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In keeping with the new progressive strategy for arguments with conservatives, Stanley Harrold's Unsuited to be Published diatribe was the supreme example of the new "Cancel Culture" of silencing conservatives.

Instead of honoring the value of substantive debate about critical issues, he chose to lump my article about the recent attacks on Christianity with two other conservative authors writing about different subjects. Harrold's attack used the implied charge of racism against all three writers (Ironically, one writer was of Chinese descent writing about the connection of current events with his knowledge of China).

Harrold went so far as to actually allege the newspaper was irresponsible for publication of the conservative side. According to Harrold, the articles raise questions about fairness and human rights. Three far-right columns go beyond anything close to reasonable journalism. I would normally let this kind of unfounded hyperbole and defamation go unanswered, but feel compelled to reply.

First, as the readers know I have been a conservative voice in the newspapers opinion section among a substantial majority of liberal columnists. Almost two decades ago, when I started offering opinion pieces for The Times and Democrat, voices from the far left, like Eugene Robinson, predominated the opinion page. This imbalance appeared biased to the left, but I never questioned The Times and Democrat publishing liberal voices.

Recent columns on The Times and Democrat editorial page raise questions about fairness and human rights. Three far-right columns go beyond anything close to reasonable journalism.

My challenge was to provide the conservative voice, debate the ideas and provide evidence to back up my assertions. I never lumped together multiple liberal writers. Lumping writers together is absolutely disingenuous, in that all can be discredited by the assertions of one and unfair unless they are writing in coordination. In my writings, I have attempted to find credible evidence in both quotations and citations. Though I find Ann Coulters article an insightful and important counter to the far left, she makes assertions I do not.

Prior to my article about the attacks on Christianity by those involved in the current rioting, I wrote about Karl Marx and quote him extensively. In that earlier article, I made the same allegation as I did with the recent article about rising attacks on Christianity: That Marxism was connected to many of the actions we were seeing with the rioters, and that the relationship between the two should not be ignored. In both articles, I give preeminence to the actions and ideology of antifa, though in the second article I also mention the connection of Marxism to the Black Lives Matter organization. As I made clear, I did not believe many of those protesting after the Floyd killing understood the Marxist connection.

Harrold either failed to read my first article about Marxism or failed to do any of his own research about Marx. Marx was vehemently and openly anti-Christian and claimed his primary goal in life was to dethrone God, and destroy capitalism." Marx wrote of his hatred of the nuclear family and alleged that in primitive society, families were communal. This obviously contradicted the biblical accounts of family. Marx also wrote that the present must control the past and exhorted his followers to destroy reminders of the past.

Americans have watched the escalating mayhem throughout America since the riots in Minnesota in early June. The initial targets of violence (rioting interspersed with protesting) were police officers, along with police cruisers and stations. Then came the seemingly irrational destruction of statues and memorials. This includes memorials to abolitionists and generals like U.S. Grant.

In deciding to throw down the trump card of racism," Harrold fails to even mention the prominence of the role I allege of antifa in furthering Marxist ideals. Additionally, Harrold turns my mention of the BLM organization into an attack against all African Americans, going so far as to assert Black people are among the most Christian Americans."

Whether or not one racial group is considered the most Christian is not the point, and frankly the BLM protests are noted for involving overwhelmingly white progressives. The BLM organization was founded by (and still led by) those who admitted to being trained Marxists." Anyone can read the BLM website, in which BLM claims it must disrupt the nuclear family," among other values unrelated to black lives mattering.

Interestingly, the Black nuclear family is suffering the greatest crisis in history, with over 75% of Black babies born and raised outside wedlock (in 1965, under 25% were born/raised outside wedlock). If Black lives mattered, surely having a father and mother raising children would be a prime goal. BLM instead promotes children being raised the communal way Marx recommended. Additionally, the BLM goals include the end of police, prisons, borders, ICE, etc. and redistributing wealth.

After the initial shock and emotion over the George Floyd killing, Americans are waking up to an insidious movement using the emotion for ulterior purposes. Groups with Marxist ideology have brazenly infiltrated the protests and used the protests to further their aims. Former antifa member Gabriel Nadales described antifa becoming a mob like collective aiming to destroy political opposition and silence dissenters.

Shockingly, Harrold claims the Chinese Communist Party to be some kind of benign democracy with solely a window-dressing of Marxism/communism. The reality most have come to accept is exactly opposite. CPP handling of COVID-19, including the coverups and death/disappearing of whistleblowers and decision to curtail travel from Wuhan within China while allowing international flights from Wuhan, has torn the veil on any benign perceptions. It is a ruthless and deceptive autocracy. It is every bit as bad as the USSR, and not much better than the CCP under Maos Cultural Revolution killing tens of millions.

The readers are free to disregard the evidence I have presented in the Marxist connections to the rioting by antifa and BLM. They are free to disregard the claims of BLM founders to being trained Marxists, or that BLM publishes its goal to disrupt the biblical nuclear family. They are free to disregard members of antifa and BLM (primarily white) destroying Christian monuments and symbols and burning churches. They are free to disregard the recent Bible-burning episode in Portland. They are free to believe the Chinese Communist Party is just like a free parliamentary system of government.

Mr. Harrold is free to disagree and present his evidence. What he should not do is attempt to silence voices with which he disagrees by attempts to shame newspapers for publishing both sides. Too many have suffered and died to curtail that freedom.

Do not indulge the supposition that morality can be maintained without religion. Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports. George Washington

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Pantheism | Britannica

Pantheism, the doctrine that the universe conceived of as a whole is God and, conversely, that there is no God but the combined substance, forces, and laws that are manifested in the existing universe. The cognate doctrine of panentheism asserts that God includes the universe as a part though not the whole of his being.

Both pantheism and panentheism are terms of recent origin, coined to describe certain views of the relationship between God and the world that are different from that of traditional theism. As reflected in the prefix pan- (Greek pas, all), both of the terms stress the all-embracing inclusiveness of God, as compared with his separateness as emphasized in many versions of theism. On the other hand, pantheism and panentheism, since they stress the theme of immanencei.e., of the indwelling presence of Godare themselves versions of theism conceived in its broadest meaning. Pantheism stresses the identity between God and the world, panentheism (Greek en, in) that the world is included in God but that God is more than the world.

The adjective pantheist was introduced by the Irish Deist John Toland in the book Socinianism Truly Stated (1705). The noun pantheism was first used in 1709 by one of Tolands opponents. The term panentheism appeared much later, in 1828. Although the terms are recent, they have been applied retrospectively to alternative views of the divine being as found in the entire philosophical traditions of both East and West.

Pantheism and panentheism can be explored by means of a three-way comparison with traditional or classical theism viewed from eight different standpointsi.e., from those of immanence or transcendence; of monism, dualism, or pluralism; of time or eternity; of the world as sentient or insentient; of God as absolute or relative; of the world as real or illusory; of freedom or determinism; and of sacramentalism or secularism.

The poetic sense of the divine within and around human beings, which is widely expressed in religious life, is frequently treated in literature. It is present in the Platonic Romanticism of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, as well as in Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Expressions of the divine as intimate rather than as alien, as indwelling and near dwelling rather than remote, characterize pantheism and panentheism as contrasted with classical theism. Such immanence encourages the human sense of individual participation in the divine life without the necessity of mediation by any institution. On the other hand, it may also encourage a formless enthusiasm, without the moderating influence of institutional forms. In addition, some theorists have seen an unseemliness about a point of view that allows the divine to be easily confronted and appropriated. Classical theism has, in consequence, held to the transcendence of God, his existence over and beyond the universe. Recognizing, however, that if the separation between God and the world becomes too extreme, humanity risks the loss of communication with the divine, panentheismunlike pantheism, which holds to the divine immanencemaintains that the divine can be both transcendent and immanent at the same time.

Philosophies are monistic if they show a strong sense of the unity of the world, dualistic if they stress its twoness, and pluralistic if they stress its manyness. Pantheism is typically monistic, finding in the worlds unity a sense of the divine, sometimes related to the mystical intuition of personal union with God; classical theism is dualistic in conceiving God as separated from the world and mind from body; and panentheism is typically monistic in holding to the unity of God and the world, dualistic in urging the separateness of Gods essence from the world, and pluralistic in taking seriously the multiplicity of the kinds of beings and events making up the world. One form of pantheism, present in the early stages of Greek philosophy, held that the divine is one of the elements in the world whose function is to animate the other elements that constitute the world. This point of view, called Hylozoistic (Greek hyl, matter, and z, life) pantheism, is not monistic, as are most other forms of pantheism, but pluralistic.

Most, but not all, forms of pantheism understand the eternal God to be in intimate juxtaposition with the world, thus minimizing time or making it illusory. Classical theism holds that eternity is in God and time is in the world but believes that, since Gods eternity includes all of time, the temporal process now going on in the world has already been completed in God. Panentheism, on the other hand, espouses a temporaleternal God who stands in juxtaposition with a temporal world; thus, in panentheism, the temporality of the world is not cancelled out, and time retains its reality.

Every philosophy must take a stand somewhere on a spectrum running from a concept of things as unfeeling matter to one of things as psychic or sentient. Materialism holds to the former extreme, and Panpsychism to the latter. Panpsychism offers a vision of reality in which to exist is to be in some measure sentient and to sustain social relations with other entities. Dualism, holding that reality consists of two fundamentally different kinds of entity, stands again between two extremes. A few of the simpler forms of pantheism support materialism. Panentheism and most forms of pantheism, on the other hand, tend toward Panpsychism. But there are differences of degree, and though classical theism tends toward dualism, even there the insentient often has a tinge of panpsychism.

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Pantheism | Britannica

What Is Pantheism and Why Does Christianity Refute It?

Pantheism (pronouncedPAN thee izm) is the belief that God consists of everyone and everything. For example, a tree is God, a mountain is God, the universe is God, all people are God.

Pantheism is found in many "nature" religions and New Age religions. The belief is held by most Hindus and many Buddhists.It is also the worldview of Unity, Christian Science, and Scientology.

The term comes from two Greek words meaning "all (pan) is God (theos)." In pantheism, there is no difference between deity and reality. People who believe in pantheism think God is the world around them and that God and the universe are identical.

According to pantheism, God permeates all things, contains all things, connects to all things, and is found in all things. Nothing exists isolated from God, and everything is in some way identified with God. The world is God, and God is the world. All is God, and God is all.

Both in the East and West, Pantheism has a long history. Different types of pantheism have developed, each identifying and uniting God with the world in a unique way.

Christian theology opposes the ideas of pantheism. Christianity says that God created everything, not that he is everything or that everything is God:

Christianity teaches that God is omnipresent, or exists everywhere, separating the Creator from his creations:

In Christian theology, God is everywhere present with His whole being at all times. His omnipresence does not mean that he is diffused throughout the universe or penetrates the universe.

Pantheists who give credence to the idea that the universe is real, agree that the universe was created "ex deo" or "out of God." Christian theism teaches that the universe was created "ex nihilo," or "out of nothing."

A fundamental teaching of absolute pantheism is that humans must master their ignorance and recognize that they are God. Christianity teaches that God alone is the Highest God:

Pantheism implies that miracles are impossible. A miracle requires God to intervene on behalf of something or someone outside of himself. Thus, pantheism rules out miracles because "all is God and God is all." Christianity believes in a God who loves and cares about people and intervenes miraculously and regularly in their lives.

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What Is Pantheism and Why Does Christianity Refute It?

Panentheism – Wikipedia

Belief that the divine pervades all of space and time and extends beyond it

Panentheism (meaning "all-in-God", from the Greek pn, "all", en, "in" and Thes, "God")[1] is the belief that the divine pervades and interpenetrates every part of the universe and also extends beyond space and time. The term was coined by the German philosopher Karl Krause in 1828 to distinguish the ideas of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (17701831) and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (17751854) about the relation of God and the universe from the supposed pantheism of Baruch Spinoza.[1] Unlike pantheism, which holds that the divine and the universe are identical,[2] panentheism maintains an ontological distinction between the divine and the non-divine and the significance of both.

The religious beliefs of Neoplatonism can be regarded as panentheistic. Plotinus taught that there was an ineffable transcendent God ("the One", to En, ) of which subsequent realities were emanations. From "the One" emanates the Divine Mind (Nous, ) and the Cosmic Soul (Psyche, ). In Neoplatonism the world itself is God (according to Plato's Timaeus 37). This concept of divinity is associated with that of the Logos (), which had originated centuries earlier with Heraclitus (c. 535475 BC). The Logos pervades the cosmos, whereby all thoughts and all things originate, or as Heraclitus said: "He who hears not me but the Logos will say: All is one." Neoplatonists such as Iamblichus attempted to reconcile this perspective by adding another hypostasis above the original monad of force or Dunamis (). This new all-pervasive monad encompassed all creation and its original uncreated emanations.

Baruch Spinoza later claimed that "Whatsoever is, is in God, and without God nothing can be, or be conceived."[5] "Individual things are nothing but modifications of the attributes of God, or modes by which the attributes of God are expressed in a fixed and definite manner."[6] Though Spinoza has been called the "prophet"[7] and "prince"[8] of pantheism, in a letter to Henry Oldenburg Spinoza states that: "as to the view of certain people that I identify god with nature (taken as a kind of mass or corporeal matter), they are quite mistaken".[9] For Spinoza, our universe (cosmos) is a mode under two attributes of Thought and Extension. God has infinitely many other attributes which are not present in our world.

According to German philosopher Karl Jaspers, when Spinoza wrote "Deus sive Natura" (God or Nature) Spinoza did not mean to say that God and Nature are interchangeable terms, but rather that God's transcendence was attested by his infinitely many attributes, and that two attributes known by humans, namely Thought and Extension, signified God's immanence.[10] Furthermore, Martial Guroult suggested the term "panentheism", rather than "pantheism" to describe Spinoza's view of the relation between God and the world. The world is not God, but it is, in a strong sense, "in" God. Yet, American philosopher and self-described panentheist Charles Hartshorne referred to Spinoza's philosophy as "classical pantheism" and distinguished Spinoza's philosophy from panentheism.[11]

In 1828, the German philosopher Karl Christian Friedrich Krause (17811832) seeking to reconcile monotheism and pantheism, coined the term panentheism (from the Ancient Greek expression , pn en the, literally "all in god"). This conception of God influenced New England transcendentalists such as Ralph Waldo Emerson. The term was popularized by Charles Hartshorne in his development of process theology and has also been closely identified with the New Thought.[12] The formalization of this term in the West in the 19th century was not new; philosophical treatises had been written on it in the context of Hinduism for millennia.[13]

Philosophers who embraced panentheism have included Thomas Hill Green (18391882), James Ward (18431925), Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison (18561931) and Samuel Alexander (18591938).[14] Beginning in the 1940s, Hartshorne examined numerous conceptions of God. He reviewed and discarded pantheism, deism, and pandeism in favor of panentheism, finding that such a "doctrine contains all of deism and pandeism except their arbitrary negations". Hartshorne formulated God as a being who could become "more perfect": He has absolute perfection in categories for which absolute perfection is possible, and relative perfection (i.e., is superior to all others) in categories for which perfection cannot be precisely determined.[15]

The earliest reference to panentheistic thought in Hindu philosophy is in a creation myth contained in the later section of Rig Veda called the Purusha Sukta,[16] which was compiled before 1100 BCE.[17] The Purusha Sukta gives a description of the spiritual unity of the cosmos. It presents the nature of Purusha or the cosmic being as both immanent in the manifested world and yet transcendent to it.[18] From this being the sukta holds, the original creative will proceeds, by which this vast universe is projected in space and time.[19]

The most influential[20] and dominant[21] school of Indian philosophy, Advaita Vedanta, rejects theism and dualism by insisting that "Brahman [ultimate reality] is without parts or attributes...one without a second."[22] Since Brahman has no properties, contains no internal diversity and is identical with the whole reality it cannot be understood as an anthropomorphic personal God.[23] The relationship between Brahman and the creation is often thought to be panentheistic.[24]

Panentheism is also expressed in the Bhagavad Gita.[24] In verse IX.4, Krishna states:

By Me all this universe is pervaded through My unmanifested form.All beings abide in Me but I do not abide in them.

Many schools of Hindu thought espouse monistic theism, which is thought to be similar to a panentheistic viewpoint. Nimbarka's school of differential monism (Dvaitadvaita), Ramanuja's school of qualified monism (Vishistadvaita) and Saiva Siddhanta and Kashmir Shaivism are all considered to be panentheistic.[25] Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's Gaudiya Vaishnavism, which elucidates the doctrine of Achintya Bheda Abheda (inconceivable oneness and difference), is also thought to be panentheistic.[26] In Kashmir Shaivism, all things are believed to be a manifestation of Universal Consciousness (Cit or Brahman).[27] So from the point of view of this school, the phenomenal world (akti) is real, and it exists and has its being in Consciousness (Cit).[28] Thus, Kashmir Shaivism is also propounding of theistic monism or panentheism.[29]

Shaktism, or Tantra, is regarded as an Indian prototype of Panentheism.[30] Shakti is considered to be the cosmos itself she is the embodiment of energy and dynamism, and the motivating force behind all action and existence in the material universe. Shiva is her transcendent masculine aspect, providing the divine ground of all being. "There is no Shiva without Shakti, or Shakti without Shiva. The two ... in themselves are One."[31] Thus, it is She who becomes the time and space, the cosmos, it is She who becomes the five elements, and thus all animate life and inanimate forms. She is the primordial energy that holds all creation and destruction, all cycles of birth and death, all laws of cause and effect within Herself, and yet is greater than the sum total of all these. She is transcendent, but becomes immanent as the cosmos (Mula Prakriti). She, the Primordial Energy, directly becomes Matter.

Taoism says that all is part of the eternal tao, and that all interact through qi. Chapter 6 of the Tao Te Ching describes the Tao thus: "The heart of Tao is immortal, the mysterious fertile mother of us all, of heaven and earth, of every thing and not-thing."[32]

Panentheism is also a feature of some Christian philosophical theologies and resonates strongly within the theological tradition of the Orthodox Church.[33] It also appears in process theology. Process theological thinkers are generally regarded in the Christian West as unorthodox. Furthermore, process philosophical thought is widely believed to have paved the way for open theism, a movement that tends to associate itself primarily with the Evangelical branch of Protestantism, but is also generally considered unorthodox by most Evangelicals.

In Christianity, creation is not considered a literal "part of" God, and divinity is essentially distinct from creation (i.e., transcendent). There is, in other words, an irradicable difference between the uncreated (i.e., God) and the created (i.e., everything else). This does not mean, however, that the creation is wholly separated from God, because the creation exists in and from the divine energies. In Eastern Orthodoxy, these energies or operations are the natural activity of God and are in some sense identifiable with God, but at the same time the creation is wholly distinct from the divine essence.[citation needed] God creates the universe by His will and from His energies. It is, however, not an imprint or emanation of God's own essence (ousia), the essence He shares pre-eternally with His Word and Holy Spirit. Neither is it a directly literal outworking or effulgence of the divine, nor any other process which implies that creation is essentially God or a necessary part of God. The use of the term "panentheism" to describe the divine concept in Orthodox Christian theology is problematic for those who would insist that panentheism requires creation to be "part of" God.

God is not merely Creator of the universe, as His dynamic presence is necessary to sustain the existence of every created thing, small and great, visible and invisible.[34] That is, God's energies maintain the existence of the created order and all created beings, even if those agencies have explicitly rejected him. His love for creation is such that He will not withdraw His presence, which would be the ultimate form of annihilation, not merely imposing death, but ending existence altogether. By this token, the entirety of creation is fundamentally "good" in its very being, and is not innately evil either in whole or in part. This does not deny the existence of spiritual or moral evil in a fallen universe, only the claim that it is an intrinsic property of creation. Sin results from the essential freedom of creatures to operate outside the divine order, not as a necessary consequence of having inherited human nature.

Many Christians who believe in universalism mainly expressed in the Universalist Church of America, originating, as a fusion of Pietist and Anabaptist influences, from the American colonies of the 18th century hold panentheistic views of God in conjunction with their belief in apocatastasis, also called universal reconciliation.[citation needed] Panentheistic Christian Universalists often believe that all creation's subsistence in God renders untenable the notion of final and permanent alienation from Him, citing Scriptural passages such as Ephesians 4:6 ("[God] is over all and through all and in all") and Romans 11:36 ("from [God] and through him and to him are all things") to justify both panentheism and universalism.[citation needed] Panentheism was also a major force in the Unitarian church for a long time, based in part on Ralph Waldo Emerson's concept of the Over-soul (from the synonymous essay of 1841).[citation needed]

Panentheistic conceptions of God occur amongst some modern theologians. Process theology and Creation Spirituality, two recent developments in Christian theology, contain panentheistic ideas. Charles Hartshorne (18972000), who conjoined process theology with panentheism, maintained a lifelong membership in the Methodist church but was also a Unitarian. In later years he joined the Austin, Texas, Unitarian Universalist congregation and was an active participant in that church.[35] Referring to the ideas such as Thomas Oord's theocosmocentrism (2010), the soft panentheism of open theism, Keith Ward's comparative theology and John Polkinghorne's critical realism (2009), Raymond Potgieter observes distinctions such as dipolar and bipolar:

The former suggests two poles separated such as God influencing creation and it in turn its creator (Bangert 2006:168), whereas bipolarity completes Gods being implying interdependence between temporal and eternal poles. (Marbaniang 2011:133), in dealing with Whiteheads approach, does not make this distinction. I use the term bipolar as a generic term to include suggestions of the structural definition of Gods transcendence and immanence; to for instance accommodate a present and future reality into which deity must reasonably fit and function, and yet maintain separation from this world and evil whilst remaining within it.[36]

Some argue that panentheism should also include the notion that God has always been related to some world or another, which denies the idea of creation out of nothing (creatio ex nihilo). Nazarene Methodist theologian Thomas Jay Oord (*1965) advocates panentheism, but he uses the word "theocosmocentrism" to highlight the notion that God and some world or another are the primary conceptual starting blocks for eminently fruitful theology. This form of panentheism helps in overcoming the problem of evil and in proposing that God's love for the world is essential to who God is.[37]

The Christian Church International also holds to a panentheist doctrine. The Latter Day Saint movement teaches that the Light of Christ "proceeds from God through Christ and gives life and light to all things."[38]

"Gnosticism" is a modern name for a variety of ancient religious ideas and systems prevalent in the first and second century AD. The teachings of the various gnostic groups were very diverse. In his Dictionary of Gnosticism, Andrew Phillip Smith has written that some branches of Gnosticism taught a panentheistic view of reality,[39] and held to the belief that God exists in the visible world only as sparks of spiritual "light". The goal of human existence is to know the sparks within oneself in order to return to God, who is in the Fullness (or Pleroma).

Gnosticism was panentheistic, believing that the true God is simultaneously both separate from the physical universe and present within it.[citation needed] As Jesus states in the Gospel of Thomas, "I am the light that is over all things. I am all ... . Split a piece of wood; I am there. Lift up the stone, and you will find me there."[40] This seemingly contradictory interpretation of gnostic theology is not without controversy, since one interpretation of dualistic theology holds that a perfect God of pure spirit would not manifest himself through the fallen world of matter.

Manichaeism, being another gnostic sect, preached a very different doctrine in positioning the true Manichaean God against matter as well as other deities, that it described as enmeshed with the world, namely the gods of Jews, Christians and pagans.[41] Nevertheless, this dualistic teaching included an elaborate cosmological myth that narrates the defeat of primal man by the powers of darkness that devoured and imprisoned the particles of light.[42]

Valentinian Gnosticism taught that matter came about through emanations of the supreme being, even if to some this event is held to be more accidental than intentional.[43] To other gnostics, these emanations were akin to the Sephirot of the Kabbalists and deliberate manifestations of a transcendent God through a complex system of intermediaries.[44]

While mainstream Rabbinic Judaism is classically monotheistic, and follows in the footsteps of Maimonides (c. 11351204), the panentheistic conception of God can be found among certain mystical Jewish traditions. A leading scholar of Kabbalah, Moshe Idel[45] ascribes this doctrine to the kabbalistic system of Moses ben Jacob Cordovero (15221570) and in the eighteenth century to the Baal Shem Tov (c. 17001760), founder of the Hasidic movement, as well as his contemporaries, Rabbi Dov Ber, the Maggid of Mezeritch (died 1772), and Menahem Mendel, the Maggid of Bar. This may be said of many, if not most, subsequent Hasidic masters. There is some debate as to whether Isaac Luria (15341572) and Lurianic Kabbalah, with its doctrine of tzimtzum, can be regarded as panentheistic.

According to Hasidism, the infinite Ein Sof is incorporeal and exists in a state that is both transcendent and immanent. This appears to be the view of non-Hasidic Rabbi Chaim of Volozhin, as well. Hasidic Judaism merges the elite ideal of nullification to a transcendent God, via the intellectual articulation of inner dimensions through Kabbalah and with emphasis on the panentheistic divine immanence in everything.[46]

Many scholars would argue that "panentheism" is the best single-word description of the philosophical theology of Baruch Spinoza.[47] It is therefore no surprise, that aspects of panentheism are also evident in the theology of Reconstructionist Judaism as presented in the writings of Mordecai Kaplan (18811983), who was strongly influenced by Spinoza.[48]

Several Sufi saints and thinkers, primarily Ibn Arabi, held beliefs that have been considered panentheistic.[49] These notions later took shape in the theory of wahdat ul-wujud (the Unity of All Things). Some Sufi Orders, notably the Bektashis[50] and the Universal Sufi movement, continue to espouse panentheistic beliefs. Nizari Ismaili follow panentheism according to Ismaili doctrine. Nevertheless, some Shia Muslims also do believe in different degrees of Panentheism.

Al-Qayyuum is a Name of God in the Qur'an which translates to "The Self-Existing by Whom all subsist". In Islam the universe can not exist if Allah doesn't exist, and it is only by His power which encompasses everything and which is everywhere that the universe can exist. In Aya al-Kursii God's throne is described as "extending over the heavens and the earth" and "He feels no fatigue in guarding and preserving them". This does not mean though that the universe is God, or that a creature (like a tree or an animal) is God, because those would be respectively pantheism, which is a heresy in traditional Islam, and the worst heresy in Islam, shirk (polytheism). God is separated by His creation but His creation can not survive without Him.

The Mesoamerican empires of the Mayas, Aztecs as well as the South American Incas (Tahuatinsuyu) have typically been characterized as polytheistic, with strong male and female deities.[51] According to Charles C. Mann's history book 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, only the lower classes of Aztec society were polytheistic. Philosopher James Maffie has argued that Aztec metaphysics was pantheistic rather than panentheistic, since Teotl was considered by Aztec philosophers to be the ultimate all-encompassing yet all-transcending force defined by its inherit duality.[52]

Native American beliefs in North America have been characterized as panentheistic in that there is an emphasis on a single, unified divine spirit that is manifest in each individual entity.[53] (North American Native writers have also translated the word for God as the Great Mystery[54] or as the Sacred Other[55]) This concept is referred to by many as the Great Spirit. Philosopher J. Baird Callicott has described Lakota theology as panentheistic, in that the divine both transcends and is immanent in everything.[56]

One exception can be modern Cherokee who are predominantly monotheistic but apparently not panentheistic;[57] yet in older Cherokee traditions many observe both aspects of pantheism and panentheism, and are often not beholden to exclusivity, encompassing other spiritual traditions without contradiction, a common trait among some tribes in the Americas. In the stories of Keetoowah storytellers Sequoyah Guess and Dennis Sixkiller, God is known as , commonly pronounced "unehlanv," and visited earth in prehistoric times, but then left earth and her people to rely on themselves. This shows a parallel to Vaishnava cosmology.

The Sikh gurus have described God in numerous ways in their hymns included in the Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of Sikhism, but the oneness of the deity is consistently emphasized throughout. God is described in the Mool Mantar, the first passage in the Guru Granth Sahib, and the basic formula of the faith is:

(Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji, Ang 1) in Punjabi

Punjabi in Latin script

Ik Oankar Satnaam KartaaPurakh Nirbhau Nirvair AkaalMoorat Ajooni Saibhan GurPrasad

English translation

One primal being who made the sound (oan) that expanded and created the world. Truth is the name. Creative being personified. Without fear, without hate. Image of the undying. Beyond birth, self existent. By Guru's grace~

Guru Arjan, the fifth guru of Sikhs, says, "God is beyond colour and form, yet His/Her presence is clearly visible" (Sri Guru Granth Sahib, Ang 74), and "Nanak's Lord transcends the world as well as the scriptures of the east and the west, and yet He/She is clearly manifest" (Sri Guru Granth Sahib, Ang 397).

Knowledge of the ultimate Reality is not a matter for reason; it comes by revelation of the ultimate reality through nadar (grace) and by anubhava (mystical experience). Says Guru Nanak; "budhi pathi na paiai bahu chaturaiai bhai milai mani bhane." This translates to "He/She is not accessible through intellect, or through mere scholarship or cleverness at argument; He/She is met, when He/She pleases, through devotion" (GG, 436).

Guru Nanak prefixed the numeral one (ik) to it, making it Ik Oankar or Ek Oankar to stress God's oneness. God is named and known only through his Own immanent nature. The only name which can be said to truly fit God's transcendent state is SatNam ( Sat Sanskrit, Truth), the changeless and timeless Reality. God is transcendent and all-pervasive at the same time. Transcendence and immanence are two aspects of the same single Supreme Reality. The Reality is immanent in the entire creation, but the creation as a whole fails to contain God fully. As says Guru Tegh Bahadur, Nanak IX, "He has himself spread out His/Her Own maya (worldly illusion) which He oversees; many different forms He assumes in many colours, yet He stays independent of all" (GG, 537).

In the Bah' Faith, God is described as a single, imperishable God, the creator of all things, including all the creatures and forces in the universe. The connection between God and the world is that of the creator to his creation.[58] God is understood to be independent of his creation, and that creation is dependent and contingent on God. Accordingly, the Bah' Faith is much more closely aligned with traditions of monotheism than panentheism. God is not seen to be part of creation as he cannot be divided and does not descend to the condition of his creatures. Instead, in the Bah' understanding, the world of creation emanates from God, in that all things have been realized by him and have attained to existence.[59] Creation is seen as the expression of God's will in the contingent world,[60] and every created thing is seen as a sign of God's sovereignty, and leading to knowledge of him; the signs of God are most particularly revealed in human beings.[58]

In Konkky, God is named Tenchi Kane no Kami-Sama which can mean Golden spirit of the universe. Kami (God) is also seen as infinitely loving and powerful.

People associated with panentheism:

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Panentheism - Wikipedia

World Pantheism Revering the Universe, Caring for Nature …

Do you feel a deep sense of peace, belonging, gratitude and wonder in Nature or under a clear night sky? Then you may be a scientific pantheist.Scientific pantheism focuses on saving the planet rather than saving souls. It respects the rights of humans, and also of all living beings. It encourages you to make the most and best of your one life here.It values reason and the scientific method over adherence to ancient scriptures. Take our popular quiz to find out if it suits you:-Are you Atheist, Agnostic, Pagan, Deist, Pantheist or What?

We relate closely to some of the central challenges of our era. At a time when the balance of our Earth is under unprecedented threat, scientific pantheism is one of the few forms of spirituality in which Nature plays a central part. For us, Nature is a source of peace and beauty, as well as the focus for our care and vigilance. Nature was not created for us to use or abuse. Nature created us, we are an inseparable part of her. We have a duty to live sustainably, to care for Nature and to halt and reverse the harm that humans have done to her.

Scientific pantheism is the only form of spirituality we know of which fully embraces science as part of the human exploration of Earth and Cosmos. We wonder at the picture of a vast, creative and often violent Universerevealed by the Hubble Space Telescope. We regard stargazing as a spiritual practice. We oppose climate change denial and evolution denial, especially in education.

Scientific pantheism has a joyous affirmative approach to life. It has a healthy and positive attitude to sex and life in the body. We wont tell you what you should be smoking or doing in the bedroom. We fully accept diverse gender choices, and we oppose all forms of discrimination.

Scientific pantheism moves beyond God and defines itself by positives.Atheism and Agnosticism both define themselves negatively, in relation to a God that they deny or doubt. These are useful starting points but they dont take us very far. Most people also need positive beliefs and feelings about their place in Nature and the wider Universe. We take Nature and the Universe as our start and finish point, not some preconceived idea of God. We do not believe in a supernatural creator god who watches or judges us. Most of us avoid god-language or religious words like church, worship, divinity and so on. We regard them as misleading. Some of us do like these words, but they use them metaphorically, in a similar way to how Einstein used the word.

Get the Scientific Pantheism handbook.

Our beliefs and values are summarized in our Pantheist Statement of Principles.The statement was drawn up by fallible humans. It is not required dogma it is simply a notice on our door, to show what we are about so people can decide if it suits them or if they want to learn more.These are the key elements:

Many people feel the need to belong to a religious community. Research shows that such groups provide mutual support and friends and are good for physical and mental health. Theres no good reason why groups of like-minded non-theistic folk should not enjoy similar benefits.

In the WPM we are spiritual but not religious. We dont have churches, priests, or prescribed dogma and rituals. But we do aim to provide a home base for people who love Nature and the Universe and do not believe in supernatural entities.

Two of the major benefits our members and friends say they value are gaining new like-minded friends and finding a place where they can share their enthusiasms without fear of being ostracized or feeling isolated. There have been many local meetings of members across the USA and in other parts of the world, where people have found a rare level of fellowship and stimulation.

The WPMs short term goals are to:

In the longer term, as resources permit, we hope to:

If you would like to help promote these goals, please consider becoming a WPM member. Volunteering is another great way of supporting the WPM.

All who agree with our principles are encouraged to join our Facebook page (with more than 160,000 fans), or join our Facebook discussion groupwith more than 10,000 members.

We use the name pantheism because the term encompasses a long and venerable history dating back to Heraclitus and Marcus Aurelius and extending to Einstein, D. H. Lawrence and beyond.

Our beliefs (see the Statement of Principles) are entirely compatible with atheism, humanism, agnosticism, universalism, and symbolic paganism (viewing magic, gods and spirits as symbols rather than objective realities). We offer a home to all forms of naturalistic spirituality however you may choose to label it. Other paths that approximate include philosophical Taoism, modern Stoicism, Western forms of Buddhism that celebrate Nature and daily life without supernatural beliefs, and Unitarian Universalists who do not believe in supernatural beings.

You are free to adopt the terms and practices you prefer and draw on other traditions for inspiration or celebration. Some call this a religion (a positive one), while others call it a philosophy, a way of life, or a form of general spirituality. Its up to you.

Please explore our pages. If you have any questions, please contact us.

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World Pantheism Revering the Universe, Caring for Nature ...

Pig welfare, feral pigs and ASF in Pig Progress 6 – Pig Progress

In the 6th edition of Pig Progress we visit a farm in the Netherlands where prioritising pig welfare proves to be profitable. We take a closer look at the ASF outbreak in Belgium and Poland and discuss the growing number of feral pigs (wild boar) in the US and Canada, where control of the population is a challenge.

There is an enormous, growing population of feral pigs in the US and Canada, and while African Swine Fever has not yet been detected in North or South America, just one case could spread very quickly. Control of the population in both countries has proven fruitless so far. Page 6

These massive feral pigs (or wild boar) often live in groups and their individual weights can exceed 270kg (about 600 pounds). Photo: Dr Ryan K. Brook

Belgium hopes that by autumn 2020, the country can declare a free from ASF status. African Swine Fever took Belgium by surprise in September 2018 when it was detected in wild boar. Page 8

Many kilometres of fencing were installed in Belgium in an effort to contain the ASF outbreak in the country. Photo: Twan Wiermans

The number of cases of African Swine Fever continues to rise in Poland, a country struggling to get to grips with the virus. The current situation poses a serious threat for the rest of northwestern Europe. Page 12

Between November 2019 and July 2020, the number of places where infected wild boar had been found had risen to 961, with 1,826 victims. Photo: Iwana Markowska Daniel

The EU PiG Innovation Group aims to discover and share best practices and innovations in swine production in Europe. In this episode we look at the 5S Lean Programme, a simple innovation that can have a significant impact. Page 15

Some of the best innovations are the simplest, and this is one of them. Photo: OKeeffe Piggeries

Owner of Ten Have farm in the Netherlands, Annechien ten Have-Mellema, has embarked on a journey to disprove the theory that consumers will always choose cheap pork over premium pork. Page 18

Pigs at the Ten Have farm are kept on straw when they are indoors. They are free to wander outside, too. Photo: Koos Groenewold

Researchers at a university in China have found supplementing piglet diets with oyster mushrooms resulted in a better immune response and a healthy gut, contributing to a reduction in the incidence of diarrhoea. Page 22

Mushrooms have high fibre content and these dietary fibres may decrease intestinal transit time, thus promoting better nutrient digestibility. Photo: Michel Zoeter

In 2014, it became known that viruses were being transmitted in feed. In this article we look at what has been discovered and awareness to action. Page 24

The worlds feed industry has become very aware of how viruses can survive in and be transported in feed ingredients. Photo: Ruben Keestra

Genetic selection has caused an ever-growing increase in the number of pigs born alive. Other important factors in pig production have, however, been overlooked, including pre-weaning mortality, and Hernias and other genetic defects. Is it time for a fundamental rethink? Page 26

A hernia umbilicalis in a piglet a common genetic defect. Photo: Robin Britstra

A 2016 survey revealed that more than 80% of male pigs are castrated, and only 5% of this castrated population received anaesthesia and analgesia. We would like your input. Page 30

To read the full articles, simply click on the digital magazine section and then on Pig Progress 2020-6. Registration is free.

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Pig welfare, feral pigs and ASF in Pig Progress 6 - Pig Progress

Steps toward progress in the Legislature – Blair Enterprise Publishing

Days 49 through 53 of this years 60-day legislative session concluded July 31. Though real progress during the second half of this session has been hard to come by, senators took some steps last week that will make a difference.

LB 1053, a priority bill by the Health and Human Services Committee, which I am a member of, advanced on a 47-0 vote. This bill changes reimbursement rates for hospitals and nursing facilities.

It also included a bill I introduced, LB 1043, that would change how nursing homes are placed into receivership by the state. Facilities are placed into receivership when they can no longer operate for any number of reasons, but often because of financial difficulty. This bill prioritizes patient safety by making sure that companies taking control of these facilities are held to higher standards than they were previously. Our office receives regular questions about supporting nursing homes in Legislative District 16 and Im happy to have sponsored this bill.

Another bill I introduced, LB 1044, was included in a bill prioritized by Sen. Bruce Bostelman of Legislative District 23. My portion of the bill helped fix a problem that may have held up food for medical patients by clarifying that nutrition therapists may order patient diets with their own authority when working in consultation with physicians.

The debate became quite heated when a bill introduced by Sen. Suzanne Geist of Lincoln to prohibit dismemberment abortions came up on the floor. The bill, LB 814, would outlaw the practice of dismemberment abortion in the state of Nebraska. The bill, however, failed to come up for a vote after a filibuster by pro-abortion senators.

This is by far the bill Ive heard about most from constituents. Through calls, emails and Facebook messages, constituents in LD 16 have made their voices heard that they do not support this practice and want to see it ended in Nebraska. As a co-sponsor of the bill, along with more than 20 other senators, I fully intend to bring this bill to a vote and end this horrendous practice.

Ive also heard from many constituents about LB 720, the ImagiNE Nebraska Act. This bill would sunset our current business incentive program, Nebraska Advantage, and implement a new program. Our region has benefited greatly from business incentives that are needed to attract and retain large employers in the area. Though there have been issues with Nebraska Advantage in the past, this new program would provide more incentives to small businesses. This bill has been tied together with property tax relief for much of the session and I agree that it should be. I see the value of LB 720 and will vote for it when property tax relief is delivered to the people who need it most.

As always you can contact me at bhansen@leg.ne.gov or contact the office to speak with my

Administrative Assistant Ellie Stangl or my Legislative Aide Jacob Campbell. To read all

introduced legislation please visit nebraskalegislature.gov. You may watch the live stream of the

session when available at netnebraska.org.

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Steps toward progress in the Legislature - Blair Enterprise Publishing

Arkansas Quarterbacks, Offensive Line Making Progress According to Sam Pittman – KNWA

FAYETTEVILLE On Thursday during a Zoom conference, Sam Pittman talked about how the quarterbacks and offensive line have looked thus far.

The Razorbacks started five quarterbacks last season. This season, they have seniors Feleipe Franks and Jack Lindsey, sophomore John Stephen Jones, redshirt freshman KJ Jefferson and true freshman Malik Hornsby competing for the job. Franks brings obvious experience to the competition following a very good career at Florida. He was asked about how the quarterbacks are looking so far.

Well, we havent been able to anything full speed, were not allowed to do there, Pittman said. Im not positive how theyre throwing the football, but how theyre running the offense, all of them have done a really good job. Ive been really pleased with how KJ Jefferson has picked up the offense and sees where hes supposed to go with the ball and things of that nature. Of course, were happy Feleipe Franks is here. Hes doing a really good job. You look at Malik and John, I think were doing pretty good up there, and Jack Lindsey. Kendal Briles offense is not that hard to learn, its just fast. You have to know the ins and outs of everything, because hes going to snap the football and you need to understand where youre supposed to go pretty fast.

Pittman talked about how Franks has approached the practices so far.

Hes approaching it like a guy whos been an SEC starter for two-plus years, Pittman said. Hes a grown man. Hes mature. Hes approaching it like hes been there before. I think thats very important for us, especially because we didnt have spring ball. But we have a guy on our football team thats played a lot of football at quarterback and won a New Years Day bowl as the starting quarterback. We have a veteran guy and I think thats important. I didnt not just say that hes won the starting job. How can do you do that in walk-throughs? But I did say that were awful glad that hes on our football team.

Some have speculated Franks could get another year at Arkansas if he applied for it though some sources have indicated to this reporter its very unlikely he tries for that.

Possibly. I think if he has a good year, which we anticipate him doing, that hell be gone, Pittman said. In all honesty, Im planning on him, if he wins the starting job, to have such a good year that we cant keep him. Thats my plan.

As far as the offensive line, Pittman did offer an interesting scenario possibly unfolding at center. Sophomore Ricky Stromberg started at offensive guard last season, but is competing with senior Ty Clary at center right now as well.

Tys playing center for us, and we havent put the pads on, so, Pittman said. Were trying to put the five best players on the offensive line, and then number six and number seven, all that. But you cant have your third- or second-best player playing behind your best player just because he plays left tackle. I mean, doesnt make any sense. So, were trying to find our five best, and the hardest place to play on the O-line is center, so were trying to develop at least three centers. If we can get more in the top 10, we would do that too, but were trying to at least be able to travel and three deep at center. Therefore, we started looking at Ricky at center, and hes played a lot of it in these walk-throughs for us. And Ty obviously has played center, as well. So, Im sure if that was the case that they both would stay at center, and theyd have a competitive battle there, and then youd have to see if the one who didnt win the center spot, is he in our top five to play for us.

Pittman was asked about a timeline for knowing who the five best on the offensive line are and then the next five?

Well, with your first five, youd probably like to do that no later than two and a half weeks before your first game, Pittman said. The other guys, 6, 7, 8, theyll always swing. Until you can get 10 good offensive linemen, youll have your third tackle and youll have your third guard and youll have your second center-guard combination. All those things. Id like to settle in maybe two, two-and-a-half weeks before the first game with exactly what were going to do. And of course you know injuries disrupt all that. So therefore you have to have your third-best tackle that can play both sides and etc. I hope I answered your question.

Pittman did have praise for two offensive linemen who redshirted last year. Noah Gatlin tore his ACL on the first day of preseason drills and Luke Jones transferred in from Notre Dame.

Gatlin has done well, Pittman said. Ive been impressed with Luke Jones. I dont know if he redshirted; I think he was more of a transfer. He redshirted, he transferred.

Pittman did say junior Dalton Wagner and senior Myron Cunningham have been good leaders on the offensive line.

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Arkansas Quarterbacks, Offensive Line Making Progress According to Sam Pittman - KNWA

NASDAQ 100 sits on nearly $1T in cash and weve got the charts to prove it – The Next Web

Earlier this week, Google parent Alphabet raised $10 billiondespite already sitting on $121 billion in cash a decision no doubt fuelled by the Feds souped-up money printer and record low interest rates.

But the Mountain View giant is not alone; the rest of US tech is hoarding too.

In 2012, the companies currently featured in the tech-heavy NASDAQ 100 (NDX) stock index collectively held $405 billion in cash and other small investments.Now, theyve amassed more than $927 billion more than half a trillion dollars saved in eight years.

As one might expect, the biggest tech giants have the deepest pockets. But five companies in particular are saving more than any other: Microsoft, Alphabet, Apple, Amazon, and Facebook.

Together, theyve added $323 billion since 2012. Now,the reserves of those five tech companies represent more than half of the total cash controlled by the entire NDX, which includes around 100 firms.

On the other hand, some would rather deplete their war chests. Hard Fork found networking mainstay Cisco saved the least, now with $20 billion less compared to 2012; biotech play Amgen $14 billion has less; and eBay $3.8 billion.

Still, more than 80% of the companies currently in the NDX added cash to their kitties since 2012.

The real question is: what does Big Tech plan on doing with all its billions? Some companies use extra cash to reward shareholders with dividends, and others opt to buy back their own shares to inspire demand, or some kind of combination.

[Read:Big Tech told Congress theres loads of competition. This chart says otherwise]

But considering the sheer size of the fortunes amassed by techs biggest companies,its equally likely we could see even more acquisitions in the near future no doubt only when all that pesky antitrust nonsense with Congress is over with. Surely.

Published August 6, 2020 17:09 UTC

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NASDAQ 100 sits on nearly $1T in cash and weve got the charts to prove it - The Next Web

The secrets of quantum thermodynamics – SelectScience

The QuamNESS consortium unites researchers in University of Bristol, Queens University of Belfast and Trinity College Dublin to explore the thermodynamics of quantum machines and technologies, thanks to a major grant boost

Thermodynamics is one of the pillars of natural sciences: it studies the way energy is exchanged between bodies at different temperature, predicts the likeliness of certain chemical reactions, and explains why even the most energy-efficient engine will always produce waste.

However, what happens when the processes of interest involve systems as simple as electrons, atoms or simple molecules? For such nanoscale building blocks of matter, the laws of physics experienced in the everyday world are no longer valid, and quantum mechanics come into play. Therefore, to provide an accurate description of energy-exchange processes occurring at microscopic scales, thermodynamics must be blended with the quantum framework.

Such new avenues of investigation promise to deliver minuscule devices able to make use of the counter-intuitive laws of quantum mechanics to outperform their classical counterparts. Miniaturized to only handfuls of atoms, these machines hold the promise of offering highly efficient ways of generating power, managing heat flows and recovering wasted energy in wide-ranging technologies, from microprocessors to chemical reactions.

The UK-Irish consortium QuamNESS, comprising researchers at the University of Bristol, Queens University Belfast, and Trinity College Dublin, will address this challenging perspective. By developing novel mathematical tools and powerful simulation methods the fundamental principles governing the performance of the smallest possible engines will be revealed. Supported by a large grant from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and Science Foundation Ireland (EPSRC-SFI), totaling more than 1.6 million, the QuamNESS team will work towards a fully-fledged understanding of how to engineer new technologies that benefit from super-efficient (quantum-enhanced) thermal management.

Dr Stephen Clark, Senior Lecturer in Physics at the University of Bristol and one of the principal investigators of QuamNESS, said: Developing the tools to unravel quantum enhancements is of paramount importance to near-future technologies and is the main objective of our project.

Quantum systems are well known to behave in very unintuitive ways. Under certain conditions, these strange quantum effects can both compete and radically alter the way energy is transformed. Our project will sharpen the view of this interplay by reassessing the fundamental concepts of irreversibility and fluctuations. The long-term aim is then to design schemes to harness quantum effects to make more efficient nanoscale machines.

A crucial feature of QuamNESS is that it brings together a uniquely well-suited team of researchers across world-class institutions in England, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Consequently, the EPSRC-SFI partnership scheme was perfectly placed to support a project built on such close cross-border collaboration.

For more of the latest science news, straight to your inbox, become a member of SelectScience for free today>>

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The secrets of quantum thermodynamics - SelectScience

ABC’s Aidan Laverty dies, less than three weeks after seeking overseas treatment – Mumbrella

The ABCs head of specialist, Aidan Laverty, has died, less than three weeks after leaving his role to seek treatment overseas for an unexpected and rare medical condition.

In a statement, the broadcasters managing director, David Anderson, and director of entertainment and specialist, Michael Carrington, said the fact that he is no longer with us is hard to bear.

We are deeply saddened by the death of our colleague and friend, they said.

The rapid and devastating decline of his health has been sudden and shocking to us all at the ABC, especially for those who worked closely with him in our specialist and science teams.

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Aidan was an inspiring and endlessly energetic content maker and manager, who played a substantial role in reinvigorating our content and strategy.

Laverty joined the ABC in 2017 as executive producer of Catalyst. A year later, he was named manager of the science unit, across radio, TV and digital, and, last October, became head of specialist, joining the ABCs entertainment and specialist executive team. Recently, his remit was expanded to include leading the factual and education team, overseeing that content across a number of platforms.

At the public broadcaster, he was part of creating shows like Gut Revolution, Feeding Australia, The Great Australian Bee Keeping Challenge, Staying Younger for Longer and Stargazing: Moon and Beyond, which was last years 50th anniversary celebration of the Apollo 11 moon landing.

He joined the ABC after a year and a half on his own business, Laverty Media, and previously spent more than 20 years at the BBC, starting as a broadcast journalist and becoming a commissioning editor. In those BBC roles, he launched Make It Digital,The Truth About, Natural Wonders, The Secrets of Quantum Physics,Girls Can Code, The Secret Life of the Cat, Science Under AttackandEat Fast and Live Longer. He was editor of science program Horizon, and developed the long-running series,Trust Me Im a Doctor.

He achieved both a bachelors and masters degree at Cambridge University.

Aidan was an outstanding storyteller, a great media executive and a delight to know, Anderson and Carrington continued.

He was highly regarded, liked and respected by all who worked with him. When you spoke with Aidan, you couldnt help but get caught up in his overall positivity and enthusiasm, whether it be about the compelling and engaging content he was producing, the team working with him, his family or living in Australia.

He was a great source of innovation, creativity and common sense at the ABC, and an endless fount of wisdom and wonderfully curious turns of phrase.

The pair said their thoughts and sincere condolences are with his wife Claudia and their two young children, and added: He will be dearly missed by those who knew and worked with him at the ABC and across the wider media industry, here and overseas. We will miss his company, his creativity and his passion for public broadcasting.

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ABC's Aidan Laverty dies, less than three weeks after seeking overseas treatment - Mumbrella

Asbestos tragedy of worker covered in dust – The Bolton News

AN ENGINEER spent his working life surrounded by deadly asbestos, often with no protective equipment, an inquest has heard.

Roy Gee-Clough died at home on May 6 from mesothelioma, a cancer of the lungs caused by inhaling asbestos fibres.

Assistant coroner Catherine Cundy was told how, before his death, 77-year-old Mr Gee-Clough had made a statement outlining his working conditions at the British Rail Loco Works and then BAe Systems, where the air was sometimes so thick with a material containing asbestos that work had to stop.

Mr Gee-Clough, a married father, told how he began working at the Horwich Loco Works as a 14-year-old office boy in 1957, delivering post to all the departments, before beginning his five year apprenticeship and working in the erecting shop where he had the job of lagging boilers with asbestos mattresses.

"During that job dust was created and it covered his boiler suit," said Ms Cundy. "The air was generally thick with asbestos dust. There were no masks or protection provided."

In 1964 he moved to British Aerospace at Lostock where he spent the rest of his career making components for missiles.

In his early 30s he was given the task of machining a component for the Sea Slug missile, which involved using Dursetos, an asbestos sheet material.

"He says there was a phenomenal amount of dust which came off the machines that was processing the Durestos and every so often it was too much to cope with and so the work would have to stop for a while while things cleared," said Ms Cundy.

A colleague working next to Mr Gee-Clough died from mesothelioma but he remained apparently healthy after retiring, aged 48, when he was made redundant.

He and his wife Gillian divided their time between their homes in Spain and Stocks Park Drive, Horwich and his step-daughter, Deborah Arstall, described how he was artistic and a keen walker.

But in June 2018, before he and his wife were due to head back to Spain, he paid a visit to the doctor after noticing a shortness of breath.

Mesothelioma, which can take 30 or more years to show symptoms, was diagnosed and Mr Gee-Clough underwent several courses of chemotherapy and palliative radiotheraphy before his condition deteriorated in Spring this year and he died.

Ms Cundy recorded a conclusion that Mr Gee-Clough died as a result of industrial disease. None of his family were at the inquest so she asked that her condolences be passed to them.

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Asbestos tragedy of worker covered in dust - The Bolton News

Anantara to debut in the Seychelles with rebrand of iconic Maia Luxury Resort & Spa – Travel Daily News International

BANGKOK - Anantara Hotels, Resorts & Spas announces it will debut in the Seychelles this September with the upcoming rebrand of the iconic Maia Luxury Resort & Spa, one of the countrys most exclusive and stylish properties. Anantara Maia Seychelles Villas will represent the luxury brands launch in the archipelago, complementing its existing collection of world-class Indian Ocean resorts in the Maldives, Mauritius and Sri Lanka.

Located on Mahe, the largest of the Seychelles islands and just a short drive from the international airport, the resort can be found on the south west coast amongst 30 acres of forest garden, nestled between the islands unique granite rocks and Anse Louis Beach. The award-winning resort offers 30 secluded private villas, each with a dedicated villa host available 24-hours a day for the duration of the stay. Inviting guests to do nothing or do everything, residents can enjoy undivided attention and uninterrupted privacy.

Designed by Bill Bensley and Lek Bunnag, two of the worlds most highly respected luxury resort and hotel architects, the resort is regarded as one of Bensleys favourite projects, with architecture and gardens designed to blend seamlessly with the tropical island landscape. Asian architectural influences abound and are reflected in the distinctive thatching, carved natural stone, precious woods and delicate metal work.

The propertys Beyond All Inclusive concept offers unlimited dining, relaxation and exploration, combined with wellness and adventure. Residents can choose from an extensive menu of daily meals as well as personalised off-menu preferences, premium alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, daily yoga and qigong, unlimited exploration scuba diving and non-motorised watersports, and 24/7 dedicated villa host service.

Set around a peninsula overlooking white sands or perched between greenery and granite, each of the 250 sqm private villas is positioned to afford breathtaking views and unrivalled privacy. Villas situated atop the hill offer sweeping vistas over the coastline and turquoise ocean, whilst those dotted along the peninsula are tucked away in lush tropical gardens and with direct access to Anse Louis Beach. A selection of villas is ideal for families or groups, linked through garden walkways.

With high thread count linens and maxi-sized Hermes Bath Collection amenities as standard, each of the exclusive villas offers a large bedroom, a bathroom with glass walled rainforest shower, dual vanity and outdoor sunken bathtub with a view, Smart TV with villa surround sound, personalised mini bar, private infinity pool and a secluded outdoor gazebo with dining area and oversized day bed.

Anantara Spa will be home to three luxurious open-air treatment rooms dedicated to rejuvenation and restoration. Located in the resorts lush fragranced gardens, the spa sanctuary offers tailor-made Balinese massages and a range of beauty and facial treatments from the award-winning Omorovicza product house. With yoga and qiyong already available to guests, a wide range of new activities will be offered with a dedicated wellness focus.

Beyond All Inclusive invites guests to choose whether they eat in villa, on the beach, in the garden or under the stars, where they can enjoy the finest a la carte dining experiences with menus that arent restricted by time frames. International cuisines including Asian, Indian, Mediterranean and Creole tempt guests in the restaurant and pool bar or indulge in food and wine pairing at the stylish all-glass Wine Boutique.

Additional resort facilities include a main resort swimming pool, a fully-equipped fitness centre with TechnoGym Excite equipment, paddle boarding, snorkelling and kayaking. For guests wishing to venture further afield, hiking in the forest and national parks or island tours can be arranged, or bespoke private visits by boat or helicopter to explore the Seychelles islands of La Digue and Praslin.

The addition of the iconic Maia Luxury Resort & Spa to the Anantara portfolio, will mark the brands debut in the beautiful Seychelles islands and will represent an elevated level of luxury for discerning travellers in this corner of paradise. Without question Anantara Maia Seychelles Villas will become one of Anantaras flagship properties and joins our existing portfolio of stunning Indian Ocean resorts, commented Dillip Rajakarier, CEO of Minor Hotels and Minor International, parent company of Anantara Hotels, Resorts & Spas.

Anantara Maia Seychelles Villas will be the brands first property in the Seychelles and the seventh in the Indian Ocean, joining the two resorts in Sri Lanka, one in Mauritius and three in the Maldives.

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Anantara to debut in the Seychelles with rebrand of iconic Maia Luxury Resort & Spa - Travel Daily News International

President Faure thanks the Leader of Government Business in the sixth National Assembly – Office of the President of the Republic of Seychelles

06 August 2020 | State House

The President of the Republic of Seychelles, Mr Danny Faure, received the outgoing Leader of Government Business and Member of the National Assembly for Cascade in the Seychelles National Assembly, Honourable Charles De Commarmond, at State House this afternoon. Hon. De Commarmond is the longest-serving Parliamentarian in office in the National Assembly of Seychelles and is taking his retirement.

The President, on behalf of the Government and the people of Seychelles, congratulated Honourable De Commarmond on his achievements and expressed his sincere appreciation for his hard work and devotion over 33 years as a Member of the National Assembly. President Faure also thanked him for his contributions and working tirelessly to defend the fundamental principles of the party and for serving the people of Cascade. Honourable Decommarond shared his experiences and plans for retirement, and was presented with a token of appreciation by the President.

Speaking to the media after his meeting with the President, Hon. De Commarmond said that he thanked the President for the responsibility entrusted to him over the years. He said that he is satisfied with the work he has done and that he will continue his work at the political level as a party member. He also said he is ready to share his experiences with his successor.

He has been elected and re-elected as a Member of the National Assembly by a large majority in 1993 (SPPF), in 1998 (SPPF), in 2002 (SPPF), in 2007 (SPPF), in 2011 (PL) and 2016 (PL) representing the District of Cascade.

In 1984 to 1985, he completed a political course in Magdeburg, Germany and in 1989 completed his graduate studies at the Moscow State University in Moscow, Russia. From 1991 to 1993 he was the District Council Chairperson for Cascade District. In 1993 with the reintroduction of Multiparty Democracy and the Birth of 3rd Republic, Hon. Charles de Commarmond was elected Member of National Assembly for the Cascade District.

In May 2015, towards the end of the 5th Assembly, he was elevated to the position of Leader of Government Business (LGB) in the National Assembly, a position which he was entrusted from September 2016 to date.

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President Faure thanks the Leader of Government Business in the sixth National Assembly - Office of the President of the Republic of Seychelles

President Faure proclaims the dissolution of the National Assembly – Office of the President of the Republic of Seychelles

06 August 2020 |

President Faure signed a Proclamation this afternoon to declare the dissolution of the sixth National Assembly, which will stand dissolved tomorrow following the publication of the Proclamation today 6 August 2020.

This is in line with Article 110(2) of the Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles which provides that the President may, by Proclamation published in the Gazette, dissolve the National Assembly for any reason which the President considers it to be in the national interest.

Conscious that the existing COVID-19 pandemic necessitates the need for a National Assembly that has a common vision with the President elected in 2020 in order to immediately implement legislative measures, plans and policies to revive the economy and to tackle socio-economic and environmental challenges; and considerate of the fact that COVID-19 will impact the cost of elections in a multitude of ways if Seychelles holds Presidential Elections and National Assembly Elections at separate intervals, the President gave the Speaker of the National Assembly 7 days notice of the intention to dissolve the National Assembly on 30 July 2020.

This afternoon, the President proclaimed that the National Assembly shall stand dissolved tomorrow following the publication of the Proclamation today.

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President Faure proclaims the dissolution of the National Assembly - Office of the President of the Republic of Seychelles

Robotics – Wikipedia

Design, construction, operation, and application of robots

Robotics is an interdisciplinary research area at the interface of computer science and engineering.[1] Robotics involves design, construction, operation, and use of robots. The goal of robotics is to design intelligent machines that can help and assist humans in their day-to-day lives and keep everyone safe. Robotics draws on the achievement of information engineering, computer engineering, mechanical engineering, electronic engineering and others.

Robotics develops machines that can substitute for humans and replicate human actions. Robots can be used in many situations and for many purposes, but today many are used in dangerous environments (including inspection of radioactive materials, bomb detection and deactivation), manufacturing processes, or where humans cannot survive (e.g. in space, underwater, in high heat, and clean up and containment of hazardous materials and radiation). Robots can take on any form but some are made to resemble humans in appearance. This is said to help in the acceptance of a robot in certain replicative behaviors usually performed by people. Such robots attempt to replicate walking, lifting, speech, cognition, or any other human activity. Many of today's robots are inspired by nature, contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics.

The concept of creating machines that can operate autonomously dates back to classical times, but research into the functionality and potential uses of robots did not grow substantially until the 20th century. Throughout history, it has been frequently assumed by various scholars, inventors, engineers, and technicians that robots will one day be able to mimic human behavior and manage tasks in a human-like fashion. Today, robotics is a rapidly growing field, as technological advances continue; researching, designing, and building new robots serve various practical purposes, whether domestically, commercially, or militarily. Many robots are built to do jobs that are hazardous to people, such as defusing bombs, finding survivors in unstable ruins, and exploring mines and shipwrecks. Robotics is also used in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) as a teaching aid.[2]

Robotics is a branch of engineering that involves the conception, design, manufacture, and operation of robots. This field overlaps with computer engineering, computer science (especially artificial intelligence), electronics, mechatronics, mechanical, nanotechnology and bioengineering.[3]

The word robotics was derived from the word robot, which was introduced to the public by Czech writer Karel apek in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), which was published in 1920.[4] The word robot comes from the Slavic word robota, which means slave/servant. The play begins in a factory that makes artificial people called robots, creatures who can be mistaken for humans very similar to the modern ideas of androids. Karel apek himself did not coin the word. He wrote a short letter in reference to an etymology in the Oxford English Dictionary in which he named his brother Josef apek as its actual originator.[4]

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word robotics was first used in print by Isaac Asimov, in his science fiction short story "Liar!", published in May 1941 in Astounding Science Fiction. Asimov was unaware that he was coining the term; since the science and technology of electrical devices is electronics, he assumed robotics already referred to the science and technology of robots. In some of Asimov's other works, he states that the first use of the word robotics was in his short story Runaround (Astounding Science Fiction, March 1942),[5][6] where he introduced his concept of The Three Laws of Robotics. However, the original publication of "Liar!" predates that of "Runaround" by ten months, so the former is generally cited as the word's origin.

In 1948, Norbert Wiener formulated the principles of cybernetics, the basis of practical robotics.

Fully autonomous robots only appeared in the second half of the 20th century. The first digitally operated and programmable robot, the Unimate, was installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them. Commercial and industrial robots are widespread today and used to perform jobs more cheaply, more accurately and more reliably, than humans. They are also employed in some jobs which are too dirty, dangerous, or dull to be suitable for humans. Robots are widely used in manufacturing, assembly, packing and packaging, mining, transport, earth and space exploration, surgery,[7] weaponry, laboratory research, safety, and the mass production of consumer and industrial goods.[8]

There are many types of robots; they are used in many different environments and for many different uses. Although being very diverse in application and form, they all share three basic similarities when it comes to their construction:

As more and more robots are designed for specific tasks this method of classification becomes more relevant. For example, many robots are designed for assembly work, which may not be readily adaptable for other applications. They are termed as "assembly robots". For seam welding, some suppliers provide complete welding systems with the robot i.e. the welding equipment along with other material handling facilities like turntables, etc. as an integrated unit. Such an integrated robotic system is called a "welding robot" even though its discrete manipulator unit could be adapted to a variety of tasks. Some robots are specifically designed for heavy load manipulation, and are labeled as "heavy-duty robots".[23]

Current and potential applications include:

At present, mostly (leadacid) batteries are used as a power source. Many different types of batteries can be used as a power source for robots. They range from leadacid batteries, which are safe and have relatively long shelf lives but are rather heavy compared to silvercadmium batteries that are much smaller in volume and are currently much more expensive. Designing a battery-powered robot needs to take into account factors such as safety, cycle lifetime and weight. Generators, often some type of internal combustion engine, can also be used. However, such designs are often mechanically complex and need a fuel, require heat dissipation and are relatively heavy. A tether connecting the robot to a power supply would remove the power supply from the robot entirely. This has the advantage of saving weight and space by moving all power generation and storage components elsewhere. However, this design does come with the drawback of constantly having a cable connected to the robot, which can be difficult to manage.[37] Potential power sources could be:

Actuators are the "muscles" of a robot, the parts which convert stored energy into movement.[38] By far the most popular actuators are electric motors that rotate a wheel or gear, and linear actuators that control industrial robots in factories. There are some recent advances in alternative types of actuators, powered by electricity, chemicals, or compressed air.

The vast majority of robots use electric motors, often brushed and brushless DC motors in portable robots or AC motors in industrial robots and CNC machines. These motors are often preferred in systems with lighter loads, and where the predominant form of motion is rotational.

Various types of linear actuators move in and out instead of by spinning, and often have quicker direction changes, particularly when very large forces are needed such as with industrial robotics. They are typically powered by compressed and oxidized air (pneumatic actuator) or an oil (hydraulic actuator) Linear actuators can also be powered by electricity which usually consists of a motor and a leadscrew. Another common type is a mechanical linear actuator that is turned by hand, such as a rack and pinion on a car.

A flexure is designed as part of the motor actuator, to improve safety and provide robust force control, energy efficiency, shock absorption (mechanical filtering) while reducing excessive wear on the transmission and other mechanical components. The resultant lower reflected inertia can improve safety when a robot is interacting with humans or during collisions. It has been used in various robots, particularly advanced manufacturing robots [39] and walking humanoid robots.[40][41]

Pneumatic artificial muscles, also known as air muscles, are special tubes that expand(typically up to 40%) when air is forced inside them. They are used in some robot applications.[42][43][44]

Muscle wire, also known as shape memory alloy, Nitinol or Flexinol wire, is a material which contracts (under 5%) when electricity is applied. They have been used for some small robot applications.[45][46]

EAPs or EPAMs are a plastic material that can contract substantially (up to 380% activation strain) from electricity, and have been used in facial muscles and arms of humanoid robots,[47] and to enable new robots to float,[48] fly, swim or walk.[49]

Recent alternatives to DC motors are piezo motors or ultrasonic motors. These work on a fundamentally different principle, whereby tiny piezoceramic elements, vibrating many thousands of times per second, cause linear or rotary motion. There are different mechanisms of operation; one type uses the vibration of the piezo elements to step the motor in a circle or a straight line.[50] Another type uses the piezo elements to cause a nut to vibrate or to drive a screw. The advantages of these motors are nanometer resolution, speed, and available force for their size.[51] These motors are already available commercially, and being used on some robots.[52][53]

Elastic nanotubes are a promising artificial muscle technology in early-stage experimental development. The absence of defects in carbon nanotubes enables these filaments to deform elastically by several percent, with energy storage levels of perhaps 10J/cm3 for metal nanotubes. Human biceps could be replaced with an 8mm diameter wire of this material. Such compact "muscle" might allow future robots to outrun and outjump humans.[54]

Sensors allow robots to receive information about a certain measurement of the environment, or internal components. This is essential for robots to perform their tasks, and act upon any changes in the environment to calculate the appropriate response. They are used for various forms of measurements, to give the robots warnings about safety or malfunctions, and to provide real-time information of the task it is performing.

Current robotic and prosthetic hands receive far less tactile information than the human hand. Recent research has developed a tactile sensor array that mimics the mechanical properties and touch receptors of human fingertips.[55][56] The sensor array is constructed as a rigid core surrounded by conductive fluid contained by an elastomeric skin. Electrodes are mounted on the surface of the rigid core and are connected to an impedance-measuring device within the core. When the artificial skin touches an object the fluid path around the electrodes is deformed, producing impedance changes that map the forces received from the object. The researchers expect that an important function of such artificial fingertips will be adjusting robotic grip on held objects.

Scientists from several European countries and Israel developed a prosthetic hand in 2009, called SmartHand, which functions like a real oneallowing patients to write with it, type on a keyboard, play piano and perform other fine movements. The prosthesis has sensors which enable the patient to sense real feeling in its fingertips.[57]

Computer vision is the science and technology of machines that see. As a scientific discipline, computer vision is concerned with the theory behind artificial systems that extract information from images. The image data can take many forms, such as video sequences and views from cameras.

In most practical computer vision applications, the computers are pre-programmed to solve a particular task, but methods based on learning are now becoming increasingly common.

Computer vision systems rely on image sensors which detect electromagnetic radiation which is typically in the form of either visible light or infra-red light. The sensors are designed using solid-state physics. The process by which light propagates and reflects off surfaces is explained using optics. Sophisticated image sensors even require quantum mechanics to provide a complete understanding of the image formation process. Robots can also be equipped with multiple vision sensors to be better able to compute the sense of depth in the environment. Like human eyes, robots' "eyes" must also be able to focus on a particular area of interest, and also adjust to variations in light intensities.

There is a subfield within computer vision where artificial systems are designed to mimic the processing and behavior of biological system, at different levels of complexity. Also, some of the learning-based methods developed within computer vision have their background in biology.

Other common forms of sensing in robotics use lidar, radar, and sonar.[58] Lidar measures distance to a target by illuminating the target with laser light and measuring the reflected light with a sensor. Radar uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects. Sonar uses sound propagation to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water.

A definition of robotic manipulation has been provided by Matt Mason as: "manipulation refers to an agents control of its environment through selective contact.[59]

Robots need to manipulate objects; pick up, modify, destroy, or otherwise have an effect. Thus the functional end of a robot arm intended to make the effect (whether a hand, or tool) are often referred to as end effectors,[60] while the "arm" is referred to as a manipulator.[61] Most robot arms have replaceable end-effectors, each allowing them to perform some small range of tasks. Some have a fixed manipulator which cannot be replaced, while a few have one very general purpose manipulator, for example, a humanoid hand.[62]

One of the most common types of end-effectors are "grippers". In its simplest manifestation, it consists of just two fingers which can open and close to pick up and let go of a range of small objects. Fingers can for example, be made of a chain with a metal wire run through it.[63] Hands that resemble and work more like a human hand include the Shadow Hand and the Robonaut hand.[64] Hands that are of a mid-level complexity include the Delft hand.[65][66] Mechanical grippers can come in various types, including friction and encompassing jaws. Friction jaws use all the force of the gripper to hold the object in place using friction. Encompassing jaws cradle the object in place, using less friction.

Suction end-effectors, powered by vacuum generators, are very simple astrictive[67] devices that can hold very large loads provided the prehension surface is smooth enough to ensure suction.

Pick and place robots for electronic components and for large objects like car windscreens, often use very simple vacuum end-effectors.

Suction is a highly used type of end-effector in industry, in part because the natural compliance of soft suction end-effectors can enable a robot to be more robust in the presence of imperfect robotic perception. As an example: consider the case of a robot vision system estimates the position of a water bottle, but has 1 centimeter of error. While this may cause a rigid mechanical gripper to puncture the water bottle, the soft suction end-effector may just bend slightly and conform to the shape of the water bottle surface.

Some advanced robots are beginning to use fully humanoid hands, like the Shadow Hand, MANUS,[68] and the Schunk hand.[69] These are highly dexterous manipulators, with as many as 20 degrees of freedom and hundreds of tactile sensors.[70]

For simplicity, most mobile robots have four wheels or a number of continuous tracks. Some researchers have tried to create more complex wheeled robots with only one or two wheels. These can have certain advantages such as greater efficiency and reduced parts, as well as allowing a robot to navigate in confined places that a four-wheeled robot would not be able to.

Balancing robots generally use a gyroscope to detect how much a robot is falling and then drive the wheels proportionally in the same direction, to counterbalance the fall at hundreds of times per second, based on the dynamics of an inverted pendulum.[71] Many different balancing robots have been designed.[72] While the Segway is not commonly thought of as a robot, it can be thought of as a component of a robot, when used as such Segway refer to them as RMP (Robotic Mobility Platform). An example of this use has been as NASA's Robonaut that has been mounted on a Segway.[73]

A one-wheeled balancing robot is an extension of a two-wheeled balancing robot so that it can move in any 2D direction using a round ball as its only wheel. Several one-wheeled balancing robots have been designed recently, such as Carnegie Mellon University's "Ballbot" that is the approximate height and width of a person, and Tohoku Gakuin University's "BallIP".[74] Because of the long, thin shape and ability to maneuver in tight spaces, they have the potential to function better than other robots in environments with people.[75]

Several attempts have been made in robots that are completely inside a spherical ball, either by spinning a weight inside the ball,[76][77] or by rotating the outer shells of the sphere.[78][79] These have also been referred to as an orb bot[80] or a ball bot.[81][82]

Using six wheels instead of four wheels can give better traction or grip in outdoor terrain such as on rocky dirt or grass.

Tank tracks provide even more traction than a six-wheeled robot. Tracked wheels behave as if they were made of hundreds of wheels, therefore are very common for outdoor and military robots, where the robot must drive on very rough terrain. However, they are difficult to use indoors such as on carpets and smooth floors. Examples include NASA's Urban Robot "Urbie".[83]

Walking is a difficult and dynamic problem to solve. Several robots have been made which can walk reliably on two legs, however, none have yet been made which are as robust as a human. There has been much study on human inspired walking, such as AMBER lab which was established in 2008 by the Mechanical Engineering Department at Texas A&M University.[84] Many other robots have been built that walk on more than two legs, due to these robots being significantly easier to construct.[85][86] Walking robots can be used for uneven terrains, which would provide better mobility and energy efficiency than other locomotion methods. Typically, robots on two legs can walk well on flat floors and can occasionally walk up stairs. None can walk over rocky, uneven terrain. Some of the methods which have been tried are:

The zero moment point (ZMP) is the algorithm used by robots such as Honda's ASIMO. The robot's onboard computer tries to keep the total inertial forces (the combination of Earth's gravity and the acceleration and deceleration of walking), exactly opposed by the floor reaction force (the force of the floor pushing back on the robot's foot). In this way, the two forces cancel out, leaving no moment (force causing the robot to rotate and fall over).[87] However, this is not exactly how a human walks, and the difference is obvious to human observers, some of whom have pointed out that ASIMO walks as if it needs the lavatory.[88][89][90] ASIMO's walking algorithm is not static, and some dynamic balancing is used (see below). However, it still requires a smooth surface to walk on.

Several robots, built in the 1980s by Marc Raibert at the MIT Leg Laboratory, successfully demonstrated very dynamic walking. Initially, a robot with only one leg, and a very small foot could stay upright simply by hopping. The movement is the same as that of a person on a pogo stick. As the robot falls to one side, it would jump slightly in that direction, in order to catch itself.[91] Soon, the algorithm was generalised to two and four legs. A bipedal robot was demonstrated running and even performing somersaults.[92] A quadruped was also demonstrated which could trot, run, pace, and bound.[93] For a full list of these robots, see the MIT Leg Lab Robots page.[94]

A more advanced way for a robot to walk is by using a dynamic balancing algorithm, which is potentially more robust than the Zero Moment Point technique, as it constantly monitors the robot's motion, and places the feet in order to maintain stability.[95] This technique was recently demonstrated by Anybots' Dexter Robot,[96] which is so stable, it can even jump.[97] Another example is the TU Delft Flame.

Perhaps the most promising approach utilizes passive dynamics where the momentum of swinging limbs is used for greater efficiency. It has been shown that totally unpowered humanoid mechanisms can walk down a gentle slope, using only gravity to propel themselves. Using this technique, a robot need only supply a small amount of motor power to walk along a flat surface or a little more to walk up a hill. This technique promises to make walking robots at least ten times more efficient than ZMP walkers, like ASIMO.[98][99]

A modern passenger airliner is essentially a flying robot, with two humans to manage it. The autopilot can control the plane for each stage of the journey, including takeoff, normal flight, and even landing.[100] Other flying robots are uninhabited and are known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). They can be smaller and lighter without a human pilot on board, and fly into dangerous territory for military surveillance missions. Some can even fire on targets under command. UAVs are also being developed which can fire on targets automatically, without the need for a command from a human. Other flying robots include cruise missiles, the Entomopter, and the Epson micro helicopter robot. Robots such as the Air Penguin, Air Ray, and Air Jelly have lighter-than-air bodies, propelled by paddles, and guided by sonar.

Several snake robots have been successfully developed. Mimicking the way real snakes move, these robots can navigate very confined spaces, meaning they may one day be used to search for people trapped in collapsed buildings.[101] The Japanese ACM-R5 snake robot[102] can even navigate both on land and in water.[103]

A small number of skating robots have been developed, one of which is a multi-mode walking and skating device. It has four legs, with unpowered wheels, which can either step or roll.[104] Another robot, Plen, can use a miniature skateboard or roller-skates, and skate across a desktop.[105]

Several different approaches have been used to develop robots that have the ability to climb vertical surfaces. One approach mimics the movements of a human climber on a wall with protrusions; adjusting the center of mass and moving each limb in turn to gain leverage. An example of this is Capuchin,[106] built by Dr. Ruixiang Zhang at Stanford University, California. Another approach uses the specialized toe pad method of wall-climbing geckoes, which can run on smooth surfaces such as vertical glass. Examples of this approach include Wallbot[107] and Stickybot.[108]

China's Technology Daily reported on 15 November 2008, that Dr. Li Hiu Yeung and his research group of New Concept Aircraft (Zhuhai) Co., Ltd. had successfully developed a bionic gecko robot named "Speedy Freelander". According to Dr. Yeung, the gecko robot could rapidly climb up and down a variety of building walls, navigate through ground and wall fissures, and walk upside-down on the ceiling. It was also able to adapt to the surfaces of smooth glass, rough, sticky or dusty walls as well as various types of metallic materials. It could also identify and circumvent obstacles automatically. Its flexibility and speed were comparable to a natural gecko. A third approach is to mimic the motion of a snake climbing a pole.[58]

It is calculated that when swimming some fish can achieve a propulsive efficiency greater than 90%.[109] Furthermore, they can accelerate and maneuver far better than any man-made boat or submarine, and produce less noise and water disturbance. Therefore, many researchers studying underwater robots would like to copy this type of locomotion.[110] Notable examples are the Essex University Computer Science Robotic Fish G9,[111] and the Robot Tuna built by the Institute of Field Robotics, to analyze and mathematically model thunniform motion.[112] The Aqua Penguin,[113] designed and built by Festo of Germany, copies the streamlined shape and propulsion by front "flippers" of penguins. Festo have also built the Aqua Ray and Aqua Jelly, which emulate the locomotion of manta ray, and jellyfish, respectively.

In 2014 iSplash-II was developed by PhD student Richard James Clapham and Prof. Huosheng Hu at Essex University. It was the first robotic fish capable of outperforming real carangiform fish in terms of average maximum velocity (measured in body lengths/ second) and endurance, the duration that top speed is maintained.[114] This build attained swimming speeds of 11.6BL/s (i.e. 3.7m/s).[115] The first build, iSplash-I (2014) was the first robotic platform to apply a full-body length carangiform swimming motion which was found to increase swimming speed by 27% over the traditional approach of a posterior confined waveform.[116]

Sailboat robots have also been developed in order to make measurements at the surface of the ocean. A typical sailboat robot is Vaimos[117] built by IFREMER and ENSTA-Bretagne. Since the propulsion of sailboat robots uses the wind, the energy of the batteries is only used for the computer, for the communication and for the actuators (to tune the rudder and the sail). If the robot is equipped with solar panels, the robot could theoretically navigate forever. The two main competitions of sailboat robots are WRSC, which takes place every year in Europe, and Sailbot.

Though a significant percentage of robots in commission today are either human controlled or operate in a static environment, there is an increasing interest in robots that can operate autonomously in a dynamic environment. These robots require some combination of navigation hardware and software in order to traverse their environment. In particular, unforeseen events (e.g. people and other obstacles that are not stationary) can cause problems or collisions. Some highly advanced robots such as ASIMO and Mein robot have particularly good robot navigation hardware and software. Also, self-controlled cars, Ernst Dickmanns' driverless car, and the entries in the DARPA Grand Challenge, are capable of sensing the environment well and subsequently making navigational decisions based on this information, including by a swarm of autonomous robots.[36] Most of these robots employ a GPS navigation device with waypoints, along with radar, sometimes combined with other sensory data such as lidar, video cameras, and inertial guidance systems for better navigation between waypoints.

The state of the art in sensory intelligence for robots will have to progress through several orders of magnitude if we want the robots working in our homes to go beyond vacuum-cleaning the floors. If robots are to work effectively in homes and other non-industrial environments, the way they are instructed to perform their jobs, and especially how they will be told to stop will be of critical importance. The people who interact with them may have little or no training in robotics, and so any interface will need to be extremely intuitive. Science fiction authors also typically assume that robots will eventually be capable of communicating with humans through speech, gestures, and facial expressions, rather than a command-line interface. Although speech would be the most natural way for the human to communicate, it is unnatural for the robot. It will probably be a long time before robots interact as naturally as the fictional C-3PO, or Data of Star Trek, Next Generation.

Interpreting the continuous flow of sounds coming from a human, in real time, is a difficult task for a computer, mostly because of the great variability of speech.[118] The same word, spoken by the same person may sound different depending on local acoustics, volume, the previous word, whether or not the speaker has a cold, etc.. It becomes even harder when the speaker has a different accent.[119] Nevertheless, great strides have been made in the field since Davis, Biddulph, and Balashek designed the first "voice input system" which recognized "ten digits spoken by a single user with 100% accuracy" in 1952.[120] Currently, the best systems can recognize continuous, natural speech, up to 160 words per minute, with an accuracy of 95%.[121] With the help of artificial intelligence, machines nowadays can use people's voice to identify their emotions such as satisfied or angry[122]

Other hurdles exist when allowing the robot to use voice for interacting with humans. For social reasons, synthetic voice proves suboptimal as a communication medium,[123] making it necessary to develop the emotional component of robotic voice through various techniques.[124][125] An advantage of diphonic branching is the emotion that the robot is programmed to project, can be carried on the voice tape, or phoneme, already pre-programmed onto the voice media. One of the earliest examples is a teaching robot named leachim developed in 1974 by Michael J. Freeman.[126][127] Leachim was able to convert digital memory to rudimentary verbal speech on pre-recorded computer discs.[128] It was programmed to teach students in The Bronx, New York.[128]

One can imagine, in the future, explaining to a robot chef how to make a pastry, or asking directions from a robot police officer. In both of these cases, making hand gestures would aid the verbal descriptions. In the first case, the robot would be recognizing gestures made by the human, and perhaps repeating them for confirmation. In the second case, the robot police officer would gesture to indicate "down the road, then turn right". It is likely that gestures will make up a part of the interaction between humans and robots.[129] A great many systems have been developed to recognize human hand gestures.[130]

Facial expressions can provide rapid feedback on the progress of a dialog between two humans, and soon may be able to do the same for humans and robots. Robotic faces have been constructed by Hanson Robotics using their elastic polymer called Frubber, allowing a large number of facial expressions due to the elasticity of the rubber facial coating and embedded subsurface motors (servos).[131] The coating and servos are built on a metal skull. A robot should know how to approach a human, judging by their facial expression and body language. Whether the person is happy, frightened, or crazy-looking affects the type of interaction expected of the robot. Likewise, robots like Kismet and the more recent addition, Nexi[132] can produce a range of facial expressions, allowing it to have meaningful social exchanges with humans.[133]

Artificial emotions can also be generated, composed of a sequence of facial expressions and/or gestures. As can be seen from the movie Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within, the programming of these artificial emotions is complex and requires a large amount of human observation. To simplify this programming in the movie, presets were created together with a special software program. This decreased the amount of time needed to make the film. These presets could possibly be transferred for use in real-life robots.

Many of the robots of science fiction have a personality, something which may or may not be desirable in the commercial robots of the future.[134] Nevertheless, researchers are trying to create robots which appear to have a personality:[135][136] i.e. they use sounds, facial expressions, and body language to try to convey an internal state, which may be joy, sadness, or fear. One commercial example is Pleo, a toy robot dinosaur, which can exhibit several apparent emotions.[137]

The Socially Intelligent Machines Lab of the Georgia Institute of Technology researches new concepts of guided teaching interaction with robots. The aim of the projects is a social robot that learns task and goals from human demonstrations without prior knowledge of high-level concepts. These new concepts are grounded from low-level continuous sensor data through unsupervised learning, and task goals are subsequently learned using a Bayesian approach. These concepts can be used to transfer knowledge to future tasks, resulting in faster learning of those tasks. The results are demonstrated by the robot Curi who can scoop some pasta from a pot onto a plate and serve the sauce on top.[138]

The mechanical structure of a robot must be controlled to perform tasks. The control of a robot involves three distinct phases perception, processing, and action (robotic paradigms). Sensors give information about the environment or the robot itself (e.g. the position of its joints or its end effector). This information is then processed to be stored or transmitted and to calculate the appropriate signals to the actuators (motors) which move the mechanical.

The processing phase can range in complexity. At a reactive level, it may translate raw sensor information directly into actuator commands. Sensor fusion may first be used to estimate parameters of interest (e.g. the position of the robot's gripper) from noisy sensor data. An immediate task (such as moving the gripper in a certain direction) is inferred from these estimates. Techniques from control theory convert the task into commands that drive the actuators.

At longer time scales or with more sophisticated tasks, the robot may need to build and reason with a "cognitive" model. Cognitive models try to represent the robot, the world, and how they interact. Pattern recognition and computer vision can be used to track objects. Mapping techniques can be used to build maps of the world. Finally, motion planning and other artificial intelligence techniques may be used to figure out how to act. For example, a planner may figure out how to achieve a task without hitting obstacles, falling over, etc.

Control systems may also have varying levels of autonomy.

Another classification takes into account the interaction between human control and the machine motions.

Much of the research in robotics focuses not on specific industrial tasks, but on investigations into new types of robots, alternative ways to think about or design robots, and new ways to manufacture them. Other investigations, such as MIT's cyberflora project, are almost wholly academic.

A first particular new innovation in robot design is the open sourcing of robot-projects. To describe the level of advancement of a robot, the term "Generation Robots" can be used. This term is coined by Professor Hans Moravec, Principal Research Scientist at the Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute in describing the near future evolution of robot technology. First generation robots, Moravec predicted in 1997, should have an intellectual capacity comparable to perhaps a lizard and should become available by 2010. Because the first generation robot would be incapable of learning, however, Moravec predicts that the second generation robot would be an improvement over the first and become available by 2020, with the intelligence maybe comparable to that of a mouse. The third generation robot should have the intelligence comparable to that of a monkey. Though fourth generation robots, robots with human intelligence, professor Moravec predicts, would become possible, he does not predict this happening before around 2040 or 2050.[141]

The second is evolutionary robots. This is a methodology that uses evolutionary computation to help design robots, especially the body form, or motion and behavior controllers. In a similar way to natural evolution, a large population of robots is allowed to compete in some way, or their ability to perform a task is measured using a fitness function. Those that perform worst are removed from the population and replaced by a new set, which have new behaviors based on those of the winners. Over time the population improves, and eventually a satisfactory robot may appear. This happens without any direct programming of the robots by the researchers. Researchers use this method both to create better robots,[142] and to explore the nature of evolution.[143] Because the process often requires many generations of robots to be simulated,[144] this technique may be run entirely or mostly in simulation, using a robot simulator software package, then tested on real robots once the evolved algorithms are good enough.[145] Currently, there are about 10 million industrial robots toiling around the world, and Japan is the top country having high density of utilizing robots in its manufacturing industry.[citation needed]

The study of motion can be divided into kinematics and dynamics.[146] Direct kinematics or forward kinematics refers to the calculation of end effector position, orientation, velocity, and acceleration when the corresponding joint values are known. Inverse kinematics refers to the opposite case in which required joint values are calculated for given end effector values, as done in path planning. Some special aspects of kinematics include handling of redundancy (different possibilities of performing the same movement), collision avoidance, and singularity avoidance. Once all relevant positions, velocities, and accelerations have been calculated using kinematics, methods from the field of dynamics are used to study the effect of forces upon these movements. Direct dynamics refers to the calculation of accelerations in the robot once the applied forces are known. Direct dynamics is used in computer simulations of the robot. Inverse dynamics refers to the calculation of the actuator forces necessary to create a prescribed end-effector acceleration. This information can be used to improve the control algorithms of a robot.

In each area mentioned above, researchers strive to develop new concepts and strategies, improve existing ones, and improve the interaction between these areas. To do this, criteria for "optimal" performance and ways to optimize design, structure, and control of robots must be developed and implemented.

Bionics and biomimetics apply the physiology and methods of locomotion of animals to the design of robots. For example, the design of BionicKangaroo was based on the way kangaroos jump.

There has been some research into whether robotics algorithms can be run more quickly on quantum computers than they can be run on digital computers. This area has been referred to as quantum robotics.[147]

Robotics engineers design robots, maintain them, develop new applications for them, and conduct research to expand the potential of robotics.[148] Robots have become a popular educational tool in some middle and high schools, particularly in parts of the USA,[149] as well as in numerous youth summer camps, raising interest in programming, artificial intelligence, and robotics among students.

Universities like Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) offer bachelors, masters, and doctoral degrees in the field of robotics.[150] Vocational schools offer robotics training aimed at careers in robotics.

The Robotics Certification Standards Alliance (RCSA) is an international robotics certification authority that confers various industry- and educational-related robotics certifications.

Several national summer camp programs include robotics as part of their core curriculum. In addition, youth summer robotics programs are frequently offered by celebrated museums and institutions.

There are many competitions around the globe. The SeaPerch curriculum is aimed as students of all ages. This is a short list of competition examples; for a more complete list see Robot competition.

The FIRST organization offers the FIRST Lego League Jr. competitions for younger children. This competition's goal is to offer younger children an opportunity to start learning about science and technology. Children in this competition build Lego models and have the option of using the Lego WeDo robotics kit.

One of the most important competitions is the FLL or FIRST Lego League. The idea of this specific competition is that kids start developing knowledge and getting into robotics while playing with Lego since they are nine years old. This competition is associated with National Instruments. Children use Lego Mindstorms to solve autonomous robotics challenges in this competition.

The FIRST Tech Challenge is designed for intermediate students, as a transition from the FIRST Lego League to the FIRST Robotics Competition.

The FIRST Robotics Competition focuses more on mechanical design, with a specific game being played each year. Robots are built specifically for that year's game. In match play, the robot moves autonomously during the first 15 seconds of the game (although certain years such as 2019's Deep Space change this rule), and is manually operated for the rest of the match.

The various RoboCup competitions include teams of teenagers and university students. These competitions focus on soccer competitions with different types of robots, dance competitions, and urban search and rescue competitions. All of the robots in these competitions must be autonomous. Some of these competitions focus on simulated robots.

AUVSI runs competitions for flying robots, robot boats, and underwater robots.

The Student AUV Competition Europe [151] (SAUC-E) mainly attracts undergraduate and graduate student teams. As in the AUVSI competitions, the robots must be fully autonomous while they are participating in the competition.

The Microtransat Challenge is a competition to sail a boat across the Atlantic Ocean.

RoboGames is open to anyone wishing to compete in their over 50 categories of robot competitions.

Federation of International Robot-soccer Association holds the FIRA World Cup competitions. There are flying robot competitions, robot soccer competitions, and other challenges, including weightlifting barbells made from dowels and CDs.

Many schools across the country are beginning to add robotics programs to their after school curriculum. Some major programs for afterschool robotics include FIRST Robotics Competition, Botball and B.E.S.T. Robotics.[152] Robotics competitions often include aspects of business and marketing as well as engineering and design.

The Lego company began a program for children to learn and get excited about robotics at a young age.[153]

Robotics is an essential component in many modern manufacturing environments. As factories increase their use of robots, the number of roboticsrelated jobs grow and have been observed to be steadily rising.[154] The employment of robots in industries has increased productivity and efficiency savings and is typically seen as a long term investment for benefactors. A paper by Michael Osborne andCarl Benedikt Freyfound that 47 per cent of US jobs are at risk to automation "over some unspecified number of years".[155] These claims have been criticized on the ground that social policy, not AI, causes unemployment.[156] In a 2016 article in The Guardian, Stephen Hawking stated "The automation of factories has already decimated jobs in traditional manufacturing, and the rise of artificial intelligence is likely to extend this job destruction deep into the middle classes, with only the most caring, creative or supervisory roles remaining".[157]

A discussion paper drawn up by EU-OSHA highlights how the spread of robotics presents both opportunities and challenges for occupational safety and health (OSH).[158]

The greatest OSH benefits stemming from the wider use of robotics should be substitution for people working in unhealthy or dangerous environments. In space, defence, security, or the nuclear industry, but also in logistics, maintenance, and inspection, autonomous robots are particularly useful in replacing human workers performing dirty, dull or unsafe tasks, thus avoiding workers' exposures to hazardous agents and conditions and reducing physical, ergonomic and psychosocial risks. For example, robots are already used to perform repetitive and monotonous tasks, to handle radioactive material or to work in explosive atmospheres. In the future, many other highly repetitive, risky or unpleasant tasks will be performed by robots in a variety of sectors like agriculture, construction, transport, healthcare, firefighting or cleaning services.[159]

Despite these advances, there are certain skills to which humans will be better suited than machines for some time to come and the question is how to achieve the best combination of human and robot skills. The advantages of robotics include heavy-duty jobs with precision and repeatability, whereas the advantages of humans include creativity, decision-making, flexibility, and adaptability. This need to combine optimal skills has resulted in collaborative robots and humans sharing a common workspace more closely and led to the development of new approaches and standards to guarantee the safety of the "man-robot merger". Some European countries are including robotics in their national programmes and trying to promote a safe and flexible co-operation between robots and operators to achieve better productivity. For example, the German Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA) organises annual workshops on the topic "human-robot collaboration".

In the future, co-operation between robots and humans will be diversified, with robots increasing their autonomy and human-robot collaboration reaching completely new forms. Current approaches and technical standards[160][161] aiming to protect employees from the risk of working with collaborative robots will have to be revised.

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Robotics - Wikipedia

What Is Robotics? Types Of Robots | Built In

Robotics is quickly infiltrating every aspect our lives, including at home.Manufacturing

The manufacturing industry is probably the oldest and most well-known user of robots. These robots and co-bots (bots that work alongside humans) work to efficiently test and assemble products, like cars and industrial equipment. Its estimated that there are more than three million industrial robots in use right now.

Shipping, handling and quality control robots are becoming a must-have for most retailers and logistics companies. Because we now expectour packages arriving at blazing speeds, logistics companies employ robots inwarehouses, and even on the road, to help maximize time efficiency. Right now, there are robots taking your items off the shelves, transporting them across the warehouse floor and packaging them. Additionally, a rise in last-mile robots (robots that will autonomously deliver your package to your door) ensure that youll have a face-to-metal-face encounter with a logistics bot in the near future.

Its not science fiction anymore. Robots can be seen all over our homes, helping with chores, reminding us of our schedules and even entertaining our kids. The most well-known example of home robots is the autonomous vacuum cleanerRoomba. Additionally, robots have now evolved to do everything from autonomously mowing grass to cleaning pools.

Is there anything more science fiction-like than autonomous vehicles? These self-driving cars are no longer just imagination. A combination of data science and robotics, self-driving vehicles are taking the world by storm. Automakers, like Tesla, Ford, Waymo, Volkswagen and BMW are all working on the next wave of travel that will let us sit back, relax and enjoy the ride. Rideshare companies Uber and Lyft are also developing autonomous rideshare vehicles that dont require humans to operate the vehicle.

Robots have made enormous strides in the healthcare industry. These mechanical marvels have use in just about every aspect of healthcare, from robot-assisted surgeries to bots that help humans recover from injury in physical therapy. Examples of robots at work in healthcare areToyotas healthcare assistants, which help people regain the ability to walk, and TUG, a robot designed to autonomously stroll throughout a hospital and deliver everything from medicines to clean linens.

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What Is Robotics? Types Of Robots | Built In

Robotics – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

10.3 Robotic surgery experience

Robotics overcomes many of the disadvantages of open surgery as well as those still present with laparoscopy. In a way, it embodies the natural progression in the path to MIS. The advantages include: 3D optics, wrist-like motion, tremor filtering, motion scaling, better ergonomics, and less fatigue. This translates into a lower conversion rate, decreased length of stay, easier learning curve, and the ability to operate in constricted spaces. Conversion from MIS to open has a deleterious impact on numerous patient factors, including increased transfusion rate (11.5% vs 1.9%), wound infection rate (23% vs 12%), complication rate (44% vs 21%), length of stay (+6 days vs base), and 5-year disease-free survival rate (40.2% vs 70.7%) [2426]. Recent analyses of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) database comparing thousands of patients who underwent laparoscopic or robotic colorectal surgery found significantly lower conversion rates for robotics and lower length of hospital stay for both abdominal and pelvic robotic cases. There was no difference in postoperative complications when comparing the two groups and a significantly shorter length of stay for robotic procedures [27,28]. Other large database studies comparing the two groups with propensity score matching demonstrated reduced 30-day postoperative septic complications (2.3% vs 4%), hospital stay (mean: 4.8 vs 6.3 days), and discharge to another facility (3.5% vs 5.8%) in favor of robotic colectomy [29]. Analysis of the Michigan Surgical Quality Collaborative database comparing laparoscopic, hand-assisted laparoscopic, and robotic colon and rectal operations found significantly lower conversion rates for robotics in rectal resections (21.2% vs 7.8%), and approaching significance for colon resections (16.9% vs 9%) [30]. Conversion to open resulted in significantly longer length of stay for robotic (1.3 days) and laparoscopic procedures (1.7 days).

Studies have shown that the learning curve for robotic colorectal surgery ranges from 15 to 25 cases. Obtaining a learning curve which is half of that required for laparoscopy requires the surgeon to master three unique concepts of robotic surgery as outlined by Bokhari et al. [18]: (1) substituting visual cues with regard to tension and manipulation of tissues in place of tactile feedback, (2) grasping the spatial orientation of robotic instruments outside the visual field of view to maneuver safely without direct visualization, and (3) envisioning the alignment of the robotic arms and cart while operating remotely at the console, thereby minimizing external collisions [18]. A more recent study has examined whether physician factors (including time since graduation, fellowship status, and number of procedures performed) were associated with hospital stay and complications following common robotic surgery procedures in the State of New York among 1670 patients. Hospital-level factors were also analyzed, including urban versus rural setting, teaching status, hospital size, and the presence of a fellowship. After evaluating all factors in multivariable regression models and adjusting for covariates such as patients characteristics and comorbidities, neither physician- not hospital-related factors were significantly related to length of stay or complications [31]. Robotic surgery may eliminate the differences between hospitals and physicians, making outcomes independent of surgeon volume and experience.

The benefits of intracorporeal anastomosis and off-midline specimen extraction have already been demonstrated with laparoscopic colorectal surgery. This is made even easier with robotic assistance, limiting excessive handing of bowel that leads to ileus, improper orientation, and avoiding a midline extraction site. Past studies comparing laparoscopic right hemicolectomy with intracorporeal versus extracorporeal anastomosis showed decreased postoperative complications (18.7% vs 35%), infection rate (4.4% vs 14%), length of stay (mean: 5.9 vs 6.9 days), and incisional hernia rate (2.2% vs 17%) [32]. A large study examining extraction site location and incisional hernias after laparoscopic colorectal surgery has shown twice the rate of incisional hernia with midline extraction compared to off-midline (8.9% vs 2.3%4.8%) [33]. A recent multicenter retrospective study compared robotic right colectomy with intracorporeal anastomosis (RRCIA) to laparoscopic right colectomy with extracorporeal (LRCEA) and intracorporeal (LRCIA) anastomosis among 236 patients. RRCIA offers significantly better perioperative recovery outcomes compared to LRCEA, with a substantial reduction in the length of stay (4 vs 7 days). Compared with the LRCIA, the RRCIA had a shorter time to first flatus but offered no advantages in terms of the length of stay. Once again, the conversion rate was much lower for RRCIA (3.9%) versus LRCEA (8.5%) versus LRCIA (15%) [34]. This study reinforces the benefits of an intracorporeal anastomosis and the fact that it is much easier to perform robotically, leading to a decreased conversion rate.

Multiple studies have demonstrated the safety and feasibility of robotic colorectal resection with regards to short-term oncologic outcomes [35,36]. A recent retrospective study comprised of 732 patients analyzing long-term oncologic outcomes using propensity score matching showed comparable survival between robotic and laparoscopic TME. In multivariate analysis, robotic surgery was a significant prognostic factor for overall survival and cancer-specific survival [37]. The latest and largest randomized clinical trial of robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery for patients with rectal adenocarcinoma (ROLARR) demonstrated comparable oncologic outcomes to previously published large randomized trials. The positive circumferential resection margin rate (5.7%) was lower than previous trials studying conventional laparoscopy (ACOSOG Z6051, 12.1%; ALaCaRT, 7%). Pathological grading of intact mesorectum (75.3%) was comparable to ACOSOG Z6051 (72.9%). Surprisingly, there was no statistically significant difference in the rate of conversion to open laparotomy for robotic compared with laparoscopic surgery (8.1% vs 12.2%) [38]. The authors attributed this to surgeons having varying robotic experience as compared to the expert laparoscopic group. The fact that less experienced robotic surgeons had the same conversion rate as expert laparoscopists supports the previously mentioned study by Altieri et al. which did not find surgeon robotic experience tied to outcomes or length of stay, in contrast to laparoscopy [31].

Disadvantages of robotic surgery include: increased operative time, lack of haptic feedback, surgeons remote location away from the operating room table, inability to perform multiquadrant abdominal surgery, and the cost of technology [3841]. Several metaanalyses and a most recent ACS NSQIP database analysis have compared operative times for robotic versus laparoscopic colorectal resections with a mean operative time of approximately 40minutes longer for robotic colorectal resection when compared to laparoscopic [28,42,43]. Longer operative times have been shown to improve with surgeon experience, some single-surgeon studies demonstrating a statistically significant decrease in mean operative time from 267 to 224minutes [44]. However, larger randomized studies analyzing surgeons with varying robotic experience still showed prolonged operating time when compared to laparoscopy [38]. With experience, visual cues substitute for haptic feedback, thus avoiding excessive tissue manipulation and injury. Numerous studies, previously discussed, have shown the safety and feasibility of robotic surgery with equivalent or decreased complications compared to laparoscopic surgery, thus making the lack haptic feedback a nonsafety issue. One can postulate that with haptic feedback operative time may be reduced but this will require implementation and further study of such technology. Seasoned first assists and a well-trained robotics team can provide confidence and feedback at the bedside for the surgeon while he or she is at the console, minimizing the issue of not being at the patient bedside. It behooves the surgeon to train his or her team and have an action plan in case of emergency bleeding or need to convert to open laparotomy.

Finally, the cost of new technology is offset with increased case volume, instrument use optimization, and previously touted clinical benefits. However, this remains a controversial issue since acquiring the latest robotic system costs $1.85$2.3 million and does not include ongoing instrument and maintenance costs, which can range from $0.08 to $0.17 million/year. The ROLARR randomized clinical trial comparing robotic to laparoscopic rectal surgery suggested that robotic surgery for rectal cancer is unlikely to be cost-saving. The mean difference per operation, excluding the acquisition and maintenance costs, was $1132 driven by longer operating room time and increased cost for robotic instruments [38,45]. In contrast, a recent study examining surgeons with higher experience in robotic and laparoscopic colorectal procedures (30 or more robotic procedures per year) showed no statistically significant difference in total direct cost. When comparing supply costs, robotic surgery was more expensive than laparoscopic surgery (mean: $764) due to increased costs associated with robotic reusable instruments. The total direct costs were comprised of supplies, hospital stay, and operating room costs and showed no difference ($24,473 vs $24,343) likely due to reduced length of stay and lower conversion rate [46]. Cheaper cost can be attained by decreasing operative time, limiting superfluous robotic instrument use, and improving utilization of the robotic system.

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Robotics - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

NMSU’s Arrowhead Center signs agreement with Minerva Robotics to bring gourmet tortillas to masses – El Paso Herald-Post

When new technology meets ancient and revered culinary traditions, even classic handmade foods can be improved upon and made more efficiently.

Minerva Robotics, with the help of New Mexico State Universitys Arrowhead Center, aims to use computer learning and fresh ingredients to bring gourmet tortillas to homes and businesses in the United States and Mexico.

Minerva has shown an impressive skill set to launch a startup, developing a prototype, connect with local resources, and fundraising, said Carlos Murguia, director of Arrowhead Centers Foster Innovation Exchange (FIX) program. In July, Arrowhead Centers FIX signed an agreement with Minerva Robotics to continue their journey.

Minerva will be creating the first-of-its-kind tortilla subscription service. Customers will be able to subscribe and receive freshly made tortillas delivered to their homes or businesses.

With robotics, Minerva wants to tailor the use of raw materials, like New Mexico heirloom corn, to each customers specifications instead of the typically used, highly processed flours commonly used.

Minervas smart tortilla machine, the NixMix, will take high-quality corn in order to replicate the handmade process of tortilla production. It gets its name from nixtamalization, the process by which corn kernels are cooked in an alkaline solution, changing the corns chemical structure. It is a critical step that gives tortillas its flavor and texture.

Unfortunately, its a labor- and time-intensive method taking up to nine hours from milling the corn to the hot tortilla on the table.

While there are machines pumping out regular store-bought tortillas, the heavily processed ingredients are not like what is made at a home a flavor and consistency that the NixMix tortilla matches.

Whats in use now are outdated machines, unchanged technology from 50 years ago with a lot of inefficiency, said J.R. Rosillo, CEO of Minerva Robotics, who has been launching startups for the past 3 years. We want to cater to a growing Hispanic market in the U.S. Its the largest minority, approximately 18 percent of the U.S. population. We have an initial target of 50,000 Mexican restaurants in the U.S. and over 80,000 tortilla shops in Mexico with our product.

Rosillo, along with Chief Marketing Officer Renata Salcedo, Chief Technology Officer Marco Moreno and Country Director Fernando Nuez, will merge their resources with those of Arrowhead Center to make the move into the Mexican and United States markets.

Arrowhead is able to offer a soft landing for Minerva to launch the startup in New Mexico and take full advantage of our network of advisors who can guide the way, said Kathryn Hansen, director of Arrowhead Center. Minerva already has had the support of NMSU faculty to discuss different types of New Mexico-grown corn that would be a selling point for not only the product, but also valuable for our states economic development abroad.

Minerva Robotics looks to hire students and recent graduates of NMSU and become advisers for those interested in engaging the Mexican market with the benefits of the home base in New Mexico.

New Mexico is a fertile territory where community, agricultural diversity, and collaboration will create a scenario of innovation and progress, said Rosillo. Salcedo added, For us, we want to share, through technology, our traditional tortilla-making methods with the world.

For more information about Minerva Robotics, click here. To learn more about Arrowhead Centers FIX program, the programs website

Author:Cassie McClure NMSU

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For updates on all news from around Las Cruces and Southern New Mexico, please visit our news partners at Las Cruces Today

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NMSU's Arrowhead Center signs agreement with Minerva Robotics to bring gourmet tortillas to masses - El Paso Herald-Post

Food Robotics Market Size 2020 Explosive Factors of Revenue by Major Manufacturers listed in Industry are- Mitsubishi Electric, ABB, Kawasaki Heavy,…

Food Robotics Market 2020-2027

The Food Robotics Market research report contains complete background analysis of industry, which includes an assessment of the parental market. All the statistical and numerical that has been forecasted in the Food Robotics Market report is represented with the help of graphs, charts, or tables which makes this report more user friendly. The Food Robotics Market report contains thorough description, competitive scenario, wide product portfolio of key vendors and business strategy adopted by competitors along with their SWOT analysis and porters five force analysis. Whether it is about renewing a business plan, preparing a presentation for a key client, or giving recommendations to an executive, this Food Robotics Market report will surely help you to a degree.

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Thestudy considers the Food RoboticsMarketvalue and volume generated from the sales of the following segments:Major Marketmanufacturerscovered in the Food RoboticsMarketare:Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, ABB, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Fanuc Corporation, Rockwell Automation, Inc, KUKA AG, Seiko Espon Corporation, YASKAWA ELECTRIC CORPORATION, Stubli International AG., Mycom and Universal Robotic and Bastian Solutions among others.

Based on regions, the Food RoboticsMarketis classified into North America, Europe, Asia- Pacific, Middle East & Africa, and Latin AmericaMiddle East and Africa (GCC Countries and Egypt)North America (United States, Mexico, and Canada)South America(Brazil, Argentina etc.)Europe(Turkey, Germany, Russia UK, Italy, France, etc.)Asia-Pacific(Vietnam, China, Malaysia, Japan, Philippines, Korea, Thailand, India, Indonesia, and Australia)

Get a Sample copy (Table of Content, Charts and Figures)@https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/toc/?dbmr=global-Food-Robotics-market

Food robotics market is expected to grow at USD 1.4 billion at a growth rate of 12.90% in the forecast period of 2020 to 2027. The growing attention on increasing practical efficiency in production and raising the demand of packed foods are foreseen to drive the growth of the market.

However, the sudden change in the robotics technology and the addition of innovative and advanced automation technology is compelling the demand for robotics systems in the food industry. These technologies help users in the automation to drive or to enhance the industrial application such as palletizing, packaging and processing. Rise in production of low-cost robots and increasing the functionality of robots will enhance the growth of food robotics market, where as the scarcity of skilled workforce in emerging economies act as a restrain to the market.

Highlights of TOC:

Overview:In addition to an overview of the Food RoboticsMarket, this section provides an overview of the report to give an idea of the type and content of the study.

Market dynamics:Here the authors of the report discussed in detail the main drivers, restrictions, challenges, trends and opportunities in the market.

Product Segments:This part of the report shows the growth of the market for various types of products sold by the largest companies.

Application segments: The analysts who have authored the report have thoroughly evaluated the market potential of the key applications and identified the future opportunities they should create in the Food Robotics Market.

Geographic Segments:Each regional market is carefully examined to understand its current and future growth scenarios.

Key Benefits for Food RoboticsMarket:

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Food Robotics Market Size 2020 Explosive Factors of Revenue by Major Manufacturers listed in Industry are- Mitsubishi Electric, ABB, Kawasaki Heavy,...