Claressa Shields open to Katie Taylor fight but says she is already greatest female boxer of all time – DAZN News US

Claressa Shields has responded positively to recent quotes from Katie Taylor that indicated she would love to one day challenge her fellow undefeated women's boxing icon, despite the gap in weight classes.

Taylor has made it known that she would like to make as many big-name fights happen as possible before she ends her career, including against the likes of Jessica McCaskill, Cecila Braekhus, Shields herself and even MMA star Cris Cyborg.

If Taylor vs. Shields were to happen today, it would pit the current undisputed lightweight champion against the former undisputed and now unified middleweight champion. The Irish fighter says she could go as high as welterweight to make it happen.However, that is still quite the weight-cut for the American, who hasn't made 147lbsince she was 16 years old.

"I would go to 147lbs for a fight with Katie Taylor,"Shields told Metro.co.uk. "I was willing to go to 147 for a fight against Cecilia Braekhus, and I will still go to 147 to fight Jessica McCaskill. But my thing is, 'If you want me to come to 147, you have to pay me to come to 147'.My highest purse is $350k, so to go down to that weight, I would like to be paid the right way and given a fair shot. I think a lot of these fighters want me to come to 147 and not rehydrate, but that's not good for any fighter.I think a fight between me and her, me not rehydrating back up to 160, is fair because she is coming up from a smaller weight class. But don't say I can't rehydrate past 150lbs. That's unfair. Somewhere from 154-158 would be fair."

Shields cited her past experiences with trying to negotiate with a welterweight and how unjust the expectations were.

"I had discussions with Cecilia Braekhus and her team, but they want no parts of me," Shields said."They were saying, 'Yeah, we'll fight at 147, but you can't rehydrate past 150lbs'. 'I was like, "are y'all crazy?"

"For one, I would still whoop her ass if that happened, but I care about how I perform and displaying my best skill set in every fight.I'm not going to go in there looking all tired and sluggish. I'll still win, but I want to be able to watch my film and think, "I did great."

Shields also believes that whatever happens between her and Taylor in the future, she is already well ahead of Katie in the 'greatest female boxer ever' stakes and can not be caught.

"To me, there is no debate, to be honest,"Shields said."I feel like that is me, period.I have a lot of respect for Katie Taylor, and I feel like it really depends what you like inside the ring. Do you like somebody that moves around, and you like people to have competitive fights?Kind of like the fight between Katie Taylor and Delfine Persoon. You will never see me in a fight that close. But I think some people look at that as a plus and it makes them like a fighter more.

"(People say) 'Oh, she got in a war, she won close fights.'Then you watch me go in there with some of the best fighters, and I make them look average, and even though you can say, 'I'm the better fighter'. But people like to know that fighters have vulnerabilities and I haven't shown any vulnerabilities except the fight against [Hanna] Gabriels.She knocked me down in the first round, but when I got back up, it was all hell to pay for her, and I won a unanimous decision. I think in terms of skills and everything we can do inside the ring that I'm definitely the pound-for-pound greatest woman of all time. But those who say Katie Taylor, I don't get mad, I disagree, but that's just their flavour."

Shields next steps into the boxing ring on March 5 in her hometown of Flint, Michigan, against Canada'sMarie-Eve Dicaire, but will also make her professional MMA debut later in the year.

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Claressa Shields open to Katie Taylor fight but says she is already greatest female boxer of all time - DAZN News US

”The Nevers” to premiere on HBO in April – Outlook India

Los Angeles, Feb 3 (PTI) "The Nevers", a sci-fi period drama created by Joss Whedon, will air on HBO in April, the premium cable network has announced.

HBO released a teaser trailer of the show on Tuesday night that gave a glimpse into "The Nevers", which revolves around a gang of Victorian women who find themselves with unusual abilities, relentless enemies, and a mission that might change the world.

According to The Hollywood Reporter, Whedon exited the show in late November citing "the physical challenges of making such a huge show during a global pandemic".

Screenwriter Philippa Goslett, known for her work in films like "Mary Magdalene" and "How to Talk to Girls at Parties", took over showrunner duties from Whedon last week.

Led by Laura Donnelly, Ann Skelley, Olivia Williams and Nick Frost, the cast of the show also includes Kiran Sonia Sawar, Elizabeth Berrington, Ella Smith, Viola Prettejohn, Anna Devlin and Martyn Ford.

The six episodes HBO will debut in the spring were filmed before Whedon''s departure.

The remainder of the first season, under Goslett, will follow at a later time.

Whedon and producers Geoff Johns and Jon Berg were under investigation by WarnerMedia, HBO''s parent company, over allegations of misconduct on the set of "Justice League" made by star Ray Fisher, who starred as Victor Stone alias Cyborg in the DC comicbook film adaptations.

Late December last year, WarnerMedia said the company had concluded the investigation and "remedial action" had been taken, without elaborating what it entailed.

Whedon stepped in for Zach Snyder on the 2017 superhero project after the latter exited the film in the wake of a family tragedy.

When the completion of the probe was announced by WarnerMedia, Fisher said he will not be part of any project associated with DC Films President Walter Hamada, whom the actor earlier called "most dangerous kind of enabler".

In January, Fisher confirmed he had received official confirmation that studio Warner Bros has decided to "remove" him from the cast of their upcoming superhero movie "The Flash".

In his previous posts, the actor has accused Hamada of protecting Johns and Whedon by hampering the studio''s investigation into his allegations.

Hamada became president of DC Films in 2018, after "Justice League" opened in theatres to poor reviews and box office records.

However, Fisher maintains Hamada has failed to take his claims seriously about the Whedon-led reshoots of "Justice League". PTI RDSRDS

Disclaimer :- This story has not been edited by Outlook staff and is auto-generated from news agency feeds. Source: PTI

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''The Nevers'' to premiere on HBO in April - Outlook India

Blu-ray TV reviews: ‘Snowpiercer’ and ‘Doom Patrol’ – Washington Times

Heres a look at a pair of excellent episodic shows from Warner Bros. Home Entertainment now available in the Blu-ray format.

Snowpiercer: The Complete First Season (Rated: TV-MA, 1.78:1 aspect ratio, 440 minutes, $29.98) TNTs popular post-apocalyptic, sci-fi series debuts on the Blu-ray format to offer bingers a chance to catch up on the first 10 episodes of the show before diving into the currently broadcast second season.

Reimagined from director Bong Joon-hos 2013 movie and the 1982 French graphic novel, the show offers an adventure in class warfare in the most claustrophobic way possible.

Specifically, well-meaning scientists accidentally unleash an ice age as they tried to curb the heating of the planet setting off an extinction event.

Luckily, mysterious billionaire Wilford builds a train with a perpetual-motion engine to circle the planet and keep only the most-deserving and wealthy of humans alive.

That translates into 3,000 survivors stuck on a 10-mile-long, 1,001-car train divided by classes first (for high-priced, paid passengers); second and third classes (for those with specialized skill sets to keep the train running and passengers fed); and a final group who illegally hijacked some of the rear cars of the train.

Led by Andre Layton (Daveed Diggs) and disrespectfully called tailers, they are treated with disdain and nearly slave status by the other passengers. Of course, Layton and his rebel survivors want more and hatch a plot to take control of the Snowpiercer.

A wrinkle to the plan occurs when Head of Hospitality Melanie Cavill (Jennifer Connelly) asks Layton to come up the train and wear his former Detroit homicide detective hat to solve a series of murders.

They form a bond that will ultimately decide the fate of humanity as well as reveal who is really in charge of the Snowpiercer.

I defy any viewer to not often bite their fingernails to the nub after watching what starts out as a dystopian version of Murder on the Orient Express and eventually evolves into a graphically violent and bloody expose on a class revolution.

Suffice it to report, sci-fi junkies, its time to board the Snowpiercer.

Best extras: A collection of four promotional featurettes (roughly 12 minutes total) offer the barest of surface information about the series with talking head gushing from crew and cast including director James Hawes, showrunner Graeme Manson, Miss Connelly and Mr. Diggs.

Only a six-minute look at some of the key train cars (first-class dining, night car, classroom and the drawers for example) explored by production designer Barry Robison delivers some meaty background for new fans.

The extras should have been so much more. An optional commentary track on any of the episodes would have been nice or, better yet, a look at the adaptation of the series based on the original source material.

Doom Patrol: The Complete Second Season (Not rated, 2.20:1 aspect ratio, 405 minutes, $39.99) HBO Max continued the mature, live-action adventures of DC Comics strangest superhero team adapted from their 1960s comic book roots as well as writer Grant Morrisons updated group from the late 1980s.

The latest nine episodes of the show arrives via a pair of Blu-ray discs returning viewers to the Victorian-styled Doom Manor where they are reacquainted with former actress Rita Farr aka Elasti-Girl (April Bowlby); former NASCAR driver Cliff Steele aka Robotman (Brendan Fraser); former experimental aircraft pilot Larry Trainor aka Negative Man (Matt Bomer); Kay Challis aka multiple personality-loaded Crazy Jane (Diane Guerrero); Vic Stone aka Teen Titans Cyborg (Joivan Wade); and wheelchair-bound leader Dr. Niles Caulder aka Chief (Timothy Dalton).

The show thrives on simmering side plots that reveal the origins of the tragic Doom Patrol members as well as pitting them against some incredible villains.

This season, we learned about Chiefs mysterious daughter, the primate-faced Dorothy Spinner (Abigail Shapiro) and her monstrous imaginary friends now living with her in the mansion, Larry Trainors remaining family after he attends his 60-year-old sons funeral and the horrors of Miss Farrs childhood living with a showbiz mother.

Visually impressive, guest star villains, authentic from the comics, appear en masse to vex the Doom Patrol including interdimensional sadist Red Jack; premier time manipulator Dr. Tyme; the sex demon Shadowy Mr. Evans; and the star enemy of the season, the super-powered ancient deity Candlemaker, unleashed by Chiefs daughter.

And developers make sure to throw in even more comic book characters to thrill fans ranging from the return of heroic body builder Flex Mentallo to an introduction to space-traveling Pioneers of the Uncharted team member Valentina Vostok and even the Sex Men, a group of paranormal sexual phenomenon investigators who arrive to stop Shadowy Mr. Evans.

Yeah, the Sex Men really did show up in DCs sequential art, specifically Doom Patrol No. 48 way back in 1991.

The show also loves to embrace pop culture chaos demonstrated in the irreverent fantasy sequence where Cyborg and Robotman appear in a 1970s cop show Steel and Stone, or the group throwing a 1980s disco party to restore a sentient, teleporting entity Danny, currently in the form of a shattered brick.

However, most tragic to the Doom Patrol was the pandemic-shortened season, down from the 15 episodes of the first season.

It not only forced writers to lose one episode of the slated 10-episode story arc, but fans must wait for a third season to further appreciate one of the best, albeit odd superhero shows on any broadcast or streaming mediums.

Best extras: Tragedy abounds with the pathetic selection of bonus content with viewers only get nine minutes on the impressive make-up and visual effects design and two minutes on shooting locations.

Extras for the first season set were just as miserable, and it would be great if next seasons set offered a definitive retrospective on the Doom Patrols origins or the occasional optional commentary track to enlighten viewers to some of the more complex stories.

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Blu-ray TV reviews: 'Snowpiercer' and 'Doom Patrol' - Washington Times

10 Anime To If You Love Cyberpunk 2077 – TheGamer

Cyberpunk 2077 is a decent entry into the niche that is cyberpunk which the world isn't quite ready for just yet. Its release marks an important milestone in the said media genre as there aren't as many cyberpunk gamesin that class of popularity. Sadly, the release was marred by bugs and performance issues and the game was also rather short. It was short enough to leave playerscraving more cyberpunk adventures.

RELATED:Every Difference Between The PS5 & Xbox Series X Version Of Cyberpunk 2077

But some fans might want to take a break from cyberpunk games with other media in the genre. It just so happens that nothing else explains cyberpunk better than anime because Japan essentially fueled the cyberpunk golden age.

So breathe in that high-tech poverty and crime dystopia with these iconic cyberpunk anime. They ought to fill in the void left by Cyberpunk 2077.

No one canmention cyberpunk without giving a nod to this one. Ghost in the Shell is quite possibly the most important cyberpunk anime in existence as it served as the creative fuel for the Wachowskisiblings when they conceived the Matrix films.

There are many iterations within the Ghost in the Shell family to enjoy such as Stand Alone Complex with characters pictured above.The original film isby far the most philosophical of the bunch and explores the idea of an AI becoming a thinking individual with its own morals. At the heart of that is Major Motoko Kusanagi, a cyborg whose memories are the only human part of heror ghosts in a shell, if you will.

Ergo Proxy is another anime with a female protagonist and a deep plot about the nature of humanity. It explores a world that is still reeling from a recent apocalyptic event. One last bastion of human civilization is all that's left in the world. In order to make their lives and survival easier, special androids were created.

RELATED:10 Games Being Released In 2021 That We Hope Dont Flop Like Cyberpunk 2077

In the anime's current timeline, however, the said androids started exhibiting human behavior and asking questions that not many humans would want to answer. It's up to the androids and humans to investigate the root of such matters before things spiral out of control.

Bubblegum Crisis assumes the typical premise of most cyberpunk worlds. It imagines a Japan that was devastated by a huge Earthquake; this ruined much of society with extreme povertyon top of the physical damage.Furthermore, an evil corporation is producing mechanical monsters that are too much for the police to handle.

So along came the Knight Sabers to set things straight and to fix the problems that the corrupt and evil corporations started. They also do it in style as most of their members are pretty, young, and stylish female powerhouses that commandeer special armor to combat the mechanical beasts.

Psycho-Pass is also more popularly known as the anime version of Minority Report. The whole anime revolves around the so-called Sibyl System that predicts criminal behavior in individuals before they commit crimes. The idea originates from asci-fi novella by Philip K. Dick of the same name as the movie.

RELATED:Cyberpunk 2077: 5 Best Areas Of Night City (& 5 Not To Bother With)

Such a setup is ripe for suspenseful detective opportunities and that's where most of Psycho-Pass's story lives. Much like most cop stories, this one involves an idealistic rookie and her veteran partner who's one case away from becoming a disillusioned outcast.

Iffans don't mind going a bit further in the future, then Battle Angel Alita offers a grim and unsettling dystopia where the poor live amongst the rich's trash heap. After watching this one,people can also treat themselves to a live-action Hollywood adaptation. The film, called Alita Battle Angel, released in 2019.

They pretty much have the same story and narrative nearly shot-for-shot. Both films begin with a cyborg doctor discovering Alita's mangled remains in a garbage dump. Pretty soon, he discovers that Alita is more than just an old cyborg and has a past that makes her a deadly individual.

Much like Ghost in the Shell, Akira is also a significant film for the cyberpunk genre. It was first released back in 1988 and even by today's standards, it puts many other anime to shame with its fluid hand-drawn visuals.

RELATED:Cyberpunk 2077: The Best & Worst Things About Each Romance

The story itself is also riveting as it follows the struggle of a biker gang where one of their friendswas unfortunate enough to be an accidental vessel for an entity that can warp reality. Amidst all that, a riot is also ensuing against the government which presumably prioritizes experiments instead of the welfare of their people.

Texhnolyze toys around with one of the cyberpunk genre's most ubiquitous trademarks: cybernetics. The idea that people can discard their organic parts and become functionally immortal or something stronger, faster, and smarter is one of the points of conflict in the genreas Cyberpunk 2077 exhibited. Texhnolyze further showcases this idea.

This notion is seen in action through the eyes of an unfortunate prizefighter who lost some of his limbs due to "occupational hazards." He was, however, chosen as a candidate for an experimental limb tech called Texhnolyze.

A cyborg with a giant revolver for a head is not somethingpeoplewould expect in a cyberpunk setting but this is anime, so No Guns Life is about as valid as it is outrageous. That cyborg is also the main character of the show and has a trench coat that puts all noir detectives to shame.

RELATED:10 Cyberpunk 2077 Legendary Items You Need

He was created as a special kind of weapon to fight in a war. Is anyone getting Master Chief vibes here? The catch is that he has no memories of his pre-war life but life goes on anyway. He decided to become a private investigator who solves crimes related to cyborgs similar to him.

This kind of animation might put some people off, but Blame! is a solid cyberpunk film and six-episode series. The story takes place in an entirely automated world in a time far more technologically advanced than now. An infection takes hold of the automated systems and the city begins to go haywire.

Without getting too spoiler-y, the basic plot is a team is deployed to fix The Problem. The team including Killy the Wanderer must evade the Safeguard -- a rampant defense system purging humans. Pop the popcorn, grab your favorite beverage, and settle in for some classic cyberpunk action.

Serial Experiments Lain mostly focuses on the intellectual side of cyberpunk and as such, it tackles an issue more convoluted than Cyberpunk 2077's proto-immortality corpo-war angle. The protagonist Lain suddenly stumbles upon a cyberspace not unlike our internet today.

Only, the cyberspace she opened is more dangerous and reality-altering. Serial Experiments Lain shows its viewers the dangers of false identities forged in a digital world in what appears to be a cyberpunk setting at its infancy.

NEXT:Cyberpunk 2077: Every District, Ranked From Worst To Best

Next Pokemon: The Strongest Type Expert Of Every Type

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10 Anime To If You Love Cyberpunk 2077 - TheGamer

Bioinformatics Services Market | Know the Latest Innovations and Future Market Scope – BioSpace

Bioinformatics is the field mainly involving molecular biology, genetics, mathematics, statistics, and computer science. The bioinformatics services include analysis of the data that can range from processing sequencing reads from instrument to data aggregation and mining data samples. Bioinformatics services can help biologists to understand the biological process with a computational intensive technique for machine learning algorithms, pattern recognition, data mining and visualization.

Bioinformatics tools can help to compare genomic and genetic data and understand evolutionary aspects of molecular biology. Bioinformatics services are finding wide application in chemoinformatics, genomics, metabolomics, RNA-seq analysis, and drug design. The database is an important part for bioinformatics research and application to cover various information types including molecular structure, protein and DNA sequences, and phenotypes in bioinformatics services.

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Bioinformatics Services Market: Notable Highlights

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Some of the most prominent competitors operating in the competitive landscape of global bioinformatics services market include

Bioinformatics Services Market Dynamics

Bioinformatics Services Finding Wide Application in Personalized Medicine Discovery

With the increasing prevalence of various diseases, new treatments and drugs are being discovered and developed. Extensive molecular biological data on patients is being included on a large scale in diagnosis and treatment. Bioinformatics services is fundamental to precision medicine as developing personalized medicine depends on accessing genetic and molecular data. In recent years, the majority of the molecularly targeted drugs have been developed based on the detected gene mutation.

Next-gen sequencing in bioinformatics services is emerging as an important tool in genomic analysis and developing personalized medicine. Next-gen sequencing along with microarrays in bioinformatics services have also paved the way for precision medicine in oncology. Meanwhile, increasing availability and decreasing the cost of next-gen sequencing is allowing worldwide cancer centers to offer next-gen sequencing based personalized oncology for clinical practice while suggesting specific medicine and treatment.

Increasing Initiatives by Governments and Private Organizations in Bioinformatics Services

With increasing application of new technologies in life science, governments and organizations across various countries are investing in the new technologies and in research and development activities in bioinformatics services. According to the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH), around 60 million genomes are likely to be sequenced by 2025. Moreover, with the presence of national clinical genomic initiatives worldwide, the generation of genomic data in healthcare is expected to outpace that in research in the coming years. Governments across countries are increasingly investing in the biotechnology and bioinformatics services to effectively implement new technologies and support genomic and epidemiological research.

Countries such as the US, UK, Australia, France, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Denmark are developing new strategies for projects focusing on cancer and rare diseases, along with the use of sequencing services and genomic data. New research activities are also being conducted for application of bioinformatics services in biodefense. The Mid-Atlantic Microbiome Meet-up (M3) is focusing on the use of next-generation sequencing technologies and recent advances in biodefense, especially related to infectious diseases, and also using metagenomic methods for detection.

Shortage of Skilled Workforce and High Cost Hampering the Bioinformatics Services Market Growth

Although bioinformatics services is emerging as an important part of research in life science, lack of skills and knowledge in bioinformatics is hindering its growth. With the technological and process advancements in biotechnology, it has become imperative that bioinformatics techniques are performed by skilled personnel. However, the need for heavy investment in tool upgradation and installation training is impeding the growth of bioinformatics services. Owing to this there is a lack of skilled manpower in bioinformatics services who can adapt to the high-end bioinformatics techniques and processes.

Moreover, the lack of skilled professionals in bioinformatics services is also hampering the growth of clinical laboratories as they are focusing to automate processes. However, in recent years, governments along with healthcare institutions are focusing on strategies to provide new courses in bioinformatics as it holds a big promise in solving many health related and environmental issues.

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Bioinformatics Services Market Segmentation

Based on the type, the bioinformatics services market is segmented into

On the basis of application, the bioinformatics services market segment includes

Based on the specialty, the bioinformatics services market is segmented into

Based on the end-user, the bioinformatics services market segment includes

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Bioinformatics Services Market | Know the Latest Innovations and Future Market Scope - BioSpace

Syngenta Crop Protection and Insilico Medicine to Harness Artificial Intelligence to Transform Sustainable Product Innovation – Business Wire

BASEL, Switzerland--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Syngenta Crop Protection is collaborating with artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning company Insilico Medicine to accelerate the invention and development of new, more effective crop protection solutions that protect crops from diseases, weeds and pests, while also protecting ecosystems. By bringing new solutions to farmers faster and more efficiently through innovation, Syngenta will help them meet the ongoing challenges they face, in order to enhance productivity and meet global demand for affordable, quality food.

This collaboration with Insilico Medicine means that Syngenta can harness the immense potential and scope of AI to develop the next generation of sustainable crop protection solutions as part of Syngentas $2bn commitment to innovation and sustainability, said Camilla Corsi, Head Crop Protection Research at Syngenta. This will further transform agriculture by providing farmers around the world with the tools they need to produce healthy, nutritious, affordable and sustainably grown food in the most efficient way, while also minimizing the environmental impact.

Insilico Medicine has a proven track record and has delivered significant advances in pharmaceutical research, using AI and deep learning to design, synthesize and validate new ingredients. The same approach also has the potential to transform the development of new crop protection solutions that help keep plants safe, from planting to harvesting. Working closely with Syngenta, Insilico Medicine will use their AI-powered small molecule generative chemistry technology not only to invent molecules for active ingredients faster, but also actively design molecules that are more sustainable and environmentally friendly.

We are very happy to collaborate with a company that is dedicated to developing safe and sustainable solutions for growers, said Alex Zhavoronkov, PhD, founder, and CEO, Insilico Medicine. Our artificial intelligence is designed from the ground up to produce very precise chemistry to protect human health, while ensuring short-term and long-term safety. This expertise is extremely valuable for crop sciences, and especially so for businesses whose top priority is the safety of their products. Syngenta is a progressive company with many brilliant scientists, and we will be working together to use artificial intelligence for the benefit of agriculture.

Our reputation as a global leader in innovation is built on a foundation of collaboration and our understanding of the challenges faced by growers, Camilla Corsi also noted. Working together with Insilico Medicine, combining our skills, knowledge and technologies, will help ensure that new and more effective crop protection solutions will be in the hands of farmers sooner.

About Syngenta

Syngenta is one of the worlds leading agriculture companies, comprising of Syngenta Crop Protection and Syngenta Seeds. Our ambition is to help safely feed the world while taking care of the planet. We aim to improve the sustainability, quality and safety of agriculture with world class science and innovative crop solutions. Our technologies enable millions of farmers around the world to make better use of limited agricultural resources. Syngenta Crop Protection and Syngenta Seeds are part of Syngenta Group with 49,000 people in more than 100 countries and is working to transform how crops are grown. Through partnerships, collaboration and The Good Growth Plan we are committed to accelerating innovation for farmers and nature, striving for carbon neutral agriculture, helping people stay safe and healthy and partnering for impact.

To learn more visit http://www.syngenta.com and http://www.goodgrowthplan.com

Follow us on Twitter at http://www.twitter.com/Syngenta and http://www.twitter.com/SyngentaUS

About Insilico Medicine

Insilico Medicine develops software that leverages generative models, reinforcement learning (RL), and other modern machine learning techniques for the generation of new molecular structures with specific properties. Insilico Medicine also develops software for the generation of synthetic biological data, target identification, and the prediction of clinical trials outcomes. The company integrates two business models; providing AI-powered drug discovery services and software through its Pharma.AI platform (www.insilico.com/platform/) and developing its own pipeline of preclinical programs. The preclinical program is the result of pursuing novel drug targets and novel molecules discovered through its platforms. Since its inception in 2014, Insilico Medicine has raised over $52 million and received multiple industry awards. Insilico Medicine has also published over 100 peer-reviewed papers and has applied for over 25 patents. Website http://insilico.com/

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Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This document may contain forward-looking statements, which can be identified by terminology such as expect, would, will, potential, plans, prospects, estimated, aiming, on track and similar expressions. Such statements may be subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause the actual results to differ materially from these statements. For Syngenta, such risks and uncertainties include risks relating to legal proceedings, regulatory approvals, new product development, increasing competition, customer credit risk, general economic and market conditions, compliance and remediation, intellectual property rights, implementation of organizational changes, impairment of intangible assets, consumer perceptions of genetically modified crops and organisms or crop protection chemicals, climatic variations, fluctuations in exchange rates and/or commodity prices, single source supply arrangements, political uncertainty, natural disasters, and breaches of data security or other disruptions of information technology. Syngenta assumes no obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect actual results, changed assumptions or other factors.

2021 Syngenta. Rosentalstrasse 67, 4002 Basel, Switzerland. The Syngenta logo are trademarks of a Syngenta Group Company. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

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Syngenta Crop Protection and Insilico Medicine to Harness Artificial Intelligence to Transform Sustainable Product Innovation - Business Wire

Adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: The role of relative dose-intensity and treatment delay. – Physician’s Weekly

The study investigated the association of the relative dose-intensity (RDI) of cisplatin and timing of adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy (APC) with survival for stage I-III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.Real-life data of patients treated with APC (four cycles of cisplatin and vinorelbine) between 2007 and 2014 was included to analyse the association between disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) with RDI (ratio of received to planned dose-intensity). High RDI was defined as cisplatin RDI of > 75% and low RDI 75%.Out of 198 patients, 166 were eligible. Low RDI was administered to 72 (43%) patients. In multivariate analysis, those patients had a significantly higher risk of recurrence (HR: 1.87, 95%CI 1.13-3.09, p=0.01) and death (HR: 1.91, 95%CI 1.32-3.23, p=0.01) versus patients in the high RDI group. The risk of death was significantly higher in patients with PS 1 treated with low versus high RDI (HR: 2.72, 95%CI: 1.22-6.09, p=0.014). The risk of recurrence was higher for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of low versus high RDI (HR: 3.82, 95%CI: 1.01-14.4, p=0.048). No impact of delayed APC beyond six weeks from surgery on neither DFS (HR: 0.78, 95%CI: 0.46-1.33, p=0.36) nor OS (HR 0.67, 95%CI: 0.40-1.15, p=0.15) was observed.Low cisplatin RDI 75% of APC, but not extended time from surgery to APC onset > six weeks, was associated with significantly shorter survival in NSCLC patients.

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Adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: The role of relative dose-intensity and treatment delay. - Physician's Weekly

M6P Therapeutics Announces Formation of Distinguished, Experienced Scientific Advisory Board – BioSpace

Feb. 3, 2021 12:30 UTC

ST. LOUIS--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- M6P Therapeutics, a privately held life sciences company developing next-generation recombinant enzyme and gene therapies for lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), today announced its scientific advisory board (SAB) that will support the Companys mission of translating its innovative bicistronic-S1S3 technology platform into best-in-class therapies that address unmet needs within the LSD community. The Companys platform enables improved biodistribution of recombinant enzymes to target tissues and efficient cross-correction for gene therapies.

As we work to advance our robust pipeline, we seek the input and support of a world-class team of scientific advisors with deep expertise in genetics, rare diseases, and lysosomal storage and metabolic disorders in particular, said Pawel Krysiak, president and chief executive officer of M6P Therapeutics. The collective insights, knowledge, commitment, and expertise of our scientific advisory board will help us translate this high science into potential medical benefit for the individuals affected by these serious conditions.

By combining the substantial expertise of the SAB with the expertise of the Companys internal R&D team in recombinant enzyme and gene therapies, M6P Therapeutics is well positioned to rapidly advance its deep pipeline of LSD programs. The members of the SAB are:

M6P Therapeutics bicistronic-S1S3 technology platform enhances mannose 6-phosphate content on lysosomal enzymes for both recombinant enzyme and gene therapies, which improves enzyme uptake across target tissues, said Stuart Kornfeld, MD, M6P Therapeutics co-founder and chairman of its SAB. With promising pre-clinical data across numerous LSD programs, this innovation can potentially translate into new and more efficacious treatments, reduced immunogenicity, and more efficient dosing regimens.

About M6P Therapeutics

M6P Therapeutics is a privately held, venture-backed biotechnology company developing the next-generation targeted recombinant enzyme and gene therapies for lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). M6P Therapeutics proprietary bicistronic-S1S3 platform has the unique ability to enhance phosphorylation of lysosomal enzymes for both enzyme replacement and gene therapies leading to improved biodistribution and cellular uptake of recombinant proteins and efficient cross-correction of gene therapy product. This can potentially lead to more efficacious treatments with lower therapy burden, as well as new therapies for currently untreated diseases. M6P Therapeutics team, proven in rare diseases drug development and commercialization, is dedicated to fulfilling the promise of recombinant enzyme and gene therapies by harnessing the power of protein phosphorylation using its bicistronic-S1S3 platform. M6P Therapeutics mission is to translate advanced science into best-in-class therapies that address unmet needs within the LSD community. For more information, please visit: http://www.m6ptherapeutics.com.

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M6P Therapeutics Announces Formation of Distinguished, Experienced Scientific Advisory Board - BioSpace

Experts speak the plain truth about COVID-19 vaccine – Wellington Advertiser

WELLINGTON COUNTY The information about COVID-19 and now the vaccines to fight it has been coming fast and furious over the past year. Its no wonder people are overwhelmed with information and confused about who to trust.

Thats why the Canada Institute of Health Research (CIHR) launched a media blitz in January: to address misinformation and dispel myths head-on.

Dr. Charu Kaushic is the scientific director of the Canadian Institute of Infections and Immunity for the CIHR and a professor of molecular medicine at McMaster University.

In a broad-ranging interview with the Advertiser on Jan. 28, Kaushic answered the most-asked questions and countered some oft-held myths surrounding the vaccines.

Kaushic explained that the COVID-19 vaccines work differently than the vaccines people are accustomed to.

Traditional vaccines take a weakened or inactivated form of a virus and inject it into the body to trigger an immune response.

The new vaccines, called mRNA vaccines, take genetic information from the virus the spike protein and that is injected into the body.

The cells make the protein, they are seen as foreign, and that triggers the immune response, Kaushic said.

Its the immune response that produces antibodies, and its antibodies that protect recipients from getting infected when the real virus comes along. And since only part of the protein is made, it does not do any harm to the person vaccinated.

Once youve had two doses of the Pfizer or Moderna vaccines, you are 95% protected, Kaushic said.

Ninety-five per cent is not 100% but thats the protection. Between the first and second dose, you are not 95% protected. Thats why we still need to exercise precautions, she said.

The mRNA vaccines may be new to laypeople, but researchers have been working on the technology for at least a decade, Kaushic said.

For a long time (researchers) have anticipated there would be a pandemic and they have been preparing since 2017 for making a pandemic vaccine, she said.

When the pandemic started, researchers took the virus, used the technology, and started trials, and the first trials generated good results.

Kaushic said initial trials included 30,000 people aged 18 to 65 as well as those over 80.

Trials are ongoing now for younger age groups, pregnant women and people with underlying health conditions.

We expect to know more (about these groups) in three to four months, she said.

Kaushic said because the vaccine is a world-wide priority and governments have a lot of money on the table to have the vaccine manufactured and distributed, normal timelines have been compressed.

Personnel have been redeployed to vaccine production and its all hands on deck.

The work has been compressed at a cost to governments, but theres no compromise on safety, she said.

Kaushic said she hasnt heard of any deaths as a result of the vaccine and allergic reactions are rare.

In terms of side effects, some people feel nauseated and feverish after receiving the vaccine but that only lasts a day or two.

Kaushic said there is a host of good information out there about the virus, the vaccines, and health protection measures, and listed the World Health Organization, Health Canada and the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention as appropriate places to start.

People should not be getting their news from Facebook, she said.

Get information from people who know what they are talking about. So ask your doctor or health specialist. Check authoritative articles.

Its important to get the right information and its incumbent on people to make sure they check their sources.

Dr. Julie Ray, a family physician at the Upper Grand Family Health Team, in Elora, said her patients are anxious about the vaccine too, although most are eager to get it.

The biggest question is when do I get it and where do I get it? she said. And my biggest answer is I dont know yet.

The second question: is it safe?

Its not so much misinformation, but reservations about how quickly things have progressed, Ray said.

I personally havent had that many conversations that go that way. Most are saying Sign me up, or put me on a list.

Ray said scientists believe there will be herd immunity when approximately 70 per cent of the population is vaccinated.

The idea is if I get sick with COVID, there needs to be enough people immune to it so I cant get them sick and spread it, she said.

Right now, the vaccine is not approved by Health Canada for children, pregnant women or people who with certain underlying health conditions, but trials are ongoing, and that information will change when results are known.

Ray said people who fall in that category should talk to their healthcare provider.

You can get the vaccine if its deemed appropriate. Doctors will discuss it on a case-by-case basis, assessing the riskbenefit in each case, she said.

Ray added family doctors will be part of the broad plan to administer the vaccine, but long-term care residents and front-line healthcare workers are the priority right now.

With news of supply-chain issues for distribution of the vaccine, previous timelines are now out the window.

But that doesnt mean you shouldnt be prepared for it.

If you are in a special population, dont leave it until public health calls with an appointment. If youre vaccine-hesitant, talk to your doctor. Ask questions. Express your concerns, Ray said

Understanding is knowledge and knowledge is power.

Wellington-Dufferin-Guelph Public Health also has vaccine information on its website.

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Experts speak the plain truth about COVID-19 vaccine - Wellington Advertiser

President Arif Alvi calls for promotion of book reading culture to suppress biases – The Nation

ISLAMABAD-President Dr Arif Alvi on Sunday called for promotion of book reading culture to enhance knowledge and suppress biases.

The president, in a video message, advised the people particularly the youth to develop the habit of book reading to enhance their exposure and help suppress the biases.

He said he studied books on current affairs and computer sciences and tried to disseminate his knowledge to the masses through his speeches.

The president shared a list of 10 of the books he read last year encompassing the subjects including Islamic history, capitalism, history of subcontinent, upheaval and exploitation in nations, human psychology, riots in India, metric society, physics and artificial intelligence. He said besides the books recommended by him, the people should also read the useful material of their choice.

The president said when it comes to obtaining huge knowledge published in the form of books, he considered his life too short to comprehend it all. He also showed the notes of various books he took during the reading which he hoped to compile at a later stage.

I do nothing else but read books during travel, be it by car or air. I study book as I go home.

Though I get a little chance to read books in office, I do it when there is some gap, he remarked.

The president, who had also shared his best reads, put at top a book Revelations by Meraj Mohiuddin presenting a wide variety of scholarly viewpoints on the story of Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace be Upon Him) and Quranic revelation.

He also strongly recommended Art of Thinking Clearly by Rolf Dobelli on human psychology and reasoning. The book points out around 100 biases found in humans, meant for self-examination and methods to avoid them.

Other books recommended by the president included Capital and Ideology by Thomas Piketty (on economic inequalities and suggesting outlines for fairer economic system), Anarchy by William Dalrymple (on rise of East India Company and economic prosperity in subcontinent), Upheaval: Turning Points for Nations in Crisis by Jared Diamond (history of different nations like Japan, Soviet Union and their efforts to overcome crises), Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty by Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson (exploitative society which begets change and leads to revolution).

He said currently, the same battle is going on in Pakistan against the corrupt rulers and system.

President Alvi also recommended The Metric Society: On the Quantification of the Social by Steffen Mau (measurement and evaluation in the society), and The Big Picture by Sean M. Carroll, Sean B. Carroll (scientific worldview and exploration of God).

The tech-savvy president suggested the people to study Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence by Deckle Edge (how science is advancing and becoming a challenge for humanity) and Superintelligence by Nick Bostrom (growing influence of machines and possible replacement of humans by super intelligence).

Other than his 10 best reads, the president also suggested The End of India by Khushwant Singh (communal violence in Gujarat in 2002 and rise of religious fundamentalism in India), Gujarat Files by Rana Ayub, Allama Iqbals The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam and MJ Akbars Riot After Riot: Reports on Caste and Communal Violence in India.

Other books recommended by the president included Protocol by Capricia Penavic Marshall, Makers of Modern Sindh by Dr Muhammad Ali Shaikh (on life of Sindhs prominent figures), A Promised Land by Barack Obama and Jinnah and Tilak: Comrades in the Freedom Struggle by AG Noorani and Tuba by Shah Baligh-ud-Din, The Last Mughal by William Dalrymple and World Enough and Time by Sultan Muhammad Shah Aga Khan.

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President Arif Alvi calls for promotion of book reading culture to suppress biases - The Nation

Marine Toilets Market 2021: Qualitative and Quantitative research | Jabsco, Raritan Engineering, Reliance Products, Sealand (Dometic), Thetford …

Marine Toilets Market 2021-2026:

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The complete value chain and downstream and upstream essentials are scrutinized in this report. Essential trends like globalization, growth progress boost fragmentation regulation & ecological concerns. This Market report covers technical data, manufacturing plants analysis, and raw material sources analysis of Marine Toilets Industry as well as explains which product has the highest penetration, their profit margins, and R & D status. The report makes future projections based on the analysis of the subdivision of the market which includes the global market size by product category, end-user application, and various regions.

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North America(the United States, Canada, and Mexico)Europe(Germany, France, UK, Russia, and Italy)Asia-Pacific(China, Japan, Korea, India, and Southeast Asia)South America(Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, etc.)The Middle East and Africa(Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa)

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At last, the study gives out details about the major challenges that are going to impact market growth. They also report provides comprehensive details about the business opportunities to key stakeholders to grow their business and raise revenues in the precise verticals. The report will aid the companys existing or intend to join in this market to analyze the various aspects of this domain before investing or expanding their business in the Marine Toilets markets.

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Marine Toilets Market 2021: Qualitative and Quantitative research | Jabsco, Raritan Engineering, Reliance Products, Sealand (Dometic), Thetford ...

ReCAAP ISC issues incident alert on incidents against ships in the eastbound lane of Singapore Strait – American Journal of Transportation

ReCAAP ISC today issued an Incident Alert (01/2021) on incidents against ships in the eastbound lane of Singapore Strait:

The incidents of armed robbery against ships continued to occur to ships while underway in the Singapore Strait

During 25 29 Jan 2021, three incidents were reported on board ships while underway in the eastbound lane of the Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) in the Singapore Strait

The three incidents occurred in close proximity to each other and in particular, two incidents occurred within an interval of four hours

In all three incidents, the perpetrators were sighted in the engine room

However, nothing was reported stolen and the crew was safe with no confrontation with the perpetrators

ReCAAP ISC is concerned with the continued occurrence of incidents in the Singapore Strait

In 2020, a total of 34 incidents were reported in the Singapore Strait; of which 30 incidents occurred in the eastbound lane, two in the precautionary area, one in the westbound lane and one just outside (south) of the TSS

The ReCAAP ISC had issued five Incident Alerts on the incidents occurred in the eastbound lane of the TSS in the Singapore Strait and one Special Report on incidents against ships in the Singapore Strait in 2020

All ships are advised to exercise enhanced vigilance, adopt extra precautionary measures and report all incidents immediately to the nearest coastal State

Ship master and crew are advised to keep abreast of the latest situation (at https://www.recaap.org/) and tune-in to advisories and navigational broadcasts announced by the littoral States

The ReCAAP ISC urges the littoral States to increase patrols and enforcement in their respective waters, strengthen coordination among them and promote information sharing on the latest situation, and the criminal groups involved in order to make arrests of the perpetrators

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ReCAAP ISC issues incident alert on incidents against ships in the eastbound lane of Singapore Strait - American Journal of Transportation

I woke up at 4:30 a.m. for a week like a Navy SEAL and it made me more productive – Yahoo News

Following is a transcript of the video.

Emma Fierberg: I wanted to test out for myself how waking up at 4:30 affected my productivity. I woke up at 4:30 a.m. for one week, like a Navy SEAL. I've read a lot about how Navy SEALs like Jocko Willink wake up at 4:30 in the morning. Jocko famously says that discipline equals freedom.

It is Friday, two days before I start this experiment. Normally my alarm goes off five minutes before 8:00 a.m. Setting my alarm a full three and a half hours earlier is gonna be really scary. Will I survive?

The Plan

So, we're gonna try to wake up at 4:30, do some sort of exercise, some sort of activity like a puzzle, or nails, or do some cooking maybe, make some breakfast, get dressed, and I'm gonna try to get to work by 7:00, and then I will try to be in bed by 8:00 p.m.

Challenges

I know I'm gonna break this bed by 8:00 p.m. rule, because I already have plans next week that start at 7:30. The gym in my building doesn't open until 6:00, so I'm gonna try and kill an hour and a half outdoors. I don't drink coffee, so this is probably gonna be pretty hard for me. The bag cam, what are the eye bags looking like? Pre-4:30 a.m. eyes.

It is Sunday night, it is 9:42 p.m. I am going to attempt to go to sleep. That's just not enough hours.

Monday

Never have I ever cooked at 5:20 in the morning. Here we are, 7:30 a.m. I have made my lunch for the entire week, minus Friday, I have straightened my hair, and that is it. Let's see who's here. Oh, surprise! Nobody. I was a little loopy, I was a little giddy, and then around lunchtime, I got a little hangry and I ate my lunch that I made this morning, and that got my energy back up a little bit, and then, like, 1:15, 2:00, I was just.

Story continues

Jacqui Frank: What are you doing tonight after getting up at 4:30?

Fierberg: We're going to the movies! I don't even know what to say. I'm so tired. I was pretty productive. I did finish a video. I can see already why this is a good idea for certain people. I don't know if that certain people is this people. If I had to rate my energy level from zero to 10, I would say I'm about a four and a half.

Tuesday

It's Tuesday! So, today I woke up at 4:30 and I went for a run. I hate this so much. Not a runner. Ooh, I see a rat. Oh, a duck! Look at all the wildlife! I ran for about six minutes. High five. That's what I thought. And just like that, folks, I'm a human being before 7:00 a.m. I would never describe a run as peaceful before today, but it was. The lighting was lovely. I think exercising in the morning helped me stay a little more chipper. I felt more confident today. I would say, on a scale from zero to 10, I feel about a seven. Oh, oh, and the bag cam. How are the bags doing today? My grandma calls them suitcases.

WednesdayI turned off the alarm, and then I sat in bed on my phone for about a half an hour. And then, at 5:00, I was like, alright girl, it's time, you're gonna do a thing. And guess what I did? I painted my nails! I also painted my toenails. I did a really bad job. And then I had my phone call with my friend Dana, who lives in Israel, who's seven hours ahead of me. So that was a plus. I had an interview today with someone I've been trying to get in contact with for a while, and it went really well, so I was really hype for, like, 45 minutes, and then just crashed. I had such a hard time this morning. I got into work and I couldn't function. I'm gonna play my kickball game, and I'm gonna try to go to bed by 8:00. I know that's not gonna happen, but I need to actually try. The bedtime is what's messing me up. Just got back from kickball. It's 9:12, I'm going to bed, bye!

ThursdayHi, it's Thursday, and I am much more alert! I had all this footage from a trip that I went on with my family in November, and I had never pieced it together into any sort of cohesive thing, so that's what I did this morning. I finished it, finally. And then I changed and went to the gym, then I showered and I came to work. As you can see, my energy levels are pretty high today. I cracked the formula. If you go to bed at a reasonable hour, and then you do exercise when you wake up, bag cam, bag cam. I'm looking okay today, I think.

Friday

It's Friday. Made it. I did wake up and I went for a walk at the Brooklyn Bridge, which was lovely. The weather was a perfect 72 degrees, the light was beautiful, there weren't too many clouds. Oh, it was a dream. Everyone should wake up and see the sunrise at the Brooklyn Bridge once in their life, just once. I got to call my British mom today, because they're five hours ahead, so I called her at about 5:30 this morning, and that was really nice to catch up with her. I was actually incredibly productive today for two reasons. One, I figured out the sleep schedule. Two, it's the end of Q2 and everyone was hustling. I feel okay. How do my eyes look? Check out the bag cam.

Conclusions

I have major respect for Navy SEALs who wake up at 4:30 in the morning, anyone who works night shifts, has wild hours, kudos, I get it now maybe a little bit, maybe not to the fullest extent, but, like, wow. All in all, at the end of this experiment, I understand now why people wake up at 4:30. You feel really good about yourself when you're productive before everyone else you know has even risen from the pillow. I don't know if this 4:30 time is gonna stick. I did like being awake at sunrise, but sunrise is like 5:30, so maybe I'll push to a 6:00 a.m., 6:30 wake up. Having a regimented wake up time was really useful for me. I could feel a little more rested, but other than that, I've achieved a lot of things I've needed to do for a long time this week. I think waking up at 4:30 really opened my eyes. Now that this week is over, I'm gonna go take a nap. I'll see you guys later.

EDITOR'S NOTE: This video was originally published July 26, 2018.

Read the original article on Business Insider

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I woke up at 4:30 a.m. for a week like a Navy SEAL and it made me more productive - Yahoo News

NASA Mars Perseverance rover: What to expect on landing day – CNET

NASA will use a "sky crane" to gently lower Perseverance to the surface of Mars.

When it comes to spacehappenings, few things are as thrilling as landing a vehicle on another planet. It's tense. It's exciting. It's high stakes. On Feb. 18, NASA's Perseverance rover will aim to stick the landing on Mars, kicking off a new era in red planet exploration.

While NASA has a lot of experience with delivering machines to Mars (here's looking at you, Curiosity and InSight), that doesn't make it any easier this time. "Landing on Mars is hard," NASA said. "Only about 40% of the missions ever sent to Mars by any space agency - have been successful."

It's going to be a wild ride. Here's what to expect on Perseverance's landing day.

From the lab to your inbox. Get the latest science stories from CNET every week.

NASA will provide live coverage of the landing. The NASA TV broadcast from mission control kicks off on Thursday, Feb. 18 at 11:15 a.m. PT. Touch down in the Jezero Crater on Mars is scheduled for around 12:30 p.m. PT.

This won't be like a rocket launch where we get to see every detail as it's happening. We will get NASA commentary and updates, views from mission control, and hopefully some images not too long after landing. It will be a must-watch event for space fans.

We've been to Mars before. So why all the hype? The red planet is our solar system neighbor. It's rocky like Earth. It has a long history of water. We can imagine ourselves perhaps living there some day.

"The level of interest that people have in this planet is just extraordinary," Alice Gorman-- space archaeologist and associate professor at Flinders University in Australia -- told CNET. Gorman highlighted humanity's search for life beyond Earth and how Mars is a candidate for having hosting microbial life in its ancient past.

There's also something special about a rover, a wheeled mechanical creature with a "head" and "eyes." "People feel towards the rovers because they're active and they move," said Gorman, likening it an almost parental sense of attachment. The outpouring of emotion over the demise of NASA's Opportunity rover proves how connected humans can get to a Mars explorer. Perseverance is set to become our new Martian sweetheart.

Mars arrivals are always harrowing. NASA calls the process EDL for "entry, descent and landing."

"During landing, the rover plunges through the thin Martian atmosphere, with the heat shield first, at a speed of over 12,000 mph (about 20,000 kph)," said NASA in a landing explainer. There's a reason NASA describes the landing process as "seven minutes of terror."

This NASA graphic shows the entire entry, descent and landing (EDL) sequence.

Small thrusters will fire to keep the rover on track on the potentially bumpy ride through the atmosphere. The rover's protective heat shield helps to slow it down. At an altitude of around 7 miles (11 kilometers), asupersonic parachute will deploy and Perseverance will soon separate from its heat shield.

NASA gave a briefing on Jan. 27 with a detailed rundown on the entire EDL sequence, including the "sky crane" maneuver, which lowers the rover the final distance to the surface using a set of cables.

If all goes well, Perseverance will end up standing on the surface of Mars. "The really hard part is to soft land and not crash land, and then to deploy the moving parts," said Gorman. Perseverance is not alone on the trip. It also carries a helicopter named Ingenuity in its belly. Ingenuity will be unleashed later in the mission.

Now playing: Watch this: How NASA's Mars helicopter could change the future of...

5:20

The mission is equipped with cameras and microphones designed to capture the EDL process, so we can expect to both see and hear the excitement of the landing at some point. "It will be the raw sounds of the descent and coming onto the surface," said Gorman. "So that's a whole other level of sensory engagement."

It takes time to send data between Mars and Earth. For us back home, we can expect a first photo not too long after landing, but the full visual and audio experience may take a few days for NASA to share with the world.

The agency released an arrival trailer in December that shows an animated, sped-up version of the process. You'll get the idea of just how wild it is to land a rover on another planet.

Gorman is excited about getting visuals of the rover's landing spot in Jezero Crater. It will be our first close-up look at the landscape in an area that had a history of water. Perseverance hopes to explore that history and look for evidence of life.

While the photos, sounds, helicopter and all-around science will be reasons to celebrate, there's the big lingering question the mission might answer: Was Mars home to microbial life? Said Gorman, "It would just be really great if we've got a bit of a closer handle on whether anything once lived on Mars."

Perseverance is our next great hope in the search for signs of life beyond Earth. It all starts with sticking the landing.

FollowCNET's 2021 Space Calendarto stay up to date with all the latest space news this year. You can even add it to your ownGoogle Calendar.

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NASA Mars Perseverance rover: What to expect on landing day - CNET

China’s 1st Mars rover will get one of these 10 names, and you can vote to select the winner – Space.com

China is holding a 40-day public vote to help select the name for its Mars rover which is currently closing in on the Red Planet.

The public can now vote for their favorites from a shortlist of 10 names for the Tianwen-1 mission rover.

The 10 names Hongyi, Qilin, Nezha, Chitu, Zhurong, Qiusuo, Fenghuolun, Zhuimeng, Tianxing and Xinghuo are taken from ideas including Chinese mythological figures, Confucian concepts and legendary animals.

Related: China's Tianwen-1 Mars mission in photos

Notably Hongyi, from the Confucian Analects, can be translated to "persistence" or perseverance, giving a similar meaning to the NASA Perseverance rover also heading for Mars. Others meanings include:

The Lunar Exploration and Space Engineering Center belonging to the China National Space Administration (CNSA) announced the shortlist on Jan. 18 after soliciting suggestions after the mission launched in July last year.

China's Tianwen-1 mission includes both an orbiter and a rover, and the spacecraft are due to enter orbit around Mars on Feb. 10.

The rover will not attempt its landing until around May. The orbiter will image the landing site and determine the conditions on the ground in preparation for the landing.

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If it lands successfully the roughly 530-lb. (240 kilograms) solar-powered rover will investigate the surface soil characteristics and potential water-ice distribution with its Subsurface Exploration Radar instrument. The rover also carries panoramic and multispectral cameras and instruments to analyze the composition of rocks.

The Tianwen-1 mission and the chance to name the rover have generated a fair amount of attention.

"More than 1.4 million entries have been received from 38 countries and regions since we initiated the naming campaign in July 2020. Over 200,000 of them are eligible. The netizens' active participation shows their great care for the Mars mission," Yuan Foyu, director of the naming campaign for China's first Mars rover, told CCTV.

The vote is being hosted by Chinese internet giant Baidu with a deadline of Feb. 28. Judges will then deliberate and announce a final name sometime before the landing.

Tianwen-1 is China's first independent interplanetary mission and it also draws its name from history, with "Tianwen" meaning "Heavenly Questions" or "Questions to Heaven," being taken from a poem written by Qu Yuan (around 340-278 BCE).

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China's 1st Mars rover will get one of these 10 names, and you can vote to select the winner - Space.com

Is there life on Mars? Not if we destroy it with poor space hygiene – The Guardian

Next month, three new spacecraft arrive at Mars. Two represent firsts for their countries of origin, while the third opens a new era of Mars exploration. The first is the UAEs Emirates Mars Mission, also known as Hope, which enters orbit on 9 February. Shortly after, Chinas Tianwen-1 settles into the red planets gravitational grip and in April will deploy a lander carrying a rover to the surface.

Both of these missions are groundbreaking for their countries. If they are successful, their makers will join the US, Russia, Europe and India in having successfully sent spacecraft to Mars. However, it is the third mission that is destined to capture the most headlines.

On 18 February, around 8pm GMT, Nasa will attempt to land the car-size rover Perseverance in Jezero crater. Its got a long list of science objectives to work through. We want to get a fuller understanding of how Mars formed as a planet, says Sanjeev Gupta of Imperial College London, who is part of the Perseverance science team.

On Earth, the constant shifting of the crust has mostly destroyed the very first surface rocks to form, but on Mars the oldest rocks are preserved, so there is an unbroken record stretching back more than four billion years. As well as telling us about the history of the planets formation, those primeval rocks could also contain clues as to whether life ever began on the red planet.

Yet what makes Perseverance unique is that it is also the first part of an ambitious 10-year plan between Nasa and the European Space Agency (Esa) to bring Martian rocks to Earth in around 2031.

Scientists really want rocks from Mars back on Earth, says Gupta. Samples can be analysed much more thoroughly on Earth than using even the most sophisticated Mars rover. And because laboratory techniques improve constantly, they can continue to be inspected year after year for new discoveries.

The value of sample return was demonstrated in the 1970s when the analysis of moon rocks brought back by the Apollo astronauts changed our understanding of the solar systems history and formation.

To replicate this success for Mars, Perseverance is equipped with more than 30 canisters, into which interesting-looking rocks will be loaded and then cached on the surface. If all goes well, a European rover built at Airbus Defence and Space in Stevenage will arrive on Mars in 2028 to collect the canisters. It will load them into a Nasa spacecraft known as the Mars Ascent Vehicle, which will blast them to a rendezvous with the European supplied Earth Return Orbiter that will bring the samples to Earth.

Whereas the lunar samples of the 1970s were from a barren world, Mars could once have been a habitable planet. So key investigations will involve looking for evidence of past or possibly present life and that is a whole new ballgame.

If you discover signs of life on Mars, you want to know thats Martian life, right? You dont want to accidentally discover E coli bacteria that hung on to your spacecraft, says Casey Dreier, chief advocate and senior space policy adviser for the Planetary Society, a non-profit organisation for space advocacy based in Pasadena, California.

To keep the scientific results as pure as possible, spacecraft and equipment are cleaned with chemical solvents or by heating.

When building a mission to Mars, you have to apply these biological controls that go beyond what we typically use for satellites that we build for, say, Earth observation, says Gerhard Kminek, a planetary protection officer for Esa. Hes been working since 2004 to make sure such precautions become standard practice at Esa for anything going to Mars including the Rosalind Franklin rover that will launch in 2022 and which carries life-detection equipment.

From working on Rosalind Franklin, European aerospace companies Airbus and Thales Alenia Space now have biologically controlled cleanrooms in which to build almost completely sterile spacecraft. Were in a very good position, says Kminek, so much so that Nasa sent a delegation late last year to visit the facilities and learn from them.

Kminek is also spearheading studies into the kind of containment facility needed to hold Mars samples on Earth. Working with organisations such as Public Health England, the Porton Down laboratory and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Controls, Thales UK and the University of Leicester have already built a prototype double wall isolation chamber under an Esa contract.

Such precautions are known as planetary protection, which is split into two components. Forward contamination is the introduction of Earth life on to other worlds; backwards contamination is concerned with the possibility, however remote, of extraterrestrial life brought back to Earth escaping into the biosphere.

It was initially discussed in the 1950s in the run-up to the launch of the first satellite, the Soviet Unions Sputnik 1, and the Committee on Space Research (Cospar) issued its first planetary protection guidelines in 1959. Back then, scientists thought the solar system was much more habitable. You read Arthur C Clarke novels written in the 50s that talk about native Martians and people dont see that as being an absurdity, says Thomas Cheney, lecturer in space governance at the Open University.

That all changed in 1971, when Mariner 9 became the first spacecraft to enter orbit around Mars. The pictures it sent back were sobering. There was no vegetation and no visible signs of life. Indeed, there was not even an indication of past life. People were surprised at just how dead Mars actually turned out to look, says Cheney.

Closer investigation in more recent decades, however, has swung opinions back again. It is now thought that Mars could have been habitable and that microbes may still be clinging on in areas of the planet where liquid water is present. Planetary protection concerns mean that spacecraft cannot go to these areas. So, life-detection experiments cannot investigate the areas most likely to support life and therefore most concentrate on looking for the evidence of past life on Mars.

Beyond these purely pragmatic scientific issues, however, a larger debate is brewing that brings in an ethical dimension. Its something that is, I think, even more important in a sense, says Dreier. Its applying the lessons of horrendous mistakes that humans have made in terms of exploration in the past.

Perhaps the most widely known of these mistakes is the European colonisation of Hawaii in the 18th century. Various diseases devastated the indigenous population because of the bacteria and viruses that were introduced. While there is no real chance of animal life on Mars, Dreier thinks the same consideration should be extended to bacteria. If theres life there, we dont want to inadvertently introduce a competing form of life that could undermine or destroy that, he says.

In truth, this concern has always underpinned the planetary protection guidelines, but its re-emergence as a discussion point is because Nasa and its partners are on the brink of returning humans to the moon. They also have ambitions for sending astronauts to Mars sometime in the 2030s and wherever humans go, contamination is sure to follow. We are for want of a better word leaky, even when enclosed in space suits. There is no such thing as a perfect seal, so viruses and bacteria will be constantly escaping into extraterrestrial environments.

The way we currently try to minimise the impact is to say that all areas with the potential for water are off limits, even to biologically decontaminated rovers such as Perseverance. Yet this will not work for human exploration, because water is going to be an essential resource for astronauts to drink and to make oxygen and rocket fuel with. Such in-situ resource utilisation is hard written into everyones plans for exploration.

On the face of it, planetary protection rules out a human exploration programme and all the scientific exploration that could bring. It would have scuppered the historic moon landings if anyone had thought about it too much. The Apollo missions would have been entirely impossible if someone had tried to enforce planetary protection, says Robert Zubrin, founder of the Mars Society, which advocates for human missions to Mars.

Those early astronauts left several hundred pounds of metabolic waste on the moon. This includes 96 bags of poo, urine, vomit and food waste. Apart from making the most historic feat of human exploration sound more like the aftermath of a student party, the point is that those waste products will have contained more than 1,000 microbial species usually found in the human gut.

Zubrin, whose book The Case for Mars is celebrating its 25th year in print, thinks that planetary protection is overcautious. He points to the subset of naturally occurring meteorites on Earth that have been shown to come from Mars and that this must have been happening since the formation of the solar system 4.6bn years ago.

One Martian meteorite in particular, ALH84001, aroused great interest in 1996 when a group of scientists claimed to have found microscopic fossils of Martian bacteria inside. Although that conclusion is still hotly contested, part of the analysis showed that the meteorite had never been subjected to temperatures above 40C. If there had been microbes in it, they could have survived the trip, says Zubrin, and billions of tons of such material have transferred from Mars to Earth in the last four billion years.

In other words, if nature does not respect planetary protection protocols, why should we?

Nasa recently commissioned a report on planetary protection. Published in October 2019, the Planetary Protection Independent Review Board recommended that different areas of a celestial body should be classified in different ways. Previously, the Cospar planetary protection rules applied to a celestial body as a whole. Now, specific areas can be protected while leaving others to be explored.

Its a stopgap at best because the water-rich areas necessary for the establishment of permanent bases remain off limits. To make progress, Cheney would like to see planetary protection become part of a wider discussion about space as an environment, so that we can decide what our priorities are for space exploration.

Its not just a place where you can do anything you want. What you do has consequences, he says. He points to space debris as something that could be rolled into a wider discussion of protecting the environment of space.

And theres no time to lose. The Cospar planetary protection guidelines are not part of international law, so while its recommendations are written into the fabric of Nasa, Esa and other major space agencies, there is nothing to stop the burgeoning private space sector sending anything they want into space. And as the flotilla of missions arriving at Mars demonstrates, the red planet is no longer as remote as it once seemed.

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Is there life on Mars? Not if we destroy it with poor space hygiene - The Guardian

Intriguing dark streaks on Mars may be caused by landslides after all – Space.com

Martian landslides might help explain mystery lines seen on the surface of the Red Planet, a new study finds.

For years, scientists analyzing the Martian surface have detected clusters of dark, narrow lines that seasonally appear on steep, sun-facing slopes in the warmer regions. Previous research has suggested that these enigmatic dark streaks, called recurring slope lineae (RSL), are signs that salty water regularly flows on the Red Planet during its warmest seasons.

Recent missions to Mars have revealed that the planet does possess huge underground pockets of ice. Prior work suggested that warmer temperatures during the Martian spring and summer could help generate salty brines capable, at least for a time, of staying liquid in the cold, thin air of the Red Planet.

Related: The search for water on Mars in pictures

However, geologists have discovered problems with the concept of brines causing RSL, explained study lead author Janice Bishop, a planetary scientist at the SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) Institute and NASA Ames Research Center, both of which are in California's Silicon Valley. For example, the angle of slopes where RSL occur and the features surrounding where they start "largely are inconsistent with a liquid flow process," she told Space.com.

Now Bishop and her colleagues suggest that chemical reactions could make the Martian surface vulnerable to landslides that might explain RSL.

"Although the surface of Mars today is dry and harsh and cold and dominated by wind and abrasion, underneath the surface, micro-scale interactions of salts with tiny ice and liquid water particles can be still occurring today," Bishop said.

The scientists focused on chemical reactions between sulfate minerals such as gypsum with chloride salts, of which table salt is one variety. "On Earth, interactions between gypsum and chloride salts have caused collapse of parts of caves, sinkholes in soft sediments near salty lakes and ponds, and uplift of roads," Bishop said.

The researchers speculated that similar interactions could happen on Mars, although the cold and dry conditions there would slow these reactions down. "I am super excited about the prospect of active chemistry below the surface on Mars, albeit at a slow rate," Bishop said.

In the new study, the scientists conducted lab experiments on mixtures of sulfates, chloride salts, tiny ice particles and volcanic ash similar to Martian soil. They froze and thawed such mixtures at the kinds of low temperatures found on the Red Planet.

The researchers found thin films of slushy water formed on the surfaces of the mineral grains. They suggested these films could expand and contract over time, leading to upheavals and contractions under the Martian surface. Wind and dust on these unstable surfaces could then set off landslides, producing the lines seen on the Red Planet, Bishop explained.

The scientists noted that in the future, surface missions on Mars to recent RSL sites could help test their model. They detailed their findings online today (Feb. 3) in the journal Science Advances.

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Intriguing dark streaks on Mars may be caused by landslides after all - Space.com

NASA’s Perseverance, China’s Tianwen-1 and UAE’s Hope reach Mars this month – CNET

En route to Mars.

July 2020 was a huge month for Mars. Taking advantage of its nearby position in orbit, three missions departed the Earth on a seven-month journey to the red planet. Now those spacecraft -- NASA's Perseverance rover, the Chinese space agency's Tianwen-1 and the United Arab Emirates' Hope -- are arriving at their destination. They're poised to uncover the secrets our celestial neighbor hides within its atmosphere and barren plains and may even reveal relics of ancient life on the planet's surface.

Although all three spacecraft will make it to orbit around Mars this month, NASA's Perseverance (or "Percy") gets to take center stage. It will be the only mission to land on the surface this month, with an expected arrival date of Feb. 18. Perseverancebuilds on an impressive historyof interplanetary exploration, with its sibling rover Curiosity coming up on nine years on Mars, deliveringbreathtaking photographs and somepuzzling data.

From the lab to your inbox. Get the latest science stories from CNET every week.

That's not to take anything away from the UAE's Hope, or Al Amal, and China's Tianwen-1. Both spacecraft are expected to perform Mars orbital insertion, or MOI, maneuvers within a day of each other on Feb. 9 and Feb. 10, respectively. Hope will remain in orbit and analyze the Martian atmosphere, but Tianwen-1 will attempt something only achieved by two other nations: landing on Mars' unfriendly surface. China is expected to release Tianwen-1's lander and rover duo sometime in May.

Here's a recap of the journey to Mars and what we can expect this month.

Every 26 months, the orbits of Earth and Mars line up in such a way that space agencies can take advantage of something known as a Hohmann transfer orbit.

"We do this kind of transfer orbit in order to use the least fuel," James O'Donoghue, a planetary scientist with Japanese space agency JAXA, told CNET last year. "It's like passing a football to a striker, you've got to aim where they're going to be."

In July 2020, everything lined up perfectly, and the three missions were out of here. Some fast facts:

The cadence of launches means Hope will reach Mars first in February. It's expected to perform its MOI on Feb. 9, slowing down from 75,000 miles per hour to just 11,200. At approximately 7:42 a.m. PT, the bus-length probe will arrive "at" Mars and will begin to transition to the science phase of the mission. The maneuver is totally autonomous, because communication doesn't quite work as quickly as it does here on Earth -- the interplanetary phone call has a more than 13-minute delay, so Hope will be flying on its own from a set of preset instructions.

Tianwen-1's arrival is slightly more mysterious. China's space agency doesn't typically reveal a lot of information about its activities, even for a potentially history-making mission such as this. According to Chinese news service CCTV, it will be the second craft to enter orbit, on Feb. 10.

Although the majority of the science will be performed when the spacecraft reach Mars, scientists and engineers have been testing the capability of their spacecraft on the cruise phase of the mission. The journey itself is a long one -- covering about 300 million miles (~480 million kilometers) -- and each agency has a chance to improve the trajectory of the craft for a perfect arrival. What else has been happening?

NASA's Perseverance rover will touch down on Feb. 18. Though NASA's got a good track record of landing on the red planet in the last few decades, there are no guarantees -- Mars is hard.

"Success is never assured," said Allan Chen, engineering lead on the entry, descent and landing phase of the mission, during a NASA press conference on Jan. 27. "That's especially true when we're trying to land the biggest, heaviest and most complicated rover we've ever built to the most dangerous site we've ever attempted to land on."

The space agency expects to have the best footage of landing ever, with a suite of cameras and a microphone ready to capture the entry, descent and landing. It's the first time we'll be able to listen to the sounds of a Martian landing, providing a completely new sensory experience for avid Mars fans. Sadly, there's no way we'll be able to watch live, as such, but NASA will provide coverage of the moment. We've got a comprehensive guide to Mars landing day and what you can expect.

If you're looking to catch Perseverance rover's touchdown on Feb. 18, we've got you covered and you can access the stream right here. And if you're interested in all the other great celestial events and rocket launches, we recommend syncing your calendar with CNET's Space Calendar -- you'll never miss a launch again.

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NASA's Perseverance, China's Tianwen-1 and UAE's Hope reach Mars this month - CNET

The UAE’s Hope mission is nearly to Mars, and scientists can’t wait – Space.com

With less than two weeks before the country's first-ever interplanetary mission slips into orbit around Mars, United Arab Emirates scientists can't wait for the Hope orbiter's arrival.

The UAE launched Hope in July 2020, one of three missions taking advantage of an optimal window to head to the Red Planet, along with China's Tianwen-1 mission and NASA's Perseverance rover. Hope is an orbiter designed to study the atmosphere of Mars around the planet and from surface to space. The mission will conduct its Mars orbit insertion maneuver on Feb. 9 beginning at about 10:30 a.m. EST (1530 GMT).

"Right now, the team has prepared as well as they can possibly prepare to reach orbit around Mars," Sarah Al Amiri, chairperson of the UAE Space Agency, said during a news conference held virtually yesterday (Jan. 28). "We're just counting down the final few days before we arrive to the Red Planet."

Related: The United Arab Emirates' Hope mission to Mars in photos

Fewer than half of Mars missions attempted to date have succeeded. In advance of the risky maneuver, which will involve Hope firing its thrusters for nearly half an hour to slow down enough to slip into orbit around Mars, the spacecraft is in excellent condition, mission personnel said.

"We are fortunate to have a very healthy spacecraft, and everything is looking very good at the moment," Pete Withnell, Hope program manager at the University of Colorado's Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics program, which partnered with the UAE on the mission, said during the news conference.

"I'm optimistic; that would be my primary emotion right now," Withnell said. "But I can tell you many of the team are waking up at two o'clock in the morning in a cold sweat just thinking and rethinking about aspects."

If all goes smoothly on Feb. 9, the UAE will notch a major accomplishment, becoming just the fifth entity to successfully reach Mars, after NASA, the Soviet Union, the European Space Agency and India. (China may follow fast on the UAE's heels; the nation's Tianwen-1 mission will complete its own Mars orbit insertion a day after Hope does.)

Before beginning the Hope mission, the UAE's space experience was limited to satellites in Earth orbit; the nation's first astronaut spent a week on the International Space Station in the fall of 2019. But in 2017, the country launched a century-scale Mars-focused initiative meant to build an oil-free economy and bulk up the nation's technical sector.

Related: The UAE wants to rewrite what we know about weather on Mars

The UAE designed the Hope mission's science goals in conjunction with the international community and built international partnerships, particularly with the University of Colorado, to complete the spacecraft, then hired a Japanese Mitsubishi Heavy Industries H-IIA rocket to execute the launch on July 19.

Hope is meant to spend one Martian year, or nearly two Earth years, studying the Red Planet; that timeline will begin in May. During the mission, the spacecraft will orbit high over the planet's equator to study the weather at the surface and how the layers of the planet's atmosphere interact.

Even as Hope was making the long trek out to Mars, the UAE announced its next mission beyond Earth orbit. In 2024, the nation intends to launch its first lunar rover, Rashid, which will focus on developing and evaluating space exploration technologies. As with the Hope mission, the UAE will contract out Rashid's launch rather than develop its own rocket technology.

But for the Hope team, the focus is all on Mars and all on the challenges of arriving safely.

"I think everyone on the mission understands the emotional roller coaster," Al Amiri said. "Every point of celebration is followed by several points of worry, waiting for the next point of celebration."

"I wish I could put it into words, but I'm probably every feeling that you can possibly think, both positive, negative and neutral."

Email Meghan Bartels at mbartels@space.com or follow her on Twitter @meghanbartels. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.

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The UAE's Hope mission is nearly to Mars, and scientists can't wait - Space.com

A Neil Armstrong for Mars: Landing the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover – SciTechDaily

NASAs Mars 2020 mission will have an autopilot that helps guide it to safer landings on the Red Planet. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

The view of the Sea of Tranquility rising up to meet Neil Armstrong during the first astronaut landing on the Moon was not what Apollo 11 mission planners had intended. They had hoped to send the lunar module Eagle toward a relatively flat landing zone with few craters, rocks, and boulders. Instead, peering through his small, triangular commanders window, Armstrong saw a boulder field very unfriendly for a lunar module. So the Apollo 11 commander took control of the descent from the onboard computer, piloting Eagle well beyond the boulder field, to a landing site that will forever be known as Tranquility Base.

There had been Moon landings with robotic spacecraft before Apollo 11, said Al Chen, entry, descent, and landing lead for NASAs Mars 2020 mission at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. But never before had a spacecraft on a descent toward its surface changed its trajectory to maneuver out of harms way.

The Mars 2020 mission is facing the most challenging landing yet on the Red Planet. It will touch down on February 18, 2021, in Jezero Crater, a 28-mile-wide (45-kilometer-wide) expanse full of steep cliffs, boulder fields, and other things that could boobytrap the landing. A new technology called Terrain Relative Navigation (TRN) will allow the spacecraft to avoid hazards autonomously. Its the closest thing to having an astronaut piloting the spacecraft, and the technology will benefit future robotic and human exploration of Mars.

On a test flight in Death Valley, California, an Airbus helicopter carried an engineering model of the Lander Vision System (LVS) that will help guide NASAs next Mars mission to a safe touchdown on the Red Planet. During the flight one in a series the helicopter (which is not part of the mission and was used just for testing) and its two-person crew flew a pre-planned sequence of maneuvers while LVS collected and analyzed imagery of the barren, mountainous terrain below. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Chen and his Mars 2020 colleagues have experience landing spacecraft on the Red Planet without the help of a steely-eyed astronaut at the stick. But Mars 2020 is headed toward NASAs biggest Martian challenge yet. Jezero Crater is a 28-mile-wide (45-kilometer-wide) indentation full of steep cliffsides, sand dunes, boulders fields and small impact craters. The team knew that to attempt a landing at Jezero and with a rover carrying 50% more payload than the Curiosity rover, which landed at a more benign location near Mount Sharp they would have to up their game.

What we needed was a Neil Armstrong for Mars, said Chen. What we came up with was Terrain-Relative Navigation.

Carried aboard Mars 2020, Terrain-Relative Navigation (TRN) is an autopilot that during landing can quickly figure out the spacecrafts location over and more importantly, calculate its future location on the Martian surface. Onboard, the rovers computer stores a map of hazards within Jezero Crater, and if the computed landing point is deemed too dangerous, TRN will command Mars 2020s descent stage to fly the rover to the safest reachable landing point.

To land an Apollo lunar module on the Moon required a crew of two (Armstrong had Buzz Aldrin feeding him information on their trajectory). Likewise, Terrain-Relative Navigation is actually two systems working together: the Lander Vision System and the Safe Target Selection system.

The first half of Terrain-Relative Navigation is the Lander Vision System [LVS], which determines where the spacecraft is over the Martian surface, said Andrew Johnson, guidance navigation and control subsystem manager for Mars 2020. If you say it quick LVS youll understand why the teams unofficial mascot is Elvis Presley.

LVSs operational lifetime is all of 25 seconds. It comes alive at about 13,000 feet (3,960 meters), commanding a camera on the rover to quickly take picture after picture of the Martian surface while still descending on a parachute. LVS scrutinizes one image a second, breaking each into squares that cover about 5,000 feet (1,520 meters) of surface area.

However, unlike Neil Armstrong, LVSs real-time analysis isnt looking for specific crater rims or mountain peaks. Instead, inside each of those boxes, or landmarks, the system looks for unique patterns in contrasting light and dark created by surface features like cliffs, craters, boulder fields and mountains. It then compares any uncommon pattern with a map in its memory. When it finds five landmark matches during Coarse Landmark Matching mode, it takes another image and repeats the process.

After three successful image-to-map comparisons, LVS kicks into a mode called Fine Landmark Matching. Thats when the system breaks the surface into boxes 410 feet (125 meters) across, scanning for unique patterns and comparing them with the map. LVS is looking for at least 20 matches in that one second of eyeballing an image but usually makes much more up to 150 in order to generate an even more accurate plot of Mars 2020s trajectory.

Each time a suitable number of matches is made in an image, in either Course or Fine Landmark Matching, LVS updates where the spacecraft is at that moment, said Johnson. That update is then fed into the Safe Target Selection system.

This second part of the Terrain-Relative Navigation system uses LVSs position solution, calculates where it will land and then compares it to another onboard map, this one depicting areas within the landing zone understood to be either good for landing or the kind with craters, cliffsides, boulders or rocks fields. If the plotted location isnt suitable, Safe Target Selection can change the rovers destiny, moving its landing point by up to 2,000 feet (600 meters).

While Safe Target Selection operations can be investigated in a computer testbed within the confines of JPL, to gather optical data, the team needed to go farther afield: the Mojave Desert and Death Valley.

Over three weeks in April and May of 2019, LVS flew 17 flights attached to the front of a helicopter, taking and processing image after image over the Mars-like terrain of Kelso Dunes, Hole-in-the-Wall, Lava Tube, Badwater, Panamint Valley and Mesquite Flat Dunes.

We flew flight after flight, imitating the descent profile of the spacecraft, said Johnson. In each flight we performed multiple runs. Each run essentially imitated a Mars landing.

All in all, the equivalent of 659 Mars landings took place during the test flights.

The data is in TRN works, said Chen. Which is a good thing because Jezero is where our scientists want to be. And without TRN, the odds of successful landing at a good location for the rover are approximately 85%. With TRN, we feel confident we are up around 99%.

But Chen is also quick to note that Mars is hard: Only about 40% of all missions sent to Mars by any space agency have successfully landed.

To go farther we have to look to the past, and in that respect who better than the first? said Chen. In an interview some 35 years after Apollo 11, Neil Armstrong said, I think we tried very hard not to be overconfident. Because when you get overconfident, thats when something snaps up and bites you.'

Mindful of that, the Mars 2020 TRN teams work will conclude only on February 18, 2021, a little after 12 p.m. PST (3 p.m. EST), when their rover alights on Jezero Crater. But it is also just a beginning: Terrain-Relative Navigations autonomous precision guidance could prove essential to landing humans safely on both the Moon and Mars.TRN could also be useful for landing equipment in multiple drops ahead of a human crew on either world or others to be explored down the road.

JPL, which is managed for NASA by Caltech in Pasadena, California, built and manages operations of the Perseverance rover.

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A Neil Armstrong for Mars: Landing the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover - SciTechDaily