba. The Tanos are subdivided into Classic Tanos, who occupied Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, Western Tanos, who occupied Cuba, Jamaica, and the Bahamian archipelago, and the Eastern Tanos, who occupied the Leeward Islands. Trinidad was inhabited by both Carib speaking and Arawak-speaking groups.

Soon after Christopher Columbus came to the Caribbean, both Portuguese and Spanish explorers began claiming territories in Central and South America. These early colonies brought gold to Europe; most specifically England, the Netherlands, and France. These nations hoped to establish profitable colonies in the Caribbean. Colonial rivalries made the Caribbean a cockpit for European wars for centuries.

The Caribbean was known for pirates, especially between 1640 and 1680. The term "buccaneer" is often used to describe a pirate operating in this region. The Caribbean region was war-torn throughout much of its colonial history, but the wars were often based in Europe, with only minor battles fought in the Caribbean. Some wars, however, were born of political turmoil in the Caribbean itself.

Haiti was the first Caribbean nation to gain independence from European powers (see Haitian Revolution). Some Caribbean nations gained independence from European powers in the 19th century. Some smaller states are still dependencies of European powers today. Cuba remained a Spanish colony until the SpanishAmerican War. Between 1958 and 1962, most of the British-controlled Caribbean became the West Indies Federation before they separated into many separate nations.

The United States has conducted military operations in the Caribbean and Latin America regions for at least 100 years.[31] Successive administrations of the Caribbean region have regularly maintained that the Caribbean must remain a zone of peace and have sought declarations at the United Nations to declare the region as such.

Since the Monroe Doctrine, the United States gained a major influence on most Caribbean nations. In the early part of the 20th century this influence was extended by participation in the Banana Wars. Victory in the SpanishAmerican War and the signing of the Platt Amendment in 1901 ensured that the United States would have the right to interfere in Cuban political and economic affairs, militarily if necessary. After the Cuban Revolution of 1959, relations deteriorated rapidly leading to the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and successive US attempts to destabilize the island, based upon Cold War fears of the Soviet threat. The US invaded and occupied Hispaniola for 19 years (191534), subsequently dominating the Haitian economy through aid and loan repayments. The US invaded Haiti again in 1994 and in 2004 were accused by CARICOM of arranging a coup d'tat to remove elected Haitian leader Jean-Bertrand Aristide. In 1965, 23,000 US troops were sent to the Dominican Republic to quash a local uprising against military rule (see Dominican Civil War). President Lyndon Johnson had ordered the invasion to stem what he deemed to be a "Communist threat." However, the mission appeared ambiguous and was roundly condemned throughout the hemisphere as a return to gunboat diplomacy. In 1983, the US invaded Grenada to remove populist left-wing leader Maurice Bishop. The US maintains a naval military base in Cuba at Guantanamo Bay. The base is one of five unified commands whose "area of responsibility" is Latin America and the Caribbean. The command is headquartered in Miami, Florida.

From 1966 until the late 1980s, the Soviet government upgraded Cuba's military capabilities, and Cuban leader Fidel Castro saw to it that Cuba assisted with the independence struggles of several countries across the world, most notably Angola and Mozambique in southern Africa, and the anti-imperialist struggles of countries such as Syria, Algeria, Venezuela, Bolivia, and Vietnam.[32][33] Its Angolan involvement was particularly intense and noteworthy with heavy assistance given to the MarxistLeninist MPLA in the Angolan Civil War. Cuba sent 380,000 troops to Angola and 70,000 additional civilian technicians and volunteers. (The Cuban forces possessed 1,000 tanks, 600 armored vehicles and 1,600 artillery pieces.)

Cuba's involvement in the Angolan Civil War began in the 1960s, when relations were established with the leftist Movement for the Popular Liberation of Angola (MPLA). The MPLA was one of three organizations struggling to gain Angola's independence from Portugal, the other two being UNITA and the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA). In August and October 1975, the South African Defence Force (SADF) intervened in Angola in support of the UNITA and FNLA. On 14 October 1975, the SADF commenced Operation Savannah in an effort to capture Luanda from the south. On 5 November 1975, without consulting Moscow, the Cuban government opted for a direct intervention with combat troops (Operation Carlota) in support of the MPLA and the combined MPLA-Cuban armies managed to stop the South African advance by 26 November.

During the Ogaden War (197778) in which Somalia attempted to invade an Ethiopia affected by civil war, Cuba deployed 18,000 troops along with armored vehicles, artillery, T-62 tanks, and MiGs to assist the Derg. Ethiopia and Cuba defeated Somalia on 9 March 1978.[34]

In 198788, South Africa again sent military forces to Angola to stop an advance of MPLA forces (FAPLA) against UNITA, leading to the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale, where the SADF was unable to defeat the FAPLA and Cuban forces. Cuba also directly participated in the negotiations between Angola and South Africa, again without consulting Moscow. Within two years, the Cold War was over and Cuba's foreign policy shifted away from military intervention.

The geography and climate in the Caribbean region varies: Some islands in the region have relatively flat terrain of non-volcanic origin. These islands include Aruba (possessing only minor volcanic features), Curaao, Barbados, Bonaire, the Cayman Islands, Saint Croix, the Bahamas, and Antigua. Others possess rugged towering mountain-ranges like the islands of Saint Martin, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Dominica, Montserrat, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Saint Thomas, Saint John, Tortola, Grenada, Saint Vincent, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Trinidad and Tobago.

Definitions of the terms Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles often vary. The Virgin Islands as part of the Puerto Rican bank are sometimes included with the Greater Antilles. The term Lesser Antilles is often used to define an island arc that includes Grenada but excludes Trinidad and Tobago and the Leeward Antilles.

The waters of the Caribbean Sea host large, migratory schools of fish, turtles, and coral reef formations. The Puerto Rico Trench, located on the fringe of the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea just to the north of the island of Puerto Rico, is the deepest point in all of the Atlantic Ocean.[35]

The region sits in the line of several major shipping routes with the Panama Canal connecting the western Caribbean Sea with the Pacific Ocean.

Lucayan Archipelago[b]

Greater Antilles

Lesser Antilles

All islands at some point were, and a few still are, colonies of European nations; a few are overseas or dependent territories:

The British West Indies were united by the United Kingdom into a West Indies Federation between 1958 and 1962. The independent countries formerly part of the B.W.I. still have a joint cricket team that competes in Test matches, One Day Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals. The West Indian cricket team includes the South American nation of Guyana, the only former British colony on the mainland of that continent.

In addition, these countries share the University of the West Indies as a regional entity. The university consists of three main campuses in Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago, a smaller campus in the Bahamas and Resident Tutors in other contributing territories such as Trinidad.

* Disputed territories administered by Colombia.

The climate of the area is tropical, varying from tropical rainforest in some areas to tropical monsoon and tropical savanna in others. There are also some locations that are arid climates with considerable drought in some years, and the peaks of mountains tend to have cooler temperate climates.

Rainfall varies with elevation, size and water currents, such as the cool upwellings that keep the ABC islands arid. Warm, moist trade winds blow consistently from the east, creating both rain forest and semi arid climates across the region. The tropical rainforest climates include lowland areas near the Caribbean Sea from Costa Rica north to Belize, as well as the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, while the more seasonal dry tropical savanna climates are found in Cuba, northern Colombia and Venezuela, and southern Yucatn, Mexico. Arid climates are found along the extreme northern coast of Venezuela out to the islands including Aruba and Curacao, as well as the northwestern tip of Yucatn.

While the region generally is sunny much of the year, the wet season from May through November sees more frequent cloud cover (both broken and overcast), while the dry season from December through April is more often clear to mostly sunny. Seasonal rainfall is divided into 'dry' and 'wet' seasons, with the latter six months of the year being wetter than the first half. The air temperature is hot much of the year, varying from 25 to 33 C (77 F to 90 F) between the wet and dry seasons. Seasonally, monthly mean temperatures vary from only about 5 C (7 F) in the northern most regions, to less than 3 C in the southernmost areas of the Caribbean.

Hurricane season is from June to November, but they occur more frequently in August and September and more common in the northern islands of the Caribbean. Hurricanes that sometimes batter the region usually strike northwards of Grenada and to the west of Barbados. The principal hurricane belt arcs to northwest of the island of Barbados in the Eastern Caribbean. A great example being recent events of Hurricane Irma devastating the island of Saint Martin during the 2017 hurricane season.

Sea surface temperatures change little annually, normally running from 30C (87F) in the warmest months to 26C (76F) in the coolest months. The air temperature is warm year round, in the 70s, 80s and 90s, and only varies from winter to summer about 25 degrees on the southern islands and about a 1020 degrees difference on the northern islands of the Caribbean. The northern islands, like the Bahamas, Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, may be influenced by continental masses during winter months, such as cold fronts.

Aruba: Latitude 12N

Puerto Rico: Latitude 18N

Cuba: at Latitude 22N

The Caribbean islands have one of the most diverse eco systems in the world. The animals, fungi and plants, and have been classified as one of Conservation International's biodiversity hotspots because of their exceptionally diverse terrestrial and marine ecosystems, ranging from montane cloud forests, to tropical rainforest, to cactus scrublands. The region also contains about 8% (by surface area) of the world's coral reefs[48] along with extensive seagrass meadows,[49] both of which are frequently found in the shallow marine waters bordering the island and continental coasts of the region.

For the fungi, there is a modern checklist based on nearly 90,000 records derived from specimens in reference collections, published accounts and field observations.[50] That checklist includes more than 11,250 species of fungi recorded from the region. As its authors note, the work is far from exhaustive, and it is likely that the true total number of fungal species already known from the Caribbean is higher. The true total number of fungal species occurring in the Caribbean, including species not yet recorded, is likely far higher given the generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have been discovered.[51] Though the amount of available information is still small, a first effort has been made to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to some Caribbean islands. For Cuba, 2200 species of fungi have been tentatively identified as possible endemics of the island;[52] for Puerto Rico, the number is 789 species;[53] for the Dominican Republic, the number is 699 species;[54] for Trinidad and Tobago, the number is 407 species.[55]

Many of the ecosystems of the Caribbean islands have been devastated by deforestation, pollution, and human encroachment. The arrival of the first humans is correlated with extinction of giant owls and dwarf ground sloths.[56] The hotspot contains dozens of highly threatened animals (ranging from birds, to mammals and reptiles), fungi and plants. Examples of threatened animals include the Puerto Rican amazon, two species of solenodon (giant shrews) in Cuba and the Hispaniola island, and the Cuban crocodile.

The region's coral reefs, which contain about 70 species of hard corals and between 500700 species of reef-associated fishes[57] have undergone rapid decline in ecosystem integrity in recent years, and are considered particularly vulnerable to global warming and ocean acidification.[58] According to a UNEP report, the Caribbean coral reefs might get extinct in next 20 years due to population explosion along the coast lines, overfishing, the pollution of coastal areas and global warming.[59]

Some Caribbean islands have terrain that Europeans found suitable for cultivation for agriculture. Tobacco was an important early crop during the colonial era, but was eventually overtaken by sugarcane production as the region's staple crop. Sugar was produced from sugarcane for export to Europe. Cuba and Barbados were historically the largest producers of sugar. The tropical plantation system thus came to dominate Caribbean settlement. Other islands were found to have terrain unsuited for agriculture, for example Dominica, which remains heavily forested. The islands in the southern Lesser Antilles, Aruba, Bonaire and Curaao, are extremely arid, making them unsuitable for agriculture. However, they have salt pans that were exploited by the Dutch. Sea water was pumped into shallow ponds, producing coarse salt when the water evaporated.[60]

The natural environmental diversity of the Caribbean islands has led to recent growth in eco-tourism. This type of tourism is growing on islands lacking sandy beaches and dense human populations.[61]

The Martinique amazon, Amazona martinicana, is an extinct species of parrot in the family Psittacidae.

At the time of European contact, the dominant ethnic groups in the Caribbean included the Tano of the Greater Antilles and northern Lesser Antilles, the Island Caribs of the southern Lesser Antilles, and smaller distinct groups such as the Guanajatabey of western Cuba and the Ciguayo of eastern Hispaniola. The population of the Caribbean is estimated to have been around 750,000 immediately before European contact, although lower and higher figures are given. After contact, social disruption and epidemic diseases such as smallpox and measles (to which they had no natural immunity)[62] led to a decline in the Amerindian population.[63]

From 1500 to 1800 the population rose as slaves arrived from West Africa[64] such as the Kongo, Igbo, Akan, Fon and Yoruba as well as military prisoners from Ireland, who were deported during the Cromwellian reign in England.[citation needed] Immigrants from Britain, Italy, France, Spain, the Netherlands, Portugal and Denmark also arrived, although the mortality rate was high for both groups.[65]

The population is estimated to have reached 2.2million by 1800.[66] Immigrants from India, China, Indonesia, and other countries arrived in the mid-19th century as indentured servants.[67] After the ending of the Atlantic slave trade, the population increased naturally.[68] The total regional population was estimated at 37.5million by 2000.[69]

In Haiti and most of the French, Anglophone and Dutch Caribbean, the population is predominantly of African origin; on many islands there are also significant populations of mixed racial origin (including Mulatto-Creole, Dougla, Mestizo, Quadroon, Cholo, Castizo, Criollo, Zambo, Pardo, Asian Latin Americans, Chindian, Cocoa panyols, and Eurasian), as well as populations of European ancestry: Dutch, English, French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish ancestry. Asians, especially those of Chinese, Indian descent, and Javanese Indonesians, form a significant minority in parts of the region. Indians form a plurality of the population in Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and Suriname. Most of their ancestors arrived in the 19th century as indentured laborers.

The Spanish-speaking Caribbean populations are primarily of European, African, or racially mixed origins. Puerto Rico has a European majority with a mixture of European-African-Native American (tri-racial), and a large Mulatto (European-West African) and West African minority. Cuba also has a European majority, along with a significant population of African ancestry. The Dominican Republic has the largest mixed-race population, primarily descended from Europeans, West Africans, and Amerindians.

Jamaica has a large African majority, in addition to a significant population of mixed racial background, and has minorities of Chinese, Europeans, Indians, Latinos, Jews, and Arabs. This is a result of years of importation of slaves and indentured laborers, and migration. Most multi-racial Jamaicans refer to themselves as either mixed race or brown. Similar populations can be found in the Caricom states of Belize, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago has a multi-racial cosmopolitan society due to the arrivals of Africans, Indians, Chinese, Arabs, Jews, Latinos, and Europeans along with the native indigenous Amerindians population. This multi-racial mix of the Caribbean has created sub-ethnicities that often straddle the boundaries of major ethnicities and include Mulatto-Creole, Mestizo, Pardo, Zambo, Dougla, Chindian, Afro-Asians, Eurasian, Cocoa panyols, and Asian Latinos.

Spanish (64%), French (25%), English (14%), Dutch, Haitian Creole, and Papiamento are the predominant official languages of various countries in the region, although a handful of unique creole languages or dialects can also be found in virtually every Caribbean country. Other languages such as Caribbean Hindustani, Chinese, Javanese, Arabic, Hmong, Amerindian languages, other African languages, other European languages, and other Indian languages can also be found.

Christianity is the predominant religion in the Caribbean (84.7%).[70] Other religions in the region are Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Rastafarianism, Buddhism, Chinese folk religion (incl. Taoism and Confucianism), Bah', Jainism, Sikhism, Kebatinan, Traditional African religions, Yoruba (incl. Trinidad Orisha), Afro-American religions, (incl. Santera, Palo, Umbanda, Brujera, Hoodoo, Candombl, Quimbanda, Orisha, Xang de Recife, Xang do Nordeste, Comfa, Espiritismo, Santo Daime, Obeah, Candombl, Abaku, Kumina, Winti, Sanse, Cuban Vod, Dominican Vud, Louisiana Voodoo, Haitian Vodou, and Vodun).

Caribbean societies are very different from other Western societies in terms of size, culture, and degree of mobility of their citizens.[71] The current economic and political problems the states face individually are common to all Caribbean states. Regional development has contributed to attempts to subdue current problems and avoid projected problems. From a political and economic perspective, regionalism serves to make Caribbean states active participants in current international affairs through collective coalitions. In 1973, the first political regionalism in the Caribbean Basin was created by advances of the English-speaking Caribbean nations through the institution known as the Caribbean Common Market and Community (CARICOM)[72] which is located in Guyana.

Certain scholars have argued both for and against generalizing the political structures of the Caribbean. On the one hand the Caribbean states are politically diverse, ranging from communist systems such as Cuba toward more capitalist Westminster-style parliamentary systems as in the Commonwealth Caribbean. Other scholars argue that these differences are superficial, and that they tend to undermine commonalities in the various Caribbean states. Contemporary Caribbean systems seem to reflect a "blending of traditional and modern patterns, yielding hybrid systems that exhibit significant structural variations and divergent constitutional traditions yet ultimately appear to function in similar ways."[73] The political systems of the Caribbean states share similar practices.

The influence of regionalism in the Caribbean is often marginalized. Some scholars believe that regionalism cannot exist in the Caribbean because each small state is unique. On the other hand, scholars also suggest that there are commonalities amongst the Caribbean nations that suggest regionalism exists. "Proximity as well as historical ties among the Caribbean nations has led to cooperation as well as a desire for collective action."[74] These attempts at regionalization reflect the nations' desires to compete in the international economic system.[74]

Furthermore, a lack of interest from other major states promoted regionalism in the region. In recent years the Caribbean has suffered from a lack of U.S. interest. "With the end of the Cold War, U.S. security and economic interests have been focused on other areas. As a result there has been a significant reduction in U.S. aid and investment to the Caribbean."[75] The lack of international support for these small, relatively poor states, helped regionalism prosper.

Another issue of due to the cold war in the Caribbean has been the reduced economic growth of some Caribbean States due to the United States and European Union's allegations of special treatment toward the region by each other.

In counteraction, the European Union claimed that the U.S. in the midst of the cold war, and seeking to promote capitalist economic growth in the region through offshoring of business development and later on offshore financial sector characterized this segment of regional government activity in the Caribbean as an unfair/ Harmful low-tax competition which undercuts the higher taxation rates found in Europe. Much of the U.S. tax code which benefited the Caribbean[1], was to cull socialist movements in the region, limit Russian financial influence in the area, and firmly integrate the Caribbean into the United States financial system much to the insistence by the E.U. that the low tax rates of the Caribbean for global companies needed to be banned.[2][3]

The United States President Bill Clinton, backed by American owned banana producers in Central America launched a challenge in the World Trade Organization against the EU over Europe's preferential program, known as the Lom Convention, which allowed banana exports from the former colonies of the Group of African, Caribbean and Pacific states (ACP) to enter Europe cheaply.[76] The World Trade Organization sided in the United States' favour and the beneficial elements of the convention to African, Caribbean and Pacific states has been partially dismantled and replaced by the Cotonou Agreement.[77]

During the US/EU dispute, the United States imposed large tariffs on European Union goods (up to 100%) to pressure Europe to change the agreement with the Caribbean nations in favour of the Cotonou Agreement.[78]

Farmers in the Caribbean have complained of falling profits and rising costs as the Lom Convention weakens. Some farmers have faced increased pressure to turn towards the cultivation of marijuana, which has a higher profit margin and fills the sizable demand for these narcotics in North America and Europe.[79][80][4]

Caribbean nations have also started to more closely cooperate in the Caribbean Financial Action Task Force and other instruments to add oversight of the offshore industry. One of the most important associations that deal with regionalism amongst the nations of the Caribbean Basin has been the Association of Caribbean States (ACS). Proposed by CARICOM in 1992, the ACS soon won the support of the other countries of the region. It was founded in July 1994. The ACS maintains regionalism within the Caribbean on issues unique to the Caribbean Basin. Through coalition building, like the ACS and CARICOM, regionalism has become an undeniable part of the politics and economics of the Caribbean. The successes of region-building initiatives are still debated by scholars, yet regionalism remains prevalent throughout the Caribbean.

In recent history increasing numbers of countries in the regions have signed on to the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative in order to take advantage of the advancing Chinese market and access development loans at rates lower than traditional global institutions such as the International Monetary Fund or World Bank.

The President of Venezuela, Hugo Chavez launched an economic group called the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA), which several eastern Caribbean islands joined. In 2012, the nation of Haiti, with 9million people, became the largest CARICOM nation that sought to join the union.[81]

Here are some of the bodies that several islands share in collaboration:

Read the rest here:

Caribbean - Wikipedia