UK Govt ignoring needs of science sector argues report from Reading’s Ridge and Partners – The Business Magazine

The South East risks an exodus of some of its most promising science and technology businesses, according to a new research report. The findings also said companies are struggling to fill positions in the science sector as a direct consequence of government policy.

The report from Ridge and Partners suggests almost one in six respondents (16%) have firm plans to relocate overseas in the next three years, with all the companies studied in the South East stating they have considered it.

Building a Future for Science and Technology, by Ridge and Partners, the Reading-based,multi-discipline property and construction consultancy, blames government and their policies, which they suggest show a lack of understanding of the sectors needs.

The report points to the governments limit on employing overseas talent as a key example. Ridge and partners state the policy adversely affects 27% of the companies interviewed.

A total of 103 science and technology companies were studied for the Ridge report. They cited problems at a local level as well as at national. Local issues raised included opportunities for local authorities, city planners, and science parks in places such as Reading, other key findings of the report included:

These issues are impacting on recruitment and growth added Liz Sparrow,Partner, Science and Tech Lead at Ridge and Partners,she continued: "Over two-thirds (68 per cent) of firms in the South East are struggling to fill crucial support roles such as lab technicians and admin staff, who in places like Reading are massively affected by local housing costs.

"Two-thirds are also having difficulty filling more senior roles. These issues have become so pronounced that 33% report they need to be nearer a larger pool of talent. For many, that may involve moving overseas."

Read more - Solent 250 Listing for 2022 launches

Liz Sparrow added: Theres no lack of ambition or opportunity for growth within the science and tech communities. Indeed, the companies we studied expect to grow by 52% over the next three years. But they need to be in the right environments to grow in this way that means places with the right infrastructure, transport links, housing, and premises to attract the partners, suppliers, and talent they need.

Ridges research also highlights how highly dependent small and large science and technology-based businesses are on each other. Thats why 31% want to be located nearer to other science/tech businesses and almost one in four (24%) want to be closer to major academic institutions.30% feel their growth plans are being limited by their lack of available suppliers.Operating in almost a science or tech eco-system makes collaboration and innovation easier and creates a greater magnet for the specialist talent and suppliers the sectors collectively need.

Liz Sparrow, again: Policy makers cannot afford to simply focus on the needs of big players. Diversity in science or tech community clusters - be this in terms of company size or typology is key if all are to thrive. Every company which exits these diverse eco-systems and relocates overseas, or simply fails to thrive, weakens things for everyone else. To protect one we must plan for all.

No single body can do this. Joined-up thinking is needed between the public and private sectors, between the UKs government, its cities, regions, and science parks. Collaboration is key if were to create and keep the UKs tech/science powerhouses.

TheBuilding a Future for Science and Technology Reportis free to download.

Read more - Finalists announced for Thames Valley Property Awards 2022

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UK Govt ignoring needs of science sector argues report from Reading's Ridge and Partners - The Business Magazine

Will surpass last year India looks at highest defence exports this fiscal, as DefExpo starts – ThePrint

Gandhinagar: India is looking at its highest-ever defence exports this fiscal with sales touching Rs 8,000 crore in the first six months, as the Narendra Modi government tries to shed its import dependence in the critical sector.

We have managed to do defence exports worth Rs 8,000 crore this year and we will surpass what we did last year, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh said on the sidelines of the DefExpo 2022, meant exclusively for Indian companies or the Indian arm of foreign Original Equipment Manufacturer, that kicked off in Gujarats Gandhinagar Tuesday.

Indias defence exports had touched a recordRs 13,000 crorein the 2021-2022 fiscal, which was nearly eight times of what it was in 2014.

In 2020, the Narendra Modi government had set a target ofRs 35,000 crore($5 billion) export in aerospace, and defence goods and services for the next five years. This is part of the turnover of Rs 1.75 lakh crore ($ 25 billion) in defence manufacturing by 2025 that the government is aiming to achieve.

It has been a transformative journey from being the biggest importer of defence to now being an exporter. India is now among the top 25 defence exporters in the world, Singh said, while addressing the media.

Also read:IAF to increase Sukhois armed with BrahMos supersonic cruise missile with over 500km-range

Exports are one of the prime objectives for the five-day DefExpo, during which two separate conclaves India-Africa Defence Dialogue (IADD) and Indian Ocean Region plus (IOR+) will be held.

More than 53 African countries have been invited for IADD and 44 for the IOR+ conclave which will be chaired by Singh.

IADD and IOR+ Conclave will be two very important events for promoting peace, security, prosperity and defence cooperation throughout the region and establishing new defence and industrial partnerships, Singh said.

Spread over one lakh square metres (sqm) (the previous edition was held over 76,000 sqm) and with a record registration of 1,340 companies, DefExpo 2022 is the biggest defence exhibition till date.

At least 75 countries will be participating in the exhibition.

Defence Ministry officials said that 451 partnerships in terms of MoUs, transfer of technology agreements and product launches, are expected during DefExpo 2022, which is almost double than the last edition.

Sources in the defence establishment also said that India has identified indigenous small arms, Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launchers, weapons locating radars, Tejas fighter aircraft, light combat helicopters and BrahMos missiles as the big defence potential items besides unmanned aerial vehicles for surveillance.

While India has traditionally stayed away from pushing defence exports, the Modi government sees this as a tool to push a bigger defence eco-system in the country.

Exports are the only way. Indian armed forces can only buy a limited number. For companies to invest and manufacture, they will need a bigger market than just Indias and hence the government is trying to push exports, a source explained.

Amidst the ongoing tensions with its rival Azerbaijan, Armenia entered into a government-to-government contract with India last month for the procurement of the Pinaka systems besides rockets and ammunition.

India had also struck a deal earlier this year for the BrahMos missiles with the Philippines and is looking at a possible sale of Tejas to Egypt and Malaysia.

(Edited by Poulomi Banerjee)

Also read: Why the famed Russian Air Force failed in Ukraine and the vital lessons IAF can draw from it

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Will surpass last year India looks at highest defence exports this fiscal, as DefExpo starts - ThePrint

The support system for Indian chefs to excel on a world stage is lacking: chef Vivek Saggar – ETHospitality

Chef Vivek Saggar, the honorary secretary of the Indian Culinary Forum, and the head of the Skill Competitions & Industry Connect at Tourism & Hospitality Skill Council, talks about the gaps in the support system that dissuade Indian chefs from participating in International competitions. Chef Vivek Saggar, the honorary secretary of the Indian Culinary Forum, and the head of the Skill Competitions & Industry Connect at Tourism & Hospitality Skill Council, in an exclusive interaction, picks up gaps in the support system that dissuade Indian chefs from participating in international competitions.

As someone who has been involved with annual chef competitions and chef awards organised by the Indian Culinary Forum (ICF), an association of professional chefs in Northern India, uninterruptedly for nearly two decades now, and also one who has been associated closely with the organisation of WorldSkills India rounds, who better than Saggar can talk about the skill eco-system especially in the hospitality sector?

As the honorary secretary of the ICF, he feels that while the interest to participate in the trade competitions and win medals and recognitions has been growing year on year, these competitions have a long way to go to become truly international in terms of its overall organisation and quality.

Saggar said that International exposure is important for Indian chefs to understand the level of competition and gain confidence. This requires support from the private sector as well as the government in a big way.

As far as WorldSkills competitions are concerned, the ministry of skill development and entrepreneurship is taking care of the entire funding and support system. But for other international competitions, there is hardly any support system available as of now, he says.

Apart from the travel and other expenses, one has to carry everything from here, he says. Its CDPs and Commis who go for these events. They lack the financial bandwidth to afford such expenses, he says, recollecting the challenges the Culinary Forum faced while sending participants for competitions in Malaysia in 2016 and 2018.

In many countries, the trade associations subsidise some part of the expenses, as well as help contestants find sponsors from the industry for them. Unfortunately, in India, such support is hard to come by, he says.

We are not even able to invite international participants for chef competitions here in India because of lack of support, he said. Even hotels hesitate to support subsidised rooms for them or kitchen space for preparations and trials,etc., he laments.

To overcome the paucity of WACS certified Judges in India, ICF will be conducting a seminar-cum-workshop for interested chefs in Delhi in December, he said. The forum has asked WorldChefs to nominate a chef to conduct the workshop, he said.

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The support system for Indian chefs to excel on a world stage is lacking: chef Vivek Saggar - ETHospitality

Naveen invites top industries to be part of Odishas growth – The New Indian Express

By Express News Service

BHUBANESWAR: Invitingtop industry leaders to be partners in Odishas phenomenal growth story, Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik on Monday said the State is witnessing a new era of industrialisation propelled by advancements in technology and a philosophy of sustainability.

Exhorting the top business captains at the investors meet at Hyderabad to come to Odisha and explore the opportunities, the Chief Minister said the States abundant natural resources, skilled manpower, progressive policies and strong result oriented governance provides a unique eco-system. A collaborative effort between the government, industry and people is needed to ensure consistent growth, he said.

The Chief Minister said the two-decade-old stable government in the State, its position in the ease of doing business and competitive cost, impact of investment facilitation, best incentives and highly skilled human resources have helped Odisha achieve a distinct competitive advantage over others.

Stating that Odisha is fast emerging as a major industrial destination in the country because of its natural resources advantage and strategic location, he said it is one of the fastest growing economies in India and has consistently grown above the national average in the last decade-and-a-half.

The Chief Minister also talked about establishment of Odisha start-up hub in Bhubaneswar to provide a world class incubation and co-working facility to State based start-ups and creation of Odisha Innovation Fund. Besides, the State has also developed various industrial parks and regions to provide best-in-class facilitation to investors across sectors.

He said the Make-In-Odisha conclave will provide a platform for industry leaders from across the world to discuss a roadmap for industrial development in the coming years. A humble beginning was made in 2016, which saw a footfall of 18,500 and received over 120 investment intents valued at over Rs 2 lakh crore. In 2018, we hosted the second edition which raised the bar even higher receiving an influx of 45,000 visitors and investments worth over Rs 4 lakh crore, he added.

The Chief Minister had one-on-one interactions with several senior industrialists across sectors to discuss their plans for Odisha. He personally invited them to the Make in Odisha Conclave-2022. During the discussions, the Chief Minister highlighted the major pro-business reforms undertaken by his government.The industry captains included Rajiv Kumar, managing director of Microsoft India, Dr Krishna Ella, chairman of Bharat Biotech, PS Reddy, chairman-cum-managing director of CtrlSDatacenter, N Venkatram, managing director of Deloitte India, YR Nagaraja, managing director of Ramky Group and N V Ramana, CMD of Neptunus Ship Builders and Recyclers.

The State government in collaboration with FICCI - the national industry partner for Make in Odisha Conclave22, hosted the Odisha Investors Meet at Hyderabad which witnessed about 40 government to business meetings with participation of 450 delegates. The third edition of Make-in-Odisha Conclave will be held in Bhubaneswar from November 30 to December 4, 2022.

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Naveen invites top industries to be part of Odishas growth - The New Indian Express

Europe Nanotechnology Market Outlook Report 2022-2027: Lucrative Opportunities for Industry Participants to Tap the Fast-Growing Market – PR Newswire

DUBLIN, Oct. 13, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- The "Europe Nanotechnology Market Outlook 2027" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

Europe nanotechnology market is expected to grow at a CAGR of around 14% during the forecasted period of 2022-2027.

Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing technology with potential applications in many sectors of the European economy, namely healthcare, electronics, energy, transportation, among others. The technology is revolutionizing majorly every industry, while tremendously attracting worldwide attention.

Thus, there lies a great opportunity for industry participants to tap the fast-growing market, which would garner huge revenue on the back of commercialization of the technology.

Till 2021, the Europe nanotechnology market has shown impressive growth owing to factors, like increase in government and private sector funding for R&D, partnerships & strategic alliances between countries, and increase in demand for smaller and more powerful devices at affordable prices.

At present, the healthcare industry is one of the largest sectors in Europe where nanotechnology has made major breakthrough with its application for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases like cancer, heart ailments, diabetes, etc. Further, significant developments are also being done in other sectors like electronics, environment, and energy.

In this report, the analysts have studied the nanotechnology market on segment basis (by type, by application and by region), so as to provide an insight on the current market scenario as well as forecasts of the aforementioned segments till 2027. The report provides an in-depth analysis of all the major segments, taking into account the major developments taking place in the European Countries in the respective segments that will further boost the growth of the Europe nanotechnology market.

Further, the application section covers the use of nanotechnology in electronics, energy, healthcare, environment and transportation sectors; while the component section covers the segregation of nanotechnology market into nanomaterials, nanotools, and nanodevices.

Additionally, the report covers the country-level analysis of 5 major countries including Germany, France, Switzerland, UK, and Spain in terms of R&D, nanotechnology patent analysis, funding and regulations, to provide an in-depth understanding about the investments and recent research & developments done in the field of nanotechnology.

Besides, the report covers the profiles of key players like ASML, STMicroelectronics, Bruker Nano Analytics, etc. with business summary, and recent activities, providing a comprehensive outlook of the Europe nanotechnology industry.

Overall, the report provides all the pre-requisite information for clients looking to venture in the industry, and facilitate them to formulate schemes while going for an investment/partnership in the industry.

Key Topics Covered:

1. Analyst View

2. Research Methodology

3. Nanotechnology - An Introduction

4. Global Nanotechnology Market Outlook 20274.1 Market Segmentation4.1.1 By Type4.1.2 By Region

5. Europe Nanotechnology Industry Dynamics5.1 Key Market Trends and Developments5.1.1 Phoenix: Europe Wide Nanopharmaceuticals Infrastructure5.1.2 Stronger Materials/Higher Strength Composites5.1.3 Large Scale 3D Printing with Nanoscale Control5.1.4 Nanolithography5.1.5 Diagnosis & Treatment of Cancer5.2 Threats5.2.1 Nanotoxicity and biosafety of nanomaterials5.2.2 Safety issues in the use of nanotechnology in weaponry5.2.3 Environmental Impacts5.2.4 Misuse and moral disputes of nanotechnology

6. Europe Nanotechnology Market Outlook to 20276.1 Market Segmentation6.1.1 By Type6.1.2 By Application6.1.3 By Country

7. Europe Nanotechnology Market Outlook 2027, By Type7.1 Nanomaterials7.2 Nanotools7.3 Nanodevices

8. Europe Nanotechnology Market Outlook 2027, By Application8.1 Healthcare8.2 Electronics8.3 Environment8.4 Energy8.5 Transportation

9. Europe Nanotechnology Market Outlook 2027, By Country9.1 Germany9.1.1 Patent Analysis9.1.2 Funding9.1.3 Recent Research & Development9.1.4 Regulations9.2 France9.2.1 Patent Analysis9.2.2 Funding9.2.3 Recent Research & Development9.2.4 Regulations9.3 United Kingdom9.3.1 Patent Analysis9.3.2 Funding9.3.3 Recent Research & Development9.3.4 Regulations9.4 Switzerland9.4.1 Patent Analysis9.4.2 Funding9.4.3 Recent Research & Development9.4.4 Regulations9.5 Spain9.5.1 Patent Analysis9.5.2 Funding9.5.3 Recent Research & Development9.5.4 Regulations

10. Europe Nanotechnology Regulatory Environment

11. Europe Nanotechnology Patent Analysis

12. Competitive Landscape12.1 Top Nanotechnology Startups In Europe12.2 Company Profile12.2.1 Ablynx12.2.2 Bruker Nano GmbH12.2.3 ASML Holding12.2.4 Covestro AG12.2.5 STMicroelectronics12.2.6 Evonik Industries AG12.2.7 Arkema S.A.12.2.8 IMEC12.2.9 Malvern Panalytical12.2.10 P2i

For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/oigdur

Media Contact:Research and MarketsLaura Wood, Senior Manager[emailprotected]For E.S.T Office Hours Call +1-917-300-0470For U.S./CAN Toll Free Call +1-800-526-8630For GMT Office Hours Call +353-1-416-8900U.S. Fax: 646-607-1907Fax (outside U.S.): +353-1-481-1716

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SOURCE Research and Markets

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Europe Nanotechnology Market Outlook Report 2022-2027: Lucrative Opportunities for Industry Participants to Tap the Fast-Growing Market - PR Newswire

Nanotechnology in Medicine: Technology Trends – Medical Device Network

Nanomedicine refers to the area of science that combines nanotechnology with drugs or diagnostic molecules to improve the ability to target specific cells or tissues. These materials are produced on a nanoscale level and are safe to introduce into the body. Applications for nanotechnology in medicine include imaging, diagnosis, or the delivery of drugs that will help medical professionals treat various diseases.

Improving the ability of nanotechnologies to target specific cells or tissues is of great interest to companies producing nanomedicines. This area of research involves attaching nanoparticles onto drugs or liposomes to increase specific localisation. Since different cell types have unique properties, nanotechnology can be used to recognise cells of interest. This allows associated drugs and therapeutics to reach diseased tissue while avoiding healthy cells. While this is a promising area of research, very few nanomedicines exist that successfully utilise nanotechnology in this manner. This is due to ill-defined parameters associated with pairing the correct ratio or combination of nanoparticles with the drug of interest.

The ability to control the release of a drug or therapeutic compound from its associated nanotechnology is gaining a lot of interest from industry. This triggered release, in theory, could be achieved from within the body or from outside the body. Internal mechanisms include changes in the environment of tumours compared to surrounding tissue, while external stimuli includes temperature changes, light, or ultrasound. Currently, research efforts are focused on trying to understand how to release diagnostic molecules and drugs from liposomes with heat, and microbubbles using ultrasound.

In general, there is a lack of understanding about what makes patients different from each other in terms of why drugs lack ubiquitous efficacy. This extends to why nanotechnologies are not always able to improve the therapeutic output of drugs for every patient. It will be important to understand how nanomedicines behave when encountering different physiological characteristics of patients and their disease states.

This is an edited extract from the Nanotechnology in Medicine Thematic Research report produced by GlobalData Thematic Research.

Medical Adhesives for Medical Device Manufacturers

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Nanotechnology in Medicine: Technology Trends - Medical Device Network

First experimental observation of an elusive stacking order in tetralayer graphene – Nanowerk

Oct 18, 2022(Nanowerk News) Using advanced spectroscopic techniques, researchers from RWTH Aachen University have been able to observe for the first-time domains of tetralayer graphene with ABCB stacking.The results have been reported in ACS Nano ("Experimental Observation of ABCB Stacked Tetralayer Graphene").s-SNOM imaging of different stacking domains in tetralayer graphene. The highlighted domain and schematics on the right correspond to ABCB stacking. (Image: RWTH Aachen University)According to theory, there are three inequivalent ways of stacking four layers of graphene on top of each other: Bernal stacking (ABAB), which is the most energetically favorable configuration, rhombohedral stacking (ABCA), and a third metastable ordering labeled ABCB. These three crystallographic configurations exhibit remarkably different electronic and optical properties.In particular, ABCB tetralayer graphene is expected to be the thinnest graphene-based band insulator, and to present flat bands around the K points, which makes it a very interesting system for studying correlated states. Until now, however, the ABCB stacking has eluded the experimental observation.The stacking order in few-layer graphene can be determined using different optical techniques, such as Raman spectroscopy or infrared absorption. However, these methods are limited in spatial resolution by diffraction, and are therefore prone to oversee small domains. Thats why we started a collaboration with the group of Prof. Thomas Taubner at RWTH, which has a unique tool for near-field infrared spectroscopy with a resolution down to 20 nm. explains Professor Christoph Stampfer, one of the authors of the paper.The tool is a scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (s-SNOM), which allows to probe the stacking-specific optical conductivity of few layer graphene with sub-diffraction resolution. The measured data agree very well with the theoretical predictions calculated by the group of Prof. Dante Kennes, also at RWTH, allowing to assign unambiguously the ABCB domains. The assignment is further confirmed by measurements of the Raman G, 2D, and M peaks of all three stacking orders, which constitutes a second, independent means of identifying the three different domains.Regarding the abundance and the stability of the ABCB domains, during the work approximately 40000 m2 of tetralayer graphene have been investigated, and only about 2 % of the total area presented ABCB domains the largest approximately 100 m2 in size which can explain why then havent been reported before. On the other hand, the ABCB domains were stable over the course of several weeks at ambient conditions as well as when subjected to SNOM and Raman measurements at moderate laser powers.Even if the ABCB domains are probably not very relevant from the application point of view, they are extremely interesting in terms of fundamental physics, as they can host exotic correlated phases of matter, says Stampfer. Our work represents a convenient starting point for further investigations.

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First experimental observation of an elusive stacking order in tetralayer graphene - Nanowerk

Child poverty across eastern Europe and Central Asia soars by 19 per cent, as Ukraine war and rising inflation drive four million children into…

GENEVA/NEW YORK, 17 October 2022The war in Ukraine and rising inflation have driven an additional four million children across eastern Europe and Central Asia into poverty, a 19 per cent increase since 2021, according to a new UNICEF study published today.

The impact of the war in Ukraine and subsequent economic downturn on child poverty in eastern Europe and Central Asia which features data from 22 countries* across the region - shows that children are bearing the heaviest burden of the economic crisis caused by the war in Ukraine. While children make up 25 per cent of the population, they account for nearly 40 per cent of the additional 10.4 million people experiencing poverty this year.

The Russian Federation accounts for nearly three-quarters of the total increase in the number of children living in poverty due to the Ukraine war and a cost-of-living crisis across the region, with an additional 2.8 million children now living in households below the poverty line. Ukraine is home to half a million additional children living in poverty, the second largest share, followed by Romania, with an additional 110,000 children, the study notes.

Beyond the obvious horrors of war the killing and maiming of children, mass displacement the economic consequences of the war in Ukraine are having a devastating impact on children across eastern Europe and Central Asia, said UNICEF Regional Director for Europe and Central Asia Afshan Khan. Children all over the region are being swept up in this wars terrible wake. If we dont support these children and families now, the steep rise in child poverty will almost certainly result in lost lives, lost learning, and lost futures.

The consequences of child poverty stretch far beyond families living in financial distress. The sharp increase could result in an additional 4,500 children dying before their first birthdays, and learning losses could be equivalent to an additional 117,000 children dropping out of school this year alone, the study notes.

The poorer a family is, the greater the proportion of their income committed to necessities such as food and fuel. When the cost of basic goods soars, the money available to meet other needs such as health care and education falls, the study notes. The subsequent cost-of-living crisis means that the poorest children are even less likely to access essential services, and are more at risk of violence, exploitation and abuse.

For many, childhood poverty lasts a lifetime. One in three children born and raised in poverty will live their adult lives in poverty, leading to an intergenerational cycle of hardship and deprivation, the study notes.

The challenges faced by families living in or on the brink of poverty deepen when governments reduce public expenditure, increase consumption taxes or put in place austerity measures in a limiting effort to boost their economies in the short-term, as this diminishes the reach and quality of support services that families depend on.

The study sets out a framework to help reduce the number of children living in poverty and prevent more families from falling into financial distress:

UNICEF has recently partnered with the EU Commission and several EU countries to pilot the EU Child Guarantee initiative to mitigate the impact of poverty on children and provide them with opportunities to thrive in adulthood. With more children and families now being pushed into poverty, a robust response is warranted across the region.

UNICEF is calling for continued and expanded support to strengthen social protection systems in high- and middle-income countries in eastern Europe and Central Asia; and the prioritization of funding for social protection programmes, including cash assistance programmes for vulnerable children and families.

Austerity measures will hurt children most of all plunging even more children into poverty and making it harder for families who are already struggling, said Khan. We have to protect and expand social support for vulnerable families before the situation gets any worse.

###

*including Kosovo, under UNSC Resolution 1244

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Child poverty across eastern Europe and Central Asia soars by 19 per cent, as Ukraine war and rising inflation drive four million children into...

Basic Income Grant: What is the debate about? | GroundUp

What are people saying about the introduction of a Universal Basic Income Guarantee in South Africa? Graphic: Lisa Nelson

The possibility that a Universal Basic Income Guarantee (UBIG) could be introduced in South Africa has sparked a lot of debate over the last two years.

Its advocates say this grant could address our extremely high rates of poverty and ensure that all people have an adequate standard of living. Its detractors say it would bankrupt the country.

In this three-part series from the Institute for Economic Justice (IEJ), we cover the basics of a basic income grant. In our first article, we gave an overview of what a universal basic income guarantee is and what transformative potential it could have.

In this, our second piece, we cover the evolution and current state of the debate in South Africa. Our final piece will focus on how we could finance it.

The idea of a basic income grant (BIG) in South Africa goes back to the late 1990s, when organised labour proposed that the idea should be investigated by the government at the 1998 Presidential Jobs Summit. In 2002, the report of the Taylor Committee of Inquiry into a Comprehensive System of Social Security for South Africa proposed a basic income grant of R100 per person, per month.

But then the debate disappeared for two decades. The recommendations of the Taylor Committee were ignored. The ANC was largely opposed to the UBIG during this period, influenced by concerns about hand-outs and dependency.

As successive governments pushed different growth agendas, there was less political interest in social security as a developmental strategy. It took time for the ineffectiveness of these growth agendas to become clear: massive unemployment persisted, inequality worsened, poverty deepened.

When the Covid pandemic hit, the UBIG debate re-emerged.

The temporary Social Relief of Distress (SRD) grant of R350 a month was introduced by the government as a response to the impact of the pandemic and related lockdowns.

This was the first grant that able-bodied adults between the ages of 18 and 59 could receive. Until then, even though a large proportion of this group had no other income and were shut out of paid work due to South Africas structural unemployment crisis, they were not covered by the social grant system.

Civil society organisations began to call for a permanent UBIG to replace the temporary SRD grant, and the government listened.

In December 2021, a panel of experts commissioned by the Department of Social Development and the International Labour Organisation found that while the SRD grant had provided a lifeline for many, it had not made a sufficient impact on poverty because it was too small. In South Africa, four million households, comprising 11 million people, have income below the food poverty line (FPL), which was R595 per month in 2020.

According to the panel, a BIG introduced at scale, worth at least the FPL, would almost eliminate poverty in South Africa. The panel recommended that the SRD grant should be made permanent, and progressively increased over time. They said that no alternative measures could reasonably address the widespread and urgent income support needs of South Africans.

In January 2022, a coalition of civil society organisations met President Cyril Ramaphosa to argue that the SRD grant should be made into a universal basic income guarantee. They said that it should be increased first to the FPL and then by 2024 to the upper bound poverty line (R1,335 per month in 2021). These proposals were recently supported by a resolution of the ANC Policy Conference in July this year.

But support for a UBIG has not been unanimous.

Opponents of the grant, which include some groups in business and the National Treasury, have variously claimed that it is unaffordable, that its costs would overshadow any benefits, that it is a populist party-political tactic and that it would further a culture of dependency.

Critics of the UBIG say that it will cause the economy to slow down. The Centre for Development and Enterprise (CDE), for instance, argues that while the UBIG will raise beneficiaries consumption, causing a boost to the economy, this will come at the cost of reduced consumption elsewhere.

This argument does not account for the extent to which a UBIG can boost local economies. It is not just increased spending that will result, but it can allow more people to become active participants in the economy, which would grow as a result.

UBIG beneficiaries will spend the money in their local communities, which stimulate these industries and increase tax revenues through increased VAT payments.

Informal sector workers would use a portion of their basic income to invest in self-employment and productive activities.

These types of positive spin-offs can, over time, resolve South Africas pressing challenges such as inequality, unemployment and poverty. This means that the net cost to the government decreases.

The benefits of a UBIG are far greater than the initial cost of its implementation.

The CDE also says that the only reason why a UBIG is now on the national agenda is that the governing party needs to shore up support.

But in a democratic system we should expect parties to pursue policy platforms that they expect to have widespread support, and benefit their constituency. We should also respect voters rights to judge the merits of such policies. The popularity of a policy is by no means an inherent argument against it.

This argument also ignores the pronounced and profound economy-wide impact of the Covid pandemic that led to the introduction of the R350 SRD grant. It also ignores the large number of civil society organisations and social movements that are calling for the adoption of a UBIG.

Another line of attack from UBIG detractors, including the Minister of Finance, is to claim that providing grants will create a cycle of dependency. This argument is not based on evidence.

The evidence of a large number of studies on cash transfers in Africa and other low- and middle-income countries demonstrates that UBIGs make people more productive.

Studies have shown that even meagre basic income support for vulnerable people increases autonomy and enables job-seeking, investment in productive assets, a transition from poor quality and exploitative jobs to more decent work as well as self-employment, small business creation, and womens economic empowerment.

As we mentioned in our previous article, basic income support helps people to join the formal labour market as it gives people money to look for a job.

The reality is, given the chance, people consistently seek ways to increase their economic participation and security.

Concerns about the affordability and sustainability of UBIG proposals have also come from the business lobby. The CDE and Intellidex argue that paying for a UBIG would require income tax increases or taking on debt that South Africa cannot afford. Income tax increases would lead to emigration and other destabilising economic effects, and South Africa already has a high debt-to-GDP (gross domestic product) ratio, they say. CDE and Intellidex argue that tougher taxes on the wealthy would compound the economic problems in South Africa.

They conclude that a UBIG is unaffordable.

But UBIG will act as a stimulus to the economy. Part of the cost associated with it will be recouped by the government through VAT. The remaining net cost can be sustainably financed through progressive taxation.

South Africas income and wealth inequality is a destabilising factor in the economy. Taxing and redistributing income more progressively using a UBIG could shift persistent structural inequality in the economy, as argued by IEJ director Gilad Isaacs in response to the Intellidex report.

This argument has found unusual supporters. In August this year, the historically conservative Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) came out in favour of a UBIG as a safety net, and a more redistributive tax system.

The IEJs analysis suggests that UBIG is achievable in South Africa in the short-term and would carry little risk if it is phased in carefully and responsibly. We have proposed an initial UBIG valued at R624 per month (the food poverty line at September 2021) that would overtime be increased.

In the final part of this introductory series, we will look at how we could finance this.

Vuyisiwe Mahafu is a Budget Policy Intern at the Institute for Economic Justice

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A hydrogen-rich first atmosphere for Mars inferred from clays on its surface – ASU News Now

October 18, 2022

According to new research, Mars may have been born a blue and water-covered world, long before the Earth had even finished forming. The discovery could open a window for scientists on an overlooked chapter in Martian history.

In a recent study published inEarth and Planetary Science Letters, a team of researchers, including several from Arizona State University, found that Marss earliest atmosphere was much denser than today, and primarily composed of molecular hydrogen, very different from the thin, carbon dioxide atmosphere it retains today. Image courtesy Planet Volumes Download Full Image

Even though it is the lightest molecule,hydrogen would have had big implications for Mars earliest climate. Molecular hydrogen, it turns out, is a powerful greenhouse gas.

Its a paradox that so many observations suggest liquid water on early Mars, even though water freezes on present-day Mars, and the ancient sun was 30% dimmer than today, saidSteve Desch, professor of astrophysics in ASU's School of Earth and Space Exploration and one of the team scientists. Traditionally considered greenhouse gases like CO2would freeze on an early Mars. (Hydrogen)in the atmosphere is an unexpected way to stabilize liquid water.

According to the teams calculations, molecular hydrogen is a strong enough greenhouse gas to have allowed very early warm-to-hot water oceans to be stable on the Martian surface for many millions of years, until the hydrogen was gradually lost to space.

To determine the composition of the ancient atmosphere on Mars, team scientists developed the first evolutionary models that include high-temperature processes associated with Mars' formation in a molten state and the formation of the first oceans and atmosphere.These models showed that the main gases emerging from the molten rock would be a mix of molecular hydrogen and water vapor.

The results from the models revealed water vapor in the Martian atmosphere behaved like water vapor in our modern-day Earth's atmosphere: it condensed in the lower atmosphere as clouds, creating a drier upper atmosphere.Molecular hydrogen, by contrast, did not condense anywhere, and was the main constituent of the upper atmosphere of Mars. From there, this light molecule was lost to space.

"This key insight that water vapor condenses and is retained on early Mars whereas molecular hydrogen does not condense and can escape allows the model to be linked directly to measurements made by spacecraft, specifically, the Mars Science Laboratory roverCuriosity," said Kaveh Pahlevan, a research scientist at the SETI Institute and lead author of the study.

The new model has allowed new interpretations of deuterium-to-hydrogen (D/H) data from Mars samples analyzed in laboratories on Earth and by NASA rovers on Mars.

Hydrogen atoms in molecules can either be normal hydrogen (a nucleus with one proton) or "heavy" hydrogen, called deuterium (a nucleus with one proton and one neutron). The number of deuterium atoms in a sample divided by the number of normal hydrogen atoms is called the deuterium-to-hydrogen, or D/H ratio.

Meteorites from Mars are mostly igneous rocks, basically solidified lavas. They formed when the interior of Mars melted, and the magma ascended toward the surface. The water dissolved in these interior (mantle-derived) samples contain hydrogen with a D/H ratio similar to that of the Earth's oceans, indicating that the two planets started with very similar D/H ratios, and their water came from the same source in the early solar system.

In contrast, when the Mars Science Laboratory measured the isotopes of hydrogen in an ancient 3-billion-year-old clay on the Martian surface, it found a D/H ratio value about three timesthat of Earth's oceans.Therefore, the hydrosphere of Mars the surface water reservoir that reacted with rocks to form these clays must have had a high concentration of deuterium relative to hydrogen. The only plausible way to have this level of deuterium enrichment is to lose most of the hydrogen gas to space: normal hydrogen is lost, but deuterium, being slightly heavier, is not lost as quickly.

The research from this comprehensive model shows that if the Martian atmosphere were dense and hydrogen-rich at the time of its formation, then the surface waters would naturally be enriched in deuterium by a factor of two to three, relative to the interior, which is precisely what the Mars Science Laboratory observed.

This is the first model that naturally reproduces these observations, giving us some confidence that the evolutionary scenario we have described corresponds to the earliest events on Mars, Pahlevan said.

Hydrogen atmospheres may even be favorable for the origin of life. The Stanley-Miller experiments dating back to the middle of the 20thcentury have shown that prebiotic molecules implicated in the origin of life form readily in such hydrogen-rich, "reducing" atmospheres, but not so readily in hydrogen-poor, "oxidizing" atmospheres like those of modern-day Earth or Mars.

The team's research findings imply that early Mars was at least as promising a site for the origin of life as early Earth was, if not more promising long before Earth existed. Earth as we know it did not finish forming until after the moon-forming impact, after tens of millions of years of solar system evolution. Long before that, Mars may have had a thick, hydrogen-rich atmosphere, clement temperatures and a surface covered in blue oceans.

In addition to Desch and Pahlevan, authors of the paper include Lindy Elkins-Tanton and Peter Buseck, both of whom are affiliated with ASU's School of Earth and Space Exploration (Buseck is also affiliated with ASU's School of Molecular Sciences), and Laura Schaefer, who is affiliated with the Department of Geological Sciences at Stanford University.

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A hydrogen-rich first atmosphere for Mars inferred from clays on its surface - ASU News Now

Mars may have been teeming with life until it underwent climate change …

Mars, our planetary neighbor with a similar geologic history, has long been a fascination of Earthlings. Part of that is its proximity to Earth meaning it's the most-visited planet (by robots, at least); and part of that is because of a number of hopeful yet faint signs that perhaps life once existed there. These hopeful signs run the gamut froma flower-shaped rock; tothe presence of tiny electrical storms;to the ever-present possibility that liquid water exists somewhere on the Martian surface or perhaps once did.

"It's possible that life appears regularly in the universe. But the inability of life to maintain habitable conditions on the surface of the planet makes it go extinct very fast. Our experiment takes it even a step farther as it shows that even a very primitive biosphere can have a completely self-destructive effect.""

Yet a new paper in the journal Nature Astronomy has an intriguing premise for the history of life on Mars. We know from geologic evidence that the red planet underwent a significant climate shift in its younger years, one which made it much more arid and less watery. The reason for this climactic shift is not well understood, and the aforementioned paper suggests thatclimate change, caused by gaseous emissions from life on Mars,may have also destroyed.

In a study by French and American researchers, scientists explained that life may have flourished in Martian regoliths (or loose dust and rock on top of a layer of bedrock) because it would have been suffused with salt water and protected from ultraviolet and cosmic radiation. Of course, this would have been roughly 3.7 billion to 4.1 billion years ago, and the life in question would have resembled Earth microbesrather than anything particularly intelligent or sophisticated. Yet these microbes could have flourished to a sufficient degree to consume hydrogen and carbon dioxide, both of which would have existed in troves on Mars at the time and to release methane.

We know this because, on Earth, microbes like that already exist in hydrothermal vents, and they too release methane using a process known as methanogenesis. Because they do so in the ocean, however, little methane gets released into that atmosphere, as it is absorbed somewhat by the ocean water. These hypothetical Martian microbes would not have had that luxury, and the subsequent release of methane may have altered the planet's atmosphere so much that it eventually became hostile to the microbes.

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"The predicted atmospheric composition shift caused by methanogenesis would have triggered a global cooling event, ending potential early warm conditions, compromising surface habitability and forcing the biosphere deep into the Earth crust," the authors write. They add that, for future explorers to test their hypothesis, they should target "lowland sites at low-to-medium altitudes," as these are the regions where life forms that behaved this way would most likely have left traces for humans to someday discover.

The life in question would have resembled Earth microbes rather than anything particularly intelligent or sophisticated.

Humans are well-acquainted with the idea of man-made climate change, for which there is scientific consensus that the emissions of industrial civilization, particularly of carbon dioxide, are slowly altering the temperature of the planet. Yet the idea of simple life, perhaps even single-celled life, altering a planet's atmosphere so much as to change its climate is not far-fetched. Indeed, at multiple points in Earth's history such a thing has transpired. Between 2 billion and 2.4 billion years ago, algae converted so much carbon dioxide into oxygen as to permanently alter the composition of Earth's atmosphere. The Great Oxygenation Event, as it is known, also led to the creation of the protective ozone layer around Earth, which shields land-dwelling life from harmful ultraviolet rays. Both of these events permanently changed the future evolutionary history of life on Earth, as well as the climate.

But while the Great Oxygenation Event rendered Earth more inhabitable for some life and less habitable for others (particularly anaerobic bacteria), the prospect ofMartian life rendering its own planet inhospitable has an eerie similarity to humanity's behavior today. Man-made climate change is expected to cause sea levels to rise, increase the number of pandemics, cause heat wavesand render large areas of the planet uninhabitable, lead to more wildfiresand in other ways destroy Earth life as we know it. The parallels between Earth's current predicament and the one that may have existed on Mars billions of years ago was not lost on the authors of the study.

"The ingredients of life are everywhere in the universe," astrobiologist Boris Sauterey from the Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Suprieure (IBENS) in Paris, France, who led the research, told Space.com. "So it's possible that life appears regularly in the universe. But the inability of life to maintain habitable conditions on the surface of the planet makes it go extinct very fast. Our experiment takes it even a step farther as it shows that even a very primitive biosphere can have a completely self-destructive effect."

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Landing on Mars: Keep straight and fly right for Martian touchdown success – Space.com

Touching safely down on Mars is a true, nail biting event. Those terror gripping, heart-stopping moments of entry, descent, and landing (EDL) after months of cruising to the Red Planet are indeed frightening affairs.

The EDL community is busy at work on fresh ideas on how to breach Mars' atmosphere, put on the speed brakes, and plop down payloads. One big and new assignment is NASA's Mars Sample Return project and the challenges that initiative faces.

In the near and far-term, Mars is on tap to be on the receiving end of a load of landed hardware, not only to support further robotic investigations, but to reinforce a human presence on that world. But getting down, dirty and securely on Mars remains a delicate balance of technical skill, mixed in with hard-earned luck.

Related: Mars rover Perseverance spots shiny silver litter on the Red Planet (photo)

"I see two big challenges," said Zachary Putnam, assistant professor in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. "Landing really big things on the surface, for more advanced robotic missions and human exploration, and landing lots of smaller, less expensive things at relatively low cost," Putnam said.

What's ahead for Mars is clear, Putnam said.

Being able to send lots of smaller payloads to the Martian surface less expensively, Putnam added, would leverage excess payload capacity on launch vehicles used to send larger payloads and take advantage of the improving abilities of small satellite technology.

"It would allow us to accept more risk, since a few failures is less of an issue if there are a lot of landers, which could help us improve all our landing technology over time," said Putnam. "Also, there's the engagement of a larger, more diverse community of scientists and engineers, such as universities."

Alike in view is Bethany Ehlmann, a professor of planetary science at the California Institute of Technology and associate director of the Keck Institute for Space Studies in Pasadena, California.

"I think what is exciting is that Mars surface access technology is gaining new interest from companies and government technology programs," Ehlmann told Space.com. "Mars landing is the tallest tent pole in translating all of the commercial space systems investment at the moon to Mars, enabling lower cost and more frequent Mars exploration."

Ehlmann said that there is need for development at both the small size and the large size payloads. "This includes developing more cost-efficient means than sky cranes to deliver small science missions. At the large size, payloads that are human-rated also require different approaches," she said.

To Ehlmann's point, six companies received seven contracts from NASA in September to build inflatable aerodynamic decelerator systems for spacecraft entry, descent and landing operations and aerocapture missions. Potential NASA and commercial mission applications will benefit from this advanced technology.

For today, it all comes back to JPL's focus for the last 20 years, said JPL's Allen Chen, Mars Sample Return (MSR) program system engineering and integration manager. "And that is to land more on Mars and land it even more precisely than before."

In front of EDL experts is a key element of the MSR undertaking; A Sample Retrieval Lander totes with it a NASA-led Mars ascent rocket and a pair of Mars helicopters.

That lander would touch down close to the then location of Perseverance in Jezero Crater, load up with Mars collectibles and then rocket those bits and pieces (and atmospheric sample) back to Earth for detailed study.

"The Sample Retrieval Lander now weighs a little over two metric tons. That's almost twice the mass of what we put down with the Perseverance rover," Chen told Space.com. "That's a huge difference in terms of what we need to get to the ground. It's so much bigger than what we've landed before," he said.

Read more: Ingenuity helicopter on Mars heads toward ancient river delta on 31st flight

The sky crane concept used for the Curiosity and Perseverance Mars landings - is not in play this go-round for the Sample Retrieval Lander. Rather, the craft is to power itself down using built-in retro rockets.

As for the precise part of the MSR mission, Chen said that there's a "doubling-down" on the use of Terrain Relative Navigation (TRN), a capability that provides a map-relative position fix that can be used to accurately target specific landing points on the surface of Mars while steering clear of hazards.

Using TRN, and adding a lot of fuel to the Sample Retrieval Lander, will allow the craft to land within 60 meters or better of a target. "We have to land an even bigger vehicle in a particular parking lot in a particular parking space," Chen said.

Additionally, an adaptive range trigger is to enable an even smarter self-decision about when the lander deploys its parachute.

And there's more. The lander's parachute itself is growing to an 80-foot (24-meter) design. "We want to beef up the parachute to be able to handle the load of a much bigger vehicle," said Chen.

The Mars Perseverance rover is already pre-scouting the landscape to help ascertain that primo parking space for a touch down. "For the first time we can see everything that's of a concern to the lander," Chen said. "We'll know exactly what's there and that's a huge advantage."

The goal is to land within a couple hundred meters of where the Perseverance rover will be, or a locale where the wheeled robot can easily drive up to deliver Mars specimens to the Sample Retrieval Lander. Care will be taken not to land directly near Perseverance, Chen said, due to concern about the ruckus created when the lander's rocket plume pitches out surface rock and sand.

"Given what we have right now, and the need to land a huge amount of mass very precisely, what you're seeing for us is a big step, but really an evolution of what we have been doing in the past. We're excited for the opportunity to show what we can do," Chen concluded.

Since the early 1990s, Rob Manning, now chief engineer at Jet Propulsion Laboratory, has been actively engaged in plotting out EDL at Mars.

As for the MSR effort ahead, "I won't say the word is risk because I don't know how to quantify the risks, but there are a lot of developmental challenges," Manning said. "I hope we don't bump into new physics."

In looking beyond MSR, Manning said there's a "kink in the curve" for EDL.

"Supersonic Retro Propulsion is a whole new game," Manning said. Supersonic retro propulsion, SRP for short, is a method to decelerate a vehicle using retrorockets in the supersonic regime.

"I think the big step function in the future is taking a stab and try SRP on Mars, and actually get that to work. I think it will work. Everyone agrees that it could work. It's just that we're all kind of chicken," said Manning.

SRP work at JPL has benefited by cooperation with SpaceX and Elon Musk, the company's chief. "They've allowed us to monitor the quality of their booster returns which fly exactly in the right domain," Manning said, noting complicated phenomenon, like the interaction of rocket plume with the supersonic wake that's being generated around the re-entering booster.

"It's so hard to get your arms around it computationally very hard to analyze," Manning said.

For the EDL community there's much work ahead in terms of new research, new know-how and hardware to showcase new capabilities.

"Especially the push by MSR, the Sample Retrieval Lander fits squarely between where we've going with the large landing system and where we are going after that, in human scale," Manning said.

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Landing on Mars: Keep straight and fly right for Martian touchdown success - Space.com

Algae Could be Instrumental in Making Human Exploration of Mars Possible – UNLV NewsCenter

While the world is marveling over the first images and data now coming from NASAs Perseverance rover mission seeking signs of ancient microscopic life on Mars, a team of UNLV scientists is already hard at work on the next step: What if we could one day send humans to the Red Planet?

Theres a lot to consider when sending people, though. Human explorers, unlike their rover counterparts, require oxygen and food, for starters. It also takes about six to nine months both ways just in travel time. And then theres the air itself. Martian air is roughly 98% carbon dioxide (Earths is a fraction of 1% for comparison) and the air temperature averages an extremely frigid -81 degrees.

Its these challenges that UNLV geochemist and NASA Mars 2020 team scientist Libby Hausrath and postdoctoral researcher Leena Cycil, a microbial ecologist, are exploring. And a big part of the answer? Algae.

Extremophilic algae are types of algae known for their ability to thrive in extreme environments such as high-altitude snowy mountains or hypersaline lakes. These algae love carbon dioxide and can use it to produce oxygen. They also are edible, dense with nutrients, and grow quickly. Extremophiles helpful characteristics allow them to grow in some of the most inhospitable environments on Earth, possibly even in conditions similar to Mars.

If we want to accomplish long-term space exploration with people instead of rovers and robots, it will require developing a self-sustaining life support system food and breathable air, says Cycil.

Hausrath and Cycil are among a handful of scientists looking at growing algae under the low-pressure, low-light conditions seen on Mars, and are pursuing different species than previous studies.

Early results are promising. So far, theyve identified three species of algae that show substantial growth under extreme conditions. They used a low-pressure vacuum chamber to simulate atmospheric pressures relevant to Mars and topped it with a plate of tempered glass to allow light in at half the sun exposure present on Earth.

The three strains of algae are Dunaliella salina, which is typically found worldwide in salt lakes; Chloromonas brevispina, which exists in snowy climates; and Chlorella vulgaris, primarily used as a protein supplement or protein-rich food additive, which is often found in natural and engineered freshwater and soil habitats.

We actually were surprised the algae grew at these low pressures. They may be thriving in these extreme environments on Earth, but the atmospheric pressure on Mars is considerably lower, so we were skeptical of what the outcome would be, says Cycil.

Their findings on low pressure growth were published in Frontiers of Microbiology, with another publication on growing algae in low light levels coming in early 2023.

The team strategically studies one variable at a time to understand exactly how each affects growth.

They're isolating certain traits in each algae species to learn what combination of algae characteristics are best suited for Mars. For example, having algae that grow at low pressure is potentially more important than growth with a specific type of lighting because lighting is easier to manipulate than pressure. The hope is that the lab conditions could be recreated in greenhouses on the surface of the Red Planet.

Understanding genetic adaptations that allow the algae to grow can help with the design of eventual life support systems and potential greenhouses on Mars, says Hausrath.

Hausrath and Cycil are already working with a NASA engineer on applications for their work. Their study shows these organisms can produce oxygen at levels comparable to what people need to survive, but engineers will be the ones to put that into practice.

Hausrath and Cycils work is part of preparing for future short-term human exploration of Mars, where astronauts instead of rovers will conduct further experiments and gain more knowledge of the planet and its history. Ultimately, these visits will help determine if Mars can support human habitation.

You could compare it to the space station missions paving the way for what we are seeing now in the commercialization of space flights. In time, commercial corporations will take our research toward manned long-term space travel and expand on it and what we know will grow exponentially, explains Cycil. We are learning from the rock and soil samples being returned from the rover mission, but there are other things we cant accomplish with robotics.

Future human exploration of Mars may need to depend on algae for both oxygen and food. Hausrath and Cycil believe algae could offer a great solution, as they do not take a lot of space to grow and can do well in microgravity situations too tough for traditional plants to survive. Theyre healthy too, providing antioxidants, vitamins and minerals, and have the potential to provide both oxygen and nutrients to astronauts during spaceflight and while exploring the planet.

Although explorers of Mars would likely still rely on supply missions from Earth, the researchers believe that, considering the lengthy journey between planets, algae could bridge any gaps.

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Algae Could be Instrumental in Making Human Exploration of Mars Possible - UNLV NewsCenter

To Mars: Wyo-raised engineer on what it takes to work NASA mission – WyoFile

In 2017, Philip Walker was working at a job he loved as a software engineer for Raytheon Technologies. The commute was long, but he enjoyed what he did and admired his colleagues.

Then one day I got a call, Walker said. The person on the line, he said, told him Hey, I got your name from someone youre currently working with. Were working on the Orion mission that is going to send astronauts to Mars.

And I was like, OK, youve got my interest, Walker said.

Walker ended up being recruited for the mission. The Wyoming-raised engineer, who lives in Denver with his wife and two kids, works for Stellar Solutions under contract with NASA. He describes it as a dream job, and his sincerity is palpable even over the phone. Some days I pinch myself for sure, he said.

Walker, 42, loves space. Wherever he finds himself family functions, standing in line for food, waiting for a launch on the NASA Causeway in Cape Canaveral when people find out he works as a systems engineer on human spaceflight, an enthusiastic conversation ensues, he said.

Ill talk anyones ear off. I enjoy it, Walker said.

Growing up in Big Horn, Walker always had an interest in space. One of his earliest memories is of seeing the Challenger explosion on television. His dad told him stories about the Apollo missions and was crazy good at pointing out constellations during family camping trips.

Yet, Walker never would have predicted, he said, that someday he would be intimately involved in the historic return of humans to the moon and beyond.

In 2002, Walker was a senior at the University of Wyoming preparing to graduate with an electrical engineering degree. Looking at the job market, he decided to spend an extra year taking a few more coding classes, fulfilling the requirements to also earn a computer engineering degree. He thought it might make his rsum more appealing.

He was right. His first job, doing classified work for the multinational aerospace and defense conglomerate Raytheon on ground systems for satellites, relied heavily on his software skills.

So that whole extra year that I took, Walker said, well it turns out that the software side, the coding side, was more valuable to the job market at large.

That theme has continued throughout his career. Software evolves much more rapidly than hardware does, he said.

Finding experienced hardware engineers is fairly easy, because the stuff they did 20 years ago still applies, Walker said. If you found a computer science person who last coded 20 years ago, its not going to work out.

Walker was content at Raytheon, staying 14 years. Then came the phone call.

Since commercial space companies burst onto the scene in the early 2000s, NASA has set its sights on putting people back into space. Numerous programs and initiatives have come and gone, but one thing has been a constant: the Orion spacecraft.

Orion has the same basic shape as the Apollo command and service module that originally carried astronauts to the moon, but the similarities end there. Everything else is leading-edge and requires the best in the business to develop. Thats how, in 2017, Walkers name came up.

The more Walker listened to the voice on the phone that day, the more excited he became. It was much closer to home, he said. I could work from home if I needed to, because it was all unclassified work now It was human spaceflight! Come on!

Walker jumped at the opportunity.

Today, Walker works as an avionics tester doing hardware/software integration for the Orion spacecraft. He sees the work as taking him back to his roots. So, I take the code, I take the block of hardware, he explained, and I make sure the code can command the hardware.

Walker described the variety of cool stuff his team does on a regular basis. I might have an oscilloscope hooked up one day, he said. I might have NASA representatives looking at our mission run another day. So, it can be very low level or very high level. Its super interesting.

According to Walker, his work involves integrating the output of a multitude of individual teams, testing the system end to end. The hardware and software available in his lab is as close as it gets to the real thing, he said i.e., what is being built at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida.

This verisimilitude, Walker said, allows his team to run interesting scenarios NASA officials wouldnt want to test on the real vehicle because they dont want to risk damaging it. He and his colleagues simulate stressful, off-nominal situations all the time: What if the battery disconnects? What if it shorts out? What happens if they must reboot the computer while in orbit?

Communication and coordination define his job, he said. On any given day, I gotta talk to four experts to find out how the overall thing is going to come together and make sure I understand what NASA really wants, Walker said. How should this work? Heres how it does work, is that right?

Walker appreciates that not many jobs exist where politics dont come into play. I have a job where we all have a common enemy, and that is space, he said.

With Orion now a part of NASAs Artemis program, Walkers last five and a half years of work have come to the brink of fruition. The plan is to establish comfortable routines for a long-term human presence in orbit around the moon, on the surface of the moon and, eventually, on Mars.

On Aug. 29, Walker traveled to the Kennedy Space Center with his coworkers (and 400,000 other people) to witness the maiden launch of the Orion space capsule. Unfortunately, the launch was scrubbed due to technical issues and weather conditions, but Walker didnt let it get him down. He posted on Facebook:

Long day that didnt end the way we wanted. Still got to hang out with a bunch of fellow space enthusiasts, so a day well spent. Youre bonded forever with people who you wake up at 1:15 in the morning with, surviving on 15 minutes of sleep on wet causeway grass.

The launch was rescheduled for Sept. 3, and Walker stayed in Florida a few extra days. This time, a hydrogen leak caused the launch to be canceled.

Walker, again on Facebook, described the situation as a tough outcome but followed it up with his characteristic positivity: but getting it right is the most important thing, as this rocket will be used for several years and launches to come.

When Walker spoke to Wyofile in late September, he was excited that another launch attempt was scheduled for Sept. 27, but the approach of Hurricane Ian forced NASA to postpone the next attempt until mid-November.

According to Walker, perseverance, dedication and patience are essential characteristics of a successful engineer.

I would say you have to learn to not get frustrated, Walker said. The stuff thats hard is going to take some time, and youre going to hit a few bumps in the road, but its super worth it. Just dont give up.

Walker has worked with engineers from all kinds of backgrounds, and in his experience, those who possess a true passion often accomplish more than those with natural talent but no drive.

Those folks are super successful, Walker said, because a lot of times the intangibles are crazy important in this job. Engineers who can communicate, engineers who are empathetic, engineers who have some of those soft skills can be a rare breed.

Walker said some of the best engineers he has worked with have come up from associate-level degrees or small colleges.

I find that blue collar, hard-work background to be a common thread. Even for the ones that went to MIT, they seem to have this, I had to sling hay, I had to work construction, I worked at fast food restaurants for three years, sort of story.

They dont take it for granted, I guess, Walker continued. They have that hard work ethic and some common sense that is sorely needed a lot of days.

Walker is employing that patience as he awaits the next launch window. In the meantime, hell enjoy conversing with anyone who shares his passion, always seeking what he describes as an instant bond forged over space.

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To Mars: Wyo-raised engineer on what it takes to work NASA mission - WyoFile

Will Africa send the first human to Mars? – Al Jazeera English

What will Africa look like by 2050? Will the present tale of missed opportunities persist? Or will the continent become a superpower securing a pole position in the new race to reach new frontiers of technology and of our imagination? Will, it, for instance, become a leading space-faring continent?

Todays forecasts paint a dire picture of the continents future. Conflict. Poverty. Unemployment. The plagues of yesterday creep into tomorrow. On the face of it, there appears to be little reason to expect a miracle a sudden awakening that could herald the rapid transformation that Singapore and South Korea, for instance, have gone through in the past six decades.

Yet this pessimistic narrative has obvious consequences. It scares investors. It demotivates African expatriates who might otherwise have considered returning home. Most critically, it robs African youth of a chance to dream of a better life right here on the continent. All of this perpetuates a vicious cycle where a presumption of future failures denies Africa the opportunities and resources it needs to truly deliver on the potential of its 1.2 billion people in turn reinforcing prejudices about the continent.

In my new book,From Africa to Mars, I counter this negative narrative. From Africa to Mars tells the story of a technologically advanced African continent that takes on a seemingly impossible challenge: flying to Mars within a decade. However, myriad challenges arise causing the world to wonder: Will they make it on time?

I sent an early version of the manuscript to a friend basedin the United Kingdom. When he read through it, he noted that it felt somewhat utopic. I asked him whetherIron ManorWonder Womanfelt utopic too. He said no. Its Westerners. Flying cars. Lasers. Interstellar travel.Theycan do all that, he said, pausing and cocking his head before adding, Would you ever get on a rocket built by an African?

He probably meant it as a joke but his query showed just how much the cancer of stereotypes has metastasised. We live in a world where tales of African genius are not just missing, they are discouraged and subconsciously banned.

A few years ago, I was working on a communications campaign in Burkina Faso. Our goal? To encourage youth in the capital, Ouagadougou, to train for STEM careers. I crafted a series of illustrated posters on the outcomes of science and engineering studies. In one poster, a child started as an electrician and ended up as a space engineer. When I shared the poster with colleagues, one sent a reply that left me utterly shocked.

She remarked that it was impossible for a child in Burkina Faso to become a space engineer. I informed her that the West African nation was already building its first satellite, Burkina Sat-1. Hence, there was no reason why a Burkinabe child couldnt join the countrys nascent space programme.

Indeed, Africas space sector is reaching new heights.In January 2022, South Africa made history by launching three nanosatellites that were the first to be wholly designed and produced on the African continent. Cocoa farmers in Ghana will soon be able to receive agricultural advice thanks to the SAT4Farming initiative, a programme that leverages satellite imagery to monitor environmental conditions in the country. Angolas second telecommunications satellite, Angosat-2, launched last week.

In other areas of tech too, African innovators are showing why it would be a mistake to ignore them.M-PESA, the pioneering mobile money payment service, was launched by Kenyan company SAFARICOM in 2007 and has since become a model for mobile banking services globally. While there were no unicorns on the continent a decade ago, Africa now boasts seven startups valued at over $1bn. More than 600 tech hubs across the continent support startups and in 2021 alone, African startups attracted more than $10bn in funding.

Africa urgently needs nuanced future narratives that, without masking the challenges that the continent faces, deviate from the standard scripts of refugees on boats and rebels in bushes.

This is not just a requirement for attracting tourists and investors. I believe this will be critical to inspire the next generation of engineers, scientists, statisticians, astronauts and science enthusiasts who will help resolve Africas most pressing developmental challenges and help the continents potential take off.

The views expressed in this article are the authors own and do not necessarily reflect Al Jazeeras editorial stance.

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Will Africa send the first human to Mars? - Al Jazeera English

Looking Back at the Mars Fest News @ ODU – Old Dominion University

October 18, 2022

The Barry Art Museum soared to new heights with Mars Fest 2022. This year's festival featured artist Luke Jerram's large-scale sculpture of Mars, a realistic depiction of the red planet that hovered above 43rd Street and was nearly 23 feet in diameter. Activities included dance performances, glassblowing and a special red beer from Cova Brewing Co. In addition, NASA hosted special events at the museum. Photos Chuck Thomas, Nicholas Clark and Aaron Hodnett/ODU

Grammy Award-winning singer-songwriter Grace Potter sings "Rocket Man" during the opening reception for Mars Fest on Oct. 13. Photo Chuck Thomas/ODU

An opening reception is held in the Barry Art Museum to kick off Mars Fest. Photo Chuck Thomas/ODU

The big red planet is put in place the morning of Oct. 14. Photo Chuck Thomas/ODU

Costume contestants pose for a group photo at the end of the competition. Photo Aaron Hodnett/ODU

Visitors line up around Mars to view the costume contest. Photo Aaron Hodnett/ODU

The United Souls Band performs Oct. 14 on the Super Nova Stage. Photo Aaron Hodnett/ODU

Members from the Chrysler Museum demonstrate glassblowing techniques during Mars Fest. Photo Aaron Hodnett/ODU

Guests pose for photos in their space outfits. Photo Aaron Hodnett/ODU

Members from the ODU Marching Band dance under Mars. Photo Aaron Hodnett/ODU

Planetarium Director Justin Mason sports his astronaut costume as he discusses what life on Mars could be like. Photo Aaron Hodnett/ODU

Barry Art Museum Executive Director Charlotte Potter Kasic welcomes visitors to Mars Fest on Oct. 14. Photo Aaron Hodnett/ODU

The Chrysler Museum hosts a glassblowing exhibition. Photo Nicholas Clark/ODU

Members of the Norfolk State University Dance Theater perform under the Mars installation. Photo Nicholas Clark/ODU

Red lights reflecting off the parking garage enhance Mars. Photo Nicholas Clark/ODU

Lead singer Nakia Madry-Smith from the Rocky 7 band performs. Photo Nicholas Clark/ODU

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Looking Back at the Mars Fest News @ ODU - Old Dominion University

The Mars Agency Forges Partnership with Analytic Index to Further Enhance the Marilyn Martech Platform USA – English – USA – English – PR Newswire

SOUTHFIELD, Mich., Oct. 18, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- The Mars Agency, an industry leader in connected commerce, today announced a new strategic partnership with Analytic Index, a next-generation data platform, that is intended to bring new and unprecedented levels of data and commerce intelligence to Mars' proprietary martech platform, Marilyn.

The partnership brings together The Mars Agency's leadership and unrivaled success in helping brand clients drive growth through connected commerce experiences with Analytic Index's highly differentiated retail search and digital shelf intelligence platform.

...unmatched actionable insights to clients across multiple ecommerce environments.

The powerful combination of Marilyn and Analytic Index will enable Mars to deliver unmatched actionable insights to clients across multiple ecommerce environments.

The partnership expands and enhances the robust suite of shopper insights, retailer intelligence and performance measurement tools that The Mars Agency already provides to clients through Marilyn. The pact is the latest example of the agency's ongoing commitment to lead the industry in data intelligence and actionable insights through the continuous advancement of Marilyn'scapabilities.

"Ecommerce and retail media are critical aspects of the connected commerce landscape, and our practices in those areas are already best in class," says Rob Rivenburgh, CEO of The Mars Agency. "Now, combining Analytic Index's retail search and media knowledge with Marilyn's shopper insights and performance data will enable our clients to make even better decisions, create more connectedexperiencesand drive even stronger results."

In only two years, Analytic Index has become a critical technology solution for many of the world's largest brands and agencies by providing unique insights into the digital media activity taking place on Amazon, Walmart, Target and Kroger. The company will soon extend its Amazon coverage into Europe and Canada and expand its U.S. purview to track Albertsons, Lowe's, The Home Depot, Best Buy and Chewy.

The company was co-founded by Nathan Rigby and Mike Karlsven, the team that previously launched and operated One Click Retail, a pioneer in the measurement of Amazon sales and market share."We are thrilled to be partnering with Mike and Nathan, two proven innovators in the ecommerce and data intelligence space," says Rivenburgh.

"We're excited to be building a more strategic relationship with The Mars Agency, which has already been a great partner for us," says Rigby. "Their experience and expertise will help us become an even more trusted source for reliable data and next-generation technology for the global commerce ecosystem."

The partners will continue to serve clients independently while also joining forces as needed to deliver an unmatched set of insights on connected commerce.

The Mars Agencyis an award-winning, independently owned, global commerce marketing practice. With talent around the world, they connect people, technology and intelligence to create demand and drive profitable, sustainable growth. Mars' industry leading martech platform, Marilyn, enables marketers to make better decisions, create connected experiences and drive stronger results. Learn more at http://www.themarsagency.com and meetmarilyn.ai.

Analytic Indexis a next-generation data platform that empowers brands and agencies to measure and optimize retail media and organic search across online retailers. These actionable insights empower vendors to accelerate sales and profitability through benchmarking performance, improving organic and paid search effectiveness, and measuring overall impact and returns on investment. Analytic Index provides holistic insights across all departments, relevant keywords, and performance items making it an ideal competitive intelligence tool. Learn more atwww.analyticindex.com.

Media inquiries:Sarah Jo SautterDirector of Marketing, The Mars Agency[emailprotected]248-506-5829

SOURCE The Mars Agency

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The Mars Agency Forges Partnership with Analytic Index to Further Enhance the Marilyn Martech Platform USA - English - USA - English - PR Newswire

Moon and Mars tonight: What time and how to see them in Arizona – The Arizona Republic

People who enjoy looking up at the night skymay besurprised to see a bright dot accompanying the moon on Friday night.

Oct. 14'swaninggibbous moon will be visible as the sun goes downaround 6 p.m.Arizona time. Abright, reddish dot ofMarswill be shining several finger widths to its lower rightaround 10 p.m.

If you are looking up at the sky you should be able tosee Mars by3.6 degreesbeneath the 73%-lit waning gibbous moon.

For folks unfamiliar or who needa quick refresher on what"waning gibbous"means, it's when the moon isbetween a Full Moon and a Half Moon. "Waning" means that the light on the moon is getting smaller. "Gibbous" refers to theobservable illuminated part of the moon.

The moon is projected to risearound 9 p.m.

How to see the moon and Mars

Using a pair of binocularswill help you get a better view of the moon and Mars.

Once the sun is rising at around 6:30 a.m. Oct. 15, the moon will be further and too far awayto see.

The red planet isbrightening as it waxes until thebiannualsuper bright opposition in early December. This means that Earth will be exactly between Mars and the Sun as we rotate around the sun faster.Thiswill be atits closest to Earth for just over two years.

Have a question you need answered? Reach the reporter at rromeroruiz@gannett.com. Follow him on Twitter@raphaeldelag.

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Moon and Mars tonight: What time and how to see them in Arizona - The Arizona Republic

NASAs Lucy spacecraft just passed Earth on its way to Mars and wont be back for another two years – The Independent

Astronomers and skywatchers are sharing their images and videos of Nasas Lucy spacecraft as it buzzed close by Earth on Sunday.

The large school bus-sized Lucy spacecraft passed within 220 miles of Earth on Sunday morning, and was visible to viewers in Western Australia and the western US. Lucys flyby came on the one-year anniversary of its launch, the first high-speed close encounter of a planned 12-year mission to visit the Jupiter Trojan asteroids.

Nasa encouraged people to share images of Lucy on social media using the hashtag #SpotTheSpacecraft, or images of themselves waving at the passing Lucy using the hashtag #WaveToLucy.

Members of the Lucy mission team based on Colorado had to drive to Nebraska to get out from under cloud cover in order to capture the video of Lucy streaking overheard that they then shared on the social media website Twitter.

Pluto researcher Marc Buie took an image of Lucy that was shared by French space-blog Twitter account @RevesdEspace, while the Virtual Telescope Project, an international robotic telescope cooperative, also capture Lucy images.

Nasas Goddard Space Flight Center, meanwhile, has shared animations on Twitter illustrating Lucys Earth flyby and subsequent mission. The animations also highlight the spacecrafts unique, circular solar panels, each 24 feet in diameter large enough to supply Lucy with the 500 watts of power the spacecraft will need while traveling through the dark reaches of space among the asteroids near Jupiter.

Launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida on 16 October 2021, Lucy is Nasas first mission to the Trojan asteroids of Jupiter. The asteroids are large populations of space rocks that share the gas giants orbit, but precede and follow the planet by 60 degrees along that orbit.

Sundays flyby of Earth gave Lucy added momentum, slingshotting the spacecraft out toward the orbit of Mars in a maneuver known as a gravity assist. Lucy will make another gravity assist pass by Earth in 2024 before finally heading out toward its first targets.

The spacecraft will first fly by an asteroid known as Donaldjohanson in the main asteroid belt in 2025, a space rock that is not a Jupiter Trojan, but is conveniently located along the way.

Lucy will then reach the leading population of Jupiter Trojans in 2027, flying by four space rocks, Eurybates, Polymele, Leucus, and Orus, each named for characters in the Homeric epic The Iliad.

Lucy will then head back to Earth for another gravity assist flyby of our planet in 2031, which will put the spacecraft on a course to visit the trailing population of Jupiter Trojans in 2033.

Seen from above, Lucys flight path looks like a figure eight twisted up like a pretzel, according to Nasa.

An illustration of the unusual flight path of Nasas Lucy mission, which will flyby Earth several times during its 12-year mission to the Jupiter Trojan asteroids

(Nasa)

You can follow Lucys current trajectory and watch an animation showing its future motion relative to Earth, asteroid targets, and the planet Jupiter by going to Nasas whereislucy.space website.

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NASAs Lucy spacecraft just passed Earth on its way to Mars and wont be back for another two years - The Independent

8 years later, Indias first mission to Mars has finally run out of fuel – Inverse

Scientists and engineers have difficulty coming up with estimated mission timelines for their space exploration projects. Most dont even reach the first day after succumbing to one form or another of technical failure, sometimes resulting in a dramatic fireball. Others have missions that extend orders of magnitude longer than they were originally designed for. Such is the case for Indias first mission to the Red Planet, which finally seems to have run out of fuel eight years into its original six-month mission.

The mission, known colloquially as the Mars Orbiter Mission, or MOM, was initially launched in 2013 and entered an orbit around Mars in 2014. While in orbit, it spent the better part of eight years collecting data to send back to its operating scientists at the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).

Though technically planned as a technology demonstrator, MOM, also known as Mangalyaan (or Mars craft in Sanskrit), carried five scientific instruments, which, while they were relatively small and inexpensive, weighing in at just over 15 kilograms for the whole payload, they also provided critical insight into areas that scientists didnt understand about Mars at the time.

One of those critical areas was methane there was a long-standing debate about the sources of methane in Mars atmosphere, and MOM helped to provide some insight into that. It acted as an excellent complement to other more advanced, and therefore more expensive, western orbiter efforts such as Maven, which was launched around the same time.

But all good things must come to an end, and that was no exception for MOM. The spacecraft was designed to withstand many of the challenges associated with orbiting around the Red Planet, including using a limited supply of fuel to dodge out of the way of eclipses so that its batteries wouldnt be too diminished before being recharged by its on-board solar panels.

However, the fuel it used for maneuvering eventually ran out, and it was unable to dodge out of the way of an eclipse that lasted more than seven hours. Its batteries were designed to withstand an eclipse that lasted less than two hours. So when the craft finally emerged from the eclipse, its batteries were below the critical threshold that would allow it to restart. ISRO eventually declared the craft as officially decommissioned on October 3.

It leaves a generally positive legacy, though. India was one of the first countries to successfully introduce a craft to the Mars system on its first try. America and the Soviet Union suffered plenty of setbacks before the current round of successful rovers (and helicopters) traversing the planet.

That being said, the next step for ISRO in its Mars exploration program remains unclear. While the organization solicited ideas for a follow-up mission to Mars in 2016, no discernible progress has come through on that front in the last six years.

Despite that stagnation, ISRO should be proud of the work they already put in on MOM and of the scientific data that it collected. The more countries that can interact with Mars in one way or another, the better.

This article was originally published on Universe Today by Andy Tomaswick. Read the original article here.

LEARN SOMETHING NEW EVERY DAY.

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8 years later, Indias first mission to Mars has finally run out of fuel - Inverse