The government’s anti-encryption campaign shows it’s learned nothing from the war on drugs – IT PRO

The UK has waged a war on end-to-end encryption for years, with the government boomeranging between scaremongering tactics to manipulate public opinion on the divisive technology. Its latest attempt to convince the public that surrendering its basic human right to privacy is, actually, a good idea, however, fails to address the core issue its ignoring; that criminalisation almost never works.

Revelations published by Rolling Stone shows the government isnt backing down on encryption, despite a litany of more pressing fires it needs to put out. The Home Office has commissioned M&C Saatchi, a high-end advertising agency, to run an anti-encryption campaign centred on the role of encryption in child exploitation, including an insidious visual PR stunt involving a child and an adult. This aims to mobilise public opinion against Meta's decision to add encryption to Messenger, for instance, among other uses of the technology.

The events of recent weeks have shown the contempt the government holds towards its citizens, and the lengths it will go to hide self-servitude. It now believes using child exploitation as the main argument against encryption should be enough to turn the tide.

It should be under no illusion, however, that banning the technology will do little to curb the online abuse of children, although according to the former head of the NCSC Ciaran Martin, the government may not actually know what its talking about.

Banning encrypted messaging will remove the benefits and freedoms it affords the public, while ramping up the levels of already-hyperactive state-wide surveillance. The 1920s prohibition era serves as a historical example, as well as todays so-called war on drugs; its very much a losing battle.

Global security insights report 2021

Extended enterprise under threat

Has the lack of easy-access cannabis, like we can find in some states in the US, led to a drop in use? Well, cannabis is still the most misused illicit drug in the UK, ONS figures show, with usage rising since 2013. Cocaine use, too, was up 37% against 2013, and more people also misused ketamine now than a decade ago. The Childrens Society, meanwhile, says 90% of police forces in England have observed county lines activity, with violence escalating.

It suggests what we know to be true; that outlawing things of value will only push them into the hands of outlaws. In the case of encryption, only those intent on harm will gain access to encrypted messaging services through technologies like Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), deep underground with little chance of government tracking.

Take Messenger, WhatsApp, and Signal away from Joe Public and what are you left with? The vast majority of the population will be exposed to the government of the day, whether its Boris Johnson, or an untimely successor. Criminals, meanwhile, will have already burrowed themselves deeper into the dark web, using PGP-signed messages over which the government has no oversight. Nobody can ban cryptography.

Its here from which whiffs of incompetence emanate. Revoking end-to-end encryption will allow dark web communities to flourish, making life even more difficult for law enforcement. Weve seen how dark web marketplaces have thrived despite attempts to stop the illegal trade of guns, drugs, and other illicit goods. After all, it takes months to infiltrate a marketplace and shut it down, and minutes for an alternative to begin accepting patrons.

This campaign is yet another thinly-veiled attempt to achieve the governments ambition of scaling up the apparatus of the surveillance state, first through the Investigatory Powers Act, recently in its Online Safety Bill, alongside years of public gesticulations.

To complicate matters, though, the governments argument is somewhat valid, and one that even I, an avid proponent of end-to-end encryption, often struggle to internally justify. When you consider the lives lost through terrorist plots organised over encrypted messaging platforms, or the countless lives ruined through exploitation, its a difficult stance to hold.

When you see through the flagrant technical illiteracy and untruths running through this prospective campaign, however, you have to call into question the motives. This is especially true when you factor in attempts to undermine our rights and access to privacy, alongside the lengths to which government ministers go to hide their own activities from the public by using, you guessed it, WhatsApp.

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The government's anti-encryption campaign shows it's learned nothing from the war on drugs - IT PRO

‘War on drugs’ not an effective response to usage, minister tells committee – TheJournal.ie

THE MINISTER OF State for the national drugs strategy has told an Oireachtas committee that a war on drugs is not an effective response to usage.

The Joint Committee on Health met this morning to hear from Minister of State Frank Feighan for an update on the national drugs strategy.

Irelands national drugs strategy was released in 2017 and the government said policies are now aimed towards a more health-led approach to drug use.

Feighan told the committee that the strategy commits to this approach whereby drug use is treated as a public health issue and not primarily as a criminal justice matter.

And let me be clear: a war on drugs is not an effective response to drug use, he said.

He also reiterated the strategic priorities for 2021-2025 under the plan including a focus on protecting children and young people from drug use, enhancing the access and delivery of community drug and alcohol services and a focus on harm reduction and integrated care pathways for high-risk drug users.

Feighan said that these priorities are to be linked to outcome indicators to measure the impacts such as figures on cannabis use among young people, the number of people receiving treatment and the number of drug-related deaths.

He told the committee that drugs continue to be a major policy challenge in Ireland.

According to Feighan, 9% of the population used an illegal drug in the last year. 9,700 cases were treated for problem drug use in 2020, with another 5,800 cases treated for problem alcohol use.

He paid tribute to frontline drug and alcohol services for their work during the pandemic. The designation of drug services as essential services at the start of the pandemic was a significant acknowledgment by the government of the importance of this sector, he said.

Feighan was joined at the committee by Jim Walsh, the principal officer in the drugs policy and social inclusion unit at the Department of Health and Dr Eamon Keenan, the national clinical lead for addiction in the HSE.

Sinn Fins Thomas Gould asked the minister about the removal of a group of nurses specialising in addiction from the National Oversight Committee (OAC) on Drugs.

The Ireland Chapter of International Nurses Society on Addiction (IntNSA) served on the NOC until December when they were removed after Feighans decision to reconfigure the committee, resulting in their representative member being forced to step down.

Feighan said that he hopes to meet with the nurses in the next few days to resolve the issues that have been raised in this regard.

Gould also asked the minister if he could give a commitment that places on the NOC on Drugs will be retained for voluntary and community groups, as well as nurses, but Feighan did not give a commitment.

Citizens assembly

It wasreported earlier this monththat campaigners are increasingly confident that a citizens assembly on drug use could take place this year.

However, in response to a question from Social Democrats leader Risn Shortall about when the assembly will take place, Feighan said there is currently no proposed date for it to begin.

He said it had been delayed due to the coronavirus pandemic, but confirmed that the Department of Health is liaising with the Department of an Taoiseach and said he expects it will take place in the lifetime of this Government.

The three coalition parties, upon entering government in 2020, committed to holding a citizens assembly on drug use, which advocates say could be a major opportunity to rethink drug policy in Ireland.

Shortall also raised the issue of nurses being removed from the NOC on Drugs, and asked Feighan if it is his intention to appoint an addiction nurse representative to it.

I would certainly think yes, it is, Feighan responded.

Lynn Ruane

During the course of the meeting, Feighan said there is currently no desire at government level to decriminalise or legalise drugs, especially cannabis.

Fine Gael TD Bernard Durkan deemed cannabis a gateway drug during the meeting, stating that it is being given to children to create addiction and a market for drugs.

Following this, Independent Senator Lynn Ruane said the meeting had been one of the most excruciating things Ive ever had to listen to regarding drug use and criticised the language being used, such as the myth of gateway drugs and the moralisation of peoples drug use.

Minister, the war on drugs has happened right in front of your eyes today, she said.

The war on drugs costs lives, its discriminatory, its moralistic, its a breach of civil rights, it criminalises poverty. If you want to focus on drug use, you need to forget the type of drug thats being used and you need to look at poverty and marginalisation, everything that this government has got to say in to. Criminalise poverty, not people for their drug use.

She asked Feighan to define what he meant by the war on drugs not being an effective response to drug use and said the phrase is not about destigmatisation, but about criminalising those that use drugs.

She asked him if he thought drug users were criminals. He responded by saying that people who use drugs have human rights and reiterated that a health-led approach is needed instead of punishment.

Labour Senator Annie Hoey also said the minister needs to understand the difference between the decriminalisation and the legalisation of drug use.

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Crack cocaine

Fine Gaels Colm Burke raised the issue of the increase in crack cocaine use in the country. Feighan said he has announced 850,000 in recurring funding over the next three years for a HSE-led initiative to reduce health-related harms associated with the use of the drug.

On this point, Keenan said a student survey on drug use in higher education institutes will be released tomorrow that will show a substantial increase in cocaine use in this population.

Were going to be allocating about 50,000 of that for training so that across the country we can provide training for staff to deliver appropriate evidence based-interventions to people who are presenting with health problems associated with cocaine and crack cocaine, Keenan said.

Feighan was also asked about funding for community healthcare organisations (CHOs), including theTallaght Drugs and Alcohol Task Force,to support people in areas negatively affected by drugs.

A report published by the task force on the use of drugs in the Tallaght and Whitechurch areas of Dublin found that the number of people being treated for addiction issues in its projects has doubled in the last ten years, but it still believes it is only reaching 25% of the true need.

It said that community services in the areas are at breaking point and urgently need additional resources.

The task force report called for an additional 1 million in government funding each year to cover more staff, resources for alcohol support programmes, a detached youth work project, and expanding crack cocaine programmes.

However, Feighan said between 200,000 and 240,000 in funding will be allocated to the nine CHOs every year, who will then commission community-based drug and alcohol services based on an assessment of population needs.

With reporting from Jane Moore.

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'War on drugs' not an effective response to usage, minister tells committee - TheJournal.ie

Could a cocaine vape pen help those struggling with addiction? – NewsNation Now

(NewsNation Now) A few years ago the tobacco companies sold the world on e-cigarettes ability to help people quit smoking. Now, doctors are developing a cocaine e-cigarette to help people do the same for stimulant addictions.

Dr. Fabian Steinmetz, one of the scientists who invented the device, said alternative solutions are necessary because the war on drugs has not worked.

Its quite easy to regulate cannabis. But its more difficult how to deal with drugs like crack cocaine or heroin, Steinmetz said on On Balance with Leland Vittert.

For research, he looked at how several European countries handle drugs and the laws surrounding them. He noted some cities even give heroin to those already struggling with addiction.

We actually thought about how can we do something similar for crack cocaine which has a very short duration, and then we came up with this type of e-cigarette, he said.

Steinmetz believes part of the problem with U.S. drug laws stems from prohibition and often results in people trying more dangerous drugs.

If [people] dont get their pills, they go to the black market and then they poison themselves with illegal fentanyl formulations, he said.

Some U.S. cities have turned to safe sites for people to use narcotics to prevent overdoses.

The first officially authorized safe havens for people to use heroin and other narcotics have been cleared to open in New York City.

An estimated 100,000 Americans died of drug overdoses in 2021. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention previously reported there were about 93,000 overdose deaths in 2020.

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Could a cocaine vape pen help those struggling with addiction? - NewsNation Now

Expert panel to explore ‘harm reduction’ as an alternative public health strategy for governments – Washington Times

Cure-all solutions are popular for good reason they solve problems in a hurry.

Governments pursue Holy Grail solutions for complex issues like fighting drug addiction and climate change. However, this approach is rarely successful in solving the problems. Perhapsits time to focus on practical solutions that chip away at the risks we face every day.

Thats the thinking behind a concept known as harm reduction, a coordinated approach that involves lifelong and proactive strategies to bolster public health.

We have to face the fact that we are playing the role of a modern Don Quixote all over the world, resulting in wasted energy and excessive stigmatization that is counterproductive and devoid of solidarity. Today, more than ever, we need to take a close look at all the health aspects in our country to assess the current situation, diagnose the urgent needs and, above all, provide practical and reliable responses, Dr. Imane Kendili, a Moroccan psychiatrist and addiction specialist, and editor Abdelhak Najib told The Washington Times.

They will discuss their new book, Harm Reduction The Manifesto, in a panel discussion Wednesday co-hosted by The Times and CollaborateUp.

The virtual event titled, Practical not Magical: Harm Reduction and Public Health, is open to the public and will bring together several experts to discuss practical solutions for climate change, public health and substance abuse prevention.

The event will be presented with support from the Moroccan Association of Addiction Medicine and Associated Pathologies (MAPA), Aphorisme Consulting, Orion Media, the R Street Institute and Philip Morris International. The Times and CollaborateUp plan to hold a second event on harm reduction in February.

Dr. Jallal Toufiq, a Moroccan national and head of the National Centre for Drug Abuse Prevention and Research, collaborated with Dr. Kendili and Mr. Najib on their 380-page book and will join the discussion.

Others on the discussion panel include Kye Young, vice president of partnerships and development at the Foundation for Climate Restoration; Mazen Saleh, policy director for Integrated Harm Reduction at the R Street Institute; and retired police Lt. Diane Goldstein, executive director of the Law Enforcement Action Partnership.

The concept of harm reduction can be as simple as wearing a seat belt in a vehicle or donning a helmet when riding a bike or skiing. But it is often brought up in the context of substance abuse and evolving attitudes around the war on drugs.

While the intentions of governments may be noble in addressing drug use and other risky behaviors, the first point of action should be a realization that silver-bullet solutions do not exist, Mr. Saleh said. Policymakers often attempt prohibition but history has shown that never works. From the folly of alcohol prohibition to the abject failure of the war on drugs that neither reduced the nations drug supply nor the number of overdose deaths.

He pointed to a war on vaping as a contemporary example of the phenomenon. Some policymakers are pushing for a crackdown on e-cigarette use while some adult smokers say limiting access to the products will make it difficult for them to wean off more dangerous nicotine products.

Though the FDA through a stringent regulatory review approved the marketing of a class of vapes as beneficial to the protection of public health, state governments are moving to ban them entirely, Mr. Saleh said. Individuals tend to bear the brunt of bad policy, whether it is regressive taxation for reduced-risk tobacco products or incarceration without access to treatment for those suffering from substance use disorder.

Lt. Goldstein, meanwhile, will discuss how law enforcement efforts to combat illegal drugs must be paired with public health strategies that minimize risk and the loss of life.

We have invested so much into punitive criminal, moralistic interventions instead of treating substance abuse from a public health lens. I think ultimately if you look at the role of law enforcement it is supposed to be about saving lives, said Lt. Goldstein, who ran narcotics and gang units during her police career in California but also saw the other side of the coin, as her brother coped with substance abuse.

The U.S. is increasingly diverting addicted people to treatment instead of incarceration while adopting harm reduction strategies such as safe-consumption sites, needle exchange programs and the distribution of testing strips so that users can make sure they are not injecting deadly fentanyl.

The topic of harm reduction is particularly salient given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, according to the authors. People around the world have become adept at reducing potential harm from the coronavirus, such as the use of masks in combination with pharmaceutical strategies to try and slow the spread and rate of disease, they said.

As we have seen, there is no miracle solution. Powerful states have been defeated in the face of the coronavirus. Look at what is happening in the United States, the most affected country in the world, Dr. Kendili and Mr. Najib said.

To avoid the next pandemic, they said, what should not be done and repeated as a mistake is to invest trillions of dollars in the military industry instead of investing this money in health and scientific research to find viable and reliable solutions for a humanity held in check by a virus that has shown how fragile and vulnerable the world is.

REGISTER: Practical not Magical: Harm Reduction and Public Health

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Expert panel to explore 'harm reduction' as an alternative public health strategy for governments - Washington Times

After Ayotzinapa Chapter 2: The Cover-Up – Reveal – Reveal

Al Letson:Listening to the news can feel like a journey. But the 1A Podcast guides you beyond the headlines and cuts through the noise. Lets get to the heart of the story together. Listen to the 1A podcast from NPR.Speaker 2:Reveal is brought to you by Progressive. Have you tried the name, your price tool yet? It works just the way it sounds. You tell progressive how much you want to pay for car insurance and theyll show you coverage options that fit your budget. Its easy to start a quote and youll be able to find a rate that works for you. Its just one of the many ways you can save with Progressive. Get your quote today Progressive.com and see why four out of five new auto customers recommend Progressive. Progressive casualty insurance company and affiliates, price and coverage match limited by state law.Al Letson:From the Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX. This is Reveal Im Al Letson. This week, we have part two of our series about the attack on group of students from Ayotzinapa Rural Teachers College. And we should remind you that this story contains scenes of violence. At the end of September 2014, the students were riding in buses at night when police surrounded them.Speaker 3:[Spanish 00:01:22].Al Letson:And open fire.Speaker 3:[Spanish 00:00:01:27].Al Letson:Three of the boys were killed. 43 students were never heard from again. A month and a half later, the Mexican government announced it had solved the case.Speaker 4:[Spanish 00:01:42]Al Letson:The government said corrupt police had taken the students and handed them to members of a local gang. And that the gang had taken them to a garbage dump, shot them and incinerated their bodies. But parents of the students had their doubts.Speaker 5:Whatever it is, I need to know. I need the truth. I want my son to return to achieve his dreams of being someone in this life.Al Letson:For them, the government story didnt make sense. For starters, it didnt answer the most important question of all. Why? Why were the students shot? This is our serial investigation. After Ayotzinapa. Chapter two, The Cover. The parents of the missing students have been searching for answers for years. In 2017, they reached out to human rights investigator Kate Doyle. Kate has exposed atrocities throughout Latin America and testified as an expert witness in trials involving officials in Peru, Guatemala and El Salvador. Shes with the National Security Archive, a nonprofit research organization that uncovers government records tied to state violence. Kate has been working with Reveals Anayansi Diaz-Cortes for the past two years on our series. What they found is that understanding why the students were attacked in Mexico has a lot to do with a small town in Illinois, more than 2000 miles to the north. Kate tells us how she got involved in this story.Kate Doyle:I got pulled in when the lawyers for the families contacted me. There was a really intriguing lead in the case that the Mexican government had just ignored. And it came from a drug investigation in Chicago of all places. Heres what happened. At the end of 2014, not long after the attack on the students, the Us Justice Department posted a press release announcing a drug bust. It said eight men had been charged as a part of a heroin trafficking ring operating out of Aurora, a Chicago suburb. According to the DEA, the men were working for a Mexican drug cartel called Guerreros Unidos. Thats the same gang Mexican officials were saying was involved in the disappearance of the 43 students in Iguala, Mexico. When the lawyers called my first move was to track down this man.Mark Giuffre:My names Mark Giuffre. Its G-I-U-F-F-R-E for the record. Im a retired special agent with the US Drug Enforcement Administration.Kate Doyle:Mark was the supervisor in charge of the DEAs Chicago investigation and he remembers when he read about the missing students a couple months after the attack.Mark Giuffre:I was reading the Time Magazine expose on the 43 students and there was a part in the article that saidKate Doyle:It caught his eye that Mexican authorities were saying Guerreros Unidos was behind the attack. The Mexican attorney general had described them as a bunch of local criminals who turned on the kids. In fact, they were a much bigger deal. And no one knew that better than Mark. Hed been tracking them closely for more than a year since 2013, when one morningMark Giuffre:At 7:00 AM, I stopped at Dunkin Donuts and grabbed a cup of coffee and went up to the north side of Chicago and parked my car at block away.Kate Doyle:Mark was staking out a guy he thought was laundering money. After the man got into his Jeep with a duffle bagMark Giuffre:I got in the car, walked up to the bag, it was overflowing with cash.Kate Doyle:Mark arrested the man, but he had stumbled onto more than a money laundering operation.Mark Giuffre:We executed a search and discovered multiple kilograms of both heroin and cocaine and hundreds of thousands dollars worth of cash and money counting machines, et cetera, et cetera.Kate Doyle:Mark had uncovered a massive drug trafficking ring.Mark Giuffre:But that cell was run by a man named Transformer who they all feared. Transformer was Vega, Pablo Vega. He ran a Chicago cell of this cartel. Guerreros Unidos Cartel.Kate Doyle:Pablo Vega was from Iguala, but he grew up in Aurora and he was the one making sure that Guerreros Unidos in Iguala could get heroin across the US border to sell in the American Midwest. Mark got a court order to wire tap the gangs cellphones and started reading their text messages. Thats when the DEA figured out how the smuggling worked.Mark Giuffre:We knew from the codes they were using that they were using buses. Mexican passenger bus company, when they arrived after they did their various drop offs in the neighborhoods in the little village in Pilsen or wherever, they would go to this location warehouse in Aurora and they would be serviced at the warehouse.Kate Doyle:The warehouse was the heart of the heroin operation. From a van nearby, Mark and his team watched this place on and off for months through binoculars. A year ago, Anayansi and I went to Aurora and found the warehouse.Mark Giuffre:Hello?Kate Doyle:Hi Mark. Hows it going?Mark Giuffre:Good. How are you?Anayansi Diaz-C:We called mark on the phone so he could describe the drug smugglers setup.Kate Doyle:Give us a tour of what we should be looking for and what you were seeing here from your perspective and what you-Mark Giuffre:Okay.Kate Doyle:Yeah.Mark Giuffre:Around back is where the buses would pull in right along the side, next to the park there.Kate Doyle:And where were you watching?Mark Giuffre:So theres a park to the left of this warehouse and theres a parking lot, and I was parked in that parking lot with binoculars. We had people in the park.Anayansi Diaz-C:It was mind blowing to see how an ordinary building in the heart of suburbia can be the front for a bustling drug operationKate Doyle:Mark had previously told me that over the course of the investigation, the DEA had intercepted thousands of text messages sent between the drug dealers in Aurora and their suppliers in Iguala.Mark Giuffre:We were intercepting conversations. It being unloaded? Yeah, were unloading it right now. When they were talking about the code name they used for heroin.Kate Doyle:Wait, what was the code word for heroin?Mark Giuffre:I cant remember what they used in this-Kate Doyle:Okay. In the court document, they say Is your aunt arriving tonight?Mark Giuffre:Yeah, I think the aunts were the buses. So we knew from the codes they were using that heroin loads were coming up in buses and that bulk cash, millions and millions of dollars was going back out via the same method.Kate Doyle:Mark was a foot soldier in the war on drugs. The American campaign to stamp out narcotics trafficking around the world. His job was to take apart the groups operating inside the United States. But the US also played a huge role in Mexicos drug war. In 2006, then president Felipe Calderon decided to enlist the armed forces in the fight and the US dedicated billions of dollars to send helicopters, weapons, intelligence and training for Mexican security forces.Speaker 9:Giving the Mexican military and police US training, armament and resources.Kate Doyle:Militarizing the fight in Mexico and criminalizing it in the United States was supposed to win the war on drugs, but the strategy has backfired. At home, its led to mass incarceration and the deaths of more than 800,000 Americans by overdose in the past 20 years. More casualties than in any other war in our countrys history. And in Mexico, the war produced a whirlwind of violence unlike anything the country had seen before. Karla Quintana heads the national commission on the search for the disappeared in Mexico.Karla Quintana:There had been drug cartels in Mexico way before 2006. So something happened in 2006 that a deal was broken among drug cartels, federal government, local governments. Something was broken there. After that, the violence has just beenKate Doyle:Skyrocketing.Karla Quintana:Yeah, skyrocketing.Kate Doyle:Exactly. Karla says that unleashing the Mexican military against the cartels had a destabilizing effect. When the bosses were taken down, their operations splintered and new people tried to take over. She says they intimidated or paid off police and government officials to look the other way. A.Karla Quintana:After that, the mix of cartels and of state agents in perpetrating these crimes is very common. So we, as Mexican people, we dont know whos who.Kate Doyle:Corruption wasnt a new problem in Mexico, but the war on drugs made it much worse. People were getting caught in the crossfire of rivalries and turf wars across the country. By the time the Ayotzinapa students were ambushed and taken off the buses, some 30,000 people had gone missing. Collateral damage in the war on drugs. Almost no one was prosecuted. Mexican institutions were becoming a part of the Narco system.The DEAs Mark Giuffre could see that, even from Chicago. As he and his team read the text messages they got off the wire taps, he says it was obvious that local officials in Iguala were working with the cartel.Mark Giuffre:There were people that you could tell from the context that were political figures at the highest level from Iguala and in Guerrero state that were communicating with various people that we were being ordered to intercept.Kate Doyle:Mexican investigators had evidence that Guerreros Unidos was bribing officials to look the other way. And their drug business was booming.Mark Giuffre:We looked at our data, our intelligence, the intercepts. More than 2,000 kilograms of heroin came to Chicago in a one year period of time, which is a unprecedented, mind boggling amount.Kate Doyle:The heroin was hidden behind the bumpers of the buses. Through the wire taps, Mark realized the buses were carrying these secret drug stashes. The smugglers had built ingenious, airtight containers that dogs couldnt sniff out and X-ray machines couldnt see through. Mark connected the dots between Guerreros Unidos buses and the Ayotzinapa students.Mark Giuffre:These students hijacked the wrong bus. They hijacked the wrong bus. To me, it was just so crystal clear that if not for that being the bus they hijacked, my hypothesis is they might all very well be alive today.Kate Doyle:It would take a very long time before Marks epiphany would become a serious focus of the investigation into Ayotzinapa. The Mexican government never even posed the question, did the students commandeer a bus loaded with heroin? And could that explain the intensity of the attacks on them?Al Letson:In a moment, we go back to Mexico where parents of the students are convinced theyre not getting the truth and the government soon has a crisis on its hands.Mark Giuffre:The Mexican government, its hoping this case will go away and the case doesnt go away.Al Letson:Thats next on Reveal.Latif Nasser:Are you hungry for some great investigative journalism that sounds like a music? Then Radiolab might be the show for you. Radiolab began over 20 year ago as an exploration of science, philosophy and ethics. The show has since expanded to become a platform for some of the best long form journalism and storytelling youll hear today. Join Jad, Lulu Miller and myself, Latif Nasser, as we investigate stories that provoke, delight and ask you to completely change the way you view the world. You can find Radiolab wherever you get podcasts.Al Letson:From the center for investigative reporting in PRX, this is reveal Im Al Letson. More than 2000 miles away from Chicago and DEA agent Mark Giuffre, the Mexican governments investigation continues. Its the fall of 2014 and Mexican officials are saying nothing about heroin hidden on buses or drug smuggling to the US. The parents of the missing students suspect the government is hiding the truth. Then in December, three months after the attack, the government makes a surprise announcement.Speaker 4:[Spanish 00:15:16]Al Letson:The attorney general says they have results from a DNA lab in Innsbruck, Austria. They sent the lab a bone found near river, not far from where the students were attacked and the lab was able to match it to one of the missing students. Alexander Mora Venancio.Speaker 4:Alexander Mora Venancio [Spanish 00:15:37]Al Letson:This news is a gut punch to the parents of the missing boys. The blow that hits one parent hits all of us, says Cristi Bautista whose son Benjamin also disappeared that night. Alexander was a 19 year old student at the Teachers College. His dad, Ezequiel is a taxi driver but he never taught Alexander how to drive. If I teach you, youll want to be a taxi driver like me and I cant allow that, he would tell him. Now, Ezequiel was preparing to bury his son or the only remains he had, just a single bone, no bigger than the palm of his hand, Dona Cristi and the other parents decided they had to be there to support him.Cristi Bautista:[Spanish 00:16:31]Al Letson:The families went to Alexanders hometown in Costa Chica to cry and pray together with his father. As painful as it was for the parents and the Mexican people to accept Alexanders death. It seemed to confirm what the government was saying happened to the students. Still, as Kate Doyles and Reveals Anayansi Diaz-Cortez discovered, the governments announcement just raised more questions for the families of the students who were losing faith in the government investigation. Anayansi explains why.Anayansi Diaz-C:The bone that belonged to Alexander was identified through the work of Mimi Doretti, a forensic anthropologist from Argentina whod been asked by the families of the missing to work with the Mexican government. Getting confirmation from the DNA lab in Austria, that this bone was from one of the students is a major development. The government holds a press conference and Mimi issues a statement of her own, a press release. In it, she decides to clarify a small detail on the governments announcement that just doesnt sit well with her.Mimi Doretti:Lets just put that we were not there when the bag was allegedly found on the river and that we were not there when this particular fragment was found.Anayansi Diaz-C:Because the government was declaring publicly that Mimi and her team were there.Speaker 4:[Spanish 00:17:57]Anayansi Diaz-C:When the bag was pulled out of the river, when it was opened and laid out. What happens next, completely blindsides Mimi.Mimi Doretti:That produced a major controversy with people that were on the federal government conducting the investigation. They felt that we put in doubt the whole thing, the bag, the location of where the bag was found and the origin of that fragment.Anayansi Diaz-C:And there were other things the government was claiming that didnt make sense. Like the theory that the boys were shot at the top of the dump and thrown over a cliff of garbage. If that were the case, Mimi expected there would be dozens of bullet shells at that spot.Mimi Doretti:And we found a few cartridges here and there, four or five, but really not much. So were like, Wait, this is not telling the same story.Anayansi Diaz-C:Then out of the blue, new evidence appears almost as if in response to their doubts.Mimi Doretti:Like 10 days after, we all have left the site the prosecutors office went back to the site, to the garbage dump. They didnt tell us to go we with them and they found more than 40 [inaudible] cases under a rock where that was the rock where we always sit down to change shoes or something like that before going down. So were like, Wait a minute, they have been placed there.Anayansi Diaz-C:Mimi believes the government planted the evidence. For the families, this confirms their suspicions about the official story and in early 2015, the families take to the streets. This time demanding a brand new independent investigation.Cristi Bautista:[Spanish 00:19:43]Speaker 5:The March on January 26th, it was huge. We marched the center of Mexico City from four different places.Speaker 3:[Spanish 00:00:19:54]Anayansi Diaz-C:Dona Cristi and the other parents hold up huge body size portraits of their sons. Thousands of people join them.Speaker 3:[Spanish 00:20:06]Anayansi Diaz-C:The governments answer to the protestors comes quickly with another press conference. The governments response is to double down. They restate their original theory. Boys, dump, fire, river, DNA match, case closed. And they call their theory la verdad historica, the historical truth. Which is like saying the absolute truth. The message to the families of the missing is clear. This is finished. You need to turn the page.Cristi Bautista:[Spanish 00:20:56]Speaker 5:We were having dinner and we just stared at each other, we didnt believe it. We couldnt accept it. All we could was, This is a historic lie that theyre making up.Anayansi Diaz-C:Instead of calming things down the governments response leads to more outrage.Jim Cavalero:The Mexican government, its hoping this case will go away and the case doesnt go away.Anayansi Diaz-C:Thats Jim Cavalero. He was with the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights at the time. Its part of the United Nations in Latin America. In a very smart move, the parents had reached out to Jim when they were pushing for a new investigation.Jim Cavalero:Theres a sense that this is going to be extremely politically detrimental, if not devastating for the Mexican government, possibly to the level of seeing a Mexican government fall.Anayansi Diaz-C:The outcry is so big. The government has no choice but to support an independent investigation.Jim Cavalero:So I think the Mexican government engages in a bit of a gamble, but a gamble they think theyre going to win and that they need some kind of cover. Which is we invite in the commission, see families, see media, see opposition. We have a commitment to human rights and we will do this the right way.Anayansi Diaz-C:So immediately Jim gets to work, putting together a group of experts.Jim Cavalero:Im picking up the phone and Im calling up people and Im twisting their arms.Francisco Cox:Im in my house sleeping and I get a call from Jim Cavalero, who didnt respect the time difference because he was in California and I was in Santiago. So it was like 3:00 in the morning or something like that.Al Letson:Francisco Cox, whos a Chilean criminal law expert and human rights expert.Francisco Cox:He said like, its a group of experts that will oversee the investigation. And I said, Yeah. Im in. Im all for it.Anayansi Diaz-C:Jim pulls together a whos who of Latin American experts.Francisco Cox:Carlos Beristain.Anayansi Diaz-C:A psychologist who works with families of the disappeared.Francisco Cox:Claudia Paz y Paz, who stood up to some of the most ruthless, organized criminal groups and corrupt authorities in Guatemala. Angela Buitrago and Alejandro Valencia.Anayansi Diaz-C:Both from Columbia where they investigated massacres and paramilitary groups and she prosecuted them.Francisco Cox:So we had folks who were not gun shy.Anayansi Diaz-C:This newly minted group of five international experts calls itself El Grupo Interdisciplinario Expertos Independientes or GIEI for short, which is how well refer to them. On March 2nd, 2015, the GIEI arrive in Mexico city and they get to work.Francisco Cox:We went to the foreign affairs office. The woman that was in charge of receiving us was this very well dressed woman. Her secretary came in with a huge mug, like transparent mug with something green in it. And she had all her jewelry and her rings and she was very elegant.Anayansi Diaz-C:From the fancy offices, they asked to be taken to the school in Ayotzinapa.Francisco Cox:We went out and we had this huge How you say [inaudible].Anayansi Diaz-C:Body guards?Francisco Cox:Yeah. But I mean, they were like police officers with huge, huge machine guns. And they all had their face covered and this is something that Mexico does a lot, which is the state shows you its power. And then you go into these peoples school and you see the contrast. Once you shake the hand of one of the 43 fathers, I mean, you feel like you have Your hands are like tiny and very, very weak. I mean, its a strong persons hand. So the contrast of Mexico to me was right there.Anayansi Diaz-C:Even though the experts were from Latin America, theyre outsiders in Mexico, trying to crack a super sensitive case. Each of them told us over and over again, [Spanish 00:25:17] We didnt understand Mexico. Not really. They needed an insider to help them. This is where Omar Gomez Trejo comes into the picture again. You met him in our last episode, he works for the UN and was observing the governments ongoing investigation. When he reads about the experts coming in, the GIEI, he realizes he knows one of them, Alejandro Valencia.Omar Gomez Trej:[Spanish 00:00:25:46]Speaker 17:And then we went to go grab a beer and then we started to talk and then he tells me, Omar, were thinking about finding someone to be our anchor in Mexico. And I told him, Dont look anymore. Im here. He tells me, Are you for real? Yes. We can offer you a three month contract. I had a lifetime contract at the United Nations.Anayansi Diaz-C:And Omar walks away from his comfortable UN job.Omar Gomez Trej:[Spanish 00:26:17]Speaker 17:I was there [inaudible] in Mexico. So I knew that as soon as I arrived, my time was work, work, work with them and travel.Anayansi Diaz-C:At first, the GIEI worked out of these slick offices in a fancy part of Mexico City. They felt uncomfortable there, like they were being watched and it was getting in the way of their work.Francisco Cox:It was so bad. We ended up making Omars apartment our office. So thats how committed he was.Speaker 17:So yes, my apartment became sort of the headquarters where we worked. We would get coffee and buy some snacks, cold cuts A little bit of fruit.Anayansi Diaz-C:And sometimes Omar would pull out his guitar.Speaker 17:So we would work around the clock leaving only for lunch or dinner and then we would work some more, and then eventually everybody would leave. And I would go into my room and play video games, you know?Anayansi Diaz-C:And the next day, theyd start again. The Chilean law expert, Francisco Cox, who goes by Pancho says the first thing the GIEI decides to focus on is the dump. Where Mexican officials said the students were executed and burned.Francisco Cox:So the fire is critical in terms of if this story stands or doesnt stand. And we need to know the amount of material you need to burn somebody. What happens to the body? I mean, lets go through it.Anayansi Diaz-C:From the beginning, parents of the boys didnt believe the government story about the fire.Cristi Bautista:[Spanish 00:27:59].Speaker 5:We worked the land, how were we to believe that 43 students were going to turn to Ash over the span of one night? We cant accept that, that cant be true.Anayansi Diaz-C:So Pancho brings in one of the worlds top experts on fire, a Peruvian.Jose Torero:My name is Jose Torero. Ive been a fire engineer for about 30 years now. So Ive been involved in a number of very complicated cases like the World Trade Center. I did part of the analysis on the collapses of World Trade Center one, two, and seven.Anayansi Diaz-C:And when Jose arrives in Mexico, the government gives him and Pancho a military escort to the dump. Then the two men start climbing down on the pit.Jose Torero:Theres a path of garbage, plastic bottle, bags, you name it, insects all over the place. I mean, your legs are being eaten alive.Francisco Cox:We get there. He starts to look around and there were some trees, bushes that were still there. Why is he stopping kind on the bushes? I mean, he said like, Look. The minute I saw that there werent any burns around it, I had what I needed. And yeah, we were there like 15, 20 minutes, not more.Anayansi Diaz-C:Already what Jose is seeing cast doubts on the government story.Jose Torero:Basically the historical truth existed on the premise that 43 body were incinerated to a level that there was no organic matter left in that dump, you know? To be able to incinerate 43 bodies, you needed a fire that was basically enormous, hundreds of feet in length and many feet in width. And the fire wouldve been so large in nature that you would have seen it miles away. And it would have completely incinerated all the garbage in the slope. There was no way you could have had that fire in that place. Impossible.Anayansi Diaz-C:Joses findings punch a big hole on the governments so-called historical truth. Because if there was no fire at the dump, why were people confessing to burning the bodies? You see, since the early days of the investigation, Mexican officials released videotaped declarations of suspects admitting to every detail of the crime. Without the fire, those confessions had to be staged or coerced,And the most devastating evidence of all, the experts unearthed security camera footage from the Iguala Bus Station, where the boys took the buses. The video shows the students had five buses. All along, the government said that there were just four. The experts realized that the government is likely hiding that fifth bus. The bus is key evidence and could explain why the students were attacked. Just as DEA agent Mark Giuffre insisted, the students may have unknowingly commandeered a bus loaded with heroin or cash.All of this gets written up by Omar and the members of the GIEI. And they go public with it a year after the attack in September 2015. The GIEIs report is a huge embarrassment for the Mexican government. Soon officials start distancing themselves, no longer cooperating with the GIEI like they were before.Francisco Cox:They never say no, but they can delay the response forever. So we start to feel that.Anayansi Diaz-C:The government also pulls resources from the independent investigation and at the same time, a smear campaign begins targeting each one of the experts.Speaker 19:[Spanish 00:31:53].Anayansi Diaz-C:Suddenly Jim Cavalero from the Inter-American Commission is in scramble mode, rallying every connection he has to keep the GIEI in Mexico for another six months. And he succeeds, but theres immediate fallout.Jim Cavalero:Im invited with another commission member to a dinner at the home of a very high placed authority in Mexico. Super formal with linen and there are a number of spoons and forks. I just remember something like, Oh man, what fork am I going to use?Anayansi Diaz-C:After some small talk, they look at Jim intently. Why did you renew the mandate of the experts without Mexicos express consent? And suddenly this diplomat starts screaming.Jim Cavalero:Mexico is an important country and you meant to treat us with respect and you dont do this without consulting with us. His voice is raising. And with each syllable, theres a fist pound. How dare you do this without Mexicos express consent. And Im looking at the table with each punch. The plates all dance upward in unison and just watch the plates go up and down and up and down. The whole experience was surreal. But for me, it was telling about how Mexican authorities thought they could and should engage with the Inter-American Commission. I think they thought that they could control a situation. I think they thought that I would say, Im so sorry for not asking for your consent.Al Letson:The GIEI is being sabotaged by extremely powerful people in Mexico. Their investigation is hanging by a thread. When we come back, the experts have to figure out how to keep that thread from breaking. Youre listening to Reveal. From the Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, this is Reveal, Im Al Letson. After the international experts released their report about the attack on the students, the Mexican government is in a bind. The report raises troubling questions about the Mexican investigation and the government wants nothing more than the experts to stop scrutinizing them and go away. But the optics would be terrible if the government shuts down the experts work. Reluctantly Mexicos president agrees to renew the experts mandate, but as Anayansi Diaz-Cortez reports, theyll have a limited of time to get the job done.Anayansi Diaz-C:The international experts known as the GIEI have been doing their work under diplomatic immunity. The Mexican government is now saying that immunity will end in seven months in April 2016. So the experts need to wrap up their investigation by then. The government also pulls the plug on logistical support for the GIEI, no more helicopters, bulletproof cars and armed bodyguards. Now to get around, theyre squeezing into an old Jetta owned by their Mexican liaison, Omar Gomez Trejo. One time, theyre following up on a tip.Speaker 17:We have a lead and we have a person that has important information about what happened to the students.Anayansi Diaz-C:They head to Iguala, but the road gets too rough for the Jetta. So they borrow a pickup truck.Speaker 17:So his truck was a very beat up old, very tiny truck.Omar Gomez Trej:[Spanish 00:35:44]Speaker 17:The door would only open on one side, so there I am driving Alejandro and Pancho are on the back part of the truck.Anayansi Diaz-C:Its hot, theyre sweating and when they see a hat stand up ahead they make Omar pull over. They buy big sombreros, put them on and keep going.Speaker 17:And so we were getting really close, Alejandro and Pancho are talking in the back and Alejandro says Hey, didnt we just see that motorcycle with those two guys pass us already? Yeah. Yeah, they passed us twice.Anayansi Diaz-C:They suspected these were lookouts known as halcones or hawks spying on them.Speaker 17:So we finally get there and we talk to this person that has intel for us, and he didnt want to talk to us at all. He goes Get out of here, because youre being followed. Go back to where you came from.Anayansi Diaz-C:And then theres this other lead that turns out to be explosive. A lead that points straight to the top of the Mexican government. The experts hear about a video. It was shot by a photo journalist named Pepe Jimenez at the river where the bone of the student was found. As it turns out, I shared a car ride with Pepe this past summer. We were both headed toward the Cocula dump. Crammed in the back of an SUV, he tells me the story of the footage. Hes in the area reporting on the case. Its October 28th, 2014, one day before a garbage bag was pulled out of a river and a bone fragment was found insidePepe Hears government helicopters flying overhead and decides to follow them and see where they land. He starts recording.Speaker 17:And about 80 yards away from the camera. What caught my attention was a group of armed men like bodyguards. And then a man in a suit and tie, its over a hundred degrees just extreme heat and this guy is dressed in a black suit with a pistol in his hand, and he is holding onto another guy in handcuffs.Anayansi Diaz-C:Pepe is with two other reporters staking out the situation.Pepe Jiminez:Yes [Spanish 00:38:20] Wall Street Journal [Spanish 00:38:22]Speaker 17:And then the reporter from the Wall Street Journal tells me, Oh, if it isnt the famous Tomas Zeron, the chief of police and the lead investigator on this case.Anayansi Diaz-C:Tomas Zeron, the governments lead investigator notices Pepe and the others and theres this moment of tension.Speaker 17:I just kept filming the whole time and thats how we got them. It was all by luck really.Anayansi Diaz-C:You can see Zeron and his entourage, talking and making calls, all while the armed guard holds tight to the young man in handcuffs. In many ways, the video shows what youd expect, given the government story of what happened to the students. You see an SUV blocking the road to the site. Zerons men by the river with two garbage bags in the frame. When the GIEI get word about this video, they ask Pepe if they can come over and take a look. And when they see it, they all sit there frozen. The timestamp on the video says October 28th, but the government told the world the remains were discovered the next day, the 29th. And when the experts follow up, they find nothing in the case file about a trip to the river on October 28th. Pepes video introduces a whole new element of doubt about the governments story. In April 2016 with just days left before their official mandate ends, the GIEI wraps up its second report about the investigation. But before releasing it to the public Pancho Cox, the lawyer from Chile says they first need to take their findings to the parents.Francisco Cox:We went to present the report. We did it in the school at Ayotzinapa.Anayansi Diaz-C:Dona Christi, whose son Benjamin disappeared was there.Speaker 5:They were just so sad. We cried. They cried with us. It was soul crushing.Anayansi Diaz-C:The experts tell the parents what theyve learned, the drug cartels and the connection to Chicago. The proof that there was a fifth bus, not four as the government claimed. The impossibility of the fire. It was intense.Francisco Cox:And that day it was Oh man, we gave the report to them and tell them that we needed to leave because they hadnt renewed the mandate. So we needed to leave. And I remember, I asked for their forgiveness because we hadnt accomplished the main objective, which was determine what had happened to each one of them, of their sons. Its every time I remember that sorry. Its one of the most emotional times of the whole process.Anayansi Diaz-C:Even after learning all this about their government, the obstruction, the cover up, the repression, many of the parents are still proud of their country, of being Mexican. And they have something for are their experts.Francisco Cox:As a gift, they gave us this very big Mexican flag.Speaker 5:We bought a flag and we wrote our names and the names of our sons. And we asked them to always remember our sons, to remember everything.Francisco Cox:They wrote on the flag [Spanish 00:42:12] always thankful for our experts. [Spanish 00:42:19] Thank you for not selling out. It was moving. It was sad. It was frustrating. At least They valued what we had done or tried to do. To me, its my badge of honor.Anayansi Diaz-C:The very next day, the GIEI presents their findings publicly, exposing to Mexican society and the world that the governments case is built on lies.Francisco Cox:I remember we were all very nervous. I mean, we were very, very nervous. And we walk into this room, Omar started to give the press conference.Anayansi Diaz-C:Omar walks up to the stage and takes his place at the table. Even though hes not one of the expert investigators, they decide that he should lead the press conference.Francisco Cox:Omar won every bit of space that we ended up giving him, because at the end, he was one more of us. I think it was important for him being Mexican and for the Mexicans to see a Mexican. I think we borrowed a little bit of legitimacy from Omar.Anayansi Diaz-C:The room is filled with press. The parents are there. Hundreds of others, too. The government was invited, but no one shows up, just a few empty chairs in front of the podium. You took them alive. We want them back alive. The room quiets down and Omar begins.Speaker 17:The moment I take the mic, everybody gets up and starts shouting.Speaker 19:[Spanish 00:44:17]Anayansi Diaz-C:Dont leave, dont leave. The entire room is a chorus of these words.Speaker 17:To listen to them shouting really wanted to cry. Finish the story youre making. Tell us who did it. Because if you leave the people responsible, remain free and can do whatever they want.Anayansi Diaz-C:When things quiet down, Omar begins the press conference, which goes on for two hours. They talk about their findings just as they told the parents. Then toward the end, they show parts of the video shot by Pepe Jimenez, the one at the river. One of the experts Carlos Beristain describes whats happening.Flash of two plastic garbage bags, one where the bone was supposedly found. Then he describes the scene with Tomas Zeron, the governments lead investigator for the case, and the detainee, a man named Agustin Garcia Reyes. And he ends by explaining how theres no record of these events on October 28th in the case file. In the eyes of the experts, the video appears to show that Alexander Moras bone was planted on October 28th. So it could be discovered the next day. The experts have also learned by examining medical reports that the man being held at gunpoint on the side of the river was tortured to confess to the crime. And it was the lead investigator, the presidents trusted aid, Tomas Zeron at the center of all of it.Now that the findings are public. Its time for the experts to leave Mexico. Without immunity, they fear indictment by the Mexican government or worst, prison time. Heres Dona Cristi.Speaker 5:I cant even talk about it because its so sad. We all felt hopeless. What are we going to do now? What is going to happen now that weve lost our experts?Anayansi Diaz-C:Pancho Cox and the other four Latin American experts had packed their things and booked flights home. But theyre worried about Omar.Francisco Cox:Our concern, yeah was Omar. Omar was the weakest link. He was a Mexican, he had family, brothers, his mother.Anayansi Diaz-C:And he was in the cross hairs of the Tomas Zeron. Omar remembers clicking on his phone, his name is making headlines.Speaker 17:I wasnt really thinking about leaving until I realized I was being targeted. I was all over the news being set up.Francisco Cox:We werent comfortable with that situation. I remember the five of us saying, We need to see a way to get Omar out of here.Anayansi Diaz-C:So they huddled together and then Pancho tells Omar.Speaker 17:So he tells me in his Chilean way You have to leave your country.Francisco Cox:And then he said like, Do you think I should leave like for a couple of months? And I said like, No. Omar, I think you need to leave, leave. Like for a long time.Anayansi Diaz-C:The message sinks in. Omar rushes to his apartment and packs what he can into two suitcases. He pays whats left on his lease. His brother drives him to the airport. And the next thing Omar knows, hes on a plane headed out of the country.Al Letson:Its been a year and a half since the students from the Teachers College came under attack and parents have pretty much lost hope of ever finding out what happened to their sons. International experts had shown instead of exposing the truth, the Mexican government covered it up. Now those international experts, along with executive secretary Omar have left the country in fear. Next week, the final episode in our series. We track down a man in witness protection who says he was tortured into signing a false confession.Speaker 21:Its something I cant describe what it feels like to have a bag over your head and to be deprived of air. I could not move, my heart racing at 1000 miles per hour from the need to breathe air.Al Letson:And the Mexican governments lead investigator becomes a fugitive.Kate Doyle:He had been charged with very serious crimes including torture, forced disappearance and obstruction of justice.Al Letson:Thats next week on After Ayotzinapa. To see cell phone video of the attack and documents related to the investigation. Visit revealnews.org/disappeared. Our partners at Adonde Media are developing a Spanish language version of the series. Stay tuned for more details. Our lead producer is Anayansi Diaz-Cortez. Kate Doyle With the National Security Archive is our partner and co-producer for this series. Taki Telonidis edited the show. We have production help from Reveals David Rodriguez and Bruce Gil. Thanks to Tom Blaton. Megan DeTura and Claire Dorfman from the National Security Archive and to Laura Starecheski, Lisa Pollak, John Gibler and Ariana Rosas. Special thanks to Santiago Aguire, Maria Luisa Aguilar from Central Pro and Maureen Meyer from the Washington Office on Latin America.Victoria Baranetsky is our general counsel. Our production manager is Amy Mostafa. Original score and sound design by the dynamic duo Jay Breezy, Mr. Jim Briggs and Fernando, my man yo, Arruda. They had help from Claire C Note Mullin, Kathryn Styer Martinez, Steven Rascon and Jess Alvarenga. Our digital producer is Sarah Merck. Our CEO is Kaizar Campwala. Sumi Aggarwal is our editor in chief and our executive producer is Kevin Sullivan. Our theme music is by Camerado Lightning. Support for Reveal is provided by the Reva and David Logan Foundation, the John D. and Catherine T. McArthur Foundation, the Jonathan Logan Family Foundation, the Ford Foundation, the Heising-Simons Foundation, the Hellman Foundation, the Democracy Fund and the Inasmuch Foundation. Reveal as a co-production of the Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX. Im Al Letson and remember, there is always more to the story.Cristi Bautista:[Spanish 00:51:29].Speaker 22:From PRX.

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After Ayotzinapa Chapter 2: The Cover-Up - Reveal - Reveal

Postdoctoral Fellow, Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics job with AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY (ANU) | 278733 – Times Higher Education…

Classification: Academic Level ASalary package: $76,271 - $95,732 per annum plus 17% superannuationTerm: Full time, Fixed Term (2 years)Position Description & Selection Criteria:PD and PEWER - Postdoctoral Fellow_updated.pdf

Closing Date: 21 February 2022

The Area

TheANU Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics(RSAA) operates Australias largest optical observatory and has access to the worlds largest optical telescopes.

Our staff and students have made major contributions to astronomy, mapping the structure and formation of the Milky Way, discovering planets orbiting other stars, measuring dark matter both within our Galaxy and in the wider Universe, and discovering the accelerating expansion of the Universe.

Our astronomers include winners of the Prime Ministers Prize for Science and the Nobel Prize.

At our administrative home at theMount Stromlo Observatorywe host theAdvanced Instrumentation and Technology Centrewhich is a national facility established to support the development of the next generation of instruments for astronomy and space science.

Our research telescopes are situated in the ANUSiding Spring Observatory, located in the Warrumbungle region of New South Wales. The observatory began as a field station for the Mount Stromlo Observatory and has since become Australias premier optical and infrared observatory, housing the state-of-artSkyMappertelescope.

The Position

The Postdoctoral Fellow will join the Astro-Machine-Learning group that specialises in the study of wide range topics (Galactic Archaeology, star formation and cosmology) in big-data astronomy through lens of statistics and machine learning.

The Person

To excel in this role you will have:

The Australian National University is a world-leading institution and provides a range of lifestyle, financial and non-financial rewards and programs to support staff in maintaining a healthy work/life balance whilst encouraging success in reaching their full career potential. For more information, please click here.

To see what the Science at ANU community is like, we invite you to follow us on social media at Instagram and Facebook.

For more information about the position please contact Associate Professor Yuan-Sen Ting on E: yuan-sen.ting@anu.edu.au.

ANU Values diversity and inclusion and is committed to providing equal employment opportunities to those of all backgrounds and identities. People with a disability are encouraged to apply. For more information about staff equity at ANU, click here.

Application information

In order to apply for his role, please make sure that you upload the following documents:

Applications which do not address the selection criteria may not be considered for the position.

The successful candidate will be required to undergo a background check during the recruitment process. An offer of employment is conditional on satisfactory results.

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Postdoctoral Fellow, Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics job with AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY (ANU) | 278733 - Times Higher Education...

What is astrophysics? – Big Think

Whenever you take a look out at the Universe and record what you see, youre engaging in one of the oldest sciences there is: astronomy. Similarly, whenever you investigate how a physical phenomenon in the Universe works on quantum, classical, or cosmic scales including by puzzling out or applying the laws that govern it, youre engaging in the science of physics. Each of these fields, thousands of years old in their own right, were long thought to be independent of one another. While physics applied only to the mundane observations and experiments we can perform on Earth, astronomy instead explored the realm of the heavenly.

Today, however, we generally recognize that the rules governing the Universe dont change from one location to another; theyre the same on Earth as they are everywhere, as well as every when, in the Universe. In every way that weve measured them, the laws of nature appear to be identical at all points in time and in space, and do not appear to change.

Astrophysics, then, is the overlap of astronomy with physics: where we study the entire Universe, and everything within it, with the full power of the laws of physics applied to them. In a sense, its the primary way that we creatures that came to life within this Universe are able to study and know about where we all came from. Heres the story of what astrophysics is all about.

For millennia, humans had been watching the skies, attempting to track the various objects, their daily and annual (and beyond) motions, all while looking for patterns that they might fit into. However, there was no connection to the physical laws we were discovering here on Earth, from the Babylonians to the ancient Greeks to the Persians, Romans, Ottomans, and beyond. Even Galileo, famed for both his physics experiments and his astronomical observations, never managed to link the two together. When it came to the motions of heavenly objects, it was largely regarded as a philosophical, theological, or ideological concern, rather than a scientific one.

Johannes Kepler came close, as he arrived at the most precise and accurate description of the motion of bodies within our Solar System. Keplers three laws, that:

were empirically derived, meaning that they were arrived at based on observations alone, rather than having a deeper meaning behind them. Despite their success in describing planetary motion, Keplers advances werent rooted in the physical laws that govern the Universe.

It wasnt until Isaac Newton came along that astrophysics, as a science, was born. The motion of objects on Earth, under the influence of our planets acceleration-causing gravity, had been studied for around a century by the time Newton rose to prominence. The tremendous advance that Newton made, however, remarkably distinguished him from all of his contemporaries and predecessors: the rule that he formulated for how objects attracted one another Newtons law of universal gravitation didnt simply apply to objects on Earth. Rather, they applied to all objects, regardless of the objects properties, universally.

When Edmond Halley approached Newton and inquired about the type of orbit that would be traced out by an object that obeyed an inverse-square force law, he was shocked to find that Newton knew the answer an ellipse off of the top of his head. Newton had methodically and painstakingly derived the answer over the course of multiple years, inventing calculus along the way as a mathematical tool to aid in problem-solving. His results led Halley to understand the periodic nature of comets, enabling him to predict their return. The science of astrophysics had never seemed so promising.

Two scientists who were contemporaneous with Newton, Christiaan Huygens and Ole Rmer, helped showcase the early power of applying the laws of physics to the greater Universe. Huygens, curious about the distance to the stars, made an assumption that others before him had made: that the stars in the sky were similar to our own Sun, but were simply very far away. Huygens, who was famed for both his clockmaking prowess and his experiments with light and waves, knew that if a light source was placed at double the distance it was previously at, it would only appear one-quarter as bright.

Huygens attempted to discover the distance to the stars by drilling a series of holes in a brass disk and holding the disk up to the Sun during the day. If he reduced the brightness significantly enough, he reasoned, the light that was allowed through would only be as bright as a star in the sky. Yet no matter how small he drilled his holes, the tiny pinprick of sunlight that came through vastly outshone even the brightest star. It wasnt until he inserted a light-blocking glass bead into the smallest of the drilled holes that he could match the Suns reduced brightness to the night skys brightest star: Sirius. It required a total reduction in the Suns brightness of a factor of 800 million to reproduce what he saw when he looked at Sirius.

The Sun, he concluded, if it were placed ~28,000 times farther away than it presently is (about half a light-year), would appear as bright as Sirius. Hundreds of years later, we now know that Sirius is about ~20 times farther than that, but also that Sirius is about ~25 times intrinsically brighter than the Sun. Huygens, who had no way of knowing that, had truly achieved something remarkable.

Ole Rmer, meanwhile, recognized that he could use the great distances between the Sun, the planets, and their moons to measure the speed of light. As the Galilean moons of Jupiter circled behind the giant planet, they passed into and out of Jupiters shadow. Because Earth makes its own orbit, we can see those moons either entering or exiting Jupiters shadow at various times during the year. By measuring the changes in the amount of time it takes the light to travel:

Rmer was able, to the best accuracy of his measurements, to infer the speed of light for the first time. Astrophysics isnt exclusively about applying the laws of nature that we discover on Earth to the greater Universe at large, but also is about using the observations available to us in the laboratory of the Universe to teach us about the very laws and properties of nature itself.

Yet it would take centuries for astrophysics to advance beyond the ideas of the late 1600s. Indeed, these ideas and applications encapsulated the entirety of astrophysics for the next 200 years, up through the middle of the 19th century. At that point, two additional advances occurred: the discovery of an astronomical parallax, giving us the distance to a star beyond the Sun, and the discovery of an astronomical paradox, indicating a problem with the age of the Sun and the Earth.

The idea of a parallax is simple: as the Earth moves through its orbit around the Sun, the closest objects to us will appear to shift, with time, relative to the background, more distant objects. When you hold your thumb out at arms length and close one eye, you see your thumb in a certain position relative to objects in the background. When you then open that eye and close the other one, your thumb appears to shift. Parallax is precisely the same concept, except:

Its only because theres such a great distance to the stars best measured in light-years that it was so difficult to observationally discover this phenomenon.

But it was actually a paradox that truly opened the door to modern astrophysics. In the late 1800s, the age of the Earth was estimated to be at least hundreds of millions of years old, and more likely, billions of years old, to account for various geological formations and the evolution and diversity of life on Earth. For example, Charles Darwin, himself more of a naturalist than what wed consider a modern biologist, calculated that the weathering of the Weald, a two-sided chalk deposit in southern England, required at least 300 million years for the process of erosion, alone, to occur.

However, a physicist named William Thomson, who would later become known by his titular name, Lord Kelvin, declared Darwins conclusions to be absurd. After all, we now knew the mass of the Sun from orbital mechanics, and we could measure the Suns energy output. Assuming the Suns energy output was a constant over the history of the Earth, Kelvin calculated the various ways that the Sun could have produced energy. He considered combustion of fuel; he considered feeding off of comets and asteroids; he considered gravitational contraction. But even with that last option, the longest lifetime for the Sun he could fathom was only 20-to-40 million years.

The science of astrophysics had revealed a paradox: either our ages for cosmic objects were completely wrong, or there was a source to the Suns power that was completely unknown to Kelvin at the time.

Of course, we now know that theres a lot more than gravitation and combustion at play in the Universe. There are nuclear reactions taking place, including fusion and fission events, all across the Universe, including in the cores of stars. There are atomic and even subatomic transitions and interactions that occur in star-forming regions, in interstellar gases and plasmas, and in the protoplanetary disks where stellar systems first assemble. There are electromagnetic phenomena, including net charges, electric currents, and strong magnetic fields, all throughout the depths of space. And under the most extreme conditions, there are even natural lasers and particles accelerated to 99.999999999999%+ the speed of light.

Wherever you have a physical system in space, wherever a physical phenomenon gives rise to a potentially observable signature, or wherever you can make an observation that sheds light on the physical properties of some aspect of the Universe, you have the potential to do astrophysics with it. Not all physics is astrophysics, and not all astronomy is astrophysics, but wherever these two fields intersect the observational science of astronomy and the laboratory science of physics you can do astrophysics with it.

Today, there are four main branches of modern astrophysics, all of which work together, in concert, to teach us fundamental truths about the Universe.

Questions that were once thought to be beyond the realm of scientific investigation have now fallen into the realm of astrophysics, and in many cases, weve even uncovered the answers. For thousands upon thousands of years, our ancestors wondered at the vastness of the Universe, posing puzzles they could not solve.

For generations upon generations of humans, these were questions for philosophers, theologians, and poets; they were ideas to wonder about, with no answers in sight. Today, these questions have all been answered by the science of astrophysics, and have opened up even deeper questions that we hope to answer the only way astrophysicists know how to answer them: by putting the question to the Universe itself. By examining the laboratory of deep space with the right tools and the proper methods, we can, for the first time in history, actually comprehend our place in the cosmos.

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What is astrophysics? - Big Think

Institute Coordinator – Department of Astrophysics job with UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA | 278512 – Times Higher Education (THE)

INSTITUTE COORDINATOR at the Department of Astrophysics

The University of Vienna has about 90,000 students and employs approximately 10,000 people. This makes it one of the largest employers in the region of Vienna and Austria's largest research and education institution.

Reference number: 12532

The Department of Astrophysics, within the Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, seeks to fill, as soon as possible, the full-time position of an Institute Coordinator.

What we offer:

The Department of Astrophysics offers a diverse and international working environment with currently about 70 scientific staff and five colleagues in administration and IT. The working languages are English and German. We are the largest astronomy institute in Austria and involved in numerous international collaborations. The working place, the University Observatory, is located in the 18th district of Vienna in the middle of the natural monument Observatory Park.

As Institute Coordinator you will be in charge of all organizational aspects of the department. Within the department you will become the interface between administrative and scientific staff as well as with the head of the department. Furthermore, you will coordinate the cooperation with institutions on faculty level (e.g., with the Dean's Office, the Studies Service Center) as well as on university level (e.g., with service units such as Human Resources and Gender Equality, Accounting and Finance, Facility and Resources Management) in administrative matters.

This position offers you unique opportunities to connect people across different areas within an internationally-orientated environment. You can build on various support structures already in place. You will also have access to a broad range of courses and training provided by the University of Vienna.

What we seek:

The Department of Astrophysics is looking for a competent, motivated, committed and independent Institute Coordinator with experience in management in the university and/or public and/or scientific sector.

Your profile should include:

- Bachelor's degree in a relevant discipline or (subject-specific) A-Levels plus corresponding professional experience and knowledge

- Experience in process management and ability to steer (complex) processes.

- Experience in leadership

- Distinct organizational and coordination skills

- High social and communicative competence

- Ability to work in a team, ability to work under pressure, service orientation, flexibility

- Independent and solution-oriented working style

- High level of written and verbal expression

- Excellent written and spoken German and English skills

- Comprehensive IT user skills (MS Office)

- Willingness for further training

Your application should include a letter of motivation, CV, and a list of reference contacts or letters of recommendation. Please concatenate your application materials into a single PDF file and send it to the University of Vienna's Job Center (jobcenter.univie.ac.at) by 15 February 2022, quoting reference number 12532.

If you have any further questions about this position, please visit the website jobcenter.univie.ac.at or contact Prof. Dr. Glenn van de Ven (glenn.vandeven@univie.ac.at; +43-1-4277-53806).

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Institute Coordinator - Department of Astrophysics job with UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA | 278512 - Times Higher Education (THE)

Housed at Rochester, the Flash Center advances cutting-edge physics research – University of Rochester

January 19, 2022

The University of Rochester is the new home of a research center devoted to computer simulations used to advance the understanding of astrophysics, plasma science, high-energy-density physics, and fusion energy.

The Flash Center for Computational Science recently moved from the University of Chicago to the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Rochester. Located in the Bausch and Lomb building on the River Campus, the center encompasses numerous cross-disciplinary, computational physics research projects conducted using the FLASH code. The FLASH code is a publicly available multi-physics code that allows researchers to accurately simulate and model many scientific phenomenaincluding plasma physics, computational fluid dynamics, high-energy-density physics (HEDP), and fusion energy researchand inform the design and execution of experiments.

We are thrilled to have the Flash Center and the FLASH code join the University of Rochester research enterprise and family, and we want to thank the University of Chicago for working hand-in-hand with us to facilitate this transfer, says Stephen Dewhurst. Dewhurst, the vice dean for research at the School of Medicine and Dentistry and associate vice president for health sciences research for the University, is currently serving a one-year appointment as interim vice president for research.

Development of the FLASH code began in 1997 when the Flash Center was founded at the University of Chicago. The code, which is continuously updated, is currently used by more than 3,500 scientists across the globe to simulate various physics processes.

The Flash Center fosters joint research projects between national laboratories, industry partners, and academic groups around the world. It also supports training in numerical modeling and code development for graduate students, undergraduate students, and postdoctoral research associates, while continuing to develop and steward the FLASH code itself.

In the last five years FLASH has become the premiere academic code for designing and interpreting experiments at the worlds largest laser facilities, such the National Ignition Facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the Omega Laser Facility at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE), here at the University of Rochester, says Michael Campbell, the director of the LLE. Having the Flash Center and the FLASH code at Rochester significantly strengthens LLEs position as a unique national resource for research and education in science and technology.

Petros Tzeferacos, an associate professor of physics and astronomy and a senior scientist at the LLE, serves as the centers director. Tzeferacoss research combines theory, numerical modeling with the FLASH code, and laboratory experiments to study fundamental processes in plasma physics and astrophysics, high-energy-density laboratory astrophysics, and fusion energy. Tzeferacos became director of the Flash Center in 2018 after serving for five years as associate director and code group leader, when the center was still housed at the University of Chicago.

The University of Rochester is a unique place where plasma physics, plasma astrophysics, and high-energy-density science are core research efforts, Tzeferacos says. We have in-house computational resources and leverage the high-power computing resources at LLE, the Center for Integrated Research Computing (CIRC), and national supercomputing facilities to perform our numerical studies. We also train the next generation of computational physics and astrophysics scientists in the use and development of simulation codes.

Research at the Flash Center is funded by the US Department of Energy (DOE) National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), the US DOE Office of Science Fusion Energy Sciences, the US DOE Advanced Research Projects Agency, the National Science Foundation, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and the LLE.

FLASH is a critically important simulation tool for academic groups engaging with NNSAs academic programs and performing HEDP research on NNSA facilities, says Ann J. Satsangi, federal program manager at the NNSA Office of Experimental Sciences. The Flash Center joining forces with the LLE is a very positive development that promises to significantly contribute to advancing high-energy-density science and the NNSA mission.

Tags: Arts and Sciences, Department of Physics and Astronomy, featured-post, high-energy-density physics, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Petros Tzeferacos

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Housed at Rochester, the Flash Center advances cutting-edge physics research - University of Rochester

Astronomers Find the Biggest Structure in the Milky Way: Filament of Hydrogen 3,900 Light-Years Long – SciTechDaily

Artists conception of the Milky Way galaxy. Credit: Pablo Carlos Budassi

Roughly 13.8 billion years ago, our Universe was born in a massive explosion that gave rise to the first subatomic particles and the laws of physics as we know them. About 370,000 years later, hydrogen had formed, the building block of stars, which fuse hydrogen and helium in their interiors to create all the heavier elements. While hydrogen remains the most pervasive element in the Universe, it can be difficult to detect individual clouds of hydrogen gas in the interstellar medium (ISM).

This makes it difficult to research the early phases of star formation, which would offer clues about the evolution of galaxies and the cosmos. An international team led by astronomers from the Max Planck Institute of Astronomy (MPIA) recently noticed a massive filament of atomic hydrogen gas in our galaxy. This structure, named Maggie, is located about 55,000 light-years away (on the other side of the Milky Way) and is one of the longest structures ever observed in our galaxy.

The study that describes their findings, which recently appeared in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics, was led by Jonas Syed, a Ph.D. student at the MPIA. He was joined by researchers from the University of Vienna, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (MPIFR), the University of Calgary, the Universitt Heidelberg, the Centre for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, the Argelander-Institute for Astronomy, the Indian Institute of Science, and NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).

The research is based on data obtained by the HI/OH/Recombination line survey of the Milky Way (THOR), an observation program that relies on the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) in New Mexico. Using the VLAs centimeter-wave radio dishes, this project studies molecular cloud formation, the conversion of atomic to molecular hydrogen, the galaxys magnetic field, and other questions related to the ISM and star formation.

The ultimate purpose is to determine how the two most-common hydrogen isotopes converge to create dense clouds that rise to new stars. The isotopes include atomic hydrogen (H), composed of one proton, one electron, and no neutrons, and molecular hydrogen (H2) is composed of two hydrogen atoms held together by a covalent bond. Only the latter condenses into relatively compact clouds that will develop frosty regions where new stars eventually emerge.

This image shows a section of the side view of the Milky Way as measured by ESAs Gaia satellite. The dark band consists of gas and dust, which dims the light from the embedded stars. The Galactic Centre of the Milky Way is indicated on the right of the image, shining brightly below the dark zone. The box to the left of the middle marks the location of the Maggie filament. It shows the distribution of atomic hydrogen. The colors indicate different velocities of the gas. Credit: ESA/Gaia/DPAC, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO & T. Mller/J. Syed/MPIA

The process of how atomic hydrogen transitions to molecular hydrogen is still largely unknown, which made this extraordinarily long filament an especially exciting find. Whereas the largest known clouds of molecular gas typically measure around 800 light-years in length, Maggie measures 3,900 light-years long and 130 light-years wide. As Syed explained in a recent MPIA press release:

The location of this filament has contributed to this success. We dont yet know exactly how it got there. But the filament extends about 1600 light-years below the Milky Way plane. The observations also allowed us to determine the velocity of the hydrogen gas. This allowed us to show that the velocities along the filament barely differ.

The teams analysis showed that matter in the filament had a mean velocity of 54 km/s-1, which they determined mainly by measuring it against the rotation of the Milky Way disk. This meant that radiation at a wavelength of 21 cm (aka. the hydrogen line) was visible against the cosmic background, making the structure discernible. The observations also allowed us to determine the velocity of the hydrogen gas, said Henrik Beuther, the head of THOR and a co-author on the study. This allowed us to show that the velocities along the filament barely differ.

This false-color image shows the distribution of atomic hydrogen measured at a wavelength of 21 cm. The red dashed line traces the Maggie filament. Credit: J. Syed/MPIA

From this, the researchers concluded that Maggie is a coherent structure. These findings confirmed observations made a year before by Juan D. Soler, an astrophysicist with the University of Vienna and co-author on the paper. When he observed the filament, he named it after the longest river in his native Colombia: the Ro Magdalena (Anglicized: Margaret, or Maggie). While Maggie was recognizable in Solers earlier evaluation of the THOR data, only the current study proves beyond a doubt that it is a coherent structure.

Based on previously published data, the team also estimated that Maggie contains 8% molecular hydrogen by a mass fraction. On closer inspection, the team noticed that the gas converges at various points along the filament, which led them to conclude that the hydrogen gas accumulates into large clouds at those locations. They further speculate that atomic gas will gradually condense into a molecular form in those environments.

However, many questions remain unanswered, Syed added. Additional data, which we hope will give us more clues about the fraction of molecular gas, are already waiting to be analyzed. Fortunately, several space-based and ground-based observatories will become operational soon, telescopes that will be equipped to study these filaments in the future. These include the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and radio surveys like the Square Kilometer Array (SKA), which will allow us to view the very earliest period of the Universe (Cosmic Dawn) and the first stars in our Universe.

Originally published on Universe Today.

For more on this research, see Massive Filament Structure 3900 Light-Years Long Discovered in the Milky Way.

Reference: The Maggie filament: Physical properties of a giant atomic cloud by J. Syed, J. D. Soler, H. Beuther, Y. Wang, S. Suri, J. D. Henshaw, M. Riener, S. Bialy, S. Rezaei Kh., J. M. Stil, P. F. Goldsmith, M. R. Rugel, S. C. O. Glover, R. S. Klessen, J. Kerp, J. S. Urquhart, J. Ott, N. Roy, N. Schneider, R. J. Smith, S. N. Longmore and H. Linz, 20 December 2021, Astronomy & Astrophysics.DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202141265

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Astronomers Find the Biggest Structure in the Milky Way: Filament of Hydrogen 3,900 Light-Years Long - SciTechDaily

Going beyond the exascale | symmetry magazine – Symmetry magazine

After years of speculation, quantum computing is heresort of.

Physicists are beginning to consider how quantum computing could provide answers to the deepest questions in the field. But most arent getting caught up in the hype. Instead, they are taking what for them is a familiar tackplanning for a future that is still decades out, while making room for pivots, turns and potential breakthroughs along the way.

When were working on building a new particle collider, that sort of project can take 40 years, says Hank Lamm, an associate scientist at the US Department of Energys Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. This is on the same timeline. I hope to start seeing quantum computing provide big answers for particle physics before I die. But that doesnt mean there isnt interesting physics to do along the way.

Classical computers have been central to physics research for decades, and simulations that run on classical computers have guided many breakthroughs. Fermilab, for example, has used classical computing to simulate lattice quantum chromodynamics. Lattice QCD is a set of equations that describe the interactions of quarks and gluons via the strong force.

Theorists developed lattice QCD in the 1970s. But applying its equations provedextremely difficult. Even back in the 1980s, many people said that even if they had an exascale computer [a computer that can perform a billion billion calculations per second], they still couldnt calculate lattice QCD, Lamm says.

But that turned out not to be true.

Within the past 10 to 15 years, researchers have discovered the algorithms needed to make their calculations more manageable, while learning to understand theoretical errors and how to ameliorate them. These advances have allowed them to use a lattice simulation, a simulation that uses a volume of a specified grid of points in space and time as a substitute for the continuous vastness of reality.

Lattice simulations have allowed physicists to calculate the mass of the protona particle made up of quarks and gluons all interacting via the strong forceand find that the theoretical prediction lines up well with the experimental result. The simulations have also allowed them to accurately predict the temperature at which quarks should detach from one another in a quark-gluon plasma.

The limit of these calculations? Along with being approximate, or based on a confined, hypothetical area of space, only certain properties can be computed efficiently. Try to look at more than that, and even the biggest high-performance computer cannot handle all of the possibilities.

Enter quantum computers.

Quantum computers are all about possibilities. Classical computers dont have the memory to compute the many possible outcomes of lattice QCD problems, but quantum computers take advantage of quantum mechanics to calculate differently.

Quantum computing isnt an easy answer, though. Solving equations on a quantum computer requires completely new ways of thinking about programming and algorithms.

Using a classical computer, when you program code, you can look at its state at all times. You can check a classical computers work before its done and trouble-shoot if things go wrong. But under the laws of quantum mechanics, you cannot observe any intermediate step of a quantum computation without corrupting the computation; you can observe only the final state.

That means you cant store any information in an intermediate state and bring it back later, and you cannot clone information from one set of qubits into another, making error correction difficult.

It can be a nightmare designing an algorithm for quantum computation, says Lamm, who spends his days trying to figure out how to do quantum simulations for high-energy physics. Everything has to be redesigned from the ground up. We are right at the beginning of understanding how to do this.

Quantum computers have already proved useful in basic research. Condensed matter physicistswhose research relates to phases of matterhave spent much more time than particle physicists thinking about how quantum computers and simulators can help them. They have used quantum simulators to explore quantum spin liquid states and to observe a previously unobserved phase of matter called aprethermal time crystal.

The biggest place where quantum simulators will have an impact is in discovery science, in discovering new phenomena like this that exist in nature, says Norman Yao, an assistant professor at University of California Berkeley and co-author on the time crystal paper.

Quantum computers are showing promise in particle physics and astrophysics. Many physics and astrophysics researchers are using quantum computers to simulate toy problemssmall, simple versions of much more complicated problems. They have, for example, used quantum computing to test parts of theories of quantum gravity or create proof-of-principle models, like models of theparton showers that emit from particle colliderssuch as the Large Hadron Collider.

"Physicists are taking on the small problems, ones that they can solve with other ways, to try to understand how quantum computing can have an advantage, says Roni Harnik, a scientist at Fermilab. Learning from this, they can build a ladder of simulations, through trial and error, to more difficult problems.

But just which approaches will succeed, and which will lead to dead ends, remains to be seen. Estimates of how many qubits will be needed to simulate big enough problems in physics to get breakthroughs range from thousands to (more likely) millions. Many in the field expect this to be possible in the 2030s or 2040s.

In high-energy physics, problems like these are clearly a regime in which quantum computers will have an advantage, says Ning Bao, associate computational scientist at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The problem is that quantum computers are still too limited in what they can do.

Some physicists are coming at things from a different perspective: Theyre looking to physics to better understand quantum computing.

John Preskill is a physics professor at Caltech and an early leader in the field of quantum computing. A few years ago, he and Patrick Hayden, professor of physics at Stanford University, showed that if you entangled two photons and threw one into a black hole, decoding the information that eventually came back out via Hawking radiation would be significantly easier than if you had used non-entangled particles. Physicists Beni Yoshida and Alexei Kitaev then came up with an explicit protocol for such decoding, and Yao went a step further, showing that protocol could also be a powerful tool in characterizing quantum computers.

We took something that was thought about in terms of high-energy physics and quantum information science, then thought of it as a tool that could be used in quantum computing, Yao says.

That sort of cross-disciplinary thinking will be key to moving the field forward, physicists say.

Everyone is coming into this field with different expertise, Bao says. From computing, or physics, or quantum information theoryeveryone gets together to bring different perspectives and figure out problems. There are probably many ways of using quantum computing to study physics that we cant predict right now, and it will just be a matter of getting the right two people in a room together.

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‘Hear the Stars’: Nathan Randall Green’s abstractions of astrophysical concepts – The Stanford Daily

I stepped into Qualia Contemporary Art Gallery by chance in early January; the gallery was crowded and, as the nosy art student that I am, I had to peek in to see what the hype was about.

I was struck by the brightness in the room when I came upon abstract painter Nathan Randall Greens solo show, Hear the Stars, available on view at Qualia Art Gallery until Friday. The walls were not the familiar, pristine white of an average showroom. Each canvas was painted in pastel colors, its rough edges revealing the white wall beneath. The flamboyance of the paintings drew my attention, but Green tastefully instrumentalized what could easily have been a disaster of oversaturation to create dynamic compositions for his series.

On Jan. 9, a few days after I first encountered Hear the Stars, Qualia Art Gallery hosted Green for a panel discussion, Hear the Stars: A Conversation Between Art and Cosmos. In addition to Green, the panel included Berkeley physics professor Daniel Kasen Ph.D., whose work focuses on theoretical and computational astrophysics and nuclear physics, and gallery founders Dacia Xu and her business partner, who wished to remain anonymous. The panel discussion was centered on the intersections of science and art, presenting novel perspectives through which to view Greens painting series.

Introducing the event, Xu emphasized the gallerys mission to create an interdisciplinary dialogue since its founding in 2020.

We want to act as a little bridge to provide and enhance multidisciplinary communication with interdisciplinary education, Xu said.

Xu and her co-founder both came from scientific backgrounds and wanted to create an experiential space for people to immerse themselves in their emotions and perceptions rather than rely on their cognition. Their philosophy counters modern-day pedagogy, which does not provide room for students to appreciate art or science authentically. You dont get to sit with yourself and appreciate the world. People think [experiential art is] useless because it [wont] get [them] into Facebook or Google, but I think it relates you to your humanity, Xu said.

This mission to provide experiential art for viewers resonates with Greens series title Hear The Stars. The Bronx-based, Texas-born artist told me more about the origin of this title in a separate interview:

I heard that phrase in a country-western song about a man who lived in several big cities and then moved back to his hometown. And he said, It was so quiet, you could hear the stars. I love the idea of being sensitive enough to hear stars, Greenexplained.

During the panel discussion, I learned more about Greens motives behind his paintings, which are driven by his interest in the cosmos and based on the astrophysical principles that allow us to understand them.

In Greens words, he develops his own understanding of astrophysicsthrough making pictures that roughly describe a phenomenon that Im fascinated by and humbled by and scared by and inspired by.

Aesthetically, I found Greens paintings most interesting because of their irregularly-shaped canvases that are rounded on the edges and further customized by layers of paper pulp and gesso. The work communicates in graphical vocabulary with striking, almost straight-from-the-tube colors. Green told me later in an interview that he [places] that language on top of a rough-textured surface [to see] where the paint drips and slips and slides and reacts to the surface of the picture. This element of unpredictability and textural contrast within each block of color gives each painting a distinct charm. I am generally not a fan of abstraction, but I agree that in attempting to visualize abstract physical concepts, realist techniques would have been insufficient for Greens purposes.

The compositions of the paintings in Hear the Stars feature distinct iterations of geometric rays that occupy boxes of varying dimensions. They attempt to depict occurrences ranging in a wide time-scale, entrapping the fourth dimension within the constraints of a two-dimensional plane.

[It is] roughly about following one beam of light through time and space, where the pinprick moment is the present, Green explained. I really want them not to be a picture or window into another reality, but to be an object that is imbued with ideas. This sense of tactility is clear in the visible traces of Greens arduous process, which involved both sanding and painting.

From a viewers perspective, the division of the canvas into quadrants is particularly effective at suggesting chronological order, although Greens abstraction allows for multiple interpretations. Each installment in his series is beautiful in its own way depending on the order in which the individual reads it.

When asked about what astrophysical concepts inspired his work, Green replied, Some are trying to think about the Inflationary Epoch, the millisecond when the universe was created out of nothing. However, his work also touches on other astrophysical objects like supernovae, multiverse theory and its implications on spacetime inflation, Endless Cyclic Universe theory and more.

In response to Greens artist philosophy, Kasen affirmed that we as human beings have made a larger separation between science and art in our lives, maybe because were not out in the dark sky often, seeing the stars and being connected to the natural world.

He also argued that astronomy as a discipline is generating tools for the storytelling of where we came from, pointing out Peasco Blancos Supernova pictograph and Celestial Atlas (1822) by Alexander Jamieson as human attempts to capture scientific phenomena through the vocabulary of visual arts.

Kasen sees science as a kind of opportunity to be an artist, asserting that it may be a technical artistic medium, but all art mediums [require] a lot of techniques and take many years to perfect. He explains that the beauty of artistry lies in not just seeing the universe but trying to actively understand it by creating it. These visualizations enable a better public understanding of the universe as we scientifically speculate about our own origins amidst a lonely, lonely cosmos.

I think this is an important distinction to make between Greens paintings, which depict his philosophical meditations on astronomical concepts, and other pictorial representations of space. Standardized visualizations of space like those created at Caltechs IPAC center, or this incredible Voyager 1 illustration by Rhode Island School of Design MFA student Jack Madden who also completed a Ph.D. in astrophysics at Cornell attempt to give an accurate and comprehensible form to abstract phenomena. Conversely, Greens paintings should be viewed as a love letter to the grand scale of astronomy that is beyond our current comprehension. I think there is space for both art that explores science and art that improves the rhetoric of science, and Greens ruminations on the awe of scientific phenomena excel at the former.

No single artist works alone. Yes, one may be a solo artist, working alone in a studio, but I believe that artworks come about as a result of the intellectual and emotional support given by the people who surround an artist. I asked Green about the powerhouses who inspire his work, and he grinned while talking about his loved ones who have always cheered him on.

Two things inspired me with this body of work. One was watching my wife become pregnant [and] give birth to my daughter, which I just I couldnt believe, you know. Its the most normal thing in the history of humanity, but its the most powerful thing when it happens to you, Green said.

He also recounted a visit with his mother to an observatory in Fort Davis. We got to gaze at the heavens through this amazing telescope, where you just feel kind of humbled and infinitely small, Green said. He was struck by this feeling, but also reflected, Its powerful to know that we have the technology to have these views of ourselves [] both of those things are humbling and exciting and inspiring.

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'Hear the Stars': Nathan Randall Green's abstractions of astrophysical concepts - The Stanford Daily

11 Trailblazing Female Scientists That You Need to Know – My Modern Met

From left to right: Chien-Shiung Wu, Marie Curie, Rosalind Franklin

Whether advancing cancer treatment techniques or helping us land on the Moon, women in science have helped change the course of history. While there is still work to be done in getting more women involved in STEM careers, there are countless examples of incredible female scientists who have worked tirelessly to advance our knowledge of the scientific world. In fact, we can easily name famous female scientists who can truly say that they've made a lasting impact on society.

From well-known legends like Marie Curie to scientists like Alice Ball (whose premature death cut her career short), there are countless women who have contributed to science. Physics, chemistry, astronomy, and mathematics are just some of the fields where these women have made an impact. Some, like Caroline Herschel struggled to get recognition in a time when earning a wage as a female scientist was unheard of. Others, like Jennifer Doudna, are leading the way into the future by developing new technologies.

Get inspired by some of the incredible women on our list, which includes four Nobel Prize winners.

Caroline Herschels path to astronomy began when she left her native Germany to live with her brother William in England. Though her mother had attempted to stifle her education, Herschel was naturally curious and began to cultivate an interest in astronomy alongside her brother. Though she began by helping him mount telescopes and record his observations, she began her own career in earnest. She discovered many comets and was one of the first women to do so. After sending her findings to the Astronomer Royal, she was asked to correct the official star catalog. Eventually, the Royal Family began paying her a salary for her work as her brother's assistantsomething unheard of for a woman at the time.

In 1835, shealong with Mary Somervillewas named an honorary member of the Royal Astronomical Society. They were the first two women to become members.

Any list of incredible female scientists would be severely lacking without the inclusion of the iconic Marie Curie. Her achievements as a physicist go well beyond her gender, though she continues to inspire generations of female scientists. Not only did Curie discover two elementsradium and poloniumbut she also coined the word radioactivity. She was the first person to attempt radiation therapy for cancer and championed its use in medicine. Curie also developed mobile X-ray units that were used in World War I to help wounded soldiers get the care that they needed.

In 1903, Marie Curie was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Physicsor any Nobel Prize for that matterfor her work on the radiation phenomenon. In 1911, she added another Nobel Prize to her list of honors. This time she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her work in isolating radium. To this day, she is the only person to be awarded Nobel Prizes in different scientific categories.

Though Alice Ball only lived to the age of 24, her legacy is enduring. As an undergraduate studying pharmaceutical chemistry, she was already breaking barriers. During that time, she published an article alongside her male professor in a respected scientific journal, which was a rare feat for a woman and an even rarer feat for an African American woman at the time.

Ball would go on to become the first womanand first African Americanto earn a master's degree at the University of Hawaii. She would also become the university's first female and African American chemistry professor. She also did critical work in the fight again leprosy by developing a treatment called the Ball Method, which was the most effective available in the early 20th century.

There was a time when the world wasn't sure what stars were made of. But thanks to the work of Cecilia Payne-Gaposckin, we all know that they are composed of helium and hydrogen. Even more impressive than this discovery is the fact that the British American astrophysicist made the statement when she was just a doctoral student in 1925. Though the claim in her thesis was rejected by the scientific community initially, it was later proved correct through observation.

As if that contribution wasn't enough, her work on variable stars was also groundbreaking. She and her team made over three million observations that helped determine the evolution of stars and laid the foundation for modern astrophysics. She also marks an important milestone for Harvard University, as she was the first person to earn a Ph.D. in astronomy from Radcliffe College.

From cancer research to genetic engineering, the discoveries of American geneticist Barbara McClintock have had far-reaching effects. McClintock studied botany and was fascinated by new discoveries in DNA. She did a deep dive into the genetics of maize and realized that chromosomes were responsible for passing down hereditary traits. She also discovered jumping genes, or the fact that genes can sometimes transpose, causing certain characteristics to turn on and off.

McClintock won the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her work on transpositions. As of 2021, she is the only woman to win that category on her own.

German American physicist Maria Goeppert Mayer was only the second woman after Marie Curie to win the Nobel Prize in Physics. She took home the award in 1963, along with two male colleagues, for her work on the structure of nuclear shells. For all her talent, Goeppert Mayer often worked unpaid or voluntary positions at universities following her move to the United States in the 1930s. This was partially due to her gender, but also because there was anti-German sentiment throughout World War II. Not until 1941 did she receive her first paid position as a professor when she worked part-time at Sarah Lawrence College.

However, this did not hold her back. Not only did she work on the Manhattan Project, but she also collaborated with Edward Teller on his super bomb. Highly active in the scientific community, the Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award for early-career women physicists was established in her honor in 1986.

In 1953, mathematician Katherine Johnson began her legendary career at NASA as a human computer. As one of the first African American women to work at NASA, she broke barriers while helping the space agency achieve its goals. One of her finest achievements was calculating the flight path of Apollo 11, which allowed it to successfully land on the Moon and make its way back to Earth.

During her 33-year career, she moved from manually calculating complex trajectories to guiding NASA toward the use of computers. In 2016, her work was celebrated in the filmHidden Figures, in which she was portrayed by Taraji P. Henson.

Though today Rosalind Franklin is heralded for her work in understanding the structure of DNA, her work was only fully appreciated after her untimely death. The English chemist worked on X-ray diffraction images of DNA that led to the correct identification of its double helix structure. Unfortunately, Franklin's life was cut short after a battle with ovarian cancer. She died in 1958 at the age of 37. Many felt that she should have been awarded a posthumous Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her work, but this was not common practice at the time.

Since her death, her work has been widely recognized and her colleague Aaron Clug continued her research, winning a Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1982. Many feel that, had she been alive, Franklin would have shared in that honor.

Sometimes called the first lady of physics, Chinese American physicist Chien-Shiung Wu made significant contributions to the fields of nuclear and particle physics. Wu came to the United States in 1936 to earn her Ph.D. at the University of Michigan with the encouragement of her advisor in China. Though she wished to return to China after her studies, World War II changed her plans. She eventually made contributions to the Manhattan Project, but is perhaps best known for the Wu experiment. This 1956 particle and nuclear physics experiment proved that parity is not conserved. The work earned her two male colleagues who proposed the experiment the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics. Wu was eventually acknowledged in 1978 for her work when she was awarded the Wolf Prize in Physics.

Wu greatly admired the work of Marie Curie and, interestingly, they are often compared for their work in experimental physics.

Photo: ASCO

Oncologist Jane Cooke Wright was a pioneer in cancer research. Born into a family of doctors, Dr. Wright followed this legacy and forged a name for herself thanks to her innovations in chemotherapy and in finding new drugs to treat breast cancer. She helped make chemotherapy more widely available to the public during her time at the Cancer Research Foundation at Harlem Hospital in the 1950s. Dr. Wright was also the first to identify methotrexate, a drug that is the basis for all modern chemotherapy and is still widely used today.

She also helped found the American Society of Clinical Oncology and was the first female president of the New York Cancer Society. Her interests also carried her abroad, as she traveled to Kenya, Ghana, China, and Eastern Europe to work with other oncologists and treat patients.

When biochemist Jennifer Doudna took home the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistrya prize she shared with Emmanuelle Charpentiershe made history as the first woman to win jointly with another woman. Professor Doudna's work on the CRISPR/Cas9 genetic scissors has revolutionized genetic research by allowing scientists to modify a cell's genes in record time.

Professor Doudna is currently the Chair Professor of the chemistry department at the University of Berkely, California. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Doudna and a group of fellow researchers opened a testing center at the Innovative Genomics Institute and used CRISPR-based technologies to help diagnose the illness.

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Global Air Cargo Security Control System Market 2021 Trending Technologies and Major Players: 3DX-RAY, American Science and Engineering, Astrophysics,…

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Global Air Cargo Security Control System Market 2021 Trending Technologies and Major Players: 3DX-RAY, American Science and Engineering, Astrophysics,...

A New Map of the Suns Local Bubble – The New York Times

Just a bit too late for New Year celebrations, astronomers have discovered that the Milky Way galaxy, our home, is, like champagne, full of bubbles.

As it happens, our solar system is passing through the center of one of these bubbles. Fourteen million years ago, according to the astronomers, a firecracker chain of supernova explosions drove off all the gas and dust from a region roughly 1,000 light-years wide, leaving it bereft of the material needed to produce new generations of stars.

As a result, all the baby stars in our neighborhood can be found stuck on the edges of this bubble. There, the staccato force of a previous generation of exploding stars has pushed gas clouds together into forms dense enough to collapse under their own ponderous if diffuse gravity and condense enough to ignite, as baby stars. Our sun, 4.5 billion years old, drifts through the middle of this space in a coterie of aged stars.

This is really an origin story, Catherine Zucker said in a news release from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. For the first time, we can explain how all nearby star formation began.

Dr. Zucker, now at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, led a team that mapped what they call the Local Bubble in remarkable detail. They used data from a number of sources, particularly Gaia, a European spacecraft, that has mapped and measured more than a billion stars, to pinpoint the locations of gas and dust clouds.

Last year, a group of scientists led by Joo Alves, an astrophysicist at the University of Vienna announced the discovery of the Radcliffe Wave, an undulating string of dust and gas clouds 9,000 light-years long that might be the spine of our local arm of the galaxy. One section of the wave now appears to be part of our Local Bubble.

The same group of scientists published their latest findings in Nature, along with an elaborate animated map of the Local Bubble and its highlights.

The results, the astronomers write, provide robust observational support for a long-held theory that supernova explosions are important in triggering star formation, perhaps by jostling gas and dust clouds into collapsing and starting on the long road to thermonuclear luminosity.

Astronomers have long recognized the Local Bubble. What is new, said Alyssa Goodman, a member of the team also from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, is the observation that all local star forming-regions lie on the Local Bubbles surface. Researchers previously lacked the tools to map gas and dust clouds in three dimensions. Thanks to 3-D dust-mapping, now we do, Dr. Goodman said.

According to the teams calculations the Local Bubble began 14 million years ago with a massive supernova, the first of about 15; massive stars died and blew up. Their blast waves cleared out the region. As a result there are now no stars younger than 14 million years in the bubble, Dr. Goodman said.

The bubble continues to grow at about 4 miles a second. Still, more supernovae are expected to take place in the near future, like Antares, a red supergiant star near the edge of the bubble that could go any century now, Dr. Alves said. So the Local Bubble is not done.

With a score of well-known star-forming regions sitting on the surface of the bubble, the next generation of stars is securely on tap.

The team plans to go on and map more bubbles in the our Milky Way flute of champagne. There must be more, Dr. Goodman said, because it would be too much of a coincidence for the sun to be smack in the middle of the only one.

The suns presence in this one is nonetheless coincidental, Dr. Alves said. Our star wandered into the region only 5 million years ago, long after most of the action, and will exit about 5 million years from now.

The motions of the stars are more irregular than commonly portrayed, as they are bumped gravitationally by other stars, clouds and the like, Dr. Alves said.

The sun is moving at a significantly different velocity than the average of the stars and gas in the solar neighborhood, he noted. This would enable it to catch up and pass or be passed by the bubble.

It was a revelation, Dr. Goodman said, how kooky the suns path really is compared with a simple circle.

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A New Map of the Suns Local Bubble - The New York Times

meteor? No, the phenomenon in the sky of Tras-os-Montes was a SpaceX satellite – brytfmonline.com

The return of SpaceXs Starlink-2200 satellite to Earth was the phenomenon seen Sunday night in the sky of Trs-os-Montes, a researcher from the Astrophysical Institute revealed this Monday, adding that the phenomenon does not represent a danger to the planet.

In Lusas remarks, researcher Nuno Peixinho, of the Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences (IA), explained that the phenomenon, shared by people on social media, led to believe it wasnt a meteor, but a re-entry into the atmosphere for some space junk. .

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And so it was. Indeed, it was SpaceXs Starlink-2200 satellite and it was expected to fall. Almost every day, one or more satellites enter low-atmospheric orbit. This time, we were lucky to see it, .

According to Nuno Bixenio, re-entry of space waste to Earth has no danger, even if it is done quickly to scrape the atmosphere.

He explained that a satellite orbiting the Earth returns at a speed of about 10 kilometers per second.

Besides the phenomenon seen at 22:00 from several locations in the Os Montes Terrace, two other space objects returned at dawn on Sunday, one in the equator region and the other north.

Everything is programmed so that these satellites evaporate on return, that is, nothing reaches the Earth. Aerodynamic pressure so that compressed air rises to more than 20 thousand degrees of temperature. At this temperature, the body heats up and evaporates, This also happens with shooting stars and space junk, he said, explaining.

Although this small space junk is not a danger to Earth, it is to space itself, that is, to astronauts, to the International Space Station, but also to Earth-orbiting equipment.

In 2020 alone, the International Space Station had to do three maneuvers to avoid space junk that it knew was going to pass by, he said.

in Lusa, Space debris is one of the challenges for astrophysics, Nuno Bixinho said, noting that several countries, such as Portugal, are investing and making increasing efforts to detect it.

Besides space junk, the researcher stressed that low-orbit satellites also pose a challenge to the study of space, arguing that it is necessary to find a balance.

The head of the Portuguese Space Agency (AEP), Ricardo Conde, was contacted by Lusa, he said so This space phenomenon was not an isolated case as two other satellites disintegrated several thousand kilometers above the Arabian Sea and the Sea of Korea.

All of this is something we will see more often because there is a new race into space looking for new services and because many constellations with thousands of satellites are being launched into space. [visualizaes] It was re-entered into the atmosphere of the SpaceX satellites, the AEP expert said.

According to Ricardo Conde, the satellites of SpaceXs Starlink network orbit at an altitude of between 500 and 550 kilometers and travel around the Earth in less than 80 minutes.

Theres a generation of satellites that I think were launched in 2019, some are re-entering the atmosphere. These re-entry are tests and theyre purposeful. Id even say theyre controlled. Theyre in the atmosphere so were not doing that, he stressed, stressing the continued increase space junk.

Ricardo Conde also explains that when a satellite begins to enter a low orbit, about 200 kilometers away, it reaches a very high speed, with atmospheric friction causing it to ignite and disintegrate.

He stressed that all this is good news because garbage is being removed from space.

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meteor? No, the phenomenon in the sky of Tras-os-Montes was a SpaceX satellite - brytfmonline.com

Supreme Court to revisit part of Native American land decision in Oklahoma | TheHill – The Hill

The Supreme Court said on Friday that it would revisit part of a decision it made in 2020 on a case, which focused on Oklahomas ability to prosecute on Native American land.

The original decision, McGirt v. Oklahoma, sided with tribal leaders finding that a large part of land in the eastern part of the state qualified as Indian reservation, according to The Washington Post.

In the 5-4 decision, Justice Neil GorsuchNeil GorsuchSupreme Court to revisit part of Native American land decision in Oklahoma The Hill's Morning Report - Presented by Facebook - Biden talks, Senate balks Sotomayor, Gorsuch issue statement denying tensions over masks MORE sided with the more liberal justices for the majority.

The justices will revisit a more narrow part of their decision, about whether non-Native Americans who commit crimes againstthe native communityin areas of Oklahoma that are considered Native American land can be prosecuted by the state, The Associated Press reported.

The AP noted that since Native American-recognized land was expanded during that 2020 case to include most of Tulsa, it meant that criminal prosecution against Native Americans in those areas also could not be conducted by the state.

The state had urged the Supreme Court to have the 2020 McGirt v. Oklahoma decision overturned, but that request was denied by the justices, The Post noted.

Instead, part of that decision, issued one year ago, will be revisited by the high court in April.

Oklahoma officials, including Gov. Kevin Stitt (R) applauded the Supreme Courts decision on Friday.

The fallout of the McGirt decision has been destructive. Criminals have used this decision to commit crimes without punishment. Victims of crime, especially Native victims, have suffered by being forced to relive their worst nightmare in a second trial or having justice elude them completely, Stitt said in a statement.

The Republican governor said the 2020 decision has hamstrung law enforcement in half of the state.

Now that Governor Stitts fight against tribal sovereignty has once again come up short, we hope he will consider joining tribes, rather than undermining our efforts, so we can focus on what is best for our tribal nations and all Oklahomans, Cherokee Nation Principal Chief Chuck Hoskin Jr. said, according to The Post.

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Supreme Court to revisit part of Native American land decision in Oklahoma | TheHill - The Hill

‘Public service Beeb saves us all from a Land of Dope and Tory’ – Mirror.co.uk

Brian Reade says scrapping the TV licence will leave the BBC at the mercy of the Tory party. He adds that when Tory politicians need to woo the populist vote they threaten to make the BBC pay for itself

As far as the right is concerned the BBC has always been the Great Distractor.

When foreign-based newspaper barons want to rail against the evils of liberal elites they home in on the leftie BBC. When Tory politicians need to woo the populist vote they threaten to make the Bloated Beeb pay for itself.

The last time Boris Johnson played this hand was during the 2019 General Election when he was attacked for refusing, while on-screen, to look at a Daily Mirror front page showing a sick four-year-old on an A&E floor.

Within hours he was threatening to scrap the TV licence.

And now, as he sups in the Last Chance Saloon, hes sent out his pom-pom swinging fangirl Nadine Dorries to tell BBC bosses she has their testicles in a vice. Thats the laughably titled culture secretary who believes taxpayers fund Channel 4 and probably thinks Lord Reith is something a peer lays at the Cenotaph.

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Tories like to pretend they are in favour of public service broadcasting, so long as it can be bent to their will. But what would it look like if they ran the stripped-down BBC today.

Here, Im guessing, would be the highlights: the day opens with a recording of Vera Lynn singing God Save The Queen and is followed by Wake-Up Dont Woke-Up presented by Esther McVey in the Downing Street TV studio with Julia Hartley-Brewer reviewing all papers except the Mirror and Guardian.

CBeebies flagship show is Watch With Nanny in which Jacob Rees-Moggs nanny plays the penny whistle as his children, dressed in naval uniform, recite important dates from the Napoleonic Wars.

Antiques Roadshow is revamped, with Bernard Ingham catching up with the latest views from local Conservative associations. As is Upstairs, Downstairs in which Rishi Sunak tells us what its like to live in a stately home during an energy crisis and how to cut off the heating in the servants quarters.

On The Travel Show, Mark Francois lists things to do when stuck in three-hour passport queues in Europe due to Brexit, and Dominic Raab gives tips on how to ignore your mobile while relaxing on a Corfu sunbed as Kabul falls.

In Flog It! think-tanks update us on ways to privatise the NHS and EastEnders becomes WestEnders, a story of First World problems in Fulham and Chelsea.

On Jobsearch, Nadine Dorries herself explains how you can get your daughters on the public payroll and Matt Hancock shows how to give multi-million pound contracts to the bloke down the pub.

Grandstand returns with polo, croquet and fox-hunting with a shower of Berkeley Hunts, and foodies are served Trusss Kitchen Nightmares, where the foreign secretary advises on how to cope when you run out of British cheese.

Theres Dragons Den Does Dover in which Priti Patel hears contestants pitch new ways to repel migrants and Hospital will show the NHS in a fresh light, with no A&E queues and staff delighted with their workload.

Comedy-wise theres Mock The Weak in which Jim Davidson and Roy Chubby Brown openly humiliate minorities, and Would I Lie To You? sees Boris Johnson do a weekly press conference.

And each day closes at midnight with Land of Dope and Tory played from a model of the new royal yacht.

Unless youve put your foot through your telly hours before and gone to bed, that is.

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'Public service Beeb saves us all from a Land of Dope and Tory' - Mirror.co.uk

Editorial: Gov’t-endorsed mayor’s win in Okinawa no green light for base construction – The Mainichi – The Mainichi

In a mayoral election in the northern Okinawa Prefecture city of Nago, incumbent Taketoyo Toguchi, endorsed by the national government, the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and Komeito, was reelected.

The national government is pushing forward with its plan to build a U.S. military base in the Henoko district of Nago to replace the U.S. Marine Corps Air Station Futenma in the Okinawa Prefecture city of Ginowan.

Yohei Kishimoto, the candidate endorsed by the "All Okinawa" bloc, including Okinawa Gov. Denny Tamaki, who has opposed the construction of the base in Henoko, lost.

In response to the election results, Chief Cabinet Secretary Hirokazu Matsuno said that the government would "continue steadily with the base relocation construction work in Henoko."

But Toguchi, like the first time he was elected mayor, has not made clear whether he is for or against the relocation of the Futenma base, saying he would "closely watch the trial between the prefectural and national governments." After he was reelected, he recognized that "there are many Nago residents who are against the base."

It is not possible to point to the election results as evidence that local residents have approved the base relocation plans. Plowing through with construction is unacceptable.

It was the seventh Nago mayoral election since the Japanese government's base relocation plan surfaced. Candidates who agreed with the plan won in the first three elections, and the opposite occurred in the next two.

Toguchi emphasized his success in making day care services and children's health care free -- the funds for which came from a portion of the approximately 1.5 billion yen (around $13 million) in U.S. forces realignment grants that the city received from the national government. The government did not provide such grants to the city when the then mayor was opposed to the Futenma relocation plan.

Voter turnout for the latest election was the lowest on record. Just before the start of the campaign period was announced, a quasi-state of emergency was declared in the prefecture due to the spread of the coronavirus, limiting what both camps could do.

At the same time, some point out that low voter turnout may have partly been the result of a spreading sense of helplessness among residents, as the government created a fait accompli by starting to reclaim land off the coast of Henoko.

The Japanese government has ultimately forced the residents of Nago to make an unreasonable choice in the election between opposing a military base and enjoying improvements in everyday life through grants.

There will be an Okinawa gubernatorial election in the fall. The administration of Prime Minister Fumio Kishida is shaking down Gov. Tamaki by threatening to reduce the Okinawa Prefecture development budget, and is trying to give rise to a pro-base relocation governor.

But soft soil on the seafloor was found in an area planned for reclamation, and the situation changed drastically. To make improvements, the time span needed for construction has been significantly extended, and it will not be possible for the Futenma air base to be returned to Japan until the 2030s at the earliest. The prospects of "eliminating the dangers of the Futenma air base at the earliest date possible," which the Japanese government has claimed as its basis for forcing through construction, are unclear.

In May, it will have been 50 years since Okinawa was returned to Japan from U.S. military rule. The Japanese government, however, has continued to foist excessive burdens of military bases on Okinawa, and divide prefectural residents. The Kishida administration must confront its responsibility for that.

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Editorial: Gov't-endorsed mayor's win in Okinawa no green light for base construction - The Mainichi - The Mainichi

Why a 4-storey apartment could be coming to a residential street near you – CBC.ca

The task force askedto findways to make Ontario housingmore affordable wants to do away with rules that entrench single-family homes as the main option in manyresidential neighbourhoods, according to a draft report.

The nine-member Housing Affordability Task Force, chaired by Scotiabank CEO Jake Lawrence, wants to "create a more permissive land use, planning, and approvals systems" and throw out rules that stifle change or growth including ones that protect the "character" of neighbourhoods across the province.

The wide-ranging 31-page draft report, which is making the rounds in municipal planning circles and could look muchdifferentwhen it's officially released Jan. 31, makes 58 recommendations.

It includes discussions on speeding up approval processes, waiving development charges for infill projects, allowing vacant commercial property owners to transition to residential units,and letting urban boundariesexpand "efficiently and effectively."

It also calls for all municipalities and building code regulations not to make it just easier for homeowners to add secondary suites, garden homes, and laneway houses to their properties, but also to increase height, size and density along "all majorand minor arterials and transit corridors" in the form of condo and apartment towers.

But perhaps the most controversial recommendationis the one to virtually do away with so-called exclusionary zoning, which allows only a single-family detached home to be built on a property.

Instead, the task force recommends that in municipalities with a population of more than 100,000, the province should "allow any type of residential housing up to four storeys and four units on a single residential lot," subject to urban design guidance that'syet to be defined.

According to the report, Ontario lags behind many other G7 countries when it comes to the number of dwellings per capita. And housing advocates have long argued that more modest-projects duplexes, triplexes, tiny homes and townhouses are needed in established neighbourhoods, especially if the environmental and infrastructure costs of sprawl are to be avoided.

But neighbourhood infill and intensification is often a hard political sell.

"While everyone might agree that we have a housing crisis, that we have a climate emergency, nobody wants to see their neighbourhoods change," said Coun. Glen Gower, who co-chairs Ottawa's planning committee. "So that's really the challenge that we're dealing with in Ottawa and in Ontario."

After last week's housing summit with Ontario's big city mayors, reporters repeatedly asked Municipal Affairs and Housing Minister Steve Clark if he supported doing away with zoning for single-detached homes, as other jurisdictions like Edmonton and major New Zealand cities have done.

Clark said he'd heard the idea but did not give a direct answer one way or the other.

Many of the recommendations revolve around making it easierand fasterfor builders to construct homes.

According to the draft report, not only would a streamlined process allow dwellings to get on the market faster, but reducing approval times would also save developers money which, in theory, could be passed onto residents.

The report cites an Ontario Association of Architectsstudy from 2018 showing thatcosts for a 100-unit condo building increase by $193,000 for every month the project is delayed.

That's why, for example, the task force is recommending that any "underutilized or redundant commercial properties" be allowed to be converted to residential units without municipal approvals.

The draft report also calls for quasi-automatic approval for projects up to 10 units that conform to existing official plans and zoning, and goes so far to recommend that municipalities "disallow public consultations" for these applications.

The report speaks to reducing what the task force characterizes as"NIMBY" factors in planning decisions, recommending the province set Ontario-wide standards for specifics like setbacks, shadow rules and front doors, while excluding details like exterior colour and building materials from the approval process.

The task force would even eliminate minimum parking requirements for new projects.

The report touches on a number of subjects it believes unnecessarily delay the building of new homes, including how plans approved by city councils can be appealed.

It recommends the province restore the right of developers to appeal official plans a power that was removed by the previous Liberal government.

And in an effort to eliminate what it calls "nuisance" appeals, the task forcerecommends that the fee a third party such as a community group pays to appealprojects to the Ontario Land Tribunal should be increased from the current $400 to$10,000.

That doesn't sit well with NDP MPP Jessica Bell, the party's housing critic.

"My initial take is that any attempt to make the landtribunal even more difficult for residents to access is concerning," said Bell, adding theNDP is askingstakeholders and community members for feedback.

The tribunal can overturn a municipal council's "democratically decided law," she said, "and I would be pretty concerned if it costs $10,000 for a third party to go to the land tribunal and bring up some valid evidence."

While she was pleased to see the task force address zoning reform to encourage the construction of townhomes, duplexes and triplexes in existing neighbourhoods the so-called "missing middle" between single-family homes and condo towers Bell said increasing supply is not enough to improve housing for all Ontarians.

"We need government investment in affordable housing," she said.

"We need better protections for renters, and we need measures to clamp down on speculation in the housing market We need a more holistic and comprehensive approach than what we are seeing in this draft report right now."

(While the task force was directed by the province to focus on increasing the housing supply through private builders, it acknowledges in the report that "Ontario's affordable housing shortfall was raised in almost every conversation"with stakeholders.)

From his first reading of the report,Ontario Green Party leader Mike Schreineragreed with thezoning recommendationsbut said streamlined processes need to be balanced with maintaining public consultations and heritage designations.

"One of my concerns with my very quick read of the draft report is that it talks about expanding urban boundaries and I'm opposed to that," he told CBC.

"We simply can't keep paving over the farmland that feeds us, the wetlands that clean our drinking water [and] protect us from flooding, especially when we already have about 88,000 acres within existing urban boundaries in southern Ontario available for development," he said.

Schreinersaid he's also "deeply concerned" that the report discussesaligning housing development with the province's plan for Highway 413in the GTA.

"I simply don't think we can spend over $10 billion to build a highway that will supercharge climate pollution, supercharge sprawl, making life less affordable for people and paving over 2,000 acres of farmland, 400 acres of the Greenbelt and crossing over 85 waterways," he said.

According to the draft, the task force consulted with builders, planners, architects, realtors, labour unions, social justice advocates, municipal politicians, academics, researchers and planners.

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Why a 4-storey apartment could be coming to a residential street near you - CBC.ca