Why Did Facebook Censor This Video Of President Trump? – The Hayride

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This happened yesterday, and it was Trump appearing on Fox News to talk about reopening schools. In it, Trump makes the point that kids are under no particular threat to die or even really get seriously ill from COVID-19. But if you get your news from your Facebook feed you probably didnt see it.

He says theyre almost immune, which scientifically speaking probably isnt quite true, but practically speaking hes right.

Schools across the world have reopened. In Asia and Europe the results have been that the virus hasnt appreciably spread as a result.

And somehow this argument Trump is making is beyond the pale for Facebook?

This video includes false claims that a group of people is immune from COVID-19 which is a violation of our policies around harmful COVID misinformation, a Facebook spokesman told NBC News.

Twitter was even worse. Twitter banned Trumps campaign account from posting until they removed the link to the video.

The @TeamTrump Tweet referenced is in violation of the Twitter Rules on COVID-19 misinformation, said a spokesperson. The account owner will be required to remove the Tweet before they can Tweet again.

Heres the video, which Gab is hosting as a means of sticking it to Facebook and Twitter. Andrew Torba is the CEO of Gab.

The timing on this isnt all that good for Facebook, you know. It was barely a week ago that Mark Zuckerberg and others got called on the carpet by the House Antitrust Committee to talk about their censorship of conservative content on their platforms.

Here was Rep. Jim Jordan giving the chapter-and-verse indictment of Big Tech for its censorship and suppression of conservative thought.

By the way, there is also this, which made no sense

Theres a hashtag on Facebook, #SaveOurChildren, which is dedicated to advocating against child sex trafficking. For some reason Facebook is censoring that along with videos of Trump talking about opening schools and saying kids dont get sick from COVID-19. But kiddie porn, which is illegal, doesnt get censored on Facebook.

Similar examples exist on Twitter.

And these are the oligarchs who control the social media space?

Is anybody else appalled at the hypocrisy and naked cultural aggression here?

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Why Did Facebook Censor This Video Of President Trump? - The Hayride

Cyberpunk 2077 Night City Wire start time, gameplay, demo news and MORE – Express

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Cyberpunk 2077 developer CD Projekt Red is getting ready to hold another Night City Wire stream online.

The upcoming live stream takes place at 5pm BST on August 10 for fans watching in the UK.

You can watch the action live and uncut by visiting the CD Projekt Twitch page later today.

According to a recent CD Projekt post on Twitter, the upcoming stream will focus on things like weapons and lifepaths. That's in addition to a look at Refused's transformation into SAMURAI.

"Join us on Monday, August 10 at 6PM CEST, at https://twitch.tv/cdprojektred for episode 2 of Night City Wire!" reads a CD Projekt tweet.

"This time we'll share details about lifepaths, show you the types of weapons you will be using in the game, and discuss Refused's transformation into SAMURAI!"

With the Cyberpunk 2077 release date creeping up fast, fans will be hoping for extensive gameplay footage from the event, as well as possible next-gen footage.

Sadly, however, it looks like we won't be getting a Cyberpunk 2077 demo ahead of the game's November release date.

CD Projekt recently ruled out plans to release a demo for PS4, Xbox One and PC owners.

Asked whether the game would get a playable demo on Twitter, CD Projekt replied: "Unfortunately not. Creating a playable demo for public requires a lot of resources and testing."

Still, with the game pushed back multiple times, fans can expect more Night City Wire streams leading up to launch.

Cyberpunk 2077 is described as an open-world, action-adventure game set in the futuristic location of Night City.

"You play as V, a mercenary outlaw going after a one-of-a-kind implant that is the key to immortality," reads the official description.

"You can customise your characters cyberware, skillset and playstyle, and explore a vast city where the choices you make shape the story and the world around you."

As the description suggests, different players will have a vastly altered experience based on their approach to gameplay.

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Cyberpunk 2077 Night City Wire start time, gameplay, demo news and MORE - Express

Horse racing: Tiz the Law, Gamine clash in Preakness could be showdown for the ages – Daily Record

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Im reading an interestingbook by Mark Shrager titled The Great Sweepstakes of 1877.It details a race at Pimlico in the post-Civil War era of Reconstruction between Ten Broeck, the pride of Kentucky and the South, and two top northern horses named Tom Ochiltree and Parole.

It was an eventthat symbolized the time in so many ways, with much of the nation hanging on the outcome.

So as everything was unfolding at Saratoga on Saturday, with two incredibly talented 3-year-olds in Gamine and Tiz the Law dominating the Test and Travers stakes in rapid succession, it didnt take long to start thinking about Pimlico.

John Velazquez and Gamine after winning the Acorn Stakes at Belmont Park on June 20, 2020.(Photo: Michael Karas/NorthJersey.com)

Lets say things go as planned at Churchill Downs next month, with Gamine, having won her last two starts by a combined 25 3/4lengths, emerging in the Kentucky Oaks on Sept. 4, and Tiz the Law, winner of four straight this year, including the first leg of the Triple Crown in the Belmont Stakes, taking the Kentucky Derby a day later.

A meeting between the two at Pimlico in the Preakness on Oct. 3, some 143 years after The Great Sweepstakes, would be the showdown racing needs now more than ever.

Kentucky Derby:Ranking contenders for Run for the Roses

There would be aTriple Crown hanging in the balance for Tiz the Law, and aBattle of the Sexes, with Gamine as the spoiler. And with the COVID-19 pandemic making team sports look increasingly problematic, the Preakness figures to have a prominent place on the national stage.

Jjockey Manny Franco reacts after crossing the finish line with Tiz the Law to win the Travers Stakes horse race at Saratoga, Saturday, Aug. 8, 2020, in Saratoga Springs, N.Y.(Photo: Chris Rahayel, AP)

I know. One race at a time. A lot has to happen for that to even be considered. But it's sure nice to dream about the possibilities.

Ifyoure looking for a moment that could transcend sports, this would be it. The two will have been at the same track for three straight starts, running in different races. Getting them together for what could turn into a match race at Pimlico, with immortality on the line, is more than anyone could possibly ask for in a year when the Triple Crown isspread out over 3 1/2 months due to the coronavirus.

Authentic holds on by a nose over NY Traffic to win the 2020 Haskell at Monmouth Park Asbury Park Press

The elongated Triple Crown cost racing that five-week stretch when it hasthe nations attention, with excitement building from one race to the next. Ratings for the Belmont Stakes were the smallest since 1993, down 35 percent from a year earlier.

It also makes sense. Theres no other major race for Gamine between the Kentucky Oaks and the Breeders Cup. And in the aftermath of Gamines 183/4length win in the Test on the Belmont Stakes undercard, trainer Bob Baffert mentioned the Preakness as a possible spot to take on the boys.

Looking for the trusted place to find the best home service providers? Find local pros.

Gamine has never been headed in four career starts, although she was disqualified after winning a May 2 allowance race at Oaklawn Park for a post-race positive drug test for the local anesthetic lidocaine. Baffert is appealing the disqualification and the 15-day suspension he was handed.

In that allowance race, Gamines only trip around two turns, she beat Speech, who came back to win the Grade 1 Ashland Stakes. Her time of 1:41.91 for the 1 1/16 miles was better than one posted by Kentucky Derby contender Swiss Skydiver, who ran 1:42.0 in winning the Grade 3 Fantasy Stakes.

Tiz the Laws four races this year, including three straight Grade 1 wins, have been by a combined 16 1/2 lengths, using a stunning turn of foot to accelerate away from his challengers in each.

For now, its on to Churchill Downs for the Labor Day weekend festivities. But its hard not to dream of a matchup that would be as anticipated as any in recent memory.

Stephen Edelson is a USA TODAY NETWORK New Jersey sports columnist who has been covering athletics in the state and at the Jersey Shore for nearly 35 years. Contact him at: @SteveEdelsonAPP; sedelson@gannettnj.com.

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Horse racing: Tiz the Law, Gamine clash in Preakness could be showdown for the ages - Daily Record

Beloved Longtime Cleveland Weatherman Dick Goddard Dies At 89 – ideastream

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Longtime Cleveland TV meteorologist Dick Goddard passed away Tuesday morning. He was 89 years old.

Goddard tested positive for COVID-19 in June.

Goddard gave his final signoff in November 2016, while surrounded by colleagues at WJW-TV, a company he started working for in 1966.

"What he displayed on the air is exactly the kind of person that he was. There was nothing fake about him. And of course he was an incredible meteorologist," said former WJW General Manager Virgil Dominic. "He's one of the greatest guys I've ever known, not only as a colleague, but as a friend. I love him."

Goddards television career began in 1961 at what is now WKYC-TV in Cleveland. He holds the Guinness World Record for the longest career as a weather forecaster.

"I think Dick would say that there wasn't a day that he came to work that he did not really look forward to coming to work," Dominic said. "Especially in times of tornadoes or dangerous weather, you could really tell that he cared. He really was concerned about the welfare of the viewers."

The local TVicon was a native son of Northeast Ohio. Goddard grew up in the Akron suburb of Green. He served in the United States Air Force and graduated from Kent State University.

People just identified with Dick. They considered him much like themselves. They didnt so much look uponhim as a celebrity so to speak, but as the neighbor next door," Dominic said.

Goddard was never short of wit in his half of a century of forecasts.

"You know why cannibals never eat clowns?" Goddard asked a co-anchor on a 2010 Fox 8 News newscast. "They taste funny."

That Dick Goddard wit shined through in the books he wrote one of them titled "Six Inches of Partly Cloudy."

He also made the occasional appearance on the WJW produced comedy show "Big Chuck and Little John."

Dick Goddard in 1975. [The Cleveland Press Collection]

In addition tohis comedic charm, Goddard was caring. Thatwas perhaps most evident as he advocated for what he so often referred to as "the four-foots" pets. He was a longtime supporter of pet adoption and pet safety. He pushed lawmakers to strengthen the penalties for animal cruelty. When such a bill was passedin Ohio in 2016, it became known as Goddard's Law.

"You wouldn't be into any conversation for any length of time before the subject of pets would come up," Dominic said.

Including when Goddard appeared on ideastreams Sound of Ideas in 2011 on 90.3 WCPN.

If I have any beliefs about immortality, it is that certain dogs Ive known will go to heaven, but very few people," Goddard joked.

Goddard was fascinated with woolly bears the fuzzy black-and-orange caterpillars that eventually become the isabella tiger moth. Its believed that the haironwoolly bears predicts the severity of the coming winder. His love for the creatures lead to the creation of the annual Woolley Bear Festival in Vermillion, which Goddard helped create in 1973 and now bears his name.

He volunteered for festivals, stood up for animals and was always willing to give out a woolly bear sticker.

As much as Cleveland lovedGoddard, he loved Cleveland back.

As he said on his final WJW appearance: Ive been so lucky. People have been so good to me being a weatherman. And to be treated the way they treated me, I cant be happier.

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Beloved Longtime Cleveland Weatherman Dick Goddard Dies At 89 - ideastream

Brooks Koepka unbothered by pressure of making PGA Championship history – Yahoo Sports

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The weight of history would be a burden to most. A roadblock on the path to immortality.

For Brooks Koepka, though, it's nothing more than the wind at his back.

"I don't view it as either one," Koepka said at TPC Harding Park when asked if the topic about his quest for three straight PGA Championships was a help or hindrance. "I've already dealt with it at the U.S. Open going into Pebble. I feel like I know how to handle it and I played pretty well there.

"I just got beat."

Sure enough, Koepka arrived at Pebble Beach last June looking to become the first player to win three straight U.S. Opens since Willie Anderson did so from 1903-05. He entered the final round four shots back of Gary Woodland, but Koepka was unfazed by the enormity of the moment. He birdied four of his first five holes that Sunday and looked like he would indeed become just the fourth golfer since 1882 to win the same major three consecutive years in a row.

But Koepka couldn't get the putts to drop on the back nine, and eventually finished three shots behind Woodland, his quest for U.S. Open history sinking to the bottom of Stillwater Cove.

It's a familiar feeling for Koepka this week, who arrives at TPC Harding Park again with a chance to join that club. After tearing about Bellerive Country Club in 2018 and surviving a back-nine stumble at Bethpage Black last year, the four-time major champion has the opportunity to become the first golfer to win three straight PGA Championships since Walter Hagen won four in a row from 1924-27.

Koepka's game has been a work in progress all year. He's battled a left knee issue that required a stem cell treatment in the fall, and has struggled to find the consistent excellence he enjoyed the past two seasons. But after leading the field in stroke gained, tee to green two weeks ago at the 3M Championship, and leading the field in strokes gained, approach last week at the WGC-FedEx St. Jude Invitational, Koepka appears to be rounding into form just in time for another assault on the history books.

Story continues

"My game feels like it's in really, really good shape right now," Koepka said. "I like the way I'm hitting it, and feels -- putting it really, really well. Every day is a lot more comfortable. I'm excited. This is a big-boy golf course. Got to hit it straight and put it in the fairway. It's going to be quite long.

"I think it kind of plays into my hands."

The list of golfers who have tried and failed to win a third consecutive major title is a who's who of Hall of Famers that includes Tiger Woods, Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, Ben Hogan and Nick Faldo.

Woods won consecutive PGA Championships in 1999 and 2000, and did so again in 2006 and 2007. He won the British Open in 2005 and 2006, and triumphed in back-to-back Masters in 2001 and 2002. Woods missed the cut in three of his four tries at a three-peat and didn't play in the 2008 PGA due to a knee injury.

Hagen Anderson and Peter Thomson are the only three golfers to successfully win three consecutive majors since 1882,alist Koepka hopes to join with an impressive showing at Glory's Last First Chance.

[RELATED: What does Tiger's Harding Park history say about PGA hopes?],

Koepka, like Woods and Nicklaus, saves his best for the game's biggest stages. Four of his seven career wins have been major titles, and he said prior to the 2019 PGA Championship that he feels winning majors is easier because he really only has to play better than a handful of his competitors.

When most people would wilt, Koepka thrives, dominating the best in the world without appearing to break much a sweat. Winning majors is difficult. It's a test only the best are born to pass.

One Koepka thoroughly relishes acing.

"It's fun," he said about the setup at the PGA Championship. "I love it. I love the fact that it's probably the toughest test of golf you're going to play all year with -- setup-wise and then mentally it's exhausting. I enjoy when it gets tough. I enjoy when things get complicated. You can really -- there's always disaster lurking, I think it is something I enjoy, where every shot really means something."

Every shot will have the added weight of history on it this week for Koepka. That weight would bother most, but to Brooks Koepka it's nothing major.

Brooks Koepka unbothered by pressure of making PGA Championship history originally appeared on NBC Sports Bay Area

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Vampire Diaries: What Happened To Bonnie In Originals & Legacies – Screen Rant

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On The Vampire Diaries, Bonnie Bennett was a powerful witch who saved Mystic Falls from destruction. Nowadays, Bonnie's whereabouts remain a mystery.

The Vampire Diariesended in 2017, but some of its characters, including Bonnie Bennett (Kat Graham), have been mentioned in the spinoff shows, Legacies and The Originals, thus explaining what happened to them after the main series concluded.Bonnie is best friends with Elena Gilbert and Caroline Forbes, and she descends from a long line of powerful witches - including those who developed the immortality elixir, made daylight rings, and helped the Gemini Coven create the 1994 Prison World.

Because Bennett witches were the driving force behind so many spells, Bonnie was the key to breaking them. She also resurrected the dead, petrified Silas, rescued the Salvatores from the Phoenix Stone, released Elena from Kai Parker's sleeping spell, and incapacitated enemies and moved objects with her mind. Bonnie underwent many transformations throughout The Vampire Diaries'eight seasons. She was a witch, a ghost, the Anchor to the Other Side, a Vampire Huntress, and a powerful psychic. During the Vampire Diaries series finale, aided by her ancestors, Bonnie saved Mystic Falls from hellfire. When fans last saw Bonnie, she was preparing to leave her hometown and travel the world. But what happened after that?

RELATED: All 5 Doppelgangers In The Vampire Diaries Explained

Although Bonnie never appeared on The Originals or Legacies, she was referenced multiple times. Judging by the context in which her name was used and the events that were happening at the time, it seems she served as a mentor to Josie and Lizzie and remained close to Caroline and Alaric in Mystic Falls. However, the burden of continually saving the day has been lifted from her shoulders. So despite leaving to travel the world, Bonnie eventually found her way back to her home in Mystic Falls.

Bonnie was referenced in The Originals season 1 episode "A Closer Walk with Thee," in which Klaus and Elijah were haunted by their dead father due to the impending collapse of the Other Side.Klaus learned of the imminent implosion after a phone call to "a rather reluctant Bennett witch in Mystic Falls." Then duringThe Originals season 5 episode "The Tale of Two Wolves," Klaus's plan to save Hope from the Hollow relied on the Saltzman twins siphoning the evil spirit from Hope's body. Alaric had strong objections and suggested Bonnie as a replacement.

Bonnie's name has also been invoked several times on Legacies. In season 1's "Malivore," Dorian explained to Alaric that Bonnie located the vampire lover of a Dryad, using a ring to do a locator spell. Bonnie couldn't have accomplished this time-sensitive, hands-on task from a distance, indicating she was back in Mystic Falls. During season 2, when Alaric and the twins were stuck in the Prison World, the girls created with their "Aunt Bonnie" years earlier, Emma left to help Caroline figure out a way to get them back. Before her departure, Dorian tried to convince her to stay, stating Caroline could call Bonnie.

It's strange Bonnie's apparently still living in Mystic Falls but has adopted a hands-off approach when it comes to the Salvatore School. However, given the numerous heroic sacrifices she's made for her friends in the past, she deserves a break. Bonnie isn't likely to appear in the flesh on Legacies. According to TV Guide, Graham told reporters during a summer press tour she had closed the door on Bonnie Bennett. "I say that with absolute gratitude and appreciation, but I don't feel like reprising a character that was almost 10 years of my life."With Landon's and Hope's fates undecided after a shortened season 2 and a huge cliffhanger, Bonnie isn't at the forefront fans' minds - but she could be mentioned once more in Legacies season 3, which would allow fans to keep up with Bonnie's story from afar. Graham could stop by the Salvatore School one day, but in the meantime, maybe the series will offer up some juicier tidbits on what's keeping Bonnie so busy.

MORE: Every Vampire Diaries & Originals Character Who Returned In Legacies

The Umbrella Academy's Complete Timeline (And Alternate Timelines) Explained

Jennifer has been working as a freelance writer for eight years, contributing to BuddyTV, TVRage, Hidden Remote, Gossip On This, and PopMatters. She prefers binge-watching old episodes of The Office (British and American versions) to long walks on the beach. She's still holding out hope that Happy Endings will get a revival.

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Litecoin, Stellars Lumen, and Trons TRX Daily Analysis August 10th, 2020 – Yahoo Finance

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Litecoin

Litecoin fell by 2.55% on Sunday. Reversing a 2.15% gain from Saturday, Litecoin ended the week up by 0.30% to $56.97.

It was a mixed start to the day. Litecoin rose to an early morning intraday high $58.72 before hitting reverse.

Falling short of the first major resistance level at $59.21, Litecoin slid to an early afternoon intraday low $56.10.

Litecoin fell through the first major support level at $57.11 before briefly moving back through to $57.40 levels.

A pullback to sub-$57 levels saw Litecoin fall back through the first major support level.

At the time of writing, Litecoin was up by 0.74% to $57.39. A bullish start to the day saw Litecoin rise from an early morning low $56.97 to a high $57.55.

Litecoin left the major support and resistance levels untested early in the day.

Litecoin would need to avoid a fall through the $57.26 pivot to support a run at the first major resistance level at $58.43.

Support from the broader market would be needed, however, for Litecoin to break back through to $58 levels.

Barring another crypto rally, the first major resistance level and Sundays high $58.72 would likely cap any upside.

A fall through the $57.26 pivot would bring the first major support level at $55.81 into play.

Barring an extended crypto sell-off, however, Litecoin should steer clear of sub-$55 levels. The second major support level sits at $54.64.

First Major Support Level: $55.81

First Major Resistance Level: $58.43

23.6% FIB Retracement Level: $54

38.2% FIB Retracement Level: $78

62% FIB Retracement Level: $104

Stellars Lumen rose by 2.03% on Sunday. Following on from a 0.97% gain from Saturday, Stellars Lumen ended the week up by 2.73% to $0.10481.

A bullish start to the day saw Stellars Lumen rise to a late morning intraday high $0.10696 before hitting reverse.

Stellars Lumen broke through the first major resistance level at $0.10449 and the second major resistance level at $0.10580.

The reversal saw Stellars Lumen slide to a mid-afternoon intraday low $0.10253 before finding support.

Steering clear of the first major support level at $0.10158, Stellars Lumen revisited $0.1050 levels before easing back.

Stellars Lumen broke back through the first major resistance level at $0.10449 in the recovery.

At the time of writing, Stellars Lumen was up by 1.84% to $0.10674. A bullish start to the day saw Stellars Lumen rise from an early morning low $0.10533 to a high $0.10724.

Stellars Lumen tested the first major resistance level at $0.1070 early on.

Story continues

Stellars Lumen would need to avoid a fall through the $0.10477 pivot to support another run at the first major resistance level at $0.1070.

Support from the broader market would be needed, however, for Stellars Lumen to break back through the morning high $0.10724.

Barring a broad-based crypto rally, the first major resistance level would likely limit any upside.

A fall through the $0.10477 pivot would bring the first major support level at $0.10257 into play.

Barring another extended crypto sell-off, however, Stellars Lumen should steer of sub-$0.10 levels. The second major support level at $0.10034 should limit any downside.

First Major Support Level: $0.10257

First Major Resistance Level: $0.1070

23.6% FIB Retracement Level: $0.09960

38% FIB Retracement Level: $0.14336518

62% FIB Retracement Level: $0.2050

Trons TRX fell by 0.43% on Sunday. Partially reversing a 3.19% gain from Saturday, Trons TRX ended the week up by 7.38% to $0.020401.

It was a relatively bullish start to the day. Trons TRX rose to a late morning intraday high $0.020595 before hitting reverse.

Falling short of the first major resistance level at $0.02078, Trons TRX slid to a mid-afternoon intraday low $0.020067.

Steering clear of the first major support level at $0.01991, Trons TRX briefly revisited $0.02050 levels before falling back into the red.

At the time of writing, Trons TRX was up by 2.02% to $0.020814. A bullish start to the day saw Trons TRX rise from an early morning low $0.020501 to a high $0.020828.

Trons TRX broke through the first major resistance level at $0.020640 early on.

Trons TRX would need to avoid a fall back through the first major resistance level at $0.02064 to support another run at the second major resistance level at $0.02088.

Support from the broader market would be needed, however, for Trons TRX to break out from the morning high $0.020828.

Barring an extended crypto rally, the second major resistance level would likely cap any upside.

A fall back through the first major resistance level would bring the days pivot level at $0.02035 into play.

Barring an extended crypto sell-off, however, Trons TRX should avoid the first major support level sits at $0.02011.

First Major Support Level: $0.02011

First Major Resistance Level: $0.02064

23.6% FIB Retracement Level: $0.0322

38.2% FIB Retracement Level: $0.0452

62% FIB Retracement Level: $0.0663

Please let us know what you think in the comments below

Thanks, Bob

This article was originally posted on FX Empire

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Bitcoin Rallies to New Yearly High, Outperforms Ethereum; Chainlink Flips Litecoin – Cryptonews

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Source: Adobe/Egor

The most popular cryptocurrency, bitcoin (BTC), rallied to a new yearly high in early Monday hours (UTC time), outperforming all but one coin in the top 10.

At pixel time (03:33 UTC), BTC trades at USD 12,037 and is up by 2.3% in a day and almost 8% in a week. Earlier today, it hit almost USD 12,043, compared with USD 12,041 reached on August 2 when it crashed in minutes.

The price is also up by 29% in a month and 5.7% in a year.

BTC price chart

One of the best-performing tokens this year, ethereum (ETH), ranked 2nd by market capitalization, is unchanged in a day and is up by 4% in a week, trading at USD 397.

Other major coins from the top 10 coins by market capitalization are showing mixed results, with cardano (ADA) dropping the most (2.6%) and chainlink (LINK) rallying by 4%. LINK is now ranked 6th by market capitalization, leaving bitcoin SV (BSV) and litecoin (LTC) behind.

The whole market capitalization is up by 1.6%, to almost USD 371bn, while Bitcoin dominance, or the percentage of the total market capitalization stands at almost 60%, up by almost 0.5 percentage point in a day.

After the crash in the market a week ago, Marc van der Chijs, Founder of VC firm First Block Capital and publicly traded BTC miner Hut 8 Mining, warned that more BTC flash crashes are coming in this new bull market.

"Don't be alarmed if BTC crashes all of a sudden, there is simply too much leverage in [the] derivatives market and too many inexperienced traders are playing with money there. Do not sell!" he said last week.

Meanwhile, as reported, Grayscale, a major crypto asset management firm owned by Digital Currency Group, is set to launch a national crypto ad campaign in the US this week. It comes at the time of great socio-economic and geo-political uncertainties - which might be turning people's head towards financial and monetary alternatives.

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Bitcoin Rallies to New Yearly High, Outperforms Ethereum; Chainlink Flips Litecoin - Cryptonews

Bitcoin, Litecoin, Ethereum: When They Move, They All Move Together – Forbes

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usa one hundred dollar banknotes among the binary code background, crypto currency and internet ... [+] technology banking concept. Fintech or digital currencies.

After long weeks of mostly just going sideways, Bitcoin and its cryptocurrency friends finally made a move and it was upward. Definitely upward. Each one enjoyed a different gain percentage, but its clear that when the buying comes in, all of the big name cryptos participate in the fun.

Bitcoins daily price chart looks like this now:

Bitcoin daily price chart, 8 3 20.

After making the move up from the mid-March bottom and rallying significantly into May, the crypto stayed within in a narrowing price range for about 3 months. Lower highs and higher lows shows up as a classic flag pattern.

When the price finally closed above the top of the range, it took off on decent volume. Bitcoin seems to have peaked for now with that red bearish engulfing to kick off the month of August. It might take a while to catch its breath.

Bitcoins weekly chart looks like this:

Bitcoin weekly price chart, 8 3 20.

You can see that the rally from March, as bullish as it seems, has thus far failed to take out the April, 2019 high up there as marked with the horizontal red dotted line. Its likely to find serious resistance at that level where buyers gave up previously and handed momentum back to the sellers.

The other red dotted line connecting the March low with the June/July sideways low shows the dramatically upward quality of the move. A close or 2 below this trend line might be cause for concern.

Ethereums daily price chart looks like this:

Ethereum daily price chart, 8 3 20.

This crypto broke out of the summertime sideways action with more energy than Bitcoin, as you can see by the strong movement upward into August. Theres the classic flag pattern again.

Among technical analysts this used to be known as building cause although its been some time since Ive heard that phrase. The idea is that as price compresses in that narrowing range, when it finally breaks out of it, the move can be substantial. That seems to be the case here.

Ethereums weekly looks like this:

Ethereum weekly price chart, 8 3 20.

If you look closely, theres lots here. The first thing is: Ethereum is back above the 2019 high. So this is unlike Bitcoin which has yet to take out that level. From this standpoint, it could be said that this is the stronger crypto.

On the other hand, note that it has a long, long way to go before it can even approach the April/May 2018 high. One other item: Ethereum has moved back above its Ichimoku cloud which had been downtrending since the beginning of 2018.

Litecoins daily price chart looks like this:

Litecoin daily price chart, 8 3 20.

Its the same basic pattern as the other 2: the range in price from April to July is a little wider but its still compression. The flag pattern breaks out upward during the last days of July and boom Litecoin is higher than the late April peak and on decent volume. Its next to impossible to buy at lows, but if you could have and you had picked it up at the March low of 30, you would now be sitting on a double.

Litecoins weekly chart looks like this:

Litecoin weekly price chart, 8 3 20.

Its moving upward again but its not as strong as the other 2 cryptos. You can see that, even with the breakout on the daily chart, Litecoin remains well below the earlier-in-the-year high. Note also its inability, so far, to close above a declining Ichimoku cloud.

Of these 3 well-known, big name cryptocurrencies, its clear that while all had good moves, Ethereum managed to show a better looking price chart. Who knows if this will continue? Past performance does not guarantee future results, as you may have heard.

I do not hold positions in these investments.No recommendations are made one way or the other.If you're an investor, you'd want to look much deeper into each of these situations. You can lose money trading or investing in stocks and other instruments. Always do your own independent research, due diligence and seek professional advice from a licensed investment advisor.

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Bitcoin, Litecoin, Ethereum: When They Move, They All Move Together - Forbes

Will Altcoins Challenge the Leadership of Bitcoin in the Future? – Coin Idol

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Aug 10, 2020 at 09:36 // News

Bitcoin, the first and the most commonly known cryptocurrency in the world is not a perfect currency for every use. It now faces stiff competition from alternative currencies (altcoins) such as Ether, XRP, Tether, Litecoin, among others in terms of market capitalization as well as the amount of data stored on its blockchain.

On January 3, 2009, the bitcoin network was inaugurated by the pseudonymous Satoshi Nakamoto to become a medium of exchange independent of the control of central authorities. Back then, if someone mentioned cryptocurrencies, they were simply referring to Bitcoin. Bitcoin became the only cryptocurrency until April 2011 when Namecoin, the earliest noteworthy alternative digital currency crafted from the bitcoin idea of proof-of-work algorithm launched. It went on and on, several other cryptocurrencies were created including Litecoin in 2011, Ripple in 2012 and more. As of January 2020, there are more than 5,000 cryptocurrencies in the world. Even then, bitcoin remains the best-known cryptocurrency.

Bitcoin still claims a lion share of the crypto market compared with the rest of the alternative coins combined. At the beginning of 2020, bitcoin alone was equivalent to 64% of the crypto market size. Actually, in July 2019, the figure was at 70% and it stayed around there for several years. Although there are more than 50 million crypto wallets today, the majority of those still belong to bitcoin users. Many proponents of bitcoin mention security, its relatively higher price, network effect and autonomy from governments as the key reasons for its dominance.

Although the growth trajectory of altcoins is mostly determined by bitcoin itself, it is evident that altcoins are outdoing bitcoin little by little and while bitcoin growth always seemed to be on an upward course, the curve is eventually flattening and altcoins are slowly gaining momentum. According to CoinMarketCap, an online crypto platform, altcoins accounted for over 34% of the total cryptocurrency market in February 2020. This is contrary to 2009 and later days where bitcoin claimed almost 90% of the total market capitalization.

Some altcoins have been found to present much more convenience than bitcoin in several ways. Bitcoin blocks take up to 60 minutes to confirm and this is a long waiting time and inconvenience to many users wanting to crack quick transactions. However, some altcoins have been found to solve this challenge.

For instance, Litecoin transactions are way faster, while Primecoin transactions can be completed in just 60 seconds. Also, Dash and Monero defeat their father, bitcoin in how they handle anonymity. Although the enhanced anonymity feature might as well scare off ordinary users due to the criminal background of privacy coins such as Dash and Monero. As per the report by CoinIdol, a world blockchain news outlet, darknet entrepreneurs tend to choose XMR over BTC for illegal transactions. This fact might strengthen Bitcoin dominance instead of weakening it.

Although bitcoin is still the denominator and influences the crypto market behaviour significantly, its dominance is slowly fading out due to the fierce competition exerted by altcoins. The market got more competitive in recent years due to the growing awareness about cryptocurrencies and blockchain.

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Will Altcoins Challenge the Leadership of Bitcoin in the Future? - Coin Idol

Research report covers the Litecoin Trading Market share and Growth, 2019-2026 – My Amazon Echo

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In this report, the global Litecoin Trading market is valued at USD XX million in 2019 and is projected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% during the period 2019 to 2025.

For top companies in United States, European Union and China, this report investigates and analyzes the production, value, price, market share and growth rate for the top manufacturers, key data from 2019 to 2025.

The Litecoin Trading market report firstly introduced the basics: definitions, classifications, applications and market overview; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures, raw materials and so on. Then it analyzed the worlds main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, supply, demand and market growth rate and forecast etc. In the end, the Litecoin Trading market report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.

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The study objectives of Litecoin Trading Market Report are:

To analyze and research the Litecoin Trading market status and future forecast in United States, European Union and China, involving sales, value (revenue), growth rate (CAGR), market share, historical and forecast.

To present the Litecoin Trading manufacturers, presenting the sales, revenue, market share, and recent development for key players.

To split the breakdown data by regions, type, companies and applications

To analyze the global and key regions Litecoin Trading market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.

To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions

To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the keyword market.

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Research report covers the Litecoin Trading Market share and Growth, 2019-2026 - My Amazon Echo

XRP To Be ‘Flippened Out of Top 20’ by DeFi Run, Expert Claims. What Else? – CryptoComes

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Robert Paone, a YouTube crypto influencer and Founder of the one-of-a-kindblockchain recruiting agency Proof of Talent,shared his views on the impact of decentralized finances euphoria on the landscape of Top 20 cryptocurrencyrankings.

The entrepreneur and cryptocurrency expert, known as 'Crypto Bobby', announced that by the end of next bullish run for digital assets, the landscape of the Top 20 cryptocurrencies by market capitalization will look different. Some veterans within theblockchain markets will fall by the wayside.

According to Mr. Paone, XRP, Litecoin (LTC), Bitcoin Cash (BCH), Bitcoin SV (BSV) and Eos (EOS) will find themselves out of the big league. Once next bull run is over, the native assets of decentralized financial protocols (DeFis) will replace them like a 'useless legacy'.

Six weeks ago(June 22, 2020), similar predictions were shared by prominent crypto analyst and angel investor, ex-Messari's Qiao Wang. He was more careful in his evaluations of DeFi prospects, but named the same assets as the candidates to a permanent downgrade:

As much as I think most Defi projects are overvalued, I can't wait for them to kick XRP, LTC, BSV, etc. out of the top 10.

Thus, XRP, Litecoin (LTC) and Bitcoin SV (BSV) were mentioned by both analysts as the coins that are on borrowed time in the camp of crypto behemoths.

Yesterday(August 8th, 2020), the first DeFi asset in the entire crypto history andthe native coin of the Chainlink decentralized architecture, LINK, entered the Top 10.

At press time, LINK surpassed Cardano (ADA), Bitcoin SV (BSV), Litecoin (LTC), and Binance Coin (BNB) in terms ofmarket capitalization (ranked 6th) according to the top independent analytical serviceCoingecko.

This DeFi craze demonstrated that native assets of decentralized financial applications show no mercy to old champions in terms of 'flippening'.

For instance, the rally of COMP, a nucleus asset of Compound, surpassedEthereum Classic (ETC), Dash (DASH), IOTA (MIOTA), and VeChain (VET) in terms of market capitalization in first 24 hours since listing.

Blockchain Analyst & Writer with scientific background. 5+ years in IT-analytics, 2+ years in blockchain.

Worked in independent analysis as well as in start-ups (Swap.online, Monoreto, Attic Lab etc.)

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XRP To Be 'Flippened Out of Top 20' by DeFi Run, Expert Claims. What Else? - CryptoComes

Charles Darwin and the Lasting Legacy of Eugenics – The Wire Science

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The Austrian-born Bernard Hollander favoured a quantitative approach to phrenological diagnosis, and is shown here methodically measuring his own skull. Image: Wellcome Collection/Bernard Hollander: Cranial Measurement (1902).

In 1872, with the publication of The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Charles Darwin went rogue. Only a decade after the anatomist Duchenne de Boulognes produced the first neurology text illustrated by photographs, Darwin claimed to be the first to use photographs in a scientific publication to actually document the expressive spectrum of the face.

Combining speculation about raised eyebrows and flushed skin with vile commentary about mental illness, he famously logged diagrams of facial musculature, along with drawings of sulky chimpanzees andphotographs of weeping infants, to create a study that spanned species, temperament, age and gender. But what really interested him was not so much the specificity of the individual as the universality of the tribe: If expressions could, as de Boulogne had suggested, be physically localised, could they also be culturally generalised?

As a man of science, he set out to analyse the visual difference between types, which is to say races. While Darwins scientific contributions remain ever significant, its worth remembering he was also a man of his era privileged, white, affluent, commanding who generalised as much as, if not more than, he analysed, especially when it came to objectifying peoples looks. In spite of his influence on evolutionary biology and his role in the scientific study of emotion, Darwins prognostications read today as remarkably prejudicial. (No determined man, he writes in The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, probably ever had an habitually gaping mouth.) This urge to label types a loaded and unfortunate term would essentially go viral in the early years of the coming century, with such assumptions reasserting themselves as dogmatic, even axiomatic, fact.

Hardly the first to postulate on the graphic evidence of the grimace, Darwin hoped to introduce a system by which facial expressions might be properly evaluated. He shared with many of his generation a predisposition toward history: simply put, the idea that certain facial traits might have a basis in evolution. Empirically, the idea itself is not unreasonable. We are, after all, genetically predisposed to share traits with those in our familial line, occasionally by virtue of our geographic vicinity. At the same time, certain specimens, when classified by visual genre, become the easy targets of discrimination. In so doing, comparisons can and do glide effortlessly from hypothesis to hyperbole, particularly when images are in play.

Almost exactly a century after the arrival of Darwins volume, Paul Ekman, a psychologist at the University of California, published a study in which he determined that there were seven principal facial expressions deemed universal across all cultures: anger, contempt, fear, happiness, interest, sadness and surprise. His Facial Action Coding System (FACS) supported many of Darwins earlier findings and remains, to date, the gold standard for identifying any movement the face can make. As a methodology for parsing facial expression, Ekmans work provides a practical rubric for understanding these distinctions: Its logical, codified and clear.

But what happens to such comparative practices when supposition trumps proposition, when the science of scrutiny is eclipsed by the lure of a bigger, messier, more global extrapolation? When does the quest for the universal backfire and become a discriminatory practice?

The real seduction, in Darwins era and in our own, lies in the notion that pictures and especially pictures of our faces are remarkably powerful tools of persuasion and do, in so many instances, speak louder than words.

The idea that photography allowed for the demonstration and distribution of objective visual evidence was a striking development for clinicians. Unlike the interpretive transference of a drawing, or the abstract data of a diagram, the camera was clear and direct, a vehicle for proof. The process itself allowed for a kind of massive stockpiling pictures compared to one another, minutiae contrasted, hypotheses often mistakenly corroborated which, while arguably rooted in scientific inquiry, led to a stunning degree of generalisation in the name of fact. If evolution is seen as the study of unseen development biological, generational, temporal and by definition intangible the camera provided the illusion of quantifiable benchmarks, an irresistible proposition for the proponents of theoretical ideas.

Darwins cousin, the noted statistician Francis Galton, saw such generalisations as precisely the point. Long before computer software would make such computational practice commonplace, he introduced not a lateral but a synthetic system for facial comparison: what he termed composite portraiture was, in fact, a neologism for pictorial averaging. Galtons objective was to identify deviation and, in so doing, to reverse-engineer an ideal type, which he did by repeat printing upon a single photographic plate and within the same vicinity to one another thereby creating a force-amalgamated portrait of multiple faces.

At once besotted with mechanical certainty and mesmerised by the scope of visual wonder before him, Galton thrilled to the notion of mathematical precision the lockup on the photographic plate, the reckoning of the binomial curve but appeared uninterested in actual details unless they could help reaffirm his suppositions about averages, about types, even about the photomechanical process itself.

That Galton drew upon the language of statistical fact and benefited from the presumed sovereignty of his own exalted social position to become an evangelist for the camera is questionable in itself, but the fact that he viewed his composite photographs as plausible evidence for an unforgiving sociocultural rationale shifts the legacy of his scholarship into far more pernicious territory.

At once driven by claims of biological determinism and supported by the authoritarian heft of British empiricism, Francis Galton pioneered an insidious form of human scrutiny that would come to be known as eugenics. The word itself comes from the Greek word eugenes (noble, well-born and good in stock), though Galtons own definition is a bit more sinister: For him, it was a science addressing all influences that improve the inborn qualities of a race, also with those that develop them to the utmost advantage.

The idea of social betterment through better breeding (indeed, the notion of better anything through breeding) led to a horrifying era of social supremacism in which deviation would come to be classified across a broad spectrum of race, religion, health, wealth and every imaginable kind of human infirmity. Grossly and idiosyncratically defined even a propensity for carpentry or dress-making was considered a genetically inherited trait Galtons remarkably flawed (and deeply racist) ideology soon found favour with a public eager to assert, if nothing else, its own vile claims to vanity.

For Galton, eugenics was a science addressing all influences that improve the inborn qualities of a race, also with those that develop them to the utmost advantage.

The social climate into which eugenic doctrine inserted itself appealed to precisely this fantasy, beginning with Better Baby and Fitter Family contests, an unfortunate staple of recreational entertainment that emerged across the regional United States during the early years of the 20th century.Widely promoted as a wholesome public health initiative, the idea of parading good-looking children for prizes (a practice that essentially likened kids to livestock) was one of a number of practices predicated on the notion that better breeding outcomes were in everyones best interest. The resulting photos conferred bragging rights on the winning (read white) contestants, but the broader message framing beauty, but especially facial beauty, as a scientifically sanctioned community aspiration implicitly suggests that the inverse was also true: that to be found unfit was to be doomed to social exile and thus restricted, among other things, by fierce reproductive protocols.

In 29 states beginning in 1907 and until the laws were repealed in the 1940s those deemed socially inferior (an inexcusable euphemism for what was then defined as physically inadequate) were, in fact, subject to compulsory sterilisation. From asthma to scoliosis, mental disability to moral delinquency, eugenicists denounced difference in light of a presumed cultural superiority, a skewed imperialism that found its most nefarious expression during the Third Reich. To measure difference was to eradicate it, exterminate it, excise it from evolutionary fact. Though ultimately discredited following the atrocities endured during multiple years of Nazi reign, eugenic theory was steeped in this sinister view of genetic governance, manifest destiny run amok.

Also read: What Mahalanobis Got Right About National Identity and the BJP Gets Wrong

Later, once detached from Galtons maniacal gaze, the composite portrait would inspire others to play with the optics of the amalgamated image. The 19th-century French photographer Arthur Batut, known for being one of the first aerial photographers (he shot from a kite), may have been drawn to the hints of movement generated by a portraits animated edges. American photographer Nancy Burson has experimented with composite photography to merge black, Asian and Caucasian faces against population statistics: Introduced in 2000, her Human Race Machinelets you see how you would look as another race. The artist Richard Prince flattened every one of Jerry Seinfelds fifty-seven TV love interests into a 2013 composite he called Jerrys Girls, while in 2017, data scientist Giuseppe Sollazzo createda blended face for the BBC that used a carefully plotted algorithm to combine every face in the US Senate.

Galton would have appreciated the speed of the software and the advantages of the algorithm but what of the ethics of the very act of image capture and comparison, of the ethics of pictorial appropriation itself? Theres an implicit generalisation to this kind of image production and indeed, seen over time, composite portraiture would become a way to amalgamate and assess an entire culture, even an era. In a 1931 radio interview, the German portraitist August Sander claimed he wanted to capture and communicate in photography the physiognomic time exposure of a whole generation, an observation that reframes the composite as a kind of collected census, or population survey.

The camera, after all, bears witness over time, its outcome an extension of the eye, the mind, the soul of the photographer. Sander was right. (So was Susan Sontag: Humanity, she oncewrote, is not one.) With the advent of better, cheaper, faster and more mobile technologies for capturing our faces, the time exposure of a whole generation was about to become a great deal more achievable.

Jessica Helfand is a designer, artist and writer. She is a cofounder ofDesign Observerand the author of numerous books on visual and cultural criticism, including Face: A Visual Odyssey, from which this article is adapted.

This article was originally published by MIT Press Reader and has been republished here with permission.

Link:

Charles Darwin and the Lasting Legacy of Eugenics - The Wire Science

Operating with a medical curiosity? The library can help – The Republic

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One of my favorite jobs involved working for a surgeon. Removing staples and stitches is as close as Ill get to performing surgery, and I relished the opportunity to witness the rapidity of the bodys healing process. I would watch videos of laparoscopic procedures while eating lunch and enthusiastically examine jarred biopsy specimens before sending them to the lab.

Now that I work in maintenance, my medical involvement is limited to reading. Thankfully, our library offers fascinating books covering everything from historical to modern medicine, psychological to physical cases, conception to post-mortem studies, and serious to (literally and figuratively) gut-busting stories.

Survival of the Sickest, by Dr. Sharon Moalem, offers compelling evidence that the human species might survive longer if we attempt to create a symbiotic relationship with viruses as opposed to eradicating them. Moalem also references studies showing more exposure to sunlight can metabolize harmful cholesterol into beneficial Vitamin D, decreasing heart disease and cancer risks. Based on this information, Im trying to convince my husband that moving to a tropical climate would be beneficial to our health.

Pandoras Lab, by Paul A. Offit, M.D., chronicles major medical and scientific events in history; many of which may not be the pinnacle of achievement and progress as originally believed. The history of eugenics in the United States in the early 1900s and the infamous Buck v. Bell case are discussed alongside the publishing of The Passing of the Great Race by Madison Grant, an appeal for restricting and prohibiting immigration to advance a pure race. Interestingly, Grant was an influential conservationist responsible for the creation of several national parks. Pandoras Lab also covers the rise of the lobotomy. One leading practitioner of the procedure performed a mind-shattering 22 lobotomies in two hours and 15 minutes.

A classic and often humorous book in psychiatry was written by Dr. Oliver Sacks. In case the name rings a Pavlovian bell, Dr. Sacks famously used L-Dopa to treat catatonic patients as portrayed in the movie Awakenings. In his book, The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, Sacks includes dozens of vignettes about astonishing psychological cases involving everything from Tourettes Syndrome to Neurosyphillis to drug-induced amnesia.

If laughter is, indeed, the best medicine, This is Going to Hurt is the new penicillin. Written by Adam Kay and taken directly from the authors diaries during his time with the National Health Service, the stories are side-splittingly funny. If youd like to get into Harvard, Mary Roach offers an unorthodox method in Stiff. No school loans required. Find out how many points just four Brazil nuts consumed in one month can lower your cholesterol in How Not to Die by Dr. Michael Greger, but remember that more of a good thing doesnt necessarily equate to better. Your life has likely been helped by a woman youve not heard of, but you can discover her story in The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot.

So many books, so much time to read given the current health situation. So, dive into some medical literature. Theyve been quarantined for your safety.

Ashley Holzhausen is a maintenance staff member at the Bartholomew County Public Library and can be reached at aHolzhausen@mybcpl.org

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Operating with a medical curiosity? The library can help - The Republic

NIOSH Stresses the Importance of Collecting COVID-19 Case Job Information – Occupational Health and Safety

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NIOSH Stresses the Importance of Collecting COVID-19 Case Job Information

Collecting, coding, analyzing and reporting industry and occupation data from COVID-19 cases is crucial to informing public health strategies to reduce the impact of the pandemic on workers. One NIOSH article gives some examples.

Studying the virus in terms of its prevalence among certain industries and types of workers is important to informing and building policies that will best help the public. One NIOSH article elaborates on its previous blog post, Collecting occupation and industry data in public health surveillance systems for COVID-19.

Having data about industry and occupation helps the public health community identify work-related outbreaks and evaluate risks among various groups of workers. While researchers have had to adjust their methods of data collection as science on the virus has evolved, there is a growing effort by public health officials to focus on COVID case job collection.

See another recent post on the topic titled Making Industry and Occupation Information Useful for Public Health: A guide to coding industry and occupation text fields.

The article from NIOSH highlights two recent examples of how collecting and coding job information for cases can be used to ensure worker safety.

What Washington State Learned: Cases by Occupation and Industry

The Washington State Department of Health worked with the Washington State Department of Labor and Industries Safety & Health Assessment & Research for Prevention Program to study COVID-19 cases among occupation and industry. Here are the key findings:

As of July 23, 2020, there were 26,799 lab-confirmed cases of COVID-19 among Washington residents.

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NIOSH Stresses the Importance of Collecting COVID-19 Case Job Information - Occupational Health and Safety

After 150 days of the COVID-19 pandemic, here are the best- and worst-performing stocks – MarketWatch

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Last Friday was the 150th day since the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus a pandemic. During that period of unprecedented volatility, stocks extended gains.

The S&P 500 Index SPX, +0.18% rose 16.3%, the Dow Jones Industrial Average DJIA, +0.92% was up 9.7%, the Nasdaq Composite Index COMP, -0.24% jumped 32% and the Nasdaq-100 Index NDX, -0.36% added 33.1%.

The best and worst performers in those indexes are listed below.

At 100 days on June 17, the best-performing sector of the S&P 500 was information technology, and even the beleaguered energy sector was up 11.7% because of the recovery in the price of oil. Heres how the 11 sectors of the S&P 500 performed during the first 150 days of the pandemic:

The information technology sector has been the strongest during the pandemic and for all of 2020 so far, but the consumer discretionary sector (which includes Amazon.com AMZN, -0.49%, up 67% during the pandemic and up 71% for 2020) is close behind. The energy sector has pulled back from its level at the end of the pandemics first 100 days, even though the price of oil has risen another 10% since June 17. The year-to-date chart of continuous quotes for West Texas crude CL00, +2.57% for 2020 remains ugly:

Among the S&P 500, 341 stocks rose between March 10 and Aug. 7. Here are the 20 strongest performers during the first 150 days of the pandemic:

And here are the 20 worst-performing stocks among the S&P 500 for the periods:

Heres how all 30 components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average performed during the first 150 days of the pandemic:

Here are the top 10 performers among components of the Nasdaq-100 index during the first 150 days of the pandemic:

Here are the 10 worst performers among the Nasdaq-100 for the period:

Dont miss: Gold rising to $4,000 an ounce would not be an unreasonable move, fund manager says

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After 150 days of the COVID-19 pandemic, here are the best- and worst-performing stocks - MarketWatch

Seattle Seahawks become first NFL team to use CLEARs COVID-19 screening tool – GeekWire

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(Seahawks Photos)

The Seattle Seahawks are turning to technology to help keep players and personnel safe as a season unlike any other kicks off next month.

The team is now using CLEARs Health Pass software to screen players, coaches, and support staff at its training facility near Seattle and at CenturyLink Field. Its the first NFL franchise to use the service, which launched in May and is already implemented in the NHL and at restaurants.

Before arriving at the Virginia Mason Athletic Center each day, Seahawks personnel are required to log into the Health Pass app, verify their identity with a selfie photo, and answer health screening questions. When they arrive, the app is scanned at the entrance and a user gets a green or red check green means all is good, while red requires more questions to be answered.

Health Pass is being used alongside the NFLs other COVID-19 screening protocols including routine testing, daily temperature checks, mask wearing, and more.

With air travel down due to the pandemic, CLEAR is finding other use cases for its security software. The New York-based company is best known for its identity verification technology at more than 50 airports and venues across the U.S. It previously worked with the Seahawks in 2018 to offer fast lanes at the CenturyLink Field entrance and for food and drink purchasing.

Recode reported that some privacy advocates are raising concerns about Health Pass given the type of private data collected, and one expert said it could become part of security theater. Some U.S. senators also sent privacy-related questions to the company.

CLEAR says it could potentially integrate data such as a vaccine status into Health Pass.Heres Clear CEO Caryn Seidman-Becker talking about Health Pass in May:

After nearly two weeks of testing, receiver John Ursua on Sunday became the first Seahawks player listed on the leagues COVID-19 list, which tracks players who either tested positive or came into close contact with someone who did.

Players began reporting to training camp late last month and padded practices begin this week. The season is scheduled to begin Sept. 10; there are no preseason games this year.

More than 60 players have already opted out of playing. The NFL is not using a bubble strategy like the NBA and NHL. The upcoming season for college football is up in the air; the Big Ten reportedly will cancel games this fall.

The latest data from the NFLPA shows 107 positive cases for players during the offseason, and 56 since training camp began.

There are a number of companies selling COVID-related screening tools, including various health tech firms. Fitbit recently debuted a Ready for Work symptom tracker. Microsoft and UnitedHealth Grouprolled out a free app in Maycalled ProtectWell that surveys workers about their health. Companies such as Amazon areconducting temperature checks and setting up COVID-19 tests across its operations network.

The first spinout from a new Seattle innovation studio run by Pioneer Square Labs (PSL) and Fortive is TeamSense, which helps employers track COVID-19 symptoms at the workplace.

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Seattle Seahawks become first NFL team to use CLEARs COVID-19 screening tool - GeekWire

Libertarianism – Wikipedia

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"Libertarians" redirects here. For political parties that may go by this name, see Libertarian Party.This article is about the political philosophy and movement that uphold liberty as a core principle. For the type of libertarianism stressing both individual freedom and social equality, see Left-libertarianism. For the type of libertarianism supporting capitalism and private ownership of natural resources, see Right-libertarianism.

political philosophy upholding individual freedom

Libertarianism (from Latin: libertas, meaning "freedom") is a political philosophy and movement that upholds liberty as a core principle.[1] Libertarians seek to maximize political freedom and autonomy, emphasizing individualism, freedom of choice and voluntary association.[2] Libertarians share a skepticism of authority and state power, but they diverge on the scope of their opposition to existing economic and political systems. Various schools of libertarian thought offer a range of views regarding the legitimate functions of state and private power, often calling for the restriction or dissolution of coercive social institutions. Different categorizations have been used to distinguish various forms of libertarianism.[3][4] This is done to distinguish libertarian views on the nature of property and capital, usually along leftright or socialistcapitalist lines.[5]

Libertarianism originated as a form of left-wing politics such as anti-authoritarian and anti-state socialists like anarchists,[6] especially social anarchists,[7] but more generally libertarian communists/Marxists and libertarian socialists.[8][9] Those libertarians seek to abolish capitalism and private ownership of the means of production, or else to restrict their purview or effects to usufruct property norms, in favor of common or cooperative ownership and management, viewing private property as a barrier to freedom and liberty.[10][11][12][13]

Left-libertarian[14][15][16][17][18] ideologies include anarchist schools of thought, alongside many other anti-paternalist, New Left schools of thought centered around economic egalitarianism as well as geolibertarianism, green politics, market-oriented left-libertarianism and the SteinerVallentyne school.[14][17][19][20][21] In the mid-20th century, right-libertarian[15][18][22][23] ideologies such as anarcho-capitalism and minarchism co-opted[8][24] the term libertarian to advocate laissez-faire capitalism and strong private property rights such as in land, infrastructure and natural resources.[25] The latter is the dominant form of libertarianism in the United States,[23] where it advocates civil liberties,[26] natural law,[27] free-market capitalism[28][29] and a major reversal of the modern welfare state.[30]

The first recorded use of the term libertarian was in 1789, when William Belsham wrote about libertarianism in the context of metaphysics.[31] As early as 1796, libertarian came to mean an advocate or defender of liberty, especially in the political and social spheres, when the London Packet printed on 12 February the following: "Lately marched out of the Prison at Bristol, 450 of the French Libertarians".[32] It was again used in a political sense in 1802 in a short piece critiquing a poem by "the author of Gebir" and has since been used with this meaning.[33][34][35]

The use of the term libertarian to describe a new set of political positions has been traced to the French cognate libertaire, coined in a letter French libertarian communist Joseph Djacque wrote to mutualist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in 1857.[36][37][38] Djacque also used the term for his anarchist publication Le Libertaire, Journal du mouvement social (Libertarian: Journal of Social Movement) which was printed from 9 June 1858 to 4 February 1861 in New York City.[39][40] Sbastien Faure, another French libertarian communist, began publishing a new Le Libertaire in the mid-1890s while France's Third Republic enacted the so-called villainous laws (lois sclrates) which banned anarchist publications in France. Libertarianism has frequently been used to refer to anarchism and libertarian socialism since this time.[41][42][43]

In the United States, libertarian was popularized by the individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker around the late 1870s and early 1880s.[44] Libertarianism as a synonym for liberalism was popularized in May 1955 by writer Dean Russell, a colleague of Leonard Read and a classical liberal himself. Russell justified the choice of the term as follows:

Many of us call ourselves "liberals." And it is true that the word "liberal" once described persons who respected the individual and feared the use of mass compulsions. But the leftists have now corrupted that once-proud term to identify themselves and their program of more government ownership of property and more controls over persons. As a result, those of us who believe in freedom must explain that when we call ourselves liberals, we mean liberals in the uncorrupted classical sense. At best, this is awkward and subject to misunderstanding. Here is a suggestion: Let those of us who love liberty trade-mark and reserve for our own use the good and honorable word "libertarian."[45][46][47]

Subsequently, a growing number of Americans with classical liberal beliefs began to describe themselves as libertarians. One person responsible for popularizing the term libertarian in this sense was Murray Rothbard, who started publishing libertarian works in the 1960s.[48] Rothbard described this modern use of the words overtly as a "capture" from his enemies, writing that "for the first time in my memory, we, 'our side,' had captured a crucial word from the enemy. 'Libertarians' had long been simply a polite word for left-wing anarchists, that is for anti-private property anarchists, either of the communist or syndicalist variety. But now we had taken it over".[24][8]

In the 1970s, Robert Nozick was responsible for popularizing this usage of the term in academic and philosophical circles outside the United States,[23][49][50] especially with the publication of Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974), a response to social liberal John Rawls's A Theory of Justice (1971).[51] In the book, Nozick proposed a minimal state on the grounds that it was an inevitable phenomenon which could arise without violating individual rights.[52]

According to common meanings of conservative and liberal, libertarianism in the United States has been described as conservative on economic issues (economic liberalism and fiscal conservatism) and liberal on personal freedom (civil libertarianism and cultural liberalism).[53] It is also often associated with a foreign policy of non-interventionism.[54][55]

Although libertarianism originated as a form of left-wing politics,[21][56] the development in the mid-20th century of modern libertarianism in the United States led several authors and political scientists to use two or more categorizations[3][4] to distinguish libertarian views on the nature of property and capital, usually along leftright or socialistcapitalist lines,[5] Unlike right-libertarians, who reject the label due to its association with conservatism and right-wing politics, calling themselves simply libertarians, proponents of free-market anti-capitalism in the United States consciously label themselves as left-libertarians and see themselves as being part of a broad libertarian left.[21][56]

While the term libertarian has been largely synonymous with anarchism as part of the left,[9][57] continuing today as part of the libertarian left in opposition to the moderate left such as social democracy or authoritarian and statist socialism, its meaning has more recently diluted with wider adoption from ideologically disparate groups,[9] including the right.[15][22] As a term, libertarian can include both the New Left Marxists (who do not associate with a vanguard party) and extreme liberals (primarily concerned with civil liberties). Additionally, some libertarians use the term libertarian socialist to avoid anarchism's negative connotations and emphasize its connections with socialism.[9][58]

The revival of free-market ideologies during the mid- to late 20th century came with disagreement over what to call the movement. While many of its adherents prefer the term libertarian, many conservative libertarians reject the term's association with the 1960s New Left and its connotations of libertine hedonism.[59] The movement is divided over the use of conservatism as an alternative.[60] Those who seek both economic and social liberty would be known as liberals, but that term developed associations opposite of the limited government, low-taxation, minimal state advocated by the movement.[61] Name variants of the free-market revival movement include classical liberalism, economic liberalism, free-market liberalism and neoliberalism.[59] As a term, libertarian or economic libertarian has the most colloquial acceptance to describe a member of the movement, with the latter term being based on both the ideology's primacy of economics and its distinction from libertarians of the New Left.[60]

While both historical libertarianism and contemporary economic libertarianism share general antipathy towards power by government authority, the latter exempts power wielded through free-market capitalism. Historically, libertarians including Herbert Spencer and Max Stirner supported the protection of an individual's freedom from powers of government and private ownership.[62] In contrast, while condemning governmental encroachment on personal liberties, modern American libertarians support freedoms on the basis of their agreement with private property rights.[63] The abolishment of public amenities is a common theme in modern American libertarian writings.[64]

According to modern American libertarian Walter Block, left-libertarians and right-libertarians agree with certain libertarian premises, but "where [they] differ is in terms of the logical implications of these founding axioms".[65] Although several modern American libertarians reject the political spectrum, especially the leftright political spectrum,[26][66][67][68][69] several strands of libertarianism in the United States and right-libertarianism have been described as being right-wing,[70] New Right[71][72] or radical right[73][74] and reactionary.[30] While some American libertarians such as Walter Block,[65] Harry Browne,[67] Tibor Machan,[69] Justin Raimondo,[68] Leonard Read[66] and Murray Rothbard[26] deny any association with either the left or right, other American libertarians such as Kevin Carson,[21] Karl Hess,[75] Roderick T. Long[76] and Sheldon Richman[77] have written about libertarianism's left wing opposition to authoritarian rule and argued that libertarianism is fundamentally a left-wing position.[78] Rothbard himself previously made the same point.[79]

All libertarians begin with a conception of personal autonomy from which they argue in favor of civil liberties and a reduction or elimination of the state.[1] People described as being left-libertarian or right-libertarian generally tend to call themselves simply libertarians and refer to their philosophy as libertarianism. As a result, some political scientists and writers classify the forms of libertarianism into two or more groups[3][4] to distinguish libertarian views on the nature of property and capital.[5][13] In the United States, proponents of free-market anti-capitalism consciously label themselves as left-libertarians and see themselves as being part of a broad libertarian left.[21][56]

Left-libertarianism[15][16][18] encompasses those libertarian beliefs that claim the Earth's natural resources belong to everyone in an egalitarian manner, either unowned or owned collectively.[14][17][19][20][23] Contemporary left-libertarians such as Hillel Steiner, Peter Vallentyne, Philippe Van Parijs, Michael Otsuka and David Ellerman believe the appropriation of land must leave "enough and as good" for others or be taxed by society to compensate for the exclusionary effects of private property.[14][20] Socialist libertarians[10][11][12][13] such as social and individualist anarchists, libertarian Marxists, council communists, Luxemburgists and De Leonists promote usufruct and socialist economic theories, including communism, collectivism, syndicalism and mutualism.[19][21] They criticize the state for being the defender of private property and believe capitalism entails wage slavery.[10][11][12]

Right-libertarianism[15][18][22][23] developed in the United States in the mid-20th century from the works of European writers like John Locke, Friedrich Hayek and Ludwig Von Mises and is the most popular conception of libertarianism in the United States today.[23][49] Commonly referred to as a continuation or radicalization of classical liberalism,[80][81] the most important of these early right-libertarian philosophers was Robert Nozick.[23][49][52] While sharing left-libertarians' advocacy for social freedom, right-libertarians value the social institutions that enforce conditions of capitalism while rejecting institutions that function in opposition to these on the grounds that such interventions represent unnecessary coercion of individuals and abrogation of their economic freedom.[82] Anarcho-capitalists[18][22] seek the elimination of the state in favor of privately funded security services while minarchists defend night-watchman states which maintain only those functions of government necessary to safeguard natural rights, understood in terms of self-ownership or autonomy.[83]

Libertarian paternalism[84] is a position advocated in the international bestseller Nudge by the economist Richard Thaler and the jurist Cass Sunstein.[85] In the book Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman provides the brief summary: "Thaler and Sunstein advocate a position of libertarian paternalism, in which the state and other institutions are allowed to Nudge people to make decisions that serve their own long-term interests. The designation of joining a pension plan as the default option is an example of a nudge. It is difficult to argue that anyone's freedom is diminished by being automatically enrolled in the plan, when they merely have to check a box to opt out".[86] Nudge is considered an important piece of literature in behavioral economics.[86]

In the United States, libertarian is a typology used to describe a political position that advocates small government and is culturally liberal and fiscally conservative in a two-dimensional political spectrum such as the libertarian-inspired Nolan Chart, where the other major typologies are conservative, liberal and populist.[53][87][88][89] Libertarians support legalization of victimless crimes such as the use of marijuana while opposing high levels of taxation and government spending on health, welfare and education.[53] Libertarian was adopted in the United States, where liberal had become associated with a version that supports extensive government spending on social policies.[47] Libertarian may also refers to an anarchist ideology that developed in the 19th century and to a liberal version which developed in the United States that is avowedly pro-capitalist.[14][15][18]

According to polls, approximately one in four Americans self-identify as libertarian.[90][91][92][93] While this group is not typically ideologically driven, the term libertarian is commonly used to describe the form of libertarianism widely practiced in the United States and is the common meaning of the word libertarianism in the United States.[23] This form is often named liberalism elsewhere such as in Europe, where liberalism has a different common meaning than in the United States.[47] In some academic circles, this form is called right-libertarianism as a complement to left-libertarianism, with acceptance of capitalism or the private ownership of land as being the distinguishing feature.[14][15][18]

Although elements of libertarianism can be traced as far back as the ancient Chinese philosopher Lao-Tzu and the higher-law concepts of the Greeks and the Israelites,[94][95] it was in 17th-century England that libertarian ideas began to take modern form in the writings of the Levellers and John Locke. In the middle of that century, opponents of royal power began to be called Whigs, or sometimes simply Opposition or Country, as opposed to Court writers.[96]

During the 18th century and Age of Enlightenment, liberal ideas flourished in Europe and North America.[97][98] Libertarians of various schools were influenced by liberal ideas.[99] For philosopher Roderick T. Long, libertarians "share a commonor at least an overlappingintellectual ancestry. [Libertarians] [...] claim the seventeenth century English Levellers and the eighteenth century French encyclopedists among their ideological forebears; and [...] usually share an admiration for Thomas Jefferson[100][101][102] and Thomas Paine".[103]

John Locke greatly influenced both libertarianism and the modern world in his writings published before and after the English Revolution of 1688, especially A Letter Concerning Toleration (1667), Two Treatises of Government (1689) and An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690). In the text of 1689, he established the basis of liberal political theory, i.e. that people's rights existed before government; that the purpose of government is to protect personal and property rights; that people may dissolve governments that do not do so; and that representative government is the best form to protect rights.[104]

The United States Declaration of Independence was inspired by Locke in its statement: "[T]o secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it".[105] Nevertheless, scholar Ellen Meiksins Wood says that "there are doctrines of individualism that are opposed to Lockean individualism [...] and non-Lockean individualism may encompass socialism".[106]

According to Murray Rothbard, the libertarian creed emerged from the liberal challenges to an "absolute central State and a king ruling by divine right on top of an older, restrictive web of feudal land monopolies and urban guild controls and restrictions" as well as the mercantilism of a bureaucratic warfaring state allied with privileged merchants. The object of liberals was individual liberty in the economy, in personal freedoms and civil liberty, separation of state and religion and peace as an alternative to imperial aggrandizement. He cites Locke's contemporaries, the Levellers, who held similar views. Also influential were the English Cato's Letters during the early 1700s, reprinted eagerly by American colonists who already were free of European aristocracy and feudal land monopolies.[105]

In January 1776, only two years after coming to America from England, Thomas Paine published his pamphlet Common Sense calling for independence for the colonies.[107] Paine promoted liberal ideas in clear and concise language that allowed the general public to understand the debates among the political elites.[108] Common Sense was immensely popular in disseminating these ideas,[109] selling hundreds of thousands of copies.[110] Paine would later write the Rights of Man and The Age of Reason and participate in the French Revolution.[107] Paine's theory of property showed a "libertarian concern" with the redistribution of resources.[111]

In 1793, William Godwin wrote a libertarian philosophical treatise titled Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and its Influence on Morals and Happiness which criticized ideas of human rights and of society by contract based on vague promises. He took liberalism to its logical anarchic conclusion by rejecting all political institutions, law, government and apparatus of coercion as well as all political protest and insurrection. Instead of institutionalized justice, Godwin proposed that people influence one another to moral goodness through informal reasoned persuasion, including in the associations they joined as this would facilitate happiness.[112][113]

Modern anarchism sprang from the secular or religious thought of the Enlightenment, particularly Jean-Jacques Rousseau's arguments for the moral centrality of freedom.[114]

As part of the political turmoil of the 1790s in the wake of the French Revolution, William Godwin developed the first expression of modern anarchist thought.[115][116] According to Peter Kropotkin, Godwin was "the first to formulate the political and economical conceptions of anarchism, even though he did not give that name to the ideas developed in his work"[117] while Godwin attached his anarchist ideas to an early Edmund Burke.[118]

Godwin is generally regarded as the founder of the school of thought known as philosophical anarchism. He argued in Political Justice (1793)[116][119] that government has an inherently malevolent influence on society and that it perpetuates dependency and ignorance. He thought that the spread of the use of reason to the masses would eventually cause government to wither away as an unnecessary force. Although he did not accord the state with moral legitimacy, he was against the use of revolutionary tactics for removing the government from power. Rather, Godwin advocated for its replacement through a process of peaceful evolution.[116][120]

His aversion to the imposition of a rules-based society led him to denounce, as a manifestation of the people's "mental enslavement", the foundations of law, property rights and even the institution of marriage. Godwin considered the basic foundations of society as constraining the natural development of individuals to use their powers of reasoning to arrive at a mutually beneficial method of social organization. In each case, government and its institutions are shown to constrain the development of our capacity to live wholly in accordance with the full and free exercise of private judgment.[116]

In France, various anarchist currents were present during the Revolutionary period, with some revolutionaries using the term anarchiste in a positive light as early as September 1793.[121] The enrags opposed revolutionary government as a contradiction in terms. Denouncing the Jacobin dictatorship, Jean Varlet wrote in 1794 that "government and revolution are incompatible, unless the people wishes to set its constituted authorities in permanent insurrection against itself".[122] In his "Manifesto of the Equals", Sylvain Marchal looked forward to the disappearance, once and for all, of "the revolting distinction between rich and poor, of great and small, of masters and valets, of governors and governed".[122]

Libertarian communism, libertarian Marxism and libertarian socialism are all terms which activists with a variety of perspectives have applied to their views.[123] Anarchist communist philosopher Joseph Djacque was the first person to describe himself as a libertarian.[124] Unlike mutualist anarchist philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, he argued that "it is not the product of his or her labor that the worker has a right to, but to the satisfaction of his or her needs, whatever may be their nature".[125][126] According to anarchist historian Max Nettlau, the first use of the term libertarian communism was in November 1880, when a French anarchist congress employed it to more clearly identify its doctrines.[127] The French anarchist journalist Sbastien Faure started the weekly paper Le Libertaire (The Libertarian) in 1895.[128]

Individualist anarchism represents several traditions of thought within the anarchist movement that emphasize the individual and their will over any kinds of external determinants such as groups, society, traditions, and ideological systems.[129][130] An influential form of individualist anarchism called egoism[131] or egoist anarchism was expounded by one of the earliest and best-known proponents of individualist anarchism, the German Max Stirner.[132] Stirner's The Ego and Its Own, published in 1844, is a founding text of the philosophy.[132] According to Stirner, the only limitation on the rights of the individual is their power to obtain what they desire,[133] without regard for God, state or morality.[134] Stirner advocated self-assertion and foresaw unions of egoists, non-systematic associations continually renewed by all parties' support through an act of will,[135] which Stirner proposed as a form of organisation in place of the state.[136] Egoist anarchists argue that egoism will foster genuine and spontaneous union between individuals.[137] Egoism has inspired many interpretations of Stirner's philosophy. Stirner's philosophy was re-discovered and promoted by German philosophical anarchist and LGBT activist John Henry Mackay. Josiah Warren is widely regarded as the first American anarchist,[138] and the four-page weekly paper he edited during 1833, The Peaceful Revolutionist, was the first anarchist periodical published.[139] For American anarchist historian Eunice Minette Schuster, "[i]t is apparent [...] that Proudhonian Anarchism was to be found in the United States at least as early as 1848 and that it was not conscious of its affinity to the Individualist Anarchism of Josiah Warren and Stephen Pearl Andrews. [...] William B. Greene presented this Proudhonian Mutualism in its purest and most systematic form".[140]

Later, Benjamin Tucker fused Stirner's egoism with the economics of Warren and Proudhon in his eclectic influential publication Liberty. From these early influences, individualist anarchism in different countries attracted a small yet diverse following of bohemian artists and intellectuals,[141] free love and birth control advocates (anarchism and issues related to love and sex),[142][143] individualist naturists nudists (anarcho-naturism),[144][145][146] free thought and anti-clerical activists[147][148] as well as young anarchist outlaws in what became known as illegalism and individual reclamation[149][150] (European individualist anarchism and individualist anarchism in France). These authors and activists included mile Armand, Han Ryner, Henri Zisly, Renzo Novatore, Miguel Gimenez Igualada, Adolf Brand and Lev Chernyi.

In 1873, the follower and translator of Proudhon, the Catalan Francesc Pi i Margall, became President of Spain with a program which wanted "to establish a decentralized, or "cantonalist," political system on Proudhonian lines",[151] who according to Rudolf Rocker had "political ideas, [...] much in common with those of Richard Price, Joseph Priestly [sic], Thomas Paine, Jefferson, and other representatives of the Anglo-American liberalism of the first period. He wanted to limit the power of the state to a minimum and gradually replace it by a Socialist economic order".[152] On the other hand, Fermn Salvochea was a mayor of the city of Cdiz and a president of the province of Cdiz. He was one of the main propagators of anarchist thought in that area in the late 19th century and is considered to be "perhaps the most beloved figure in the Spanish Anarchist movement of the 19th century".[153][154] Ideologically, he was influenced by Bradlaugh, Owen and Paine, whose works he had studied during his stay in England and Kropotkin, whom he read later.[153]

The revolutionary wave of 19171923 saw the active participation of anarchists in Russia and Europe. Russian anarchists participated alongside the Bolsheviks in both the February and October 1917 revolutions. However, Bolsheviks in central Russia quickly began to imprison or drive underground the libertarian anarchists. Many fled to the Ukraine,[155] where they fought to defend the Free Territory in the Russian Civil War against the White movement, monarchists and other opponents of revolution and then against Bolsheviks as part of the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine led by Nestor Makhno, who established an anarchist society in the region for a number of months. Expelled American anarchists Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman protested Bolshevik policy before they left Russia.[156] The victory of the Bolsheviks damaged anarchist movements internationally as workers and activists joined Communist parties. In France and the United States, for example, members of the major syndicalist movements of the CGT and IWW joined the Communist International.[157] In Paris, the Dielo Truda group of Russian anarchist exiles which included Nestor Makhno issued a 1926 manifesto, the Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists (Draft), calling for new anarchist organizing structures.[158][159]

In Germany, the Bavarian Soviet Republic of 19181919 had libertarian socialist characteristics.[160][161] In Italy, the anarcho-syndicalist trade union Unione Sindacale Italiana grew to 800,000 members from 1918 to 1921 during the so-called Biennio Rosso.[162] With the rise of fascism in Europe between the 1920s and the 1930s, anarchists began to fight fascists in Italy,[163] in France during the February 1934 riots[164] and in Spain where the CNT (Confederacin Nacional del Trabajo) boycott of elections led to a right-wing victory and its later participation in voting in 1936 helped bring the popular front back to power. This led to a ruling class attempted coup and the Spanish Civil War (19361939).[165] Gruppo Comunista Anarchico di Firenze held that the during early twentieth century, the terms libertarian communism and anarchist communism became synonymous within the international anarchist movement as a result of the close connection they had in Spain (anarchism in Spain), with libertarian communism becoming the prevalent term.[166]

Murray Bookchin wrote that the Spanish libertarian movement of the mid-1930s was unique because its workers' control and collectiveswhich came out of a three-generation "massive libertarian movement"divided the republican camp and challenged the Marxists. "Urban anarchists" created libertarian communist forms of organization which evolved into the CNT, a syndicalist union providing the infrastructure for a libertarian society. Also formed were local bodies to administer social and economic life on a decentralized libertarian basis. Much of the infrastructure was destroyed during the 1930s Spanish Civil War against authoritarian and fascist forces.[167]

The Iberian Federation of Libertarian Youth[168] (FIJL, Spanish: Federacin Ibrica de Juventudes Libertarias), sometimes abbreviated as Libertarian Youth (Juventudes Libertarias), was a libertarian socialist[169] organization created in 1932 in Madrid.[170] At its second congress in February 1937, the FIJL organized a plenum of regional organizations. In October 1938, from the 16th through the 30th in Barcelona the FIJL participated in a national plenum of the libertarian movement, also attended by members of the CNT and the Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI).[171] The FIJL exists until today. When the republican forces lost the Spanish Civil War, the city of Madrid was turned over to the Francoist forces in 1939 by the last non-Francoist mayor of the city, the anarchist Melchor Rodrguez Garca.[172] During autumn of 1931, the "Manifesto of the 30" was published by militants of the anarchist trade union CNT and among those who signed it there was the CNT General Secretary (19221923) Joan Peiro, Angel Pestaa CNT (General Secretary in 1929) and Juan Lopez Sanchez. They were called treintismo and they were calling for libertarian possibilism which advocated achieving libertarian socialist ends with participation inside structures of contemporary parliamentary democracy.[173] In 1932, they establish the Syndicalist Party which participates in the 1936 Spanish general elections and proceed to be a part of the leftist coalition of parties known as the Popular Front obtaining two congressmen (Pestaa and Benito Pabon). In 1938, Horacio Prieto, general secretary of the CNT, proposes that the Iberian Anarchist Federation transforms itself into the Libertarian Socialist Party and that it participates in the national elections.[174]

The Manifesto of Libertarian Communism was written in 1953 by Georges Fontenis for the Federation Communiste Libertaire of France. It is one of the key texts of the anarchist-communist current known as platformism.[175] In 1968, the International of Anarchist Federations was founded during an international anarchist conference in Carrara, Italy to advance libertarian solidarity. It wanted to form "a strong and organized workers movement, agreeing with the libertarian ideas".[176][177] In the United States, the Libertarian League was founded in New York City in 1954 as a left-libertarian political organization building on the Libertarian Book Club.[178][179] Members included Sam Dolgoff,[180] Russell Blackwell, Dave Van Ronk, Enrico Arrigoni[181] and Murray Bookchin.

In Australia, the Sydney Push was a predominantly left-wing intellectual subculture in Sydney from the late 1940s to the early 1970s which became associated with the label Sydney libertarianism. Well known associates of the Push include Jim Baker, John Flaus, Harry Hooton, Margaret Fink, Sasha Soldatow,[182] Lex Banning, Eva Cox, Richard Appleton, Paddy McGuinness, David Makinson, Germaine Greer, Clive James, Robert Hughes, Frank Moorhouse and Lillian Roxon. Amongst the key intellectual figures in Push debates were philosophers David J. Ivison, George Molnar, Roelof Smilde, Darcy Waters and Jim Baker, as recorded in Baker's memoir Sydney Libertarians and the Push, published in the libertarian Broadsheet in 1975.[183] An understanding of libertarian values and social theory can be obtained from their publications, a few of which are available online.[184][185]

In 1969, French platformist anarcho-communist Daniel Gurin published an essay in 1969 called "Libertarian Marxism?" in which he dealt with the debate between Karl Marx and Mikhail Bakunin at the First International and afterwards suggested that "libertarian Marxism rejects determinism and fatalism, giving the greater place to individual will, intuition, imagination, reflex speeds, and to the deep instincts of the masses, which are more far-seeing in hours of crisis than the reasonings of the 'elites'; libertarian Marxism thinks of the effects of surprise, provocation and boldness, refuses to be cluttered and paralyzed by a heavy 'scientific' apparatus, doesn't equivocate or bluff, and guards itself from adventurism as much as from fear of the unknown".[186]

Libertarian Marxist currents often draw from Marx and Engels' later works, specifically the Grundrisse and The Civil War in France.[187] They emphasize the Marxist belief in the ability of the working class to forge its own destiny without the need for a revolutionary party or state.[188] Libertarian Marxism includes currents such an autonomism, council communism, left communism, Lettrism, New Left, Situationism, Socialisme ou Barbarie and operaismo, among others.[189]

In the United States, there existed from 1970 to 1981 the publication Root & Branch[190] which had as a subtitle A Libertarian Marxist Journal.[191] In 1974, the Libertarian Communism journal was started in the United Kingdom by a group inside the Socialist Party of Great Britain.[192] In 1986, the anarcho-syndicalist Sam Dolgoff started and led the publication Libertarian Labor Review in the United States[193] which decided to rename itself as Anarcho-Syndicalist Review in order to avoid confusion with right-libertarian views.[194]

The indigenous anarchist tradition in the United States was largely individualist.[195] In 1825, Josiah Warren became aware of the social system of utopian socialist Robert Owen and began to talk with others in Cincinnati about founding a communist colony.[196] When this group failed to come to an agreement about the form and goals of their proposed community, Warren "sold his factory after only two years of operation, packed up his young family, and took his place as one of 900 or so Owenites who had decided to become part of the founding population of New Harmony, Indiana".[197] Warren termed the phrase "cost the limit of price"[198] and "proposed a system to pay people with certificates indicating how many hours of work they did. They could exchange the notes at local time stores for goods that took the same amount of time to produce".[199] He put his theories to the test by establishing an experimental labor-for-labor store called the Cincinnati Time Store where trade was facilitated by labor notes. The store proved successful and operated for three years, after which it was closed so that Warren could pursue establishing colonies based on mutualism, including Utopia and Modern Times. After New Harmony failed, Warren shifted his "ideological loyalties" from socialism to anarchism "which was no great leap, given that Owen's socialism had been predicated on Godwin's anarchism".[200] Warren is widely regarded as the first American anarchist[199] and the four-page weekly paper The Peaceful Revolutionist he edited during 1833 was the first anarchist periodical published,[139] an enterprise for which he built his own printing press, cast his own type and made his own printing plates.[139]

Catalan historian Xavier Diez reports that the intentional communal experiments pioneered by Warren were influential in European individualist anarchists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries such as mile Armand and the intentional communities started by them.[201] Warren said that Stephen Pearl Andrews, individualist anarchist and close associate, wrote the most lucid and complete exposition of Warren's own theories in The Science of Society, published in 1852.[202] Andrews was formerly associated with the Fourierist movement, but converted to radical individualism after becoming acquainted with the work of Warren. Like Warren, he held the principle of "individual sovereignty" as being of paramount importance. Contemporary American anarchist Hakim Bey reports:

Steven Pearl Andrews [...] was not a Fourierist, but he lived through the brief craze for phalansteries in America and adopted a lot of Fourierist principles and practices [...], a maker of worlds out of words. He syncretized abolitionism in the United States, free love, spiritual universalism, Warren, and Fourier into a grand utopian scheme he called the Universal Pantarchy. [...] He was instrumental in founding several 'intentional communities,' including the 'Brownstone Utopia' on 14th St. in New York, and 'Modern Times' in Brentwood, Long Island. The latter became as famous as the best-known Fourierist communes (Brook Farm in Massachusetts & the North American Phalanx in New Jersey)in fact, Modern Times became downright notorious (for 'Free Love') and finally foundered under a wave of scandalous publicity. Andrews (and Victoria Woodhull) were members of the infamous Section 12 of the 1st International, expelled by Marx for its anarchist, feminist, and spiritualist tendencies.[203]

For American anarchist historian Eunice Minette Schuster, "[i]t is apparent that Proudhonian Anarchism was to be found in the United States at least as early as 1848 and that it was not conscious of its affinity to the Individualist Anarchism of Josiah Warren and Stephen Pearl Andrews. William B. Greene presented this Proudhonian Mutualism in its purest and most systematic form".[204] William Batchelder Greene was a 19th-century mutualist individualist anarchist, Unitarian minister, soldier and promoter of free banking in the United States. Greene is best known for the works Mutual Banking, which proposed an interest-free banking system; and Transcendentalism, a critique of the New England philosophical school. After 1850, he became active in labor reform.[204] He was elected vice president of the New England Labor Reform League, "the majority of the members holding to Proudhon's scheme of mutual banking, and in 1869 president of the Massachusetts Labor Union".[204] Greene then published Socialistic, Mutualistic, and Financial Fragments (1875).[204] He saw mutualism as the synthesis of "liberty and order".[204] His "associationism [...] is checked by individualism. [...] 'Mind your own business,' 'Judge not that ye be not judged.' Over matters which are purely personal, as for example, moral conduct, the individual is sovereign, as well as over that which he himself produces. For this reason he demands 'mutuality' in marriagethe equal right of a woman to her own personal freedom and property".[204]

Poet, naturalist and transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau was an important early influence in individualist anarchist thought in the United States and Europe. He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings; and his essay Civil Disobedience (Resistance to Civil Government), an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state. In Walden, Thoreau advocates simple living and self-sufficiency among natural surroundings in resistance to the advancement of industrial civilization.[205] Civil Disobedience, first published in 1849, argues that people should not permit governments to overrule or atrophy their consciences and that people have a duty to avoid allowing such acquiescence to enable the government to make them the agents of injustice. These works influenced green anarchism, anarcho-primitivism and anarcho-pacifism[206] as well as figures including Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., Martin Buber and Leo Tolstoy.[206] For George Woodcock, this attitude can be also motivated by certain idea of resistance to progress and of rejection of the growing materialism which is the nature of American society in the mid-19th century".[205] Zerzan included Thoreau's "Excursions" in his edited compilation of anti-civilization writings, Against Civilization: Readings and Reflections.[207] Individualist anarchists such as Thoreau[208][209] do not speak of economics, but simply the right of disunion from the state and foresee the gradual elimination of the state through social evolution. Agorist author J. Neil Schulman cites Thoreau as a primary inspiration.[210]

Many economists since Adam Smith have argued thatunlike other taxesa land value tax would not cause economic inefficiency.[211] It would be a progressive tax,[212] i.e. a tax paid primarily by the wealthy, that increases wages, reduces economic inequality, removes incentives to misuse real estate and reduces the vulnerability that economies face from credit and property bubbles.[213][214] Early proponents of this view include Thomas Paine, Herbert Spencer and Hugo Grotius,[215] but the concept was widely popularized by the economist and social reformer Henry George.[216] George believed that people ought to own the fruits of their labor and the value of the improvements they make and therefore he was opposed to income taxes, sales taxes, taxes on improvements and all other taxes on production, labor, trade or commerce. George was among the staunchest defenders of free markets and his book Protection or Free Trade was read into the Congressional Record.[217] Nonetheless, he did support direct management of natural monopolies such as right-of-way monopolies necessary for railroads as a last resort and advocated for elimination of intellectual property arrangements in favor of government sponsored prizes for inventors. In Progress and Poverty, George argued: "Our boasted freedom necessarily involves slavery, so long as we recognize private property in land. Until that is abolished, Declarations of Independence and Acts of Emancipation are in vain. So long as one man can claim the exclusive ownership of the land from which other men must live, slavery will exist, and as material progress goes on, must grow and deepen!"[218] Early followers of George's philosophy called themselves single taxers because they believed that the only legitimate, broad-based tax was land rent. The term Georgism was coined later, though some modern proponents prefer the term geoism instead,[219] leaving the meaning of geo (Earth in Greek) deliberately ambiguous. The terms Earth Sharing,[220] geonomics[221] and geolibertarianism[222] are used by some Georgists to represent a difference of emphasis, or real differences about how land rent should be spent, but all agree that land rent should be recovered from its private owners.

Individualist anarchism found in the United States an important space for discussion and development within the group known as the Boston anarchists.[223] Even among the 19th-century American individualists there was no monolithic doctrine and they disagreed amongst each other on various issues including intellectual property rights and possession versus property in land.[224][225][226] Some Boston anarchists, including Benjamin Tucker, identified as socialists, which in the 19th century was often used in the sense of a commitment to improving conditions of the working class (i.e. "the labor problem").[227] Lysander Spooner, besides his individualist anarchist activism, was also an anti-slavery activist and member of the First International.[228] Tucker argued that the elimination of what he called "the four monopolies"the land monopoly, the money and banking monopoly, the monopoly powers conferred by patents and the quasi-monopolistic effects of tariffswould undermine the power of the wealthy and big business, making possible widespread property ownership and higher incomes for ordinary people, while minimizing the power of would-be bosses and achieving socialist goals without state action. Tucker's anarchist periodical, Liberty, was published from August 1881 to April 1908.

The publication Liberty, emblazoned with Proudhon's quote that liberty is "Not the Daughter But the Mother of Order" was instrumental in developing and formalizing the individualist anarchist philosophy through publishing essays and serving as a forum for debate. Contributors included Benjamin Tucker, Lysander Spooner, Auberon Herbert, Dyer Lum, Joshua K. Ingalls, John Henry Mackay, Victor Yarros, Wordsworth Donisthorpe, James L. Walker, J. William Lloyd, Florence Finch Kelly, Voltairine de Cleyre, Steven T. Byington, John Beverley Robinson, Jo Labadie, Lillian Harman and Henry Appleton.[229] Later, Tucker and others abandoned their traditional support of natural rights and converted to an egoism modeled upon the philosophy of Max Stirner.[225] A number of natural rights proponents stopped contributing in protest. Several periodicals were undoubtedly influenced by Liberty's presentation of egoism, including I published by Clarence Lee Swartz and edited by William Walstein Gordak and J. William Lloyd (all associates of Liberty); and The Ego and The Egoist, both of which were edited by Edward H. Fulton. Among the egoist papers that Tucker followed were the German Der Eigene, edited by Adolf Brand; and The Eagle and The Serpent, issued from London. The latter, the most prominent English language egoist journal, was published from 1898 to 1900 with the subtitle A Journal of Egoistic Philosophy and Sociology.[230][231]

Henry George was an American political economist and journalist who advocated that all economic value derived from land, including natural resources, should belong equally to all members of society. Strongly opposed to feudalism and the privatisation of land, George created the philosophy of Georgism, or geoism, influential among many left-libertarians, including geolibertarians and geoanarchists. Much like the English Digger movement, who held all material possessions in common, George claimed that land and its financial properties belong to everyone, and that to hold land as private property would lead to immense inequalities, including authority from the private owners of such ground.

Prior to states assigning property owners slices of either once populated or uninhabited land, the world's earth was held in common. When all resources that derive from land are put to achieving a higher quality of life, not just for employers or landlords, but to serve the general interests and comforts of a wider community, Geolibertarians claim vastly higher qualities of life can be reached, especially with ever advancing technology and industrialised agriculture.

The Levellers, also known as the Diggers, were a 17th-century anti-authoritarian movement that stood in resistance to the English government and the feudalism it was pushing through the forced privatisation of land known as the enclosure around the time of the First English Civil War. Devout Protestants, Gerrard Winstanley was a prominent member of the community and with a very progressive interpretation of his religion sought to end buying and selling, instead for all inhabitants of a society to share their material possessions and to hold all things in common, without money or payment. With the complete abolition of private property, including that of private land, the English Levellers created a pool of property where all properties belonged in equal measure to everyone. Often seen as some of the first practising anarchists, the Digger movement is considered Christian communist and extremely early libertarian communism.

By around the start of the 20th century, the heyday of individualist anarchism had passed.[232] H. L. Mencken and Albert Jay Nock were the first prominent figures in the United States to describe themselves as libertarian as synonym for liberal. They believed that Franklin D. Roosevelt had co-opted the word liberal for his New Deal policies which they opposed and used libertarian to signify their allegiance to classical liberalism, individualism and limited government.[233] In 1914, Nock joined the staff of The Nation magazine which at the time was supportive of liberal capitalism. A lifelong admirer of Henry George, Nock went on to become co-editor of The Freeman from 1920 to 1924, a publication initially conceived as a vehicle for the single tax movement, financed by the wealthy wife of the magazine's other editor Francis Neilson.[234] Critic H. L. Mencken wrote that "[h]is editorials during the three brief years of the Freeman set a mark that no other man of his trade has ever quite managed to reach. They were well-informed and sometimes even learned, but there was never the slightest trace of pedantry in them".[235]

Executive Vice President of the Cato Institute David Boaz wrote: "In 1943, at one of the lowest points for liberty and humanity in history, three remarkable women published books that could be said to have given birth to the modern libertarian movement".[236] Isabel Paterson's The God of the Machine, Rose Wilder Lane's The Discovery of Freedom and Ayn Rand's The Fountainhead each promoted individualism and capitalism. None of the three used the term libertarianism to describe their beliefs and Rand specifically rejected the label, criticizing the burgeoning American libertarian movement as the "hippies of the right".[237] Rand's own philosophy of Objectivism is notedly similar to libertarianism and she accused libertarians of plagiarizing her ideas.[237] Rand stated:

All kinds of people today call themselves "libertarians," especially something calling itself the New Right, which consists of hippies who are anarchists instead of leftist collectivists; but anarchists are collectivists. Capitalism is the one system that requires absolute objective law, yet libertarians combine capitalism and anarchism. That's worse than anything the New Left has proposed. It's a mockery of philosophy and ideology. They sling slogans and try to ride on two bandwagons. They want to be hippies, but don't want to preach collectivism because those jobs are already taken. But anarchism is a logical outgrowth of the anti-intellectual side of collectivism. I could deal with a Marxist with a greater chance of reaching some kind of understanding, and with much greater respect. Anarchists are the scum of the intellectual world of the Left, which has given them up. So the Right picks up another leftist discard. That's the libertarian movement.[238]

In 1946, Leonard E. Read founded the Foundation for Economic Education (FEE), an American nonprofit educational organization which promotes the principles of laissez-faire economics, private property and limited government.[239] According to Gary North, former FEE director of seminars and a current Mises Institute scholar, the FEE is the "granddaddy of all libertarian organizations".[240] The initial officers of the FEE were Leonard E. Read as president, Austrian School economist Henry Hazlitt as vice president and David Goodrich of B. F. Goodrich as chairman. Other trustees on the FEE board have included wealthy industrialist Jasper Crane of DuPont, H. W. Luhnow of William Volker & Co. and Robert W. Welch Jr., founder of the John Birch Society.[242][243]

Austrian School economist Murray Rothbard was initially an enthusiastic partisan of the Old Right, particularly because of its general opposition to war and imperialism,[244] but long embraced a reading of American history that emphasized the role of elite privilege in shaping legal and political institutions. He was part of Ayn Rand's circle for a brief period, but later harshly criticized Objectivism.[245] He praised Rand's Atlas Shrugged and wrote that she "introduced me to the whole field of natural rights and natural law philosophy", prompting him to learn "the glorious natural rights tradition".[246] He soon broke with Rand over various differences, including his defense of anarchism, calling his philosophy anarcho-capitalism. Rothbard was influenced by the work of the 19th-century American individualist anarchists[247] and sought to meld their advocacy of free markets and private defense with the principles of Austrian economics.[248]

Karl Hess, a speechwriter for Barry Goldwater and primary author of the Republican Party's 1960 and 1964 platforms, became disillusioned with traditional politics following the 1964 presidential campaign in which Goldwater lost to Lyndon B. Johnson. He parted with the Republicans altogether after being rejected for employment with the party, and began work as a heavy-duty welder. Hess began reading American anarchists largely due to the recommendations of his friend Murray Rothbard and said that upon reading the works of communist anarchist Emma Goldman, he discovered that anarchists believed everything he had hoped the Republican Party would represent. For Hess, Goldman was the source for the best and most essential theories of Ayn Rand without any of the "crazy solipsism that Rand was so fond of".[249] Hess and Rothbard founded the journal Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought, which was published from 1965 to 1968, with George Resch and Leonard P. Liggio. In 1969, they edited The Libertarian Forum which Hess left in 1971. Hess eventually put his focus on the small scale, stating that society is "people together making culture". He deemed two of his cardinal social principles to be "opposition to central political authority" and "concern for people as individuals". His rejection of standard American party politics was reflected in a lecture he gave during which he said: "The Democrats or liberals think that everybody is stupid and therefore they need somebody [...] to tell them how to behave themselves. The Republicans think everybody is lazy".[250]

The Vietnam War split the uneasy alliance between growing numbers of American libertarians and conservatives who believed in limiting liberty to uphold moral virtues. Libertarians opposed to the war joined the draft resistance and peace movements as well as organizations such as Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). In 1969 and 1970, Hess joined with others, including Murray Rothbard, Robert LeFevre, Dana Rohrabacher, Samuel Edward Konkin III and former SDS leader Carl Oglesby to speak at two conferences which brought together activists from both the New Left and the Old Right in what was emerging as a nascent libertarian movement.[251] As part of his effort to unite the left and right wings of libertarianism, Hess would join both the SDS and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), of which he explained: "We used to have a labor movement in this country, until I.W.W. leaders were killed or imprisoned. You could tell labor unions had become captive when business and government began to praise them. They're destroying the militant black leaders the same way now. If the slaughter continues, before long liberals will be asking, 'What happened to the blacks? Why aren't they militant anymore?'"[252] Rothbard ultimately broke with the left, allying himself with the burgeoning paleoconservative movement.[253][254] He criticized the tendency of these libertarians to appeal to "'free spirits,' to people who don't want to push other people around, and who don't want to be pushed around themselves" in contrast to "the bulk of Americans" who "might well be tight-assed conformists, who want to stamp out drugs in their vicinity, kick out people with strange dress habits, etc." Rothbard emphasized that this was relevant as a matter of strategy as the failure to pitch the libertarian message to Middle America might result in the loss of "the tight-assed majority".[255][256] This left-libertarian tradition[257] has been carried to the present day by Konkin III's agorists,[258] contemporary mutualists such as Kevin Carson,[259] Roderick T. Long[260] and others such as Gary Chartier[261] Charles W. Johnson[262][263] Sheldon Richman,[78] Chris Matthew Sciabarra[264] and Brad Spangler.[265]

In 1971, a small group of Americans led by David Nolan formed the Libertarian Party,[266] which has run a presidential candidate every election year since 1972. Other libertarian organizations, such as the Center for Libertarian Studies and the Cato Institute, were also formed in the 1970s.[267] Philosopher John Hospers, a one-time member of Rand's inner circle, proposed a non-initiation of force principle to unite both groups, but this statement later became a required "pledge" for candidates of the Libertarian Party and Hospers became its first presidential candidate in 1972.[268] In the 1980s, Hess joined the Libertarian Party and served as editor of its newspaper from 1986 to 1990. According to Maureen Tkacik, Hess moved to the radical left[269] and was the ideological grandfather of the anti-1% and pro-99% movement, the direct antecedent of thinkers like Ron Paul and both the Tea Party movement and the Occupy movement.[270]

Modern libertarianism gained significant recognition in academia with the publication of Harvard University professor Robert Nozick's Anarchy, State, and Utopia in 1974, for which he received a National Book Award in 1975.[271] In response to John Rawls's A Theory of Justice, Nozick's book supported a minimal state (also called a nightwatchman state by Nozick) on the grounds that the ultraminimal state arises without violating individual rights[272] and the transition from an ultraminimal state to a minimal state is morally obligated to occur. Specifically, Nozick wrote: "We argue that the first transition from a system of private protective agencies to an ultraminimal state, will occur by an invisible-hand process in a morally permissible way that violates no one's rights. Secondly, we argue that the transition from an ultraminimal state to a minimal state morally must occur. It would be morally impermissible for persons to maintain the monopoly in the ultraminimal state without providing protective services for all, even if this requires specific 'redistribution.' The operators of the ultraminimal state are morally obligated to produce the minimal state".[273]

In the early 1970s, Rothbard wrote: "One gratifying aspect of our rise to some prominence is that, for the first time in my memory, we, 'our side,' had captured a crucial word from the enemy. 'Libertarians' had long been simply a polite word for left-wing anarchists, that is for anti-private property anarchists, either of the communist or syndicalist variety. But now we had taken it over".[274] The project of spreading libertarian ideals in the United States has been so successful that some Americans who do not identify as libertarian seem to hold libertarian views.[275] Since the resurgence of neoliberalism in the 1970s, this modern American libertarianism has spread beyond North America via think tanks and political parties.[276][277]

A surge of popular interest in libertarian socialism occurred in Western nations during the 1960s and 1970s.[278] Anarchism was influential in the counterculture of the 1960s[279][280][281] and anarchists actively participated in the protests of 1968 which included students and workers' revolts.[282] In 1968, the International of Anarchist Federations was founded in Carrara, Italy during an international anarchist conference held there in 1968 by the three existing European federations of France, the Italian and the Iberian Anarchist Federation as well as the Bulgarian Anarchist Federation in French exile.[177][283] The uprisings of May 1968 also led to a small resurgence of interest in left communist ideas. Various small left communist groups emerged around the world, predominantly in the leading capitalist countries. A series of conferences of the communist left began in 1976, with the aim of promoting international and cross-tendency discussion, but these petered out in the 1980s without having increased the profile of the movement or its unity of ideas.[284] Left communist groups existing today include the International Communist Party, International Communist Current and the Internationalist Communist Tendency. The housing and employment crisis in most of Western Europe led to the formation of communes and squatter movements like that of Barcelona in Spain. In Denmark, squatters occupied a disused military base and declared the Freetown Christiania, an autonomous haven in central Copenhagen.

Around the turn of the 21st century, libertarian socialism grew in popularity and influence as part of the anti-war, anti-capitalist and anti-globalisation movements.[285] Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the meetings of the World Trade Organization (WTO), Group of Eight and the World Economic Forum. Some anarchist factions at these protests engaged in rioting, property destruction and violent confrontations with police. These actions were precipitated by ad hoc, leaderless, anonymous cadres known as black blocs and other organizational tactics pioneered in this time include security culture, affinity groups and the use of decentralized technologies such as the Internet.[285] A significant event of this period was the confrontations at WTO conference in Seattle in 1999.[285] For English anarchist scholar Simon Critchley, "contemporary anarchism can be seen as a powerful critique of the pseudo-libertarianism of contemporary neo-liberalism. One might say that contemporary anarchism is about responsibility, whether sexual, ecological or socio-economic; it flows from an experience of conscience about the manifold ways in which the West ravages the rest; it is an ethical outrage at the yawning inequality, impoverishment and disenfranchisment that is so palpable locally and globally".[286] This might also have been motivated by "the collapse of 'really existing socialism' and the capitulation to neo-liberalism of Western social democracy".[287]

Libertarian socialists in the early 21st century have been involved in the alter-globalization movement, squatter movement; social centers; infoshops; anti-poverty groups such as Ontario Coalition Against Poverty and Food Not Bombs; tenants' unions; housing cooperatives; intentional communities generally and egalitarian communities; anti-sexist organizing; grassroots media initiatives; digital media and computer activism; experiments in participatory economics; anti-racist and anti-fascist groups like Anti-Racist Action and Anti-Fascist Action; activist groups protecting the rights of immigrants and promoting the free movement of people such as the No Border network; worker co-operatives, countercultural and artist groups; and the peace movement.

In the United States, polls (circa 2006) find that the views and voting habits of between 10% and 20%, or more, of voting age Americans may be classified as "fiscally conservative and socially liberal, or libertarian".[53][87] This is based on pollsters and researchers defining libertarian views as fiscally conservative and socially liberal (based on the common United States meanings of the terms) and against government intervention in economic affairs and for expansion of personal freedoms.[53] In a 2015 Gallup poll this figure had risen to 27%.[93] A 2015 Reuters poll found that 23% of American voters self-identify as libertarians, including 32% in the 1829 age group.[92] Through twenty polls on this topic spanning thirteen years, Gallup found that voters who are libertarian on the political spectrum ranged from 1723% of the United States electorate.[90] However, a 2014 Pew Poll found that 23% of Americans who identify as libertarians have no idea what the word means.[91]

2009 saw the rise of the Tea Party movement, an American political movement known for advocating a reduction in the United States national debt and federal budget deficit by reducing government spending and taxes, which had a significant libertarian component[288] despite having contrasts with libertarian values and views in some areas such as free trade, immigration, nationalism and social issues.[289] A 2011 Reason-Rupe poll found that among those who self-identified as Tea Party supporters, 41 percent leaned libertarian and 59 percent socially conservative.[290] Named after the Boston Tea Party, it also contains conservative[291][292][293] and populist elements[294][295][296] and has sponsored multiple protests and supported various political candidates since 2009. Tea Party activities have declined since 2010 with the number of chapters across the country slipping from about 1,000 to 600.[297][298] Mostly, Tea Party organizations are said to have shifted away from national demonstrations to local issues.[297] Following the selection of Paul Ryan as Mitt Romney's 2012 vice presidential running mate, The New York Times declared that Tea Party lawmakers are no longer a fringe of the conservative coalition, but now "indisputably at the core of the modern Republican Party".[299]

In 2012, anti-war and pro-drug liberalization presidential candidates such as Libertarian Republican Ron Paul and Libertarian Party candidate Gary Johnson raised millions of dollars and garnered millions of votes despite opposition to their obtaining ballot access by both Democrats and Republicans.[300] The 2012 Libertarian National Convention saw Johnson and Jim Gray being nominated as the 2012 presidential ticket for the Libertarian Party, resulting in the most successful result for a third-party presidential candidacy since 2000 and the best in the Libertarian Party's history by vote number. Johnson received 1% of the popular vote, amounting to more than 1.2 million votes.[301][302] Johnson has expressed a desire to win at least 5 percent of the vote so that the Libertarian Party candidates could get equal ballot access and federal funding, thus subsequently ending the two-party system.[303][304][305] The 2016 Libertarian National Convention saw Johnson and Bill Weld nominated as the 2016 presidential ticket and resulted in the most successful result for a third-party presidential candidacy since 1996 and the best in the Libertarian Party's history by vote number. Johnson received 3% of the popular vote, amounting to more than 4.3 million votes.[306]

Current international anarchist federations which identify themselves as libertarian include the International of Anarchist Federations, the International Workers' Association and International Libertarian Solidarity. The largest organized anarchist movement today is in Spain, in the form of the Confederacin General del Trabajo (CGT) and the CNT. CGT membership was estimated to be around 100,000 for 2003.[307] Other active syndicalist movements include the Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden and the Swedish Anarcho-syndicalist Youth Federation in Sweden; the Unione Sindacale Italiana in Italy; Workers Solidarity Alliance in the United States; and Solidarity Federation in the United Kingdom. The revolutionary industrial unionist Industrial Workers of the World claiming 2,000 paying members as well as the International Workers' Association, an anarcho-syndicalist successor to the First International, also remain active. In the United States, there exists the Common Struggle Libertarian Communist Federation.

Since the 1950s, many American libertarian organizations have adopted a free-market stance as well as supporting civil liberties and non-interventionist foreign policies. These include the Ludwig von Mises Institute, Francisco Marroqun University, the Foundation for Economic Education, Center for Libertarian Studies, the Cato Institute and Liberty International. The activist Free State Project, formed in 2001, works to bring 20,000 libertarians to New Hampshire to influence state policy.[308] Active student organizations include Students for Liberty and Young Americans for Liberty. A number of countries have libertarian parties that run candidates for political office. In the United States, the Libertarian Party was formed in 1972 and is the third largest[309][310] American political party, with 511,277 voters (0.46% of total electorate) registered as Libertarian in the 31 states that report Libertarian registration statistics and Washington, D.C.[311]

Criticism of libertarianism includes ethical, economic, environmental, pragmatic and philosophical concerns, especially in relation to right-libertarianism,[312][313][314][315][316][317] including the view that it has no explicit theory of liberty.[49] It has been argued that laissez-faire capitalism does not necessarily produce the best or most efficient outcome,[318][319] nor does its philosophy of individualism and policies of deregulation prevent the abuse of natural resources.[320] Critics such as Corey Robin describe this type of libertarianism as fundamentally a reactionary conservative ideology united with more traditionalist conservative thought and goals by a desire to enforce hierarchical power and social relations.[70]

Similarly, Nancy MacLean has argued that it is a radical right ideology that has stood against democracy. According to MacLean, libertarian-leaning Charles and David Koch have used anonymous, dark money campaign contributions, a network of libertarian institutes and lobbying for the appointment of libertarian, pro-business judges to United States federal and state courts to oppose taxes, public education, employee protection laws, environmental protection laws and the New Deal Social Security program.[321]

Moral and pragmatic criticism of libertarianism also includes allegations of utopianism,[322] tacit authoritarianism[323][324] and vandalism towards feats of civilisation.[325]

Libertarian philosophies such as anarchism are evaluated as unfeasible or utopian by their critics, often in general and formal debate. European history professor Carl Landauer argued that anarchy is unrealistic and that government is a "lesser evil" than a society without "repressive force". He also argued that "ill intentions will cease if repressive force disappears" is an "absurdity".[322] In response, An Anarchist FAQ states the following: "Anarchy is not a utopia, [and] anarchists make no such claims about human perfection. [...] Remaining disputes would be solved by reasonable methods, for example, the use of juries, mutual third parties, or community and workplace assemblies". It also states that "some sort of 'court' system would still be necessary to deal with the remaining crimes and to adjudicate disputes between citizens".[326]

John Donahue argues that if political power were radically shifted to local authorities, parochial local interests would predominate at the expense of the whole and that this would exacerbate current problems with collective action.[327]

Before Donahue, Friedrich Engels claimed in his essay On Authority that radical decentralization would destroy modern industrial civilization, citing an example of railways:[325]

Here too the co-operation of an infinite number of individuals is absolutely necessary, and this co-operation must be practised during precisely fixed hours so that no accidents may happen. Here, too, the first condition of the job is a dominant will that settles all subordinate questions, whether this will is represented by a single delegate or a committee charged with the execution of the resolutions of the majority of persona interested. In either case there is a very pronounced authority. Moreover, what would happen to the first train dispatched if the authority of the railway employees over the Hon. passengers were abolished?

In the end, it is argued that authority in any form is a natural occurrence which should not be abolished.[328]

Michael Lind has observed that of the 195 countries in the world today, none have fully actualized a society as advocated by American libertarians:

If libertarianism was a good idea, wouldn't at least one country have tried it? Wouldn't there be at least one country, out of nearly two hundred, with minimal government, free trade, open borders, decriminalized drugs, no welfare state and no public education system?[329]

Furthermore, Lind has criticized libertarianism in the United States as being incompatible with democracy and apologetic towards autocracy.[330] In response, American libertarian Warren Redlich argues that the United States "was extremely libertarian from the founding until 1860, and still very libertarian until roughly 1930".[331]

The libertarian tendency within anarchism known as platformism has been criticized by other libertarians of preserving tacitly authoritarian, bureaucratic or statist tendencies.[323][324]

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Libertarian Party, U.S. political party devoted to the principles of libertarianism. It supports the rights of individuals to exercise virtual sole authority over their lives and sets itself against the traditional services and regulatory and coercive powers of federal, state, and local governments.

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The Libertarian Party was established in Westminster, Colorado, in 1971 and fielded its first candidate for the presidency in the next years elections. In 1980 it achieved its height of success when it was on the ballot in all 50 states, and its presidential candidate, Edward E. Clark, a California lawyer, received 921,199 votes. Although this vote represented only about 1 percent of the national total, it was enough to make the Libertarian Party the third largest political party in the United States. Libertarian candidates ran in every subsequent presidential election, and several of its members were elected to local and state office, particularly in the West. Though subsequently the party failed to match its 1980 total, its presidential candidates consistently attracted hundreds of thousands of votes, and from 1992 the party consistently secured ballot access in all 50 states. In 2000 the party contested a majority of seats in the House of Representatives, and though it captured no seats, its candidates combined to win 1.7 million votes. The party maintains a national office in Washington, D.C., and has affiliates in every state. The Cato Institute, a public-policy research organization, was founded in 1977 in part by prominent members of the Libertarian Party.

In opposing the purported right of the state to dispose of the lives of individuals and the fruits of their labour, the Libertarian Party contends that a completely free market is a necessary economic condition for prosperity and liberty. To this end most Libertarians call for the repeal of personal and corporate income taxes; the replacement of most government-provided services, including Social Security and the post office, with private and voluntary arrangements; the repeal of regulations, including minimum wage and gun-control laws; and the dismantling of all regulatory bodies that do not promote freely contracted trade. In supporting an individuals right to liberty of speech and action, the Libertarian Party opposes all forms of censorship, insists on the right to keep and bear firearms, and defends the choice of abortion. Noting that the initiation of force against others constitutes a violation of fundamental rights, the Libertarian Party supports the prosecution of criminal violence and fraud but also advocates the repeal of laws against such victimless crimes as gambling, drug use, and prostitution.

Libertarian Party principles are incorporated into its platforms, which are established at semiannual conventions of national party officers and delegates from state affiliates. To direct the ongoing functions of the party, convention delegates elect an 18-member Libertarian National Committee, composed of a chairperson and 3 other officers, 5 at-large members, and 9 regional representatives. Presidential candidates are elected by a simple majority of convention delegates. The party publishes a number of pamphlets and newsletters, including the Libertarian Party News (monthly).

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libertarianism | Definition, Doctrines, History, & Facts …

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Libertarianism, political philosophy that takes individual liberty to be the primary political value. It may be understood as a form of liberalism, the political philosophy associated with the English philosophers John Locke and John Stuart Mill, the Scottish economist Adam Smith, and the American statesman Thomas Jefferson. Liberalism seeks to define and justify the legitimate powers of government in terms of certain natural or God-given individual rights. These rights include the rights to life, liberty, private property, freedom of speech and association, freedom of worship, government by consent, equality under the law, and moral autonomy (the ability to pursue ones own conception of happiness, or the good life). The purpose of government, according to liberals, is to protect these and other individual rights, and in general liberals have contended that government power should be limited to that which is necessary to accomplish this task. Libertarians are classical liberals who strongly emphasize the individual right to liberty. They contend that the scope and powers of government should be constrained so as to allow each individual as much freedom of action as is consistent with a like freedom for everyone else. Thus, they believe that individuals should be free to behave and to dispose of their property as they see fit, provided that their actions do not infringe on the equal freedom of others.

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libertarianism | Definition, Doctrines, History, & Facts ...