One of the greatest humans Ive ever been around: Jordan Clarkson starting to thrive again – Deseret News

SALT LAKE CITY At one point during Fridays game between the Utah Jazz and San Antonio Spurs in Orlando, Florida, Jazz guard Jordan Clarkson felt like he was playing a little bit too fast, a little bit too aggressive.

Perhaps that admission can be seen as a significant one from Clarkson, who is known for always trying to look for his own shot sometimes too selfishly so but he did have a bigger responsibility on his shoulders against the Spurs than he typically does, and he was feeling the burden.

With the Jazz playing minus every starter except Joe Ingles, Clarkson became really the sole player who was capable of creating offense. There was no Donovan Mitchell or Mike Conley to lighten the load.

I definitely was trying to be a little bit more aggressive, make plays for my teammates, stuff like that, he said afterward.

In that moment, Utah head coach Quin Snyder took Clarkson aside and told him to trust his teammates and trust the plays they were running. Whether that conversation was the key or not can be debated, but Clarkson wound up with 24 points on a solid 8-of-18 from the field, including 4-of-9 from behind the 3-point line.

It marked the second straight game in Orlando in which Clarkson has produced well after struggling mightily in the Jazzs first two contests at Disney World (on Wednesday he scored 14 points against Memphis on 6-of-14 shooting after going 6-for-30 in the first two games).

What has changed over the last two games for Clarkson, who was traded to Utah last Christmastime in exchange for Dante Exum?

Just trying to find a comfort level, he said. Weve been off for a little while (before Orlando). Just coming in here and getting a feel for games, the environment, new rotations, everything. For me, its just trying to feel it out right now. I feel like thats what these eight (seeding) games are really about, us finding ourselves during this time.

While Clarkson is trying to regain a comfort level that he clearly had on the court during the two-and-a-half months between his arrival and when the NBA shut down in March, off the court, he, Snyder and his teammates are getting an opportunity to get to know each other in Orlando on a much deeper level than the grind of a more normal season allows.

Its been great, he said after Fridays game, referring to his growing relationship with Snyder. A lot of open dialogue, not even about basketball, about a lot of different stuff thats going on in the world, just everything. We sit down and talk. Us being in this environment, in this bubble, made us a lot closer, especially my teammates, just everybody.

Already known as the leader of the informal #GoodVibeTribe within Utahs roster, Clarkson said Friday that when he joined the Jazz, he was kind of laid-back, quiet, didnt really get to know any of the guys as much as I do now.

That has changed in a big way over the last month since nobody has anywhere else to be.

We spend a lot of time with each other, have a lot of conversations, have a lot of tough conversations, personal conversations, everything, so just really bringing everybody closer, he said. My relationship with coach is becoming very open and were always exchanging dialogue, so its becoming great.

Earlier this week, Utah forward Joe Ingles said during an episode of the Ingles Insight podcast with his wife, Renae, and team reporter Aaron Falk that getting to know Clarkson better has been one of the highlights of the bubble experience so far.

Me and JC, Jordan Clarkson, get along really well anyway, but being with him like every day, which I probably never thought I would really do, hes probably one of the greatest humans Ive ever been around, Ingles said. JC will be forever be one of my favorite teammates ever.

Falk echoed those sentiments.

Not knowing him very well, obviously a new addition to the team, but to see the way that he can interact with it feels like everybody, and hes so genuine that youre disarmed and he can have I think probably difficult conversations in a pretty breezy way and say things and make people understand them, not everyone can have that power, Falk said. I would put it on that hes a pretty important addition to the locker room, not even just on the court.

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One of the greatest humans Ive ever been around: Jordan Clarkson starting to thrive again - Deseret News

Phillip Lowe, Jay Jordan, Leon Winn to appear at Florence Republican meeting – SCNow

FLORENCE, S.C. The monthly meeting of the Florence County Republican Party will feature Statehouse candidates running in contested elections.

Expected to appear at 7 p.m. Tuesday are state Reps. Phillip Lowe and Wallace H. "Jay" Jordan Jr., plus state Senate candidate Leon Winn.

Lowe represents House District 60, which includes portions of south and west Florence. The district also includes southeastern Darlington County, including the town of Lamar.

He faces Democrat Teresa McGill Cain in the Nov. 3 general election.

Cain advanced to the general election by defeating La'Sha McClain.

Lowe did not face a primary opponent.

Jordan represents House District 63, which includes portions of west and south Florence.

He faces Democrat Isaac Wilson to retain his seat.

Neither Jordan nor Wilson faced a primary opponent.

Winn is running for the seat representing Senate District 36. That district includes small portions of western Florence and southeastern Darlington counties.

He faces incumbent Democrat Kevin L. Johnson.

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Phillip Lowe, Jay Jordan, Leon Winn to appear at Florence Republican meeting - SCNow

49ers agree to deal with oft-injured TE Jordan Reed – ESPN

SANTA CLARA, Calif. -- The San Francisco 49ers' search for experienced tight end depth and Jordan Reed's search for a new home resulted in a reunion Monday afternoon.

That's when Reed and the Niners reached agreement on a contract to bring the tight end to the Bay Area, general manager John Lynch said. The deal is for one year and heavy on incentives for Reed, who has a lengthy concussion history.

In coming to San Francisco, Reed will be reunited with coach Kyle Shanahan, who worked as Washington's offensive coordinator from 2010 to 2013. Reed spent one season under Shanahan after Washington selected him in the third round of the 2013 NFL draft. Reed had 45 catches for 499 yards and three touchdowns in nine games that year before injuries ended his season.

Injuries have become a recurring theme for Reed during his career. He missed all of last season with a concussion, the seventh documented since he started playing college football. Because of various injuries, he has never played a full NFL season.

But the 49ers spent considerable time vetting Reed's health and feel comfortable with where he is as they open up training camp this week.

"In situations like this, there's a reason a guy like Jordan Reed is out there," Lynch said. "So there is some risk-reward. We got to a point where we felt like the risk that we're taking on was worth it with the potential reward."

For the Niners, Reed will get a chance to revive his career in an offense that has shown interest in finding a running mate to pair with George Kittle as it looks to deploy more multiple-TE sets than it has in the past three years under Shanahan. The 49ers made a play for Cleveland Browns tight end Austin Hooper in free agency and have kicked the tires on free-agent veteran Delanie Walker.

With Reed added to the mix, the 49ers' next piece of business at the position is getting a long-term contract done with Kittle. Kittle, who is set to make $2.133 million in the final year of his rookie contract, has reported for camp and spent time with Lynch and Shanahan on Monday.

While Lynch declined to offer a time frame or deadline for getting a contract with Kittle done, he and Shanahan expressed optimism that a resolution will come soon.

"It was great to see George again today, and no one has changed. I feel really good about this going forward, and I feel really optimistic about it," Shanahan said. "So hopefully something will happen sooner than later. Not too concerned about it, though."

Reed joins a tight end room that features Kittle but is otherwise mostly inexperienced. Ross Dwelley started six games last season and filled in for Kittle when he was injured, finishing with 15 catches for 91 yards and two touchdowns. The Niners also spent a sixth-round choice on Georgia's Charlie Woerner in the NFL draft in an effort to increase depth and create more competition at the position.

"I think everyone is aware of Jordan's ability," Shanahan said. "When he's been healthy, he's played at an extremely high level. He's been one of the best third-down tight ends in the league when healthy. ... I know he hasn't been on the field for a little bit. I know he's very hungry to get back out there. He hasn't got to do much of that lately."

Washington made Reed the focal point of its passing attack under former coach Jay Gruden. He responded with a big season in 2015 when he played a career-high 14 games. That season, Reed caught 87 passes for 952 yards and 11 touchdowns -- all personal bests.

After that season, Washington signed Reed to a five-year extension worth up to $50 million. But in the next three years, thanks to injuries, he averaged 49 catches per season with a combined 10 touchdowns.

Reed, who had struggled for two seasons because of ligament damage to his big toes, looked good in training camp last summer, but in the third preseason game, Reed came out of a helmet-to-helmet hit delivered by Atlanta Falcons safety Keanu Neal with a concussion.

He nearly returned for a Week 2 game against the Dallas Cowboys, but concussion symptoms returned late in the week. He was placed on injured reserve Oct. 14.

Reed has proved to be a mismatch for linebackers or safeties in particular, especially when aligned in the slot. Washington loved his ability to quickly win against a defender, making him an ideal target.

He caught 329 passes for 3,371 yards with 24 touchdowns for Washington.

ESPN's John Keim contributed to this report.

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Work It Star Jordan Fisher Reveals How Hamilton Role Hand-Offs Work – Collider.com

Not only is Jordan Fisherastoundingly talented, but hes also an absolutely delightful interview, oozing with passion and enthusiasm. And those also happen to be some of the pillars of his newest release, the Netflix dance movie, Work It. Fisher plays Jake Taylor, an incredibly skilled dancer whos bound to be one of the best of the best until he injures his knee. Dejected, he pulls back from competitive dancing, but when Quinn Ackerman (Sabrina Carpenter) approaches him with a proposal that reignites that fire in Jake, he considers helping her do the impossible taking down some of the most talented, experienced dance teams at the Work It competition with a crew of diamonds in the rough.

Image via Netflix

During our chat, Fisher offered up some advice for folks (like me) who are convinced they cant dance and also addressed the journey Jake goes on in the film, but he also took some time to discuss another big title on his resume Hamilton. Fisher took over the roles of John Laurens and Philip Hamilton from Anthony Ramos in November of 2016. Ever wonder what that role hand-off process is really like? Heres what Fisher said when I asked what advice he got from Ramos:

It rarely happens, to be honest with you. It just rarely happens. Unless somebody specifically comes to you and is like, Hey, can you give me some advice on the thing? Its usually just being lead by example. That is always the biggest takeaway that you can muster from that kind of scenario. Ant [Ramos] is one of the most talented people in the world, and always as an actor, as a writer, as a creative, hes remarkable. Especially in learning a role on Broadway, youre in rehearsal space by yourself all day with an associate choreographer and an associate director and then, youre at the theater in the evening and youre watching the show or you are trailing the person that you are replacing backstage. So youre basically following them all around backstage, seeing what their routes are, their timing, how long they stay here, how long they go here, how much time they have between this and that.

Image via Netflix

Given the fact that Hamilton was at peak popularity on Broadway at that point, one could imagine it had to be a high pressure situation for Fisher. However, this is where Ramos fun and chill approach to the hand-off came in handy big time when Fisher had to jump in feet first:

Thats what you need, especially in taking something on like that. This was at the height of its popularity when I joined the show. It was still a concert energy every night. And the night that I went on, the other two guys that covered my role both happened to be on stage that night as well in different roles, Ant was in LA, so at that point, I was the only person in New York City that could play the role. You have to just kind of thrust yourself on stage and just do it because you dont have another option, you know?

If youd like to hear even more about what it was like being part of Hamilton on Broadway, click here to find out what Emmy Raver-Lampman had to say about how Leslie Odom Jr. fought for the cast of the show. And for more on Work It from Fisher, check out the full interview at the top of this article! Weve also got a chat with Carpenter and Liza Koshyhere for you as well.Work It is available to watch on Netflix now!

Jordan Fisher:

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Work It Star Jordan Fisher Reveals How Hamilton Role Hand-Offs Work - Collider.com

Meet Jordan Hawkins: Things to know about the newest UConn mens basketball recruit – Hartford Courant

UConn will have three scholarships opening next spring, with forwards Tyler Polley, Josh Carlton and Isaiah Whaley all in their senior years. Diggins and Hawkins account for two, and could be the replacements if Bouknight, who is appearing in mock drafts, moves on to the NBA. UConns next recruiting target will probably be a frontcourt player, such as Samson Johnson, 6-10, who played with Adama Sanogo at the Patrick School in New Jersey. Once UConn fills the three spots, Hurley and his staff will be able to wait and see how the season plays out and what additional needs they will have from the Class of 2021. The nationwide recruiting battle has been brewing for 7-0 Bristol Central center Donovan Clingan, clearly a top UConn priority in the Class of 2022.

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What is Astrophysics? | Space

Astrophysics is a branch of space science that applies the laws of physics and chemistry to explain the birth, life and death of stars, planets, galaxies, nebulae and other objects in the universe. It has two sibling sciences, astronomy and cosmology, and the lines between them blur.

In the most rigid sense:

In practice, the three professions form a tight-knit family. Ask for the position of a nebula or what kind of light it emits, and the astronomer might answer first. Ask what the nebula is made of and how it formed and the astrophysicist will pipe up. Ask how the data fit with the formation of the universe, and the cosmologist would probably jump in. But watch out for any of these questions, two or three may start talking at once!

Astrophysicists seek to understand the universe and our place in it. At NASA, the goals of astrophysics are "to discover how the universe works, explore how it began and evolved, and search for life on planets around other stars," according NASA's website.

NASA states that those goals produce three broad questions:

While astronomy is one of the oldest sciences, theoretical astrophysics began with Isaac Newton. Prior to Newton, astronomers described the motions of heavenly bodies using complex mathematical models without a physical basis. Newton showed that a single theory simultaneously explains the orbits of moons and planets in space and the trajectory of a cannonball on Earth. This added to the body of evidence for the (then) startling conclusion that the heavens and Earth are subject to the same physical laws.

Perhaps what most completely separated Newton's model from previous ones is that it is predictive as well as descriptive. Based on aberrations in the orbit of Uranus, astronomers predicted the position of a new planet, which was then observed and named Neptune. Being predictive as well as descriptive is the sign of a mature science, and astrophysics is in this category.

Because the only way we interact with distant objects is by observing the radiation they emit, much of astrophysics has to do with deducing theories that explain the mechanisms that produce this radiation, and provide ideas for how to extract the most information from it. The first ideas about the nature of stars emerged in the mid-19th century from the blossoming science of spectral analysis, which means observing the specific frequencies of light that particular substances absorb and emit when heated. Spectral analysis remains essential to the triumvirate of space sciences, both guiding and testing new theories.

Early spectroscopy provided the first evidence that stars contain substances also present on Earth. Spectroscopy revealed that some nebulae are purely gaseous, while some contain stars. This later helped cement the idea that some nebulae were not nebulae at all they were other galaxies!

In the early 1920s, Cecilia Payne discovered, using spectroscopy, that stars are predominantly hydrogen (at least until their old age). The spectra of stars also allowed astrophysicists to determine the speed at which they move toward or away from Earth. Just like the sound a vehicle emits is different moving toward us or away from us, because of the Doppler shift, the spectra of stars will change in the same way. In the 1930s, by combining the Doppler shift and Einstein's theory of general relativity, Edwin Hubble provided solid evidence that the universe is expanding. This is also predicted by Einstein's theory, and together form the basis of the Big Bang Theory.

Also in the mid-19th century, the physicists Lord Kelvin (William Thomson) and Gustav Von Helmholtz speculated that gravitational collapse could power the sun, but eventually realized that energy produced this way would only last 100,000 years. Fifty years later, Einstein's famous E=mc2 equation gave astrophysicists the first clue to what the true source of energy might be (although it turns out that gravitational collapse does play an important role). As nuclear physics, quantum mechanics and particle physics grew in the first half of the 20th century, it became possible to formulate theories for how nuclear fusion could power stars. These theories describe how stars form, live and die, and successfully explain the observed distribution of types of stars, their spectra, luminosities, ages and other features.

Astrophysics is the physics of stars and other distant bodies in the universe, but it also hits close to home. According to the Big Bang Theory, the first stars were almost entirely hydrogen. The nuclear fusion process that energizes them smashes together hydrogen atoms to form the heavier element helium. In 1957, the husband-and-wife astronomer team of Geoffrey and Margaret Burbidge, along with physicists William Alfred Fowler and Fred Hoyle, showed how, as stars age, they produce heavier and heavier elements, which they pass on to later generations of stars in ever-greater quantities. It is only in the final stages of the lives of more recent stars that the elements making up the Earth, such as iron (32.1 percent), oxygen (30.1 percent), silicon (15.1 percent), are produced. Another of these elements is carbon, which together with oxygen, make up the bulk of the mass of all living things, including us. Thus, astrophysics tells us that, while we are not all stars, we are all stardust.

Becoming an astrophysicist requires years of observation, training and work. But you can start becoming involved in a small way even in elementary and high school, by joining astronomy clubs, attending local astronomy events, taking free online courses in astronomy and astrophysics, and keeping up with news in the field on a website such as Space.com.

In college, students should aim to (eventually) complete a doctorate in astrophysics, and then take on a post-doctoral position in astrophysics. Astrophysicists can work for the government, university labs and, occasionally, private organizations.

Study.com further recommends the following steps to put you on the path to being an astrophysicist:

Take math and science classes all through high school. Make sure to take a wide variety of science classes. Astronomy and astrophysics often blend elements of biology, chemistry and other sciences to better understand phenomena in the universe. Also keep an eye out for any summer jobs or internships in math or science. Even volunteer work can help bolster your resume.

Pursue a math- or science-related bachelor's degree. While a bachelor in astrophysics is the ideal, there are many other paths to that field. You can do undergraduate study in computer science, for example, which is important to help you analyze data. It's best to speak to your high school guidance counselor or local university to find out what degree programs will help you.

Take on research opportunities. Many universities have labs in which students participate in discoveries and sometimes even get published. Agencies such as NASA also offer internships from time to time.

Finish a doctorate in astrophysics. A Ph.D. is a long haul, but the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics points out that most astrophysicists do have a doctoral degree. Make sure to include courses in astronomy, computer science, mathematics, physics and statistics to have a wide base of knowledge.

Natalie Hinkel, a planetary astrophysicist who was then at Arizona State University, gave a lengthy interview with Lifehacker in 2015 that provided a glimpse into the rewards and challenges of being a junior astrophysics researcher. She described the long number of years she has put into doing her research, the frequent job switches, her work hours and what it's like to be a woman in a competitive field. She also had an interesting insight about what she actually did day to day. Very little of her time is spent at the telescope.

"I spend the vast majority of my time programming. Most people assume that astronomers spend all of their time at telescopes, but that's only a very small fraction of the job, if at all. I do some observations, but in the past few years I've only been observing twice for a total of about two weeks," Hinkel told Lifehacker.

"Once you get the data, you have to reduce it (i.e. take out the bad parts and process it for real information), usually combine it with other data in order to see the whole picture, and then write a paper about your findings. Since each observation run typically yields data from multiple stars, you don't need to spend all of your time at the telescope to have enough work."

Additional reporting by Elizabeth Howell, Space.com contributor.

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What is Astrophysics? | Space

NASA Astrophysics | Science Mission Directorate

In the Science Mission Directorate (SMD), the Astrophysics division studies the universe.The science goals of the SMD Astrophysics Division are breathtaking: we seek to understand the universe and our place in it. We are starting to investigate the very moment of creation of the universe and are close to learning the full history of stars and galaxies. We are discovering how planetary systems form and how environments hospitable for life develop. And we will search for the signature of life on other worlds, perhaps to learn that we are not alone.

NASA's goal in Astrophysics is to "Discover how the universe works, explore how it began and evolved, and search for life on planets around other stars." Three broad scientific questions emanate from these goals.

The National Academies have started work on the 2020 Decadal Survey on Astronomy and Astrophysics. Please visit the "2020 Decadal Planning" page for additional information about survey.

Astrophysics comprises of three focused and two cross-cutting programs. These focused programs provide an intellectual framework for advancing science and conducting strategic planning. They include:

The Astrophysics current missions include three of the Great Observatories originally planned in the 1980s and launched over the past 28 years. The current suite of operational Great Observatories include the Hubble Space Telescope, the Chandra X-ray Observatory, and the Spitzer Space Telescope. Additionally, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope explores the high-energy end of the spectrum. Innovative Explorer missions, such as the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, NuSTAR, TESS, as well as Mission of Opportunity NICER, complement the Astrophysics strategic missions. SOFIA, an airborne observatory for infrared astronomy, is in its operational phase. All of the missions together account for much of humanity's accumulated knowledge of the heavens. Many of these missions have achieved their prime science goals, but continue to produce spectacular results in their extended operations.

NASA-funded investigators also participate in observations, data analysis and developed instruments for the astrophysics missions of our international partners, including ESA's XMM-Newton.

The near future will be dominated by several missions. Currently in development, with especially broad scientific utility, is the James Webb Space Telescope. Also in work are detectors for ESA's Euclid mission and hardware for JAXA's XRISM (X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy) to provide breakthroughs in the study of structure formation of the universe, outflows from galaxy nuclei, and dark matter.

Completing the missions in development, supporting the operational missions, and funding the research and analysis programs will consume most of the Astrophysics Division resources.

In February 2016, NASA formally started the top Astro2010 decadal recommendation, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will aid researchers in their efforts to unravel the secrets of dark energy and dark matter, and explore the evolution of the cosmos. It will also discover new worlds outside our solar system and advance the search for worlds that could be suitable for life.

In January 2017, NASA selected the new Small Explorer (SMEX) mission IXPE (Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer) which uses the polarization state of light from astrophysical sources to provide insight into our understanding of X-ray production in objects such as neutron stars and pulsar wind nebulae, as well as stellar and supermassive black holes.

In March 2017, NASA selected the Explorer Mission of Opportunity GUSTO (Galactic/Extragalactic ULDB Spectroscopic Terahertz Observatory) to measure emissions from the interstellar medium to help scientists determine the life cycle of interstellar gas in our Milky Way, witness the formation and destruction of star-forming clouds, and understand the dynamics and gas flow in the vicinity of the center of our galaxy.

Since the 2001 decadal survey, the way the universe is viewed has changed dramatically. More than 3800 planets have been discovered orbiting distant stars. Black holes are now known to be present at the center of most galaxies, including the Milky Way galaxy. The age, size and shape of the universe have been mapped based on the primordial radiation left by the big bang. And it has been learned that most of the matter in the universe is dark and invisible, and the universe is not only expanding, but accelerating in an unexpected way.

For the long term future, the Astrophysics goals will be guided based on the results of the 2010 Decadal survey New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics. The priority science objectives chosen by the survey committee include: searching for the first stars, galaxies, and black holes; seeking nearby habitable planets; and advancing understanding of the fundamental physics of the universe.In 2016 the New Worlds, New Horizons: A Midterm Assessment was released.

In 2012 the Astrophysics Implementation Plan was released which describes the activities currently being undertaken in response to the decadal survey recommendations within the current budgetary constraints. The plan was updated in 2014, 2016, and most recently in 2018.

The Astrophysics roadmap Enduring Quests, Daring Visions was developed by a task force of the Astrophysics Subcommittee (APS) in 2013. The Roadmap presents a 30-year vision for astrophysics using the most recent decadal survey as the starting point.

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NASA Astrophysics | Science Mission Directorate

Astrophysics – Wikipedia

Branch of astronomy

Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that employs the principles of physics and chemistry "to ascertain the nature of the astronomical objects, rather than their positions or motions in space".[1][2] Among the objects studied are the Sun, other stars, galaxies, extrasolar planets, the interstellar medium and the cosmic microwave background.[3][4] Emissions from these objects are examined across all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the properties examined include luminosity, density, temperature, and chemical composition. Because astrophysics is a very broad subject, astrophysicists apply concepts and methods from many disciplines of physics, including classical mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics.

In practice, modern astronomical research often involves a substantial amount of work in the realms of theoretical and observational physics. Some areas of study for astrophysicists include their attempts to determine the properties of dark matter, dark energy, black holes, and other celestial bodies; whether or not time travel is possible, wormholes can form, or the multiverse exists; and the origin and ultimate fate of the universe.[3] Topics also studied by theoretical astrophysicists include Solar System formation and evolution; stellar dynamics and evolution; galaxy formation and evolution; magnetohydrodynamics; large-scale structure of matter in the universe; origin of cosmic rays; general relativity, special relativity, quantum and physical cosmology, including string cosmology and astroparticle physics.

Astronomy is an ancient science, long separated from the study of terrestrial physics. In the Aristotelian worldview, bodies in the sky appeared to be unchanging spheres whose only motion was uniform motion in a circle, while the earthly world was the realm which underwent growth and decay and in which natural motion was in a straight line and ended when the moving object reached its destination. Consequently, it was held that the celestial region was made of a fundamentally different kind of matter from that found in the terrestrial sphere; either Fire as maintained by Plato, or Aether as maintained by Aristotle.[5][6]During the 17th century, natural philosophers such as Galileo,[7] Descartes,[8] and Newton[9] began to maintain that the celestial and terrestrial regions were made of similar kinds of material and were subject to the same natural laws.[10] Their challenge was that the tools had not yet been invented with which to prove these assertions.[11]

For much of the nineteenth century, astronomical research was focused on the routine work of measuring the positions and computing the motions of astronomical objects.[12][13] A new astronomy, soon to be called astrophysics, began to emerge when William Hyde Wollaston and Joseph von Fraunhofer independently discovered that, when decomposing the light from the Sun, a multitude of dark lines (regions where there was less or no light) were observed in the spectrum.[14] By 1860 the physicist, Gustav Kirchhoff, and the chemist, Robert Bunsen, had demonstrated that the dark lines in the solar spectrum corresponded to bright lines in the spectra of known gases, specific lines corresponding to unique chemical elements.[15] Kirchhoff deduced that the dark lines in the solar spectrum are caused by absorption by chemical elements in the Solar atmosphere.[16] In this way it was proved that the chemical elements found in the Sun and stars were also found on Earth.

Among those who extended the study of solar and stellar spectra was Norman Lockyer, who in 1868 detected radiant, as well as dark, lines in solar spectra. Working with chemist Edward Frankland to investigate the spectra of elements at various temperatures and pressures, he could not associate a yellow line in the solar spectrum with any known elements. He thus claimed the line represented a new element, which was called helium, after the Greek Helios, the Sun personified.[17][18]

In 1885, Edward C. Pickering undertook an ambitious program of stellar spectral classification at Harvard College Observatory, in which a team of woman computers, notably Williamina Fleming, Antonia Maury, and Annie Jump Cannon, classified the spectra recorded on photographic plates. By 1890, a catalog of over 10,000 stars had been prepared that grouped them into thirteen spectral types. Following Pickering's vision, by 1924 Cannon expanded the catalog to nine volumes and over a quarter of a million stars, developing the Harvard Classification Scheme which was accepted for worldwide use in 1922.[19]

In 1895, George Ellery Hale and James E. Keeler, along with a group of ten associate editors from Europe and the United States,[20] established The Astrophysical Journal: An International Review of Spectroscopy and Astronomical Physics.[21] It was intended that the journal would fill the gap between journals in astronomy and physics, providing a venue for publication of articles on astronomical applications of the spectroscope; on laboratory research closely allied to astronomical physics, including wavelength determinations of metallic and gaseous spectra and experiments on radiation and absorption; on theories of the Sun, Moon, planets, comets, meteors, and nebulae; and on instrumentation for telescopes and laboratories.[20]

Around 1920, following the discovery of the HertzsprungRussell diagram still used as the basis for classifying stars and their evolution, Arthur Eddington anticipated the discovery and mechanism of nuclear fusion processes in stars, in his paper The Internal Constitution of the Stars.[22][23] At that time, the source of stellar energy was a complete mystery; Eddington correctly speculated that the source was fusion of hydrogen into helium, liberating enormous energy according to Einstein's equation E = mc2. This was a particularly remarkable development since at that time fusion and thermonuclear energy, and even that stars are largely composed of hydrogen (see metallicity), had not yet been discovered.[non-primary source needed]

In 1925 Cecilia Helena Payne (later Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin) wrote an influential doctoral dissertation at Radcliffe College, in which she applied ionization theory to stellar atmospheres to relate the spectral classes to the temperature of stars.[24] Most significantly, she discovered that hydrogen and helium were the principal components of stars. Despite Eddington's suggestion, this discovery was so unexpected that her dissertation readers convinced her to modify the conclusion before publication. However, later research confirmed her discovery.[25]

By the end of the 20th century, studies of astronomical spectra had expanded to cover wavelengths extending from radio waves through optical, x-ray, and gamma wavelengths.[26] In the 21st century it further expanded to include observations based on gravitational waves.

Observational astronomy is a division of the astronomical science that is concerned with recording and interpreting data, in contrast with theoretical astrophysics, which is mainly concerned with finding out the measurable implications of physical models. It is the practice of observing celestial objects by using telescopes and other astronomical apparatus.

The majority of astrophysical observations are made using the electromagnetic spectrum.

Other than electromagnetic radiation, few things may be observed from the Earth that originate from great distances. A few gravitational wave observatories have been constructed, but gravitational waves are extremely difficult to detect. Neutrino observatories have also been built, primarily to study our Sun. Cosmic rays consisting of very high energy particles can be observed hitting the Earth's atmosphere.

Observations can also vary in their time scale. Most optical observations take minutes to hours, so phenomena that change faster than this cannot readily be observed. However, historical data on some objects is available, spanning centuries or millennia. On the other hand, radio observations may look at events on a millisecond timescale (millisecond pulsars) or combine years of data (pulsar deceleration studies). The information obtained from these different timescales is very different.

The study of our very own Sun has a special place in observational astrophysics. Due to the tremendous distance of all other stars, the Sun can be observed in a kind of detail unparalleled by any other star. Our understanding of our own Sun serves as a guide to our understanding of other stars.

The topic of how stars change, or stellar evolution, is often modeled by placing the varieties of star types in their respective positions on the HertzsprungRussell diagram, which can be viewed as representing the state of a stellar object, from birth to destruction.

Theoretical astrophysicists use a wide variety of tools which include analytical models (for example, polytropes to approximate the behaviors of a star) and computational numerical simulations. Each has some advantages. Analytical models of a process are generally better for giving insight into the heart of what is going on. Numerical models can reveal the existence of phenomena and effects that would otherwise not be seen.[27][28]

Theorists in astrophysics endeavor to create theoretical models and figure out the observational consequences of those models. This helps allow observers to look for data that can refute a model or help in choosing between several alternate or conflicting models.

Theorists also try to generate or modify models to take into account new data. In the case of an inconsistency, the general tendency is to try to make minimal modifications to the model to fit the data. In some cases, a large amount of inconsistent data over time may lead to total abandonment of a model.

Topics studied by theoretical astrophysicists include stellar dynamics and evolution; galaxy formation and evolution; magnetohydrodynamics; large-scale structure of matter in the universe; origin of cosmic rays; general relativity and physical cosmology, including string cosmology and astroparticle physics. Astrophysical relativity serves as a tool to gauge the properties of large scale structures for which gravitation plays a significant role in physical phenomena investigated and as the basis for black hole (astro)physics and the study of gravitational waves.

Some widely accepted and studied theories and models in astrophysics, now included in the Lambda-CDM model, are the Big Bang, cosmic inflation, dark matter, dark energy and fundamental theories of physics. Wormholes are examples of hypotheses which are yet to be proven (or disproven).

The roots of astrophysics can be found in the seventeenth century emergence of a unified physics, in which the same laws applied to the celestial and terrestrial realms.[10] There were scientists who were qualified in both physics and astronomy who laid the firm foundation for the current science of astrophysics. In modern times, students continue to be drawn to astrophysics due to its popularization by the Royal Astronomical Society and notable educators such as prominent professors Lawrence Krauss, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Stephen Hawking, Hubert Reeves, Carl Sagan, Neil deGrasse Tyson and Patrick Moore. The efforts of the early, late, and present scientists continue to attract young people to study the history and science of astrophysics.[29][30][31]

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Astrophysics - Wikipedia

Astro-Physics – Buy Telescopes

Astro-Physics products can be shipped to overseas destinations except for the following countries: Australia, France, Germany, Italy and Japan.

Astro-Physics is dedicated to the production and development of amateur telescopes and accessories. They strive to produce the highest possible quality telescope components at an affordable price. Astro-Physics builds optics, critical gears, circuit boards, and components including the knobs and fitting from scratch.

Astro-Physics offers a variety of telescope mounts andmount accessories, tube rings and photo / visual accessories.

The German Equatorial mounts Astro-Physics manufactures are: the Mach1GTO, 1100GTO, 1600GTOand 3600GTO. The Mach1GTO is compact, light-weight and portable. The 1100GTO German Equatorial Mount incorporates the design features of the 1600GTO in a smaller, more portable package.The 1600GTO can be used for basic configuration or with the optional Absolute Encoders it can go into demanding astro-imaging. The 3600GTO is the solution for imaging with large instruments or with a combined weight.

Mounting plates are another product of Astro-Physics. They produce an arrangement of dovetail mountings and fixed mountings. Astro-Physics also offer an array of accessories from counterweight shaft options, shaft extension and shaft safety parts, tripod, piers, power supplies and so much more. From the smallest accessory to the largest telescope mount you will find Astro-Physics products to be of the finest quality.

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Astro-Physics - Buy Telescopes

An Epic, Planet-Scale Wave Has Been Hiding in The Toxic Clouds of Venus For Decades – ScienceAlert

Deep in the thick, poisonous clouds wrapped around Venus, the atmosphere is behaving very oddly. A giant, previously unknown planet-scale wall of cloud travels westward around the planet every 4.9 days - and apparently has been doing so since at least 1983.

It can extend up to 7,500 kilometres (4,660 miles) long, stretching across the equator to both the north and south mid latitudes, at relatively low altitudes between 47.5 and 56.5 kilometres. It's a phenomenon that's never been seen anywhere else in the Solar System.

"If this happened on Earth, this would be a frontal surface at the scale of the planet," said astrophysicist Pedro Machado of the Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences in Portugal.

"That's incredible."

The planet-scale wave feature. (Javier Peralta/JAXA-Planet C team)

Venus is an extreme sort of place for a rocky habitable zone planet. It's completely shrouded in a thick atmosphere made up almost entirely of carbon dioxide that rotates 60 times faster than the planet itself, producing insane winds.

The atmosphere rains sulfuric acid, and its atmospheric pressure at 0 altitude is almost 100 times greater than Earth's. If that weren't bad enough, it's lander-meltingly hot, with an average surface temperature of 471 degrees Celsius (880 degrees Fahrenheit).

That cloudy atmosphere is a fascinating place, and prone to huge waves. A bow-like structure 10,000 kilometres long that comes and goes in the upper atmosphere is a stationary gravity wave, thought to be generated by the rotating atmosphere blowing up against a mountain on the surface. Anotherplanet-encircling Y-shaped wave in the cloudtops is a wave distorted by Venus' powerful winds.

But there's more. When studying infrared images taken by Japanese Venus orbiter Akatsuki between 2016 and 2018, a team of researchers led by physicist Javier Peralta of the Japanese Space Agency (JAXA) spotted a feature that looked a lot like an atmospheric wave, but at an unprecedented altitude.

The new feature is different. It's much deeper than any atmospheric wave ever seen before on Venus, occurring in the cloud layer responsible for the greenhouse effect that makes the surface so scorchingly hot.

Careful analysis, as well as a study of past observations, showed that the feature has been recurrent, but heretofore unnoticed, since at least 1983, since it could only emerge through a collection of observations from a large number of instruments over a period of time.

The planet-scale wave feature. (Javier Peralta/JAXA)

The newly identified feature, the researchers found, can span up to 7,500 kilometres, and circles the planet once every 4.9 days at a velocity of around 328 kilometres per hour (204 miles per hour). That's a little faster than the clouds at this level, which have a rotation period of about 5.7 days.

But it's still unknown what causes it.

"This atmospheric disruption is a new meteorological phenomenon, unseen on other planets. Because of this it is yet difficult to provide a confident physical interpretation," Peralta said.

Numerical simulations, however, reveal that many of the disruption's properties can be seen in a nonlinear atmospheric Kelvin wave. Here on Earth, these are large gravity waves (not to be confused with gravitational waves) that are sometimes 'trapped' at the equator and are affected by the planet's rotation.

Like Earth's Kelvin waves, the Venusian feature propagates in the same direction as the winds that circle the planet - and it has no effect on meridional winds that blow between north and south.

The feature in August 2016 (bottom left) and its evolution from 2016 to 2018 (inset). (Planet-C Project Team, NASA, IRTF)

If the feature is a Kelvin wave, that could have interesting implications. We don't, for instance, understand why Venus' atmosphere rotates so fast. Kelvin waves can interact with other kinds of atmospheric waves, such as Rossby waves.

This could have implications for the atmospheric super-rotation. And a Kelvin wave could also help us understand the relationship between Venus' surface topography and the dynamics of its atmosphere.

"Since the disruption cannot be observed in the ultraviolet images sensing the top of the clouds at about 70 kilometres height, confirming its wave nature is of critical importance," Peralta said.

"We would have finally found a wave transporting momentum and energy from the deep atmosphere and dissipating before arriving at the top of the clouds. It would therefore be depositing momentum precisely at the level where we observe the fastest winds of the so-called atmospheric super-rotation of Venus, whose mechanisms have been a long-time mystery."

More observations are currently underway, to see if more light can be shed on this mysterious wall.

The research has been published in Geophysical Research Letters.

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An Epic, Planet-Scale Wave Has Been Hiding in The Toxic Clouds of Venus For Decades - ScienceAlert

Beyond the Fermi Paradox V: What is the Aestivation Hypothesis? – Universe Today

In 1950, Italian-American physicist Enrico Fermi sat down to lunch with some of his colleagues at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, where he had worked five years prior as part of the Manhattan Project. According to various accounts, the conversation turned to aliens and the recent spate of UFOs. Into this, Fermi issued a statement that would go down in the annals of history: Where is everybody?

This became the basis of the Fermi Paradox, which refers to the high probability estimates for the existence of extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) and the apparent lack of evidence. But despite seventy years of looking, we still havent been able to answer Fermis question, leading to multiple proposals as to why this is. Today, we look at the Aestivation Hypothesis, which argues that aliens are not dead (or non-existent), theyre just resting!

This theory takes its cue from nature, where certain organisms enter a state of prolonged torpor during particularly hot or dry periods. Similar to hibernation in the winter, these organisms will remain in this state until conditions become cooler and wetter. Applied to the Fermi Paradox, the Aestivation Hypothesis asserts that alien civilizations are largely dormant because they are awaiting better conditions.

At the heart of Fermis famous question was a discrepancy that was undeniable in his time, and hasnt changed despite seventy years of research. On the one hand, there is the assumed likelihood that extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) is plentiful throughout the Universe. On the other, theres the lack of hard evidence attesting to their existence.

Assuming that ETIs are likely is not at all farfetched. Based on the sheer size and age of the observable Universe 93 billion light-years in diameter and 13.8 billion years scientists have typically treated the existence of extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) as a foregone conclusion. Statistically speaking, the odds are very much in favor of their being millions of civilizations out there.

Dr. Frank Drake illustrated as much in 1961 during a meeting at the Green Bank Observatory. While addressing fellow astrophysicists and SETI researchers, he presented his famous equation for estimating the number of ETIs in our galaxy that we can communicate with at any given time. The Drake Equation, as it came to be known, was expressed mathematically as:

While most of these parameters are subject to varying degrees of uncertainty, the point of the equation is clear. Even when figured for conservatively, the results always indicate that there should be at least a few extraterrestrial intelligences (ETIs) in our galaxy that we should be able to communicate with. Unfortunately, despite decades of research and multiple dedicated SETI surveys, Fermis Paradox still holds.

As a result, multiple attempts have been made to resolve the Paradox theoretically. The first and perhaps best known is the Hart-Tipler Conjecture, named jointly for astrophysicist Michael Hart and mathematician/cosmologist Frank Tipler. This theory argues that there is no evidence of intelligent life out there because none exists.

Another is the Great Filter Hypothesis, theorized by Oxford economist Robin Hanson, who argued that while simple life may be very common, advanced life was not. In other words, there exists in the Universe some type of filter that prevents simple life from reaching the advanced stage and become an ETI that we would be capable of communicating with.

The built-in assumption in both of these cases is that ETIs do not exist, hence why we see no evidence of them. But as Carl Sagan famously remarked when addressing the possible existence of alien intelligence, the absence of evidence is not the evidence of absence. As such, many theorists have proposed alternate explanations of how ETIs can exist, but remain undetected by us.

This raises another issue, which is the notion that advanced species will be able to harness increasingly large amounts of energy over time. In his 1964 essay, titled Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations, Soviet/Russian astrophysicist Nikolai Kardashev proposed a three-tiered scheme for classifying extraterrestrial civilizations based on the amount of energy they could harness.

This scheme came to be known as the Kardashev Scale and consisted of the following:

Civilizations that fit these Types would be detectable by looking for signs of technological activity (aka. technosignatures). For example, a Type I Civilizations could be detectable through Direct Imaging, where astronomers would look for light reflected by massive clouds of satellites (aka. Clarke Belts) around the planet. A Type II civilization, meanwhile, would be capable of building a megastructure around its home star.

These civilizations would be capable of building what Freedom Dyson described in 1960 (what has since come to be known as a Dyson Sphere). This would allow a civilization to harness all of the energy of its sun while multiplying the amount of habitable space in their system exponentially. A Type III Civilization, meanwhile, could be easily detected by looking for signs of megastructures that encompass an entire galaxy (or parts thereof).

So it possible that the Universe if filled with civilizations ranging from Type I to Type III levels of development, but are not currently engaged in any technological activity? Thats where the concept of aestivation comes into play.

The theory was first suggested by research associates Anders Sandberg and Stuart Armstrong as well as famed astronomer, astrophysicist, and philosopher Milan Cirkovic from the Future of Humanity Institute (FHI) at the University of Oxford. In their 2017 study titled, That is Not Dead Which Can Eternal Lie: the Aestivation Hypothesis for Resolving Fermis Paradox, they proposed this as a possible resolution to the Fermi Paradox.

The study was partly based on previous research conducted by Sandberg and Armstrong in a 2013 study where they extended the Fermi Paradox beyond the Milky Way. Titled Eternity in Six Hours: Intergalactic Spreading of Intelligent Life and Sharpening the Fermi Paradox, Sandberg and Armstrong argued that an advanced civilization would be able to colonize a galaxy and even travel between galaxies with relative ease.

Having concluded that in a Universe of about 2 trillion galaxies (according to recent estimates) that has existed for 13.8 billion years, there should be many Type III Civilizations out there (based on the Kardashev Scale). Not only would these species have been able to colonize their respective galaxies in a relatively short amount of time, but have been able to reach the Milky Way by now.

The reason why this is not evidence to us, argued Sandberg and Armstrong, has to do with the Landauers Principle, which is considered by man to be the basic principle of the thermodynamics of information processing. This rule holds that any logically irreversible manipulation of information (aka. computation) must be accompanied by a corresponding entropy increase (loss of heat) for the information-processing apparatus.

Applied to megastructures like Dyson Spheres, Matrioshka Brains, etc., the level of heat energy and entropy involved would be enormous. Meanwhile, astronomy and cosmology teach us that the Universe is getting steadily cooler over time as star formation slowly dies. At the same time, cosmic expansion causes the wavelength of light to stretch, which causes momentum and energy to be lost.

Eventually, its believed that this will result in the Big Chill (or Big Freeze) scenario, where even the background radiation will cool and the Universe will experience heat death. But from a computational point of view, long before that happens, advanced species could be waiting for the Universe to cool so their megastructures are able to function more efficiently.

According to Sandberg and Armstrong, an advanced civilization could (in principle) perform exponentially more irreversible logical operations by transferring entropy to the cosmological background in the future. In fact, by waiting until the background temperature is significantly lower, they estimate that an additional ten nonillion (1030), or ten quadrillion quadrillion, more computations could be performed.

It is also possible that aestivation is a means for early arrivals to our Universe to skip the long waiting period for other intelligent species to evolve so that when they wake up, theyll have plenty of people to talk to! Considering that life capable of communicating with the cosmos took 4.5 billion years to evolve here on Earth, this makes a fair degree of sense.

Of course, the Aestivation Hypothesis (much like the Fermi Paradox and the Drake Equation) is based on some assumptions about how ETIs would behave. These include:

In short, the hypothesis assumes that given the age of the Universe enough time has passed for civilizations to emerge that are more advanced than humanity. It is also assumed that they would have become space-faring civilizations, actively colonizing neighboring star systems and possibly even neighboring galaxies.

Lastly, it is assumed that this process would be visible by looking for evidence of megastructures and massive construction processes. This would include smashing up planets for building materials, relocating stars or galaxies, or even consuming gas giants, stars, or (again) entire galaxies to create fuel.

Of course, there are drawbacks and some issues with this hypothesis that have drawn criticism from the astronomical and computational community. For starters, the theory assumes that intelligent civilizations should be plentiful and that not all civilizations will aestivate. If this is the case, then there should be at least a few civilizations that would be still detectable through their technosignatures.

Second, Charles Bennett a physicist, information theorist and Fellow at the IBM Watson Research Center along with Hanson and C. Jess Reidel (of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics) produced a rebuttal paper to the Aestivation Hypothesis in 2019. In it, they argued that Sandberg et al. implicitly assume that computer-generated entropy could only be disposed of by transferring it to the cosmological background.

According to Bennett, Hanson, and Reidel, this is based on a misunderstanding of astrophysics and the physics of computing. While such an argument might apply in the distant future, they argue, it does not apply in the present and renders the aestivation model inaccurate. As they state:

[O]ur universe today contains vast reservoirs and other physical systems in non-maximal entropy states, and computer-generated entropy can be transferred to them at the adiabatic conversion rate of one bit of negentropy to erase one bit of error. This can be done at any time, and is not improved by waiting for a low cosmic background temperature. Thus aliens need not wait to be active.

In the end, the Aestivation Hypothesis is like all other attempts to resolve the Fermi Paradox (and the Drake Equation, for that matter). Far from being a concrete answer, this theory is a thought experiment designed to bring Fermis famous question into focus and perhaps provide some testable assertions. In the end, the ultimate goal is to help refine the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI).

We have written many interesting articles about the Fermi Paradox, the Drake Equation, and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) here at Universe Today.

Heres Where Are The Aliens? How The Great Filter Could Affect Tech Advances In Space, Why Finding Alien Life Would Be Bad. The Great Filter, How Could We Find Aliens? The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), and Fraser and John Michael Godier Debate the Fermi Paradox.

And be sure to check out the rest of our Beyond Fermis Paradox series:

Astronomy Cast has some interesting episodes on the subject. Heres Episode 24: The Fermi Paradox: Where Are All the Aliens?, Episode 110: The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Episode 168: Enrico Fermi, Episode 273: Solutions to the Fermi Paradox.

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Beyond the Fermi Paradox V: What is the Aestivation Hypothesis? - Universe Today

‘Roaming reactions’ study to shed new light on atmospheric molecules – UNSW Newsroom

A detailed study of roaming reactions where atoms of compounds split off and orbit other atoms to form unexpected new compounds could enable scientists to make much more accurate predictions about molecules in the atmosphere, including models of climate change, urban pollution and ozone depletion.

In a paper published today in the journal Science, a team of researchers from UNSW Sydney, University of Sydney, Emory University and Cornell University showed in unprecedented detail exactly what happens during roaming reactions of chemical compounds.

Professor Scott Kable, an atmospheric scientist who is also the head of UNSWs School of Chemistry, likens the study to lifting the hood on roaming reactions and seeing for the first time how the parts fit together. He says the study will give scientists new tools to understand the machinations of reactions in the atmosphere.

Chemical reactions, where atoms are rearranged to make new substances, are occurring all the time in our atmosphere as a result of natural emission from plants and animals as well as human activity, Prof Kable says.

Many of the key reactions in the atmosphere that contribute to photochemical smog and the production of carbon dioxide are initiated by sunlight, which can split molecules apart.

For a long time, scientists thought these reactions happened in a simple way, that sunlight was absorbed and then the molecule explodes, sending atoms in different directions.

But, in the last few years it was found that, where the energy from the sun was only just enough to break a chemical bond, the fragments perform an intimate dance before exchanging atoms and creating new, unanticipated, chemical products known as roaming reactions.

Our research shows these roaming reactions exhibit unusual and unexpected features.

Prof Kable says in an experiment detailed in the paper, the researchers looked at the roaming reaction in formaldehyde (CH2O) and were surprised to see instead, two quite distinct signals, which we could interpret as two distinct roaming mechanisms.

The theoretical and computational work was performed by a team in the US led by Professors Joel Bowman (Emory) and Paul Houston (Cornell). Prof Bowman observed that "detailed modelling of these reactions not only agree with the experimental findings, they provide insight into the motion of the atoms during the reaction".

Professor Meredith Jordan from University of Sydney says the experiments and theory results suggest roaming reactions straddle the classical and quantum worlds of physics and chemistry.

"Analysing the results with the incredible detail in both experiments and simulations allowed us to understand the quantum mechanical nature of roaming reactions. We expect these characteristics to be present in all roaming reactions, she says.

The results of this study will provide theoreticians with the data needed to hone their theories, which in turn will allow scientists to accurately predict the outcomes of sunlight-initiated reactions in the atmosphere.

Prof Kable says the study could also benefit scientists working in the areas of combustion and astrophysics, who use complex models to describe how molecules interact with each other in gaseous form.

The paper, titled Rotational resonances in the H2CO roaming reaction are revealed by detailed correlations is published online by the journal Science.It can be accessed here.

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'Roaming reactions' study to shed new light on atmospheric molecules - UNSW Newsroom

High-Performance Blockchain Platform Ontology Partners NEAR Protocol to Speed Up Development of Decentralized Identity Solutions – Crowdfund Insider

Ontology (ONT), a high-performance or high-throughput blockchain platform for enterprises, has teamed up with the developers of the NEAR Protocol in order to speed up the development and deployment of secure decentralized identity solutions.

The Ontology team will offer technical support for NEARs Decentralized Identifier (DID) from a regulatory perspective. The DID solution will have various smart contract features and will go through W3C registration.

NEAR is a decentralized application (dApp) platform that is secure enough to handle high-value assets such as money or identity and performant enough to make them practical for daily use. The NEAR project aims to put the power of the Open Web into everyones hands or reach.

NEAR has received $21.6 million in funding from giant VC firm Andreessen Horowitz, Electric Capital, and other major investors. The platforms mainnet has also been launched

Erick Pinos, Ontology Americas Ecosystem Lead, stated:

Teaming up with NEAR broadens our remit considerably when it comes to delivering decentralized identity protocols. We share common objectives in terms of broadening the accessibility of enterprise-grade blockchain applications and decentralized identity solutions and look forward to working together.

Ontology aims to continue to focus on offering fast, user-friendly, intuitive solutions with a unique infrastructure that can handle or facilitate cross-chain collaboration. Ontology offers software tools that allow businesses or company owners to develop their own blockchain-enabled solutions in a secure manner.

Erik Trautman, CEO at NEAR Foundation, remarked:

We are excited to leverage the technical acumen of the Ontology team, particularly in relation to their ONT ID 2.0, a decentralized identity solution designed for streamlined cross-chain interoperability. Following our successful MainNet launch, we are keen to strengthen our partner network, and look forward to extending the power of Ontologys solutions to our growing customer base.

In June 2020, blockchain infrastructure developer Bison Trails added support for the NEAR protocol, a sharded proof of stake (PoS) blockchain and app development platform that can power open finance solutions.

As reported recently, $150 million in ONT tokens are being staked on Ontology. There are also more than 70 decentralized applications (dApps) being supported by the blockchain development platform.

Binance, the worlds largest crypto exchange, has reportedly been paying great attention to Ontologys blockchain governance and economic model. It might consider becoming a node on the chain.

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High-Performance Blockchain Platform Ontology Partners NEAR Protocol to Speed Up Development of Decentralized Identity Solutions - Crowdfund Insider

Apparel Industry Puts Blockchain to the Test to Solve Persistent Challenges – Total Retail

While retail industry innovation efforts may be paused during this unprecedented time of social distancing and economic turmoil, a study involving blockchain, radio frequency identification (RFID), and global data standards provided a glimpse into the potentially remarkable capabilities of emerging technology to help solve supply chain challenges.

Prior to the coronavirus outbreak, the Auburn University RFID Lab, GS1 US and several leading retail companies launched the Chain Integration Project (CHIP). The groundbreaking proof-of-concept demonstrated the effectiveness of using blockchain in combination with RFID to gather serialized product information. Three brands, Nike, PVH Corp., and Herman Kay, as well as two retailers, Kohls and Macys, contributed live data to the project.

Though blockchains potential is still undefined in retail, CHIP represented a small but important step in helping to solve supply chain challenges that have plagued the industry for decades. Here are three reasons why the findings from CHIP provide insight into the potential of blockchain in this sector:

CHIP participants named claims and chargebacks as one of the costliest problems for brands and retailers (it costs them roughly 1 percent of total retail sales, according to the Department of Commerce). There's simply little to no communication of serialized data between the stakeholders involved. Claims are often settled in the absence of sufficient shipment information on both brand and retailer sides.

Though blockchain technology can hold them accountable for their agreements and create more order transparency, trading partners need to focus on the basic tenets of supply chain visibility to fully maximize blockchain for this purpose. Companies pursuing blockchain should have globally unique product identification in place (not proprietary identification numbers) as well as a uniform way to capture how the product changes hands throughout the supply chain, such as RFID. Without supply chain visibility and data completeness, order accuracy cannot be improved.

The term serialized data in the apparel industry refers to product data carried by RFID tags or QR codes that help users identify and trace individual items throughout the supply chain. While the collection of serialized data has grown in recent years, the overall benefit of item-level visibility is hindered when data isn't shared between trading partners. Doing so can help complete the visibility cycle, improving forecasting and leading to a more transparent and real-time supply chain.

CHIP was an important test for blockchain, as is could not only spur more data sharing, but it could also cast a spotlight on the importance of creating a standards-based foundation to make that achievable. Specifically, CHIP proved a GS1 data-sharing standard called EPCIS (Electronic Product Code Information Services) enabled more flexible transactional data sharing, as it records the what, when, where and why associated with supply chain events.

According to the research, the automation of serialized product data exchange using blockchain can potentially eliminate manual labor associated with legacy systems, increasing the productivity and efficiency of the retail supply chain. Legacy systems also typically dont allow for item-level visibility, so trading partners end up forfeiting much of the granular product data enabled by serialization. Blockchain supports smart contracts, meaning the automated execution of terms, conditions and business rules, and incorporating serialized data into smart contracts could enable a more resilient and responsive supply chain. For retail, this could mean fewer item substitutions, more certainty around what's being shipped and when, and fewer discrepancies downstream. Improved reconciliation is a valuable benefit when consumers are demanding more supply chain transparency and want access to trustworthy information about a products journey.

However, because not all companies are going to select the same blockchain technology partner, GS1 Standards are essential to streamline the transmission and interpretation of data. Using standardized product data to uniformly capture traceability events, for example, can enable consumers to verify that shoes from their favorite designer are genuine.

Ultimately, CHIP participants examined various problems that exist in retail today and explored blockchain as a potential tool to solve them. Overall, while the findings showed blockchain was viable, the participants were only successful in sharing data when they used blockchain and RFID in combination with GS1 Standards such as EPCIS. Through further exploration, the team hopes to continue to evaluate the addition of this technology to the transformation of the larger retail ecosystem.

Susan Pichoff is senior director, community engagement, GS1 US, astandards organization supporting and educating businesses and industries in the use and adoption of GS1 Standards to improve business processes.

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Apparel Industry Puts Blockchain to the Test to Solve Persistent Challenges - Total Retail

COVID19 Outbreak Blockchain in Education market maintaining a strong outlook heres why – Levee Report

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Overview: Along with a broad overview of the COVID19 Outbreak Blockchain in Education market, this section gives an overview of the report to give an idea about the nature and contents of the research study.

Analysis on Strategies of Leading Players: Market players can use this analysis to gain a competitive advantage over their competitors in the COVID19 Outbreak Blockchain in Education market.

Study on Key Market Trends: This section of the report offers a deeper analysis of the latest and future trends of the COVID19 Outbreak Blockchain in Education market.

Market Forecasts: Buyers of the report will have access to accurate and validated estimates of the total market size in terms of value and volume. The report also provides consumption, production, sales, and other forecasts for the COVID19 Outbreak Blockchain in Education market.

Regional Growth Analysis: All major regions and countries have been covered in the report. The regional analysis will help market players to tap into unexplored regional markets, prepare specific strategies for target regions, and compare the growth of all regional markets.

Segmental Analysis: The report provides accurate and reliable forecasts of the market share of important segments of the COVID19 Outbreak Blockchain in Education market. Market participants can use this analysis to make strategic investments in key growth pockets of the COVID19 Outbreak Blockchain in Education market.

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COVID19 Outbreak Blockchain in Education market maintaining a strong outlook heres why - Levee Report

UK migrant crisis: RAF patrols coast as Border Force intercepts dinghy with 20 migrants – Express

An RAF plane is currently monitoring the UK coastline, as part of a big push by the Government to manage migration across the channel. The Ministry of Defence have confirmed the aircraft has been flown to "support Border Force operations in the Channel" and was authorised by Defence Secretary Ben Wallace. It comes as a boat full of migrantswere met by the Border Force patrol boat Hunter at about 7.15am this morning.

Those on board the inflatable dinghy were pictured waving and smiling as the vessel made its way across the English Channel.

Pictures from this morning show a small inflatable boat jam-packed full of people wearing orange life jackets.

At least one woman was among their number.

One migrant could be seen bailing out water with a plastic container from the boat, which sat low in the water, while another was spotted smoking a cigarette.

When asked how they were, many of the migrants put their thumbs up and replied that they were OK, according to PA news agency.

The boat was met by Border Force as they neared Dover.

They are expected to be taken ashore later today.

The journey can be dangerous in the best of weather, but seas early on Monday were choppy.

Home Secretary Priti Patel has put in a formal request to the Ministry of Defence for help blocking migrants from crossing the Channel.

Her renewed efforts to prevent the dangerous crossings comes after more than 677 people made it to the UK in a surge of crossings between Thursday and Sunday.

More than 4,000 migrants have crossed the Dover Strait this year.

At least 65 migrants made it to the UK on board four boats on Sunday, the Home Office said.

Ms Patel has appointed a former royal marine as her clandestine Channel threat commander in a bid to clamp down on the illegal crossings.

Royal navy warships could be sent to block the migrant crossings, despite warnings many could drown.

Speaking to the BBC this morning, Care Minister Helen Whately defended the Government's plans to involve the Navy in preventing the crossings.

She said: "We need to bring this to an end.

"The Home Secretary's determined that this will not be a viable route to the UK and my colleague, Home Office Minister Chris Philp, is going to be in Paris later this week to talk directly with the French government about working together to stop this transit."

Immigration minister Chris Philp will head to Paris on Tuesday to hold talks with his French counterparts on the issue.

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UK migrant crisis: RAF patrols coast as Border Force intercepts dinghy with 20 migrants - Express

As Crisis Grows, Farms Try to Balance Health of Field Workers and Food Supply – Kaiser Health News

KNOXVILLE, Tenn. Its a busy time for the tomato-producing farms in this part of the state. Farms have staffed up with hundreds of workers, most of whom are Latino. Some live locally. Others are migrant workers who travel from farm to farm, chasing the summer growing seasons. Still others come from Mexico or Central America on temporary agricultural visas to work at certain farms.

But, this year, the season is taking place under a cloud of coronavirus worries that, for these agricultural workers, hit close to home.

Almost every part of the process for picking tomatoes needs to be considered in light of COVID-19, said Ken Silver, an associate professor of environmental health at East Tennessee State University, who studies migrant worker health on Tennessee tomato farms.

After all, the workers live in close quarters, sleeping in bunk beds, and sharing bathrooms and kitchens. They ride crowded buses to fields and often work in groups. And even though farm employees are deemed essential workers, they often dont have health insurance or paid sick leave.

Farms have already reported outbreaks among hundreds of workers in states that include California, Washington, Florida and Michigan. And yet, the federal government has not established any enforceable rules either to protect farmworkers from the coronavirus or to instruct employers what to do when their workers get sick. While migrant worker advocacy groups say this allows farms to take advantage of their workers and increase their risk of exposure to the coronavirus, farms say theyre doing what they can to protect workers with the limited resources they have, while also getting their crops harvested.

The situation certainly isnt clear-cut, said Alexis Guild, director of health policy and programs at the advocacy group, Farmworker Justice.

Leaving It Up to the Farms

In June, 10 temporary workers out of about 80 at the Jones & Church Farms in Unicoi County, Tennessee, tested positive for the coronavirus. Another farm in that county had 38 workers test positive around the same time.

This was the scariest thing that could happen, said Renea Jones Rogers, the farms food safety director.

Nationally, there have been at least 3,600 cases of farmworkers testing positive for COVID-19, according to media reports gathered by the National Center for Farmworker Health.

Add to this that farm employers and workers alike acknowledge that even the most basic interventions to stop transmission social distancing and mask-wearing often arent feasible, especially in the hot temperatures.

Saul, 52, is a temporary farmworker who has traveled from Mexico to Virginia every year since 1996 to harvest tobacco. In a WhatsApp message interview, he said masks are uncomfortable on the job because he is working outdoors, writing in Spanish, En el trabajo es incmodo porque trabajamos al intemperie. (Kaiser Health News is not publishing Sauls last name so that he wont be identified by his employer.)

Saul said he does worry about the coronavirus, but because he lives at his job on the farm, he feels safe.

When he arrived in the U.S. in April, the farm provided him with information about the pandemic, masks and hand sanitizer, he said. Nobody takes his temperature, but he works in a crew of eight, lives with only three other workers and nobody on the farm has yet been diagnosed with COVID-19.

In Tennessee, the Jones & Church Farms put its own worker safety protocols in place at the beginning of the season. These included increasing sanitation, taking daily temperature readings and keeping workers in groups so they live and work with the same people.

After the 10 workers tested positive for COVID-19, the farm kept them all in the same housing unit and away from the other workers but those who were asymptomatic also kept working in the fields, though they were able to stay away from others on the job, said Jones Rogers.

While the Department of Labor has not offered enforceable federal safety standards for COVID-19, it did collaborate with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to publish a set of voluntary, agriculture-specific guidelines. Those were released in June, just days after Jones & Church became aware of the farms outbreak.

Much of what had already been done at Jones & Church, though, tracked closely with those recommendations, which also suggested that workers be screened every day for COVID-19 symptoms and that those who become sick be given their own space to recover apart from others.

Other suggestions in the CDC and Labor Department directive, geared more toward indoor food-processing factories such as tomato-packing plants, included installing plastic shields if 6 feet of distance isnt possible between workers, putting in hand-washing stations and providing personal protective equipment or cloth face coverings.

Advocates say these guidelines are sound, in theory. Their glaring flaw is that they are voluntary.

We dont believe that the health and safety of workers should be left to the goodwill of employers, said Mara Perales Sanchez, communications coordinator for Centro de Los Derechos del Migrante, an advocacy group with offices in both Mexico and the U.S.

A Department of Labor spokesperson offered a different take. Employers are and will continue to be responsible for providing a workplace free of known health and safety hazards, the spokesperson said, adding that the Occupational Safety and Health Administrations preexisting general-safety standards and CDC guidelines are used to determine workplace safety violations. OSHA is an agency within the Labor Department.

Farm industry groups are apprehensive of any increased federal regulation.

I dont think OSHA would be able to have some sort of mandatory regulation that wouldnt disadvantage some farmers, said Allison Crittenden, director of congressional relations for the American Farm Bureau Federation.

Farms have already put many COVID-19 protections in place, she said, and if these actions are taking place in a voluntary way, we dont see that we need to have a mandatory requirement.

Difficulties in Accessing Health Care

Migrant farmworkers, despite occupying an essential link in the countrys food supply chain, often arent provided with workplace benefits like health insurance or paid sick leave.

Saul, the Virginia tobacco farmworker, said he didnt believe he has any health insurance. If he gets sick, he would need to tell his farm employer, who would then have to drive him to the doctor. The closest city to the farm is 15 miles away. Who is responsible for these costs the worker or the farm depends on individual circumstances.

Many farms employ mostly Latino workers, and CDC data illustrates that its much more likely for Hispanic or Latino people to be infected, hospitalized or die from COVID complications than white people. Experts also warn that because the COVID pandemic is disproportionately affecting people of color, it could widen preexisting health disparities.

Also, seeking a doctors care can feel risky for migrant farmworkers. Workers who are undocumented may worry about being detained by Immigration and Customs Enforcement, while workers who have green cards may be concerned about the Trump administrations public charge rule. This controversial rule weighs immigrants use of public programs, including health care, against their applications for citizenship. However, the federal government has said seeking treatment for COVID-19 wouldnt fall under the rule.

And while contact tracing is important to stop the spread of COVID-19 among farmworkers, many health departments dont have translators on staff who can speak Spanish or Indigenous Central American languages, nor has there been a systematic nationwide tracking of farmworker outbreaks thus far, as has been done with long-term care facilities outbreaks.

So its really hard to get a grasp on how many farmworkers specifically are testing positive, said Guild, with Farmworker Justice.

That could be an issue for tracing outbreaks, especially as the harvesting season ramps up for certain crops and farms bolster their workforces.

At the end of July, almost 90 additional temporary workers arrived at Jones & Church Farms to help harvest tomatoes through October, said Jones Rogers. Though the 10 workers who had COVID-19 have recovered, she said shes scared that if more get the disease, there wont be enough housing to keep sick workers separate from others or enough healthy workers to harvest the crops.

Tomatoes dont wait until everyone is feeling good to be harvested, said Jones Rogers.

Reporter Carmen Heredia Rodriguez and Katie Saviano provided Spanish translation assistance for this story.

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As Crisis Grows, Farms Try to Balance Health of Field Workers and Food Supply - Kaiser Health News

Hosting refugees and migrants Is a global public good – The Corner Economic

*This article was originally published by Fair Observer.

Diego Chaves & Olivier Lavinal | On June 20, we celebrated World Refugee Day. This was an opportune time for us all to pay attention to the challenge of forced displacement today. Strikingly, the world is facing the largest forced displacement crisis since World War II, with nearly 80 million people having fled their countries because of persecution, conflict, violence, human rights violations or events that have seriously disturbed public order. All continents now face forced displacement crises, and migratory problems cross state and community boundaries.

Forced displacement has hit Latin American and Caribbean countries particularly hard, highlighting existing vulnerabilities such as increased levels of violence and, more recently, the COVID-19 pandemic. Latin America is now home to one of the largest forced displacement crises in the world. As of March 2020, more than 5 million Venezuelans were reportedly living outside of their country, with 4 million of them in other Latin American countries: Colombia (1.8 million), Peru (1 million), and Ecuador and Chile (for a total of 1 million).

COVID-19 Arrives in Refugee Camp

Since the beginning of the Venezuelan crisis, most Latin American nations have tried to accommodate these recent arrivals, providing migrants with basic education, emergency health care services and legal status. These neighboring countries have provided a global public good by hosting millions at the risk of overwhelming their services and systems. But how will these nations be able to withstand the pressure?

Hosting countries face the new challenge of integrating larger numbers of migrants and refugees while dealing with the effects of the coronavirus outbreak. When taking into account that more than 60% of Venezuelan migration in Latin American countries is irregular and targets the most vulnerable populations, this crisis is now becoming a question of public health and safety and, ultimately, of regional security. It is time for the international community to provide a collective response that matches the magnitude of the crisis.

A first step was taken on May 26, with the virtual livestreamed on YouTube pledging conference for Venezuelan refugees and migrants that helped raise $2.79 billion in total commitments. This included $653 million of grant funding for the Refugee and Migrant Response Plan, which is a United Nations appeal to largely address the emergency needs of the migrant population.

The situation in Latin America calls for enhanced international support across the humanitarian-development nexus. In other words, the response should address pressing immediate needs such as temporary shelter and emergency medical services as well as the medium and long-term imperative of economic and social development through institutions, resilient local systems and service delivery. This is precisely what Colombian President Ivan Duque called for when advocating the shift from emergency response to medium and long-term development and integration.

Five Priorities

To help countries mitigate the impact of the crisis and charter a pathway to growth and stability, there are five development priorities to focus on.

First, new ways should be explored to provide regular status to refugees and migrants, including through targeted regularization or employment-based programs. There have been several efforts to provide regular status to recent refugees and migrants arriving from Venezuela.

Colombia, Peru and now Ecuador stand out for their ambitious regularization programs for hundreds of thousands of irregular refugees and migrants. Amid rising public anxieties over migration in some countries, it may become harder to implement such mass regularization programs or offer regular status to most who seek to enter. The approach followed by Colombia in providing regular status to those who have employment in specific sectors may provide another alternative. Similarly, Peru has been trying to regularize students in the countrys educational system another strategy that Colombia and Ecuador seem likely to adopt in the future and one that may prove more politically viable in some countries.

Yet these approaches risk leaving out the vast majority of recent refugees and migrants who do not attend school or work in the formal economy, or the families of those who do benefit from such measures. Policymakers should, therefore, be thinking about the medium and long-term effects where providing legal status to refugees and migrants would produce optimal labor market outcomes for themselves and the country overall. The details of implementation in each case will matter enormously, but there is room for reiterative efforts that focus on specific different groups over time.

Second, health care barriers should be tackled through clear policies on access and financing. Almost all countries in the region, at least in theory, offer emergency health care to immigrants regardless of regular status. Still, specific policies are often unclear, and measures are not always implemented effectively at the local level, which means that migrants often have difficulties accessing health care in practice. In countries where local and regional governments pay part of health-care costs, financial burden sharing is also often unclear, leading local hospitals to cover costs that may never get reimbursed.

Creating clear policies and procedures defining both the services offered and what amount of costs will be covered and by whom are critical. In some countries, such as Colombia, Peru and Costa Rica, where residents need to enroll in the health care system to be eligible for benefits, it is vital to find agile ways of ensuring that new immigrants can register and sometimes to find ways of covering the costs of their care.

Third, access to education should be improved through flexible enrollment practices and ongoing support. One of the most critical decisions of countries has been to offer primary and secondary education to all students regardless of their status. In some countries, this was already embedded in the constitution, but others have more recently adopted these measures.

This helps avoid a generation of young people growing up without education and supports receiving countries to take advantage of the potential human capital of immigrant children who will likely grow up in their territory. In many places, however, strict registration requirements involving documents that are difficult for migrants and refugees to obtain can prevent some from enrolling their children in school.

There is also an urgent need to work with schools on policies, procedures and curricula to facilitate the integration of Venezuelan children, who may face challenges adapting to their new schools and need additional support to develop critical skills (e.g., history, culture and other country-specific knowledge). In several countries, access to college, graduate education and trade schools is also restricted for those who do not have adequate documentation, which risks wasting the human capital of immigrant youth who aspire to enter professional and technical careers, including in fields that are in demand in their new countries.

Fourth, migrants skills should be unlocked to boost labor market integration and local economies. The majority of Venezuelan adults suitable for paid work in countries across the region were already working before COVID-19. In fact, more than 90% of Venezuelan migrants in Peru and 8 in 10 Venezuelan migrants in Colombia were employed before the pandemic. While recognizing that the labor markets of many countries in the region are characterized by a high degree of informality, care should be taken to ensure that immigrants do have pathways to better-paid and more stable employment in the formal economy and to avoid creating conditions where employers can pay immigrants less than the prevailing wage, to the detriment of both newcomer and native-born workers.

There is no more important determinant for long-term positive labor market outcomes than ensuring regular status, which helps immigrant workers improve their wages over time and also helps avoid unfair wage competition between native-born and Venezuelan workers. Refugees and migrants tend to be relatively well-educated, which means that there is a wealth of highly skilled human capital that could benefit receiving countries.

To effectively leverage this potential, countries will need to create agile ways for immigrants to get professional and technical degrees earned in their home countries validated and recognized by employers. Argentina has done this through provincial universities, which has allowed the country to encourage professionals to leave the capital and settle in other provinces where their skills are in demand. Creating expedited credential recognition pathways for applicants willing to settle in an area of the country where their skills are most needed could also help fill labor market gaps.

Fifth, constructive narratives about immigration should be developed to highlight opportunities while not ignoring its challenges. There is no question that the sudden outflow of 5 million Venezuelans constitutes a migration crisis, and one that host countries are keenly aware of. But this migration is also an opportunity for host countries, as illustrated by increased predictions by the World Bank of regional future economic growth as Venezuelan immigration drives labor market expansion.

Immigrants, when they have access to legal status, education, health care, financial services and pathways to validate their studies, tend to become net contributors to innovation, entrepreneurship and economic growth over time. Several governments in the region have gone out of their way to maintain their focus on these long-term opportunities, even while dealing with the challenges that the sudden arrival of so many people creates for already overburdened public services. Policymakers require assistance to orient the public debate on migration by keeping an eye on the medium and long-term benefits (and designing policies to help attain them). Still, they must also acknowledge the real strains involved in dealing with sudden, large-scale inflows.

Inclusive Development

This requires moving from emergency responses to long-term development and integration. While there is still a critical need for emergency services for recently-arrived migrants from Venezuela, as crises in these countries stretch on, it is also important to plan for the medium and the long term. The most important question in the future will be how to support inclusive development that can help host communities and immigrants build connections and improve their livelihoods together. Enhancing access to and quality of schools, health care facilities, housing and urban infrastructure in areas where migrants settle is vital. This is the key to successful integration and also an opportunity to turn a migration crisis into a net benefit for host societies.

While there is some need for temporary shelter and emergency medical services that international actors could help meet, the greatest needs for support have to do with building local capacity for integration and service provision both to new arrivals and long-time residents. For this, multilateral organizations like the World Bank should continue to be actively engaged in helping better manage the forced displacement crisis, in support of its mission to reduce poverty and contribute to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

*This article was originally published by Fair Observer.

Continued here:

Hosting refugees and migrants Is a global public good - The Corner Economic

Bishop goes toe-to-toe with caller over refugee crisis – LBC

8 August 2020, 16:24

This caller insisted that migrants crossing the Channel to the UK aren't desperate, despite a Bishop telling LBC how these people find themselves in a dire situation.

Bishop Stephen Lowe is a former adviser to the Archbishop of Canterbury and was speaking to Ian Payne about the migrant crisis after over 200 people were intercepted crossing the English Channel in one day.

Paul phoned in from Liverpool to challenge the arguments of the Bishop, who called for Brits to be compassionate towards people making the perilous journey across the Channel as they flee war and famine in their own country.

"How do you make out these people are desperate," he asked Bishop Lowe. The Bishop maintained that you'd have to be desperate if you're crossing one of the busiest shipping routes in the world in a rubber dinghy.

Paul kept the pressure up, asking Bishop Lowe "what do they get here that France doesn't give them," to which the Bishop countered that people have "friends and relatives and so on that they know," referencing the large Iraqi and Syrian communities in the UK.

Ian stepped in momentarily, asking Paul what would he do." He insisted that he wouldn't have a problem with refugees if "they weren't given close to four star hotels to stay in."

"They should be processed in the place they've stayed the longest in," he added. Challenged on the hotel remark, Paul said that he has witnessed migrants being housed in hotels in Chester.

"300 miles from the port?" Bishop Lowe quipped. Paul insisted the Bishop did his homework on the subject.

Paul added that he has housed refugees in the past, to which Ian replied "I thought you'd have more sympathy." The caller said that he has sympathy for those fleeing war and famine, but not economic migrants.

Excerpt from:

Bishop goes toe-to-toe with caller over refugee crisis - LBC

‘We can enact the future we want now’: a black feminist history of abolition – The Guardian

At an event held in honour of Malcolm X in 1982, Audre Lorde delivered an address titled Learning from the 60s, during which she proclaimed, Revolution is not a one-time event. By this, Lorde meant that revolution belongs to everyone and no one simultaneously; if it is to proceed, it must cease to be the sole and particular province of anyone particular race, or sex, or age, or religion, or sexuality, or class. Revolutions reoccur: they follow each other, making circles of time and all the political demands that push them forward.Lordes statement makes clear the purview of the black feminist tradition; nothing must be allowed to remain. We must be prepared for the multi-purpose, multi-layered revolution, in which political ideologies and mantras will, and must, collide.

The word abolition, most commonly understood to describe efforts that sought a legal end to chattel slavery, has a complex history. Many white advocates who deployed the term in the height of the abolitionist movements of the 18th and 19th century were not actually interested in the material emancipation of black life. Aphra Behns 1688 novel Oroonoko, for example, intended to awaken the English middle-class to the horrors of slavery, while employing a number of deeply racist and dehumanising tropes to do so.

But abolition as we know it now, developed through the black feminist tradition, owes everything to imaginative potential. It is a belief in emancipatory forms of social organisation and an end to all forms of violence, expropriation and exploitation. As prison abolitionist Ruth Wilson Gilmore writes, abolition is about presence, not absence; prison abolition, as one example, is about abolishing the conditions under which prison became the solution to problems. Prison abolitionists argue that carceral systems like prison, policing and detention are dangerous and wholly inadequate responses to crime that merely perpetuate the harm they claim to end. They are critical of ways of thinking that root wrongdoing in the individual, arguing instead that the social causes of crime require social solutions, beginning with an improvement of the conditions of life for all - free education, housing provision, healthcare and investing in community self-governance. Abolitionists believe that racist systems of police and prison do not keep us safe and that they should not simply be reformed in an attempt to improve them, but abolished altogether.

The desire to abolish police and prisons can be traced in grassroots black feminist traditions across the world. In the 1970s and 80s in the UK, organisations such as the Organisation of Women of African and Asian Descent (OWAAD) and the Brixton Black Womens Group, home to coalitions between black women and women of colour, campaigned against flagrant police violence and abuses of stop and search powers. Nicknamed SUS laws, these clauses enabled police officers to justify arrest solely on the basis of suspected intent to commit a crime. It is near impossible to ignore the legacy of such a law in the disproportionate searching, brutality and imprisonment of black people in the UK. In Heart of the Race, Black Womens Lives in Britain, authors Beverly Bryan, Stella Dadzie and Suzanne Scafe write: Even when our children were at school, we could expect the police to be called into the playground to break up fights it was as a result of these experiences of racist police force that black women began to organise against specific incidents of abuse and against legislation.

Kinship and community is how we keep each other safe when the state and racist institutions fail us

The actions of these feminist groups were prototypes for networks of mutual aid, like those that have emerged since the onset of the pandemic; they modelled what community power that sought to render the police irrelevant could look like. These women knew, as Stuart Hall writes, that race is the modality through which class is lived and their experiences as members of the working class were constituted and compounded by the systemic racism that locked them out of state protection and limited their access to resources.

The killing of George Floyd at the hands of Minneapolis police propelled abolition into the mainstream. Those of us who remember the eruption of protests, demonstrations, and organising around Black Lives Matter that took place in the UK in 2015, and who know the names of Joy Gardener, Cynthia Jarrett, Rashan Charles, Christopher Alder and so many more victims of racist police violence, feel the need to challenge the reductive view that this is only a US problem. SoRevolution is not a one-time event, a programme convened by Che Gossett, Sarah Shin and myself in collaboration with Arika and hosted by Silver Press, will attempt to understand and amplify abolitionist demands in this moment by bringing artists, organisers and academics together, and provide a space for reflection and political animus.

Our event The Masters Tools Can Never Dismantle the Masters House: Abolitionist Feminist Futures, to be chaired by academic and organiser Akwugo Emejulu and featuring academic Gail Lewis, critic Hortense Spillers, writer Zoe Samudzi and trans activist Miss Major, will explore abolitionist futures. In her work analysing black womens presence and absence in public discourse, Lewis calls to Sarah Reed, a black woman with complex mental health issues who died in Holloway Prison in 2015 after being failed by mental health professionals and prison staff. But if she is present, how is she here? / Only as: brutalised black woman... / Only as: a mentally unwell black woman? Understanding Lordes idea that the masters tools will never dismantle the masters house means recognising that the system that locked Reed away will never set others like her free. This is the first step in dismantling ideas that a broken system can be fixed via law, police and prison reform.

The intimate realm is an extension of the social world so to create other networks of love and affiliation is to be involved in the work of challenging and remaking the terms of sociality writes Saidiya Hartman, a participant of the second panel, Poetry is not a Luxury: The Poetics of Abolition. In 1985, Lorde wrote, Poetry coins the language to express and charter this revolutionary awareness and demand, the implementation of that freedom. If poetics is the study of the creation, production and art of making meaning, then we must understand its role in revolution. Hartmans work directs the readers eye to the anarchic posture of black life and community, to the power of revolution lived at the register of the everyday. Her fellow panelist Christina Sharpe continues this tradition in her book In The Wake, in which she refuses to treat images as static archival memorabilia. She analyses black persistence and survival in the face of the processes that render black people outside subjects.

What does abolition mean in the age of the internet? Using coding, hacking and other means of online sabotage to make it harder for the police to target vulnerable people. Glitch is a necessary erratum, a site of positive departure, writes Legacy Russell, author of Glitch Feminism and chair of the panel System Errors: Abolitionist Technologies and Aesthetics. Through cyberfeminism, we can make ourselves unknowable in order to outsmart the logics of surveillance capital. Currently, law enforcement is using all manner of digital practice including photography and Instagram posts to track down and charge protesters. Technology must be harnessed to both liberate and obscure blackness; to strip the digital image of its power. British artist and panellist Danielle Brathwaite-Shirley does this in their work, building a video game-like space online that visitors must navigate to evade the threats that black trans people face everyday. This panel will explore how the current matrix of violent governance takes place through physical and digital forms of dispossession and must be fought on both grounds.

The last panel in this programme, Happy Birthday, Marsha! held on the birthday of black trans campaigner Marsha P Johnson centres on care. Abolitionist modes of thinking encourage us to discover new forms of intimacy, speculation and kinship by encouraging community building with those outside our immediate family. That is how we keep each other safe when the state and racist institutions fail us. Despite its complexity, at its most basic, abolition is about enacting the future we want now and refusing to let anyone tell us it is impossible.

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'We can enact the future we want now': a black feminist history of abolition - The Guardian