Assistant Sheriff Expresses Concern About People 3D Printing Guns for Firearm Buyback Programs

An upstate New York sheriff is irked that people around the US are 3D printing firearms to turn into gun buyback programs for cold, hard cash. 

Buy It Back

An upstate New York lawman is expressing concern that people around the US are 3D printing firearms to turn into gun buyback programs for cold, hard cash.

"I know in Utica, New York, Houston, Texas, and Spartanburg, South Carolina that 3D printed guns were submitted to the gun buyback program," Robert Swenszkowski, the assistant sheriff of New York's Oneida County and, strangely, a professor at Utica University, told Spectrum News 1.

He appeared to be referring to several stories that emerged this summer, in which people in Texas, South Carolina and New York did indeed sell back guns they 3D printed at home to local authorities as part of state gun buyback programs. One man, who identified himself only as "Kem," admitted that he 3D printed more than 100 guns to turn into New York State's gun buyback program. He was awarded $21,000 for his efforts, which was paid out to him in $500 gift cards.

Regulatory Nightmare

The NY state attorney general's office confirmed that the man known as Kem had indeed exploited the program — and as Swenszkowski noted, it's unclear what to do about the loophole, given that others are doing the same in other parts of the country.

"From a public safety perspective," the Utica assistant sheriff said, "getting any gun off the street if it has the potential to harm someone may be just as effective [as buying back traditionally-manufactured guns] so there’s certainly considerations that need to be given."

"You can’t guarantee that those guns will never be used to harm someone or never be used unlawfully," Swenszkowski added in his interview with the Utica-based Spectrum News 1.

To the assistant sheriff's mind, people like Kem should be held accountable for fraud — but he admits that changing the language of these buyback programs, which currently operate on a no-questions-asked basis, may hurt their efficacy.

"It’s a catch-22," Swenszkowski said — and it's hard to argue, given the gravity of gun violence in the US today.

Updated to correct Swenszkowski's title and more accurately reflect his outlook.

More next-gen weaponry: Drama Engulfs Plan to Zap School Shooters With Taser-Toting Drones

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Tech Guy Shocked That Uber From NYC to Philly Is Expensive

A tech entrepreneur was shocked not only to find that he was charged crazy Uber fees for taking a car between cities, but also that he went viral for it.

Mythical Beast

Most people know better than to try to take an Uber between cities that are 100 miles apart — and as one tech guy learned in a now-viral post, people have very little sympathy for how much he got charged.

"I just took an Uber from Manhattan to Philadelphia," self-proclaimed "five-time unicorn founder" Martin Varsavsky tweeted. "In one hour and 45 minutes, different governments charged me $140 in various tolls and taxes."

The tweet was immediately met with ridicule, with Twitter users arguing those who chose to drive should foot the bill for maintaining the roads they use every day.

I just took an Uber from Manhattan to Philadelphia. In one hour and 45 minutes different governments charged me $140 in various tolls and taxes. pic.twitter.com/4ObTXtV9TK

— Martin Varsavsky ?? (@martinvars) October 24, 2022

Zoomin'

A screenshot of his partial bill shows that Varsavsky did indeed get repeatedly charged by the governments of New York, Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, for everything from various bridge charges to highway tolls. Uber also charged him $35 for an "Out of Town Surcharge."

The tech entrepreneur argued that he didn't take the train, which he claims is his usual move when traveling between the neighboring metropolises, because he "had to be on zooms [sic] along the way" — but that excuse didn't seem to cut it for those who responded to his tweet.

"That's their way of telling you that you shouldn't be using Uber to go from Manhattan to Philadelphia," Lee Carter, a former Virginia state delegate, said. "That's what trains are for."

Climate reporter Kendra Pierre-Louis had an even more choice take. "You guys love to tout personal responsibility but roadways [don't] pay for themselves," she tweeted. "So which is it? You wanna cover the cost of bridge and tunnels or nah?"

Triggered

Varsavsky defended himself after the post went viral.

"How can people be so triggered by something like this?" he tweeted — a response which itself garnered even more responses.

"It’s because in the US we overinvest in car infrastructure and under invest in public transportation," Michael Schneider, the founder of transit advocacy group Streets for All, responded. "For example, we subsidize the cost of driving at the expense of good trains. So when you were complaining about tolls it felt tone deaf to those that are trying to change things."

We couldn't have put it better ourselves.

More infrastructure week: Europe Plots High Speed Rail So Fast It Could Replace Airlines

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There’s a Fascinating Reason These Astronauts’ Eyes Look So Strange

Onlookers have been puzzled by the weird look in the eyes of the astronauts selected for SpaceX's Polaris Dawn mission, and there's a cool reason why.

Do Not Avert

Now that's an unnerving gaze.

Astronauts gearing up for SpaceX's private Polaris Dawn mission have recently puzzled netizens with their strange, almost creepy eyes that look straight out of "Minority Report."

"What's with the weird Photoshop in each Polaris Dawn crew member's eye?" asked one confused Redditor.

And no, these astronauts don't owe their uncanny looks to a bad Photoshop job, but something way cooler: high tech contact lenses.

Eye Spy

Anna Menon, one of the mission's astronauts and lead space operations engineer at SpaceX, took to Twitter to provide a clear close up of the cyberpunk-looking contacts. In the video, you can see a halo-like ring of light that outlines the inside of her pupils, with a noticeable but small white rectangle reflecting brightly within it, in what's likely responsible for the white speck in the eye in pictures from afar.

"Eye will be back… for research," Menon tweeted, with the "Terminator 2: Judgment Day" theme blaring in the video to boot.

Eye will be back…for research. Polaris Dawn will carry with us on our mission 38 experiments from 23 partner institutions, including this device that measures intraocular pressure through a contact lens. See https://t.co/VHKqpel7BB for more! pic.twitter.com/QBGqziW4Ij

— Anna Menon (@annawmenon) October 24, 2022

Sans Solution

According to Menon, the specialized contact lenses will be worn by all the astronauts to measure intraocular pressure. It's part of a University of Colorado Boulder study into the recently discovered affliction called spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome.

SANS, as it's more readily known, causes swelling of the optic nerve, changes in the eye's shape and structure, and as a result of all that, can blur astronauts' vision. Its long term effects aren't well known, nor are its causes, but by having the astronauts wear the micro-sensor equipped "smart" contact lenses, scientists hope to measure how the eye adapts once it enters microgravity.

The current theory maintains that fluid shifts in the eye and brain are responsible for SANS symptoms, which the scientists believe could be confirmed from the contact lenses' data.

And if the data doesn't pan out, the contact lenses at least make a unique piece of astronaut fashion.

More on SpaceX: Billionaire Buys SpaceX Moon Trip For Him and His Wife

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Developers are Transforming the Fyre Fest Island Into an Exclusive Colony for Crypto Millionaires, Because of Course They Are

The Fyre Fest island has reached its only natural next form: a luxury real estate colony for the crypto elite, where homes will be bought and sold via NFTs.

Scammer's Paradise

The Fyre Fest island — yup, the Bahamas locale where convicted felon Billy McFarland "hosted" the wretched music festival that never was in 2017 — has reached its natural next form: a luxury real estate colony for the crypto elite, where "60 ultra-luxe pavilions and villas" will be bought and sold exclusively by way of NFTs.

That's right. A developing group called AGIA International claims to have snagged a 60-acre slice of cursed paradise and plans to sell multimillion dollar homes via crypto wallet. Intrigued? If you want to get on the ground floor, the developers will let you on an "allowlist" for a cool $10,000. Sounds... safe.

"This is the first time an entire real estate development has been exclusively for sale on the blockchain," Matthew Salnick, AGIA's blockchain developer, said in a statement. "There's never been a 100 percent tokenized resort-style community."

Extremely Opaque

Shockingly, there's a not a lot of transparency regarding how the process actually works.

While buying an NFT might sound simple enough, buying and owning deeded, real-world properties is a lot more complicated than scooping up an expensive JPEG. And though the developers do make the vague claim that their system offers "easily traceable ownership" and "faster buying-selling across borders," NFT trading is notoriously rife with scams and hacks — what happens if someone hacks into your wallet and, uh, steals your luxe villa?

That being said, shadiness — and, to that point, offshore banking — seems to be part of the whole pitch, with developing partner and Unchained Partners CEO Hunter Williams claiming that "among other benefits," perspective buyers will have access to "Bahamian residency and access to its sophisticated offshore banking system."

On that note, it's not terribly surprising to see the first so-called community of this kind being built in the Bahamas. Earlier this year, the country's PM, Philip E. Davis, gave any and all crypto operations the green light to set up shop.

"If the world of cryptocurrency is where you see your possibilities," Davis said back in April," then the Bahamas has a place for you."

Are there a lot of details missing here? Sure. Could this be Fyre Fest times actual millions? Definitely. But hey, according to AGIA, they just saw an opportunity. After all, one man's trash is another's offshore treasure.

"We bought this property because we saw its future," Erik Sanderson, an AGIA International co-founder, said in a statement, "not its past."

READ MORE: Fyre Festival's Island Is Being Turned Into an Enclave for Crypto Millionaires

More on NFT houses: This $7.7 Million Miami Mansion Comes With a Metaverse "Twin"

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Scientists Discover That Cats Simply Do Not Give a Crap

Every cat person has suspected that their cats are ignoring them — and now, researchers seem to have proven that they're right. 

Meow Mix

Every cat person has suspected that their cats are ignoring them — and now, new research seems to support that hunch.

As a new study published in the journal Animal Cognition details, feline researchers have demonstrated that cats do appear to know when their owners are talking to them, but that sometimes, they choose to ignore it.

The researchers sat with 16 cat-people pairs who lived in studio apartments, and playing them recordings of the pair interacting, followed by recordings of the humans saying the same words they use when baby-talking their cats, but in a voice register similar to that which they'd use to speak to other humans. The researchers also played them recordings of other humans speaking to them as well, which the cats didn't respond much to at all.

To the shock of no one who's ever tried repeatedly to get their cat's attention, the felines seemed to be able to differentiate between the tone of voice used when their humans were speaking to them versus that which humans use to speak to each other. In other words, cats seem to know who's talking to them and if they're being spoken to — even if they act like they don't.

I Cat Even

The most interesting — and funniest — finding in the study, which was conducted by researchers at the Paris Nanterre University, was that some of the cats only indicated that they'd heard their person speaking to them in the baby-talk register by twitching their ears and otherwise seeming completely disinterested in the recordings.

In other instances, some of the cats would look towards the sound of their owner's kitten-babble and meow, pause its activities, or otherwise respond.

"Our results highlight the importance of one-to-one relationships for indoor companion cats," the researchers wrote in the paper, "who do not seem to generalize the communication developed with one human to all human interlocutors."

Translation: cats seem to know when their own people are talking to them — but that doesn't mean they care.

More on cats: Can Cats Infect You With a Psychosis-Inducing Brain Parasite? The Answer Is Complicated

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Scientists Say They’ve Figured Out a Way to Read Thoughts Using an MRI Machine

Researchers claim to have built a

Researchers at the University of Texas claim to have built a "decoder" algorithm that can reconstruct what somebody is thinking just by monitoring their brain activity using an ordinary fMRI scanner, The Scientist reports.

The yet-to-be-peer-reviewed research could lay the groundwork for much more capable brain-computer interfaces designed to better help those can't speak or type.

In an experiment, the researchers used MRI machines to measure the changes in blood flow — not the firing of individual neurons, which is infamously "noisy" and difficult to decrypt — to decode the broader sentiment or semantics of what three study subjects were thinking while listening to 16 hours of podcasts and radio stories.

They used this data to train an algorithm that they say can associate these blood flow changes with what the subjects were currently listening to.

The results were promising, with the decoder being able to deduce meaning "pretty well," as University of Texas neuroscientist and coauthor Alexander Huth told The Scientist.

However, the system had some shortcomings. For instance, the decoder often mixed up who said what in the radio and podcast recordings. In other words, the algorithm "knows what’s happening pretty accurately, but not who is doing the things, " Huth explained.

The algorithm was also not able to use what it had learned from one participant's brain scans semantics and apply that to another's scans, intriguingly.

Despite these shortcomings, the decoder was even able to deduce a story when participants watched a silent film, meaning that it's not limited to spoken language, either. That suggests these findings could also help us understand the functions of different regions of the brain and how they overlap in making sense of the world.

Other neuroscientists, who were not directly involved, were impressed. Sam Nastase, a researcher and lecturer at the Princeton Neuroscience Institute, called the research "mind blowing," telling The Scientist that "if you have a smart enough modeling framework, you can actually pull out a surprising amount of information" from these kinds of recordings.

Yukiyasu Kamitani, a computational neuroscientist at Kyoto University, agreed, telling The Scientist that the study "sets a solid ground for [brain-computer interface] applications."

READ MORE: Researchers Report Decoding Thoughts from fMRI Data [The Scientist]

More on reading brains: Neuralink Cofounder Leaves as Brain Company Descends Into Chaos

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Companies Are Deepfaking Celebs Into Ads Without Their Permission

The likes of Elon Musk, Tom Cruise, and Leonardo DiCaprio are among some of the biggest names on the planet who are getting deepfaked into ads.

Deepening Issue

As if there weren't enough of them going around already, deepfakes are coming to advertising too, flaunting ghastly imitations of your favorite celebrities — with or without their permission.

Earlier this fall, Bruce Willis's representatives shut down reports that the actor signed a deal to get deepfaked into future productions. A year before, a Russian telecom company deepfaked the action star into a TV commercial (with permission), and the Pandora's box has been open ever since.

Now, the Wall Street Journal reports that agencies are injecting simulacra of A-listers including Tom Cruise, Leonardo DiCaprio, and Elon Musk into ads. The most worrying part, according to the WSJ? None of the last three celebrities ever agreed to appear.

Lagging Lawmaking

Sure, in most cases the uses of the deepfakes are clearly meant to be just fake enough to be funny, but the implications of the technology's use to impersonate celebs, authorized or not, is no laughing matter.

"We're having a hard enough time with fake information," Ari Lightman, a professor of digital media and marketing at Carnegie Mellon University, told the WSJ. "Now we have deepfakes, which look ever more convincing."

And US law hasn't really caught up either, especially in regards to using deepfakes in commercials. While some of the companies reportedly consulted with lawyers and/or included disclaimers, it doesn't change the fact that they're taking advantage of an extremely gray legal area. Generally speaking, the benefits of the attention gained from using the deepfakes — be it negative or positive — outweigh the risk of getting sued by such massive celebrities.

"A lot of these companies purposefully get as close to the line as possible in order to almost troll the celebrities they're targeting," explained Aaron Moss, chair of the litigation department at the law firm Greenberg Glusker, to the WSJ.

Even if a celebrity wanted to go after these companies, the ubiquity and ease of using deepfakes could make it impossible to target them all.

Unrivaled Production

What's worse is that experts believe that old contracts written before deepfake technology took off could allow advertisers to use their existing footage of a celebrity to create deepfakes of them.

And the temptation to do that is extremely strong.

"In six months, we made 10 completely different creatives and concepts with digital Bruce Willis working with different directors," said a spokesperson for Deepcake, the firm responsible for deepfaking Willis into the telecom ad, to WSJ.

"It is difficult to imagine such a production with a real actor."

More on deepfakes: This Keanu Reeves Deepfake Is Giving Us Shivers

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Scientists Managed to Transmit as Much Data as the Entire Internet’s Bandwidth

Scientists have destroyed the previous data transmission record by achieving a speed of 1.84 petabits per second using only a single light source.

Blazing Speeds

The world wide web is not enough, because scientists have managed to transmit data at a staggering 1.84 petabits per second — nearly twice the amount of global internet traffic in the same interval.

That blows the previous record for data transmission using a single light source and optical chip of one petabit per second out the water. And to put that ridiculous amount into perspective, a petabit is equal to one million gigabits. A single gigabit, or 1,000 megabits, is about the fastest download speed money can buy for most households.

To achieve the astonishing feat, researchers from the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) and Chalmers University of Technology used a custom optical chip that can make use of a single infrared light by splitting it into hundreds of different frequencies that are evenly spaced apart. Collectively, they're known as a frequency comb. Each frequency on the comb can discretely hold data by modulating the wave properties of light, allowing scientists to transmit far more bits than conventional methods.

Chip on the Shoulder

In a study about the work published in the journal Nature Photonics, the scientists describe how they transmitted the 1.84 petabits per second worth of "dummy" data over 4.9 miles of optical fiber while using 223 wavelength channels in the frequency comb. According to the scientists, to transmit data at those kinds of speeds using commercial equipment would require over one thousand lasers. This experiment, using a cutting edge chip, only needed one.

"What is special about this chip is that it produces a frequency comb with ideal characteristics for fiber-optical communications," said Victor Torres Company, head of the research group and a professor at Chalmers, in a press release. "It has high optical power and covers a broad bandwidth within the spectral region that is interesting for advanced optical communications.

Scaling Up

As dizzyingly fast as the new record breaking speed is, the researchers say they're just getting started and believe speeds of up to 100 petabits per second are possible.

"The reason for this is that our solution is scalable," explained study lead author and DTU professor Leif Katsuo Oxenløwe. "Both in terms of creating many frequencies and in terms of splitting the frequency comb into many spatial copies and then optically amplifying them, and using them as parallel sources with which we can transmit data."

While the researchers' efforts have shown it's possible, it still needs to be proven to be practical. But Oxenløwe believes that his team's solution can make data transmission much more efficient, thereby leaving "a smaller climate footprint."

More on data transmission: SpaceX Has a Major Problem With Its Starlink Internet Connections

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Research Confirms TikTok Is a Cesspool of Misinformation

According to a new report, TikTok is absolutely terrible at filtering out harmful misinformation and disinformation regarding elections and politics.

Another election cycle, another social media platform threatening democracy.

According to a new report from Global Witness and NYU's Cybersecurity for Democracy team, TikTok is absolutely terrible at filtering out harmful misinformation regarding elections and politics.

The report actually tested TikTok, Facebook, and YouTube, all of which performed pretty poorly at detecting and removing misinformation-laden advertising content uploaded by researchers. Out of those, TikTok proved to be the worst. After uploading droves of ill-informed, potentially-dangerous advertisements for approval, the researchers found that 90 percent of those fake ads were ultimately approved by the popular video app.

Although the report is still preliminary, that's an alarming figure — especially considering how quickly TikTok's growth has outpaced that of other platforms in recent years, not to mention how wildly popular it is with younger people.

"This year is going to be much worse as we near the midterms," Olivia Little, a coauthor of the report, told The Guardian. "There has been an exponential increase in users, which only means there will be more misinformation TikTok needs to proactively work to stop or we risk facing another crisis."

Per the report, the fake advertisements ranged in what might be considered severity. Some, for example, contained misleading details like incorrect election dates; some included misleading or false voting requirements; others still used language that outright discouraged citizens from voting in the midterms at all.

And while a failure to filter out that much false — and therefore, inherently dangerous — material is a bad look for any platform, it seems especially so for one that's prided itself on its policies regarding election content and political advertisements. TikTok's loudly made clear that its policies don't allow for any paid political ads; any verified political accounts are automatically disqualified from using pay-to-play tools available to influencers, and just this past August, midterms in sight, the platform announced new-and-improved policy changes designed to tackle the misinformation threat.

"At TikTok, we take our responsibility to protect the integrity of our platform — particularly around elections — with the utmost seriousness," Erik Han, the app's head of US safety, wrote in an August blog post. "To bolster our response to emerging threats, TikTok partners with independent intelligence firms and regularly engages with others across the industry, civil society organizations, and other experts."

It's worth noting that this is the second time that TikTok has very explicitly come under fire for, um, threatening American democracy in recent days. On Thursday — the same day that this report was officially released — it was revealed that TikTok's parent company, ByteDance, had been planning on using the app's location data to spy on the physical locations of specific US citizens. (It's still unclear if they actually got around to it or not.)

As the Guardian points out, the app's remarkably tailored algorithm is inextricably linked to its misinformation failures. Like any of the platform's popular dance trends, misinformation can go very viral, very quickly, as was recorded in a report from the nonprofit Mozilla during Kenya's contentious August elections.

That being said, though, TikTok's virality-happy algorithm is central to app's success. And if that's how it keeps eyeballs on its pages, it's unlikely the company will make any serious changes that jeopardize that business reality — even if, at the same time, it's struggling to keep up with the spread of mis- and disinformation.

"If the TikToks of the world really want to fight fake news, they could do it," Helen Lee Bouygue, who heads a media literacy platform called Reboot Foundation, told the Guardian. "But as long as their financial model is keeping eyes on the page, they have no incentive to do so. That's where policymaking needs to come into play."

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Creepy Deepfake Shows Biden Sing the "National Anthem": Baby Shark

Someone made an amazing, horrific deepfake of President Joe Biden singing

Doo Doo Doo Doo

Someone deepfaked a video of President Joe Biden singing "Baby Shark" and calling it our "national anthem" — and as scary as that precedent is, the video itself is pretty amazing.

"Ladies and gentlemen, and now, our great national anthem," the president is heard saying in the video before busting out into a rendition of the worst children's song earworm since "Do You Want to Build a Snowman?"

Concern Quotient

Shortly after the edited video began circulating — with right-wingers claiming alongside it, of course, that it was evidence that Biden was suffering from dementia — the Associated Press debunked the disinformation associated with the video and confirmed that it was, indeed, a deepfake.

The concept that bad actors could morph footage to make anyone say anything they want is, in a word, terrifying. When applied to a figure as powerful as an American president, those issues go from concerning to alarming, with fears that phony videos could have long-lasting repercussions or be used to control public people a la "Black Mirror."

Feats of Tech

In spite of the high creepiness factor, however, it's worth taking a moment to recognize how impressive this technology is.

While it's fairly clear that the president's voice and mouth have been edited in this specific example, an untrained eye or a cursory glance — such as on TikTok, where the video also circulated heavily — might not catch that it's a fake. That, in an of itself, is a huge feat of technology that has only just begun being perfected.

We've entered a brave new world of AI — and it's able to make creepy, hilarious, and alarming videos of the president singing children's songs and calling them the national anthem.

More AI: People Can't Stop Feeding Their Selfies Into a Super Mean AI

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France Discovers Ominous Cracks in Dozens of Nuclear Reactors

Dozens of France's nuclear reactors remain offline following a series of troubling outages believed to be caused by stress-induced pipe corrosion.

Bad Reaction

Europe's energy crisis may have just gotten worse.

The Wall Street Journal reports that dozens of France's nuclear reactors — which, amid Russia's devastating stranglehold on the continent's natural gas supply, are essential to the nation's energy security — remain offline following a series of troubling outages believed to be caused by stress-induced pipe corrosion. Fixes are reportedly taking longer than anticipated, but for a struggling continent on the brink of winter, those fixes can't come quickly enough.

"It's important that this work restarts as soon as possible," Emmanuelle Wargon, head of France's energy regulator, told the WSJ. "If not, the risk of not having electricity rises."

High Pressure

The nuclear fleet in question, owned by the energy provider EDF, is comprised of 56 reactors, of which 26 are currently out for the count.

According to the WSJ, the pipe problems trace back to late last year, when a crack was discovered in a high-pressure pipe close to the reactor's core at the nation's youngest nuclear plant. Other plants, which then launched their own investigations, discovered their own stress corrosion issues shortly thereafter.

"It is only possible to identify [stress corrosion's] presence once cracking has begun," read a note from France's Institute for Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety, the WSJ reports. "Regular inspections of the pipes can only identify the phenomenon once a fault is present."

Importantly, these aren't simple fixes. Because the majority of the cracks are so close to the reactor core, radioactivity is a very real threat for technicians, whose exposure has to be limited.

And given how complicated the repairs are, French power experts are reportedly quite pessimistic about the EDF's ability to get their reactors back online for the winter, especially given that, per the WSJ's sources, the timelines for several reactor fixes have already been pushed back by at least six weeks.

Beyond the Border

These outages are clearly terrible for France, but they're just as bad for the rest of Europe, too.

Natural gas prices have skyrocketed as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which sparred a barrage of Western sanctions and Russia's subsequent retaliation by way of natural gas restriction. Nations are asking a lot of their citizens, and the continent needs any ounce of energy that it can scavenge to at least somewhat comfortably — let alone safely — get through the winter.

READ MORE: France's Nuclear Reactors Malfunction as Energy Crisis Bites [The Wall Street Journal]

More on Europe's energy crisis: Europe's Energy Crisis Is so Bad It May Have to Idle Cern's Large Hadron Collider

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Scientists Grow Superpowered THC Substance Inside Bioreactors

Israeli biotech company BioHarvest claims to have grown a powerful THC substance inside a bioreactor that is 12 times more potent.

Israeli biotech company BioHarvest claims to have grown a substance that features all the active ingredients of cannabis inside a bioreactor — and it's 12 times more potent than nature's best, The Times of Israel reports.

The company is heralding the invention as a breakthrough that could make medical cannabis cheaper and more environmentally friendly as well, since it doesn't need nearly as much water or any fertilizer at all.

"We don’t grow the plant at all," BioHarvest CEO Ilan Sobel told The Times of Israel, explaining that cells from the hemp plant are cultivated inside massive bioreactors in a lab.

The process is surprisingly quick as well.

"We grow them in huge bioreactors in just three weeks — while regular cannabis takes 14 to 23 weeks," he added. "Our tech can also significantly increase the levels of active ingredients, as a percent of the weight, versus what is found normally in the plant."

In other words, the resulting THC substance can be extremely potent — but it doesn't necessarily have to be.

"By adjusting specific conditions to which the cells are exposed, we can create different desired compositions of active ingredients, meaning we can dial up and down the various cannabinoids [compounds]," Sobel told the newspaper.

The substance also doesn't require any genetic modification and perfectly replicates all the CBD, THC, and "minor cannabinoid" compounds found in naturally grown weed, he said.

According to BioHarvest's calculations, it only needs one gallon of water to produce the same amount of material that it'd take 54 gallons to grow in plant form — and in 90 percent less space.

So what's the drawback? While the company has applied for licenses to sell its product in both the US and Israel for medical purposes, it will likely be a long and drawn-out process.

Then there's the question if people will actually be open to try it. BioHarvest claims its substance can be smoked, taken in pill or drop form, or used in chewing gum — but that's not a guarantee that consumers will embrace the new option.

Nonetheless, it's a fascinating look at a burgeoning industry. BioHarvest is even planning to test its products out in outer space, after partnering with retired Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield.

Perhaps one day, space travelers will be able to still enjoy some recreational marijuana — without the need of maintaining an entire orbital greenhouse.

READ MORE: Cloned cannabis cells with 12 times more potency are grown in Israeli bioreactor [The Times of Israel]

More on BioHarvest: Former Astronaut Details Quest to Grow Cannabinoids in Space

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Elon Musk Spotted Carrying Sink Into Twitter Headquarters

Tesla CEO Elon Musk has shared a video of himself carrying what appears to be a ceramic bathroom sink into the lobby of Twitter HQ in San Francisco.

Let That Sink In

Tesla CEO Elon Musk has shared a video of himself carrying what appears to be a ceramic bathroom sink into the lobby of Twitter HQ in San Francisco.

"Entering Twitter HQ — let that sink in!" the enigmatic billionaire wrote in the caption, clearly amused by his own dad joke.

Musk appears to be imminently ready to close the deal to buy the social media company, news that comes on the heels of months of chaotic negotiations, drama in the courts, and Musk's repeated and increasingly desperate attempts to get out of the $44 billion deal he signed with Twitter back in April.

Entering Twitter HQ – let that sink in! pic.twitter.com/D68z4K2wq7

— Elon Musk (@elonmusk) October 26, 2022

Say Hi

Employees only got very short notice of Musk's impromptu visit. According to a shared screenshot of an email reportedly sent out to staff, "Elon is in the SF office this week meeting with folks, walking the halls, and continuing to dive in on the important work you all do."

"If you're in SF and see him around, say hi!" the email reads. "For everyone else, this is just the beginning of many meetings and conversations with Elon, and you'll hear directly from him on Friday," referring to the date Musk is rumored to close the deal.

Earlier this week, Musk notified co-investors that he will close his acquisition deal on Friday. Shares jumped following the news, nearing the original acquisition price of $54,20, Reuters reports.

A lot is at stake for Twitter. The Washington Post reported last week that Musk is planning to gut the company, firing up to 75 percent of staff.

In short, Twitter employees only have days for a new reality to "sink in" — the company almost certainly has some rocky weeks and months ahead of it.

More on the debacle: Investors in Elon Musk's Twitter Deal Horrified It Might Actually Go Through

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Elon Musk Spotted Carrying Sink Into Twitter Headquarters

Scientists Identify Exact Number of Burgers You Can Eat Without Destroying the Earth

According to a new report, those who live in the developed world can still eat your delicious burgers and not destroy the Earth — just not too many.

Burger Kings

Rejoice, burger lovers! According to a new report from the World Resource Institute (WRI), those who live in the developed world can still eat delicious burgers and not entirely destroy the planet— as long as they make sure to cap consumption at about two normal-sized patties per week.

One catch, though: those two burgers will have to be the only meat you eat at all that week. So, uh, maybe tone down the celebration just a little.

Bunbelievable

This revelation, among many others, was found in the WRI's annual State of Climate Action report, the latest installment of which was published earlier today by the global nonprofit. For the report, researchers examined exactly how much — or, rather, how little — progress was made in 40 different key climate indicators, ranging from transport to renewable energies to, yes, meat consumption and more.

Burgers aside, we aren't exactly doing so hot in any of the categories.

Per the report, if humans are to avoid the worst of climate catastrophes, we'll have to do a lot of difficult things a lot faster than we're doing them today. Among other very tall tasks, coal will need to be phased out six times more quickly than is being done so today; the amount of available public transport has to expand, also at rates six times faster. Deforestation rates, too, must drop dramatically, while a rapid increase in the use of fossil fuels is cause for alarm as well.

"The world has seen the devastation wrought by just 1.1 [Celsius] of warming," Ani Dasgupta, the chief executive of the World Resources Institute, told The Guardian. "Every fraction of a degree matters in the fight to protect people and the planet."

Eat Your Veggies

As far as limiting meat goes, the researchers, like many others, cite agricultural emissions — a phenomenon that's been well on the rise since the dawn of the industry's industrialization — as a main cause for concern within the sector.

That being said, for cholesterol's sake, you probably shouldn't eat more than two burgers a week anyway. In any case, though, maybe this week, in the spirit of the State of Climate Action 2022, sub at least one meaty meal — burger or otherwise — for a vegetable dish instead.

"We are seeing important advances in the fight against climate change," Dasgupta continued to the Guardian, "but we are still not winning in any sector."

READ MORE: Cut meat consumption to two burgers a week to save planet, study suggests [The Guardian]

More on meat consumption: Scientists Cook Comically Tiny Lab-Grown Hamburger

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Scientists Identify Exact Number of Burgers You Can Eat Without Destroying the Earth

Tesla Reportedly Under Criminal Investigation for Claiming Its Cars Can Drive Themselves

Tesla is reportedly under criminal investigation by the Justice Department over its misleading marketing of its driver assisatence system Autopilot.

Death Drive

Tesla is reportedly under criminal investigation by the Justice Department over misleading marketing of its driver assistance system called Autopilot, Reuters reports.

According to Reuter's sources, the department launched an undisclosed probe last year, investigating more than a dozen crashes involving Tesla's notorious driver assistance feature, some fatal.

While we've heard of other regulators such as the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) also investigating the company over the same issue, a criminal probe could signify an even higher level of scrutiny for the electric car company.

Take the Wheel

The news also comes a week after Musk announced during an earnings call that an upcoming version of the company's dubiously-named "Full Self-Driving" feature would allow owners to drive "to your work, your friend’s house, to the grocery store without you touching the wheel."

Musk also said that "it won't have regulatory approval at that time," adding that he hopes to eventually convince regulators that it is indeed safe.

It sounds like the DOJ investigation is looking at Autopilot rather than Full Self-Driving, but autonomous vehicles are clearly part of his vision — which means this probe represents a threat.

READ MORE: Exclusive: Tesla faces U.S. criminal probe over self-driving claims [Reuters]

More on Autopilot: Overwhelming Majority of Automated Driving Deaths Caused By Tesla Vehicles

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Tesla Reportedly Under Criminal Investigation for Claiming Its Cars Can Drive Themselves

What Does White Christian Nationalism Even Mean, Anyway?

After the Jan. 6 insurrection, many wanted to understand how signs declaring Jesus Saves mixed with gallows and chants of hang Mike Pence! The answer, according to some sociologists and political analysts, was Christian nationalism.

Ever since Jan. 6, 2021, the term Christian nationalism has proliferated in discourse, but the precise definition is up for debate. Is Christian nationalism only applicable to those who welcome the label, like Georgia Republican Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene, who sells Proud Christian nationalist t-shirts, and Southern Baptist Theological Seminary president Al Mohler, who said he wasnt going to runfrom Christian nationalism on a recent podcast episode? Or can it be applied to hanging images of Jesusin congressional offices and the post-rapture book and movie series Left Behind?

In their latest book, The Flag and the Cross, sociologists Samuel L. Perry and Philip Gorski explain Christian nationalism as a constellation of beliefs that the founding of the United States was divinely inspired or that God is invested in the success of the U.S. that manifest in political goals.

Christian nationalism, they write, exists on a spectrum, measured by agreement with statements like, The federal government should declare the United States a Christian nation, or The federal government should allow the display of religious symbols in public spaces.

Strong agreement with these Christian nationalist statements, however, does not immediately manifest in the political goals that are a threat to democracy and pluralism; Gorski and Perry specifically identify white Christian nationalism as the threat. Christian nationalist beliefs alongside white racial identity creates the political vision that seeks hegemonic power for white people.

Gorski and Perry spoke with Sojourners associate news editor Mitchell Atencio to discuss critiques of their work, debates over terminology, and whether white Christian nationalism is solely a conservative ideology.

This interview has been edited for length and clarity.

Mitchell Atencio, Sojourners: What is the importance of the term white Christian nationalism? Why not use more historically popular terms like white supremacy or Christo-fascism?

Philip Gorski: This is a question thats very much on Sams and my mind: Is white Christian nationalism just another way of saying fascism, American-style? Theres a quote, often misattributed to Sinclair Lewis, that If fascism ever comes to America, it will come draped in the flag and carrying the cross.

If you look at white supremacism historically, we tend to think of the Ku Klux Klan as an anti-Black organization which, of course, it was but it was also antisemitic, anti-Catholic, nativist. It was a white Christian nationalist organization. So its really tricky to think about this both analytically and politically. How should we talk about that? I dont have a settled opinion.

I do think that the one benefit of calling it white Christian nationalism has been that it has stimulated some productive and healthy debate among American Christians, connecting it to their faith traditions and making them think about whether or not there are assumptions theyve been carrying around or a pair of political glasses that theyve had on and helping them to maybe see that and reflect on that a little bit. I think that has been productive, but it still leaves a lot of open questions.

Samuel L. Perry: Im with Phil. I dont have a settled strong opinion on [the term] or some kind of stake in keeping the terminology as it is.

I think I have liked white Christian nationalism in that it allows these views to be considered as a spectrum of allegiance to this ideology that America is for people like us, meaning ethnically or culturally white conservative Christians.

I think people throw around the term, Christo-fascism, which, in my opinion, is rather unwieldy. Christo-fascism sounds ugly, and even broaching the topic of fascism is an immediate conversation stopper; it evokes the idea of literal Nazis. To try to ask somebody whether their political views or their cultural views approach fascism is a little bit different than saying white Christian nationalism can exist on a spectrum, and the more we move right on this spectrum of Christian nationalism, the more we approach something that we could call a nascent or proto fascism in that it links religion and nation and ethnicity in a very extreme way. I dont necessarily think we need to jettison the terminology yet, but Im not so wedded to it.

Early in the book you write that, White Christian nationalism is one of the oldest and most powerful currents in American politics. But until the insurrection, it was invisible to most Americans. As the term has become more visible, more popular, and more politicized, how do you hear folks misuse or abuse the term?

Samuel L. Perry: I think about this all the time. We have tried our best, honestly, to try to prevent [misuse.] We do this in a couple of ways.

First, I dont really like calling people Christian nationalists; I prefer to talk about the ideology itself, and somebody could be more or less adherent to it. Calling somebody a Christian nationalist is like calling somebody a racist or a fascist maybe its appropriate, and yet, at the same time, you better be ready for the conversation to stop there.

Ryan Burge, a political scientist, was bouncing around this tweetthe other day, looking at the popularity of the term. Since Marjorie Taylor Greene referenced it, searches for the term have gone up.

If youre left of center and you think anything on the right that smacks of authoritarianism or Christianity in politics is now Christian nationalism or white Christian nationalism, I think thats dangerous.

We have tried our best to indicate that it is something concrete, its not a slur to throw at people we disagree with, it is something that is actually influencing peoples beliefs, and it is embedded in the system in some ways.

[Abuse of the term] is a real danger. We are trying our best to make sure we are specific when we use that term and encouraging other people to do that as well.

Philip Gorski: Theres two dangers. The first danger is conceptual overreach, that it turns into an umbrella insult that you hurl at people you dont like like [how the right uses] socialism or woke.

The other danger is that the term gets used too narrowly, that it gets reserved for only the most extreme manifestation.

So you say, Christian nationalism, thats Doug Mastriano. Yes, but that is an extreme version of it. And, as Samuel emphasized, it is a spectrum. There are folks who might not hold views as extreme as Mastriano who are nevertheless nodding along when they hear him talking. If one danger is exaggerating the threat, the other is minimizing the threat.

Going forward not just for academic reasons, but for political reasons its gonna become important to start talking about kindred ideologies that are similar, but not identical to, Christian nationalism so that it doesnt become this catchall term for every variety of conservatism that a secular progressive doesnt like.

Is white Christian nationalism always conservative?

Philip Gorski: One of the interesting things that I discovered doing the research for this for [my previous book] American Covenant and The Flag and the Cross was that the big cheerleaders for Christian nationalism in the United States 100 to 150 years ago were not conservative Protestants; they were liberal Protestants.

I was reading about some of the debates within American Protestant denominations about Americas entry into World War I, and discovered that Shailer Mathews a prominent liberal Protestant theologian in the interwar years and dean of the University of Chicago Divinity School for several decades was on a barnstorming tour on behalf of Woodrow Wilson talking up American entry into the war. By the same token, some of the most vocal opponents of American engagement in World War I were conservative white evangelicals from the South, folks who were also proponents of the fundamentalist project that emerged during that period. So its not the case that [white Christian nationalism] has always been a conservative white evangelical thing.

Another kind of interesting figure in this regard is William Jennings Bryan, the three-time unsuccessful Democratic candidate for president who many also remember as the person who was a prosecution witness in the Scopes Monkey Trials. He was somebody who had very conservative theological beliefs, which we would now think of as fundamentalist or evangelical. And yet he was very progressive on many things with the very important exception of race.

How does that all get reshuffled in a way that Christian nationalism becomes not a liberal Protestant thing, but a conservative Protestant thing? How do conservative evangelicals become cheerleaders for America? How do they then reconcile that role with open support for white supremacism and Jim Crow and racial segregation?

Samuel L. Perry: We do find, in survey after survey, that Black Americans usually score just as high, if not sometimes higher, than white Americans on our indicators for Christian nationalism. But one of the things that is obvious as soon as you dig into the data is that those questions are interpreted differently for Black Americans compared to white Americans.

Black Americans tend to read questions on Christian nationalism through the lens of civil religion an aspirational ideal, a wouldnt it be great if America actually lived up to its professed values to be this kind of Christian nation. The kind of language, frankly, that you hear from Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. or Frederick Douglass. The aspirational language is accountability.

White Americans hear the language of Christian nationalism Christian nation, Christian heritage, or Christian values and they perceive a nostalgia, or it makes them think nostalgically for when people like us, held political and cultural influence. They think, Wouldnt it be great if we could go back to America as we knew it? It evokes this kind of idea that the right culture is losing and on the defensive and that we need to take something back to gain something that was lost. As far as the data suggests, I think theres a powerful difference between Christian nationalism as we see it manifested in historically disadvantaged minority groups versus in white Americans.

I dont like throwing around the term nationalism in a positive way because in most peoples minds it means our nation above all the others but there are positive manifestations of nationalism when it means people are advocating for their own liberty, freedom, and sovereignty over their own personhood.

Christian nationalism within a context of historically disadvantaged minority groups is more of that positive nationalism. Whereas, with white Americans, its more of an ethno-nationalism that is illiberal.

Part of what I hear you saying is that historically marginalized groups wouldnt see the Christian nationalist statements as about returning to a time where they had less rights, but rather as an aspiration.

Samuel L. Perry: Spot on. And Ill give you an example. My colleague Cyrus Schleifer and I were looking at some data that asked Americans if we should support our country even when its wrong.

And we found that the more white Americans subscribe to Christian nationalist ideology, the more likely they are to affirm that statement. So for them, Christian nationalism is about a country that is morally pure, sacred, and something that you defend as good. It has to be good because its our country.

African Americans and Latinos though, when they affirm Christian nationalist ideology, it doesnt make them any more likely to say we should support the country when its wrong. African Americans and Latinos/Hispanics dont equate Christian nationalism with the idea that my country has always been good, has always been a force for good, or always been on the side of good. They know thats not the case.

Are there any particularly good critiques of your work or of the book?

Samuel L. Perry: None that I can think of Im just kidding! This is a great thing to talk about. Academic books arent supposed to be Bibles where theyre the last word on a subject. Ideally academic works especially works of sociology are based in the best data that we have available, the best construction of concepts and arrangement of variables, and so on. And sometimes we get better data. Sometimes we get better measures. So I think its really important to acknowledge that we are watching change before our eyes. People are discussing this. We are going to look back at that book and say, Gosh, I wish we had given more attention to this or that. So thats a blanket statement I would say over any academic work.

Philip Gorski: The one point thats been raised to me a couple of times, most insightfully by Joseph Lowndes at the University of Oregon, of what to do with figures like Sen. Tim Scott (R-S.C.). [Lowndes has asked,] In what sense is white Christian nationalism white? Are you really sure that youve nailed that? Maybe its becoming something other than white.

Some believe white is people who identify as white and people who would be identified by others as white. And then, at the other end of the spectrum, there is thinking about whiteness as a culture or ideology. In that line of thought, a person of color could be white culturally; I dont think we really thought through that carefully enough.

I also wish we could gather more data on how the racial order is in flux right now. One question thats really on my mind is about Latinos particularly evangelical and Pentecostal Latinos. Latino itself is already a kind of problematic category because people come from all different countries, some peoples ancestors have been here 250 years, some have been here two and a half years, so why should we expect all those people to think the same? These questions are about whiteness and in what sense it is changing. Is Christian nationalism becoming color blind?

Samuel L. Perry: Another thing we would expand on, and this is something Im now turning my own work toward, is white Christian nationalism as a political strategy.

For example, Donald Trump wouldnt consider himself a white Christian nationalist in that he really believes those kinds of things. I dont think Trump believes in anything except winners and losers, victory, and ratings, but he sure as heck knows that white Christian nationalism is an effective strategy. He knows the rhetoric of Christian nationalism and a lot of Trump surrogates and copycat Republican progeny have embraced that rhetoric and language.

Often people are wondering, Hey, is this white Christian nationalism? when [politicians] seize upon religious rhetoric in a political context. And thats not exactly what we mean by white Christian nationalism. Were referring to the use of us versus them language to make a claim about a country that once was ours, that were trying to take back, that rightfully belongs to people like us.

All of that is to say: Its unfair, a mischaracterization, and really a dodge to look at the Black church and say, Oh, they do Christian nationalism all the time. Thats not really how were describing it. [The Black church] is not trying to go back to a time that they feel nostalgia for, a time where the right people were in power and they wanna take it back. They actually just want the country to live up to its supposed founding ideals. I dont think thats really in the proximate range of any kind of Christian nationalism.

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What Does White Christian Nationalism Even Mean, Anyway?

Jews, White Supremacism, and White Nationalism | National Vanguard

by David Sims

I LIKE TO ANSWER QUESTIONS that seekers ask on Quora, a widely read Web site. Here are some I have answered recently.

When did the Jews become so powerful?

Jews have been disproportionately influential since ancient times. A Roman lawyer once urged the judges he was speaking to to speak more quietly, lest the Jews overhear and begin making trouble.

Jews usually batten on White people with some sort of parasitism. They arent welfare bums, though. Oh no. Jews are elite parasites. They ran much of the slave trade in antiquity, following the Roman legions around and scooping up the wives and children of the defeated Germanic and Celtic tribes. Indeed, all (or almost all) of the shipping companies that engaged in the African slave trade to the Western Hemisphere were owned by Jews. White people were hired to work on the slave ships, but it was Jews who called the shots. And as far as owning slaves in the antebellum US, a much higher proportion of Jews than Whites owned slaves. (For that matter, a higher percentage of free Blacks also owned slaves, as compared with free Whites.)

But slavery wasnt the Jews only method for parasitism. Another was usury. It began when Jewish goldsmiths (in the Middle Ages) began lending gold entrusted to them by White nobles, and charging interest on the loans. The Jews werent supposed to do that, but they got away with it. They got so rich by doing it that they began having leverage over the governments of Europe. The Jews would agitate for war, and then theyd lend money (gold that they didnt even own) to both sides, so that each side could pay their soldiers and buy them horses and weapons and such. Usury plus war is why the history of Europe was so violent for so long. And theyre still doing it today.

What are politicians opinions on White nationalism?

Politicians in the West (Europe, UK, USA, and their satellites) are under constant pressure from Jewish groups, such as the ADL, to proclaim hatred for White nationalism. Often, they confuse it with White supremacism, which mostly does not exist today. White nationalism is the desire for White people to have a homeland for themselves alone, a place where they dont have to live with the ills and the dangers of racial diversity, a place where they can speak as they please, without being fired from a job or attacked on the street.

Jews have Israel. Whites, really, have nothing. Japan can be for the Japanese, and thats OK with the Jews but White countries (and only White countries) are, they say, for everybody, and White people can have no special claim to any territory whatsoever.

But Jews have power and money, so they get away with the obvious hypocrisy of this double standard, day after day, decade after decade.

Why does White supremacy exist?

First ask: What is White supremacism?

Supremacism is an ideology in which the supremacist believes his group has the right to rule all other human groups. The globalists, the political and financial elite that presently runs Western world affairs, is a supremacist group. It just isnt a racial one. There is a strong supremacist element in Zionism, which would make Israel the master of all other states.

White supremacism is a set of social ideas under which states that White people should rule all other human groups. That desire to rule other groups is the defining characteristic of supremacism, just the same in this case as it is for all other types of supremacism.

Prior to the American Civil War of the mid-19th century, lots of White Americans were supremacists. There were also white supremacists in the British Empire when it was at the height of its power. For the most part, these supremacists were relatively benign, intending to rule Africans and other savage folk for their own good, to raise them up, to educate them, to discourage them from killing each other so much as they did, to provide them with goods and services that they could not provide for themselves. But even this good-hearted supremacism was a moral error. The African Blacks did not deserve the benefit of being enslaved by Whites. However, it was not yet recognized that this was the true reason for the immorality of any attempt to uplift Africans, whether by slavery or by pushing them into dependence with humanitarian aid.

However, today there arent many White supremacists in the world. Todays White racialists are nationalists, and they are decidedly not supremacists. The Jewish-run leftist media continue to use the term White supremacist erroneously, and, further, they know that they are using it falsely. These media are in the business of dispensing propaganda more than information. A nationalist wants a homeland for his people, a place where they can be with each other without the unpleasant experience of having outsiders nearby. White nationalists dont want to enslave other groups. They basically just want to be left alone.

* * *

Source: Author

Excerpt from:

Jews, White Supremacism, and White Nationalism | National Vanguard

White Christian Nationalism and the Mid-Term Elections, Hosted by the …

Event description:

ISPS COSPONSORED WEBINAR CONFERENCE EVENT

What is the relationship between Christian Nationalism and other ideologies? How is the Christian Nationalist movement organized? What role will it play in the mid-term elections this November? How big a threat is it to American democracy? How does it compare to kindred movements in other parts of the world? This conference brings together scholars and journalists to discuss these and other issues.

Yale Sociology welcomes you to join us for our upcoming conference, White Christian Nationalism and the Midterm Elections. This is a 2-day conference which will be taking place at the Humanities Quadrangle, (HQ), located at 320 York Street on Friday, September 30, 2022 from 9AM-5PM in Room HQ276; and on Saturday, October 1, 2022 from 8:30AM-12PM in Room L02. The conference will be simultaneously live streamed via Zoom.

LINK HERE to register to watch the conference and type your questions via Zoom.

This event is being hosted by Philip Gorski, Professor and Chair of the Department of Sociology, with generous support from the Institution for Social & Policy Studies, the MacMillan Center, and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS) Deans Office at Yale University.

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White Christian Nationalism and the Mid-Term Elections, Hosted by the ...

Christian Nationalism Is Biblical And America-First, But Not White

If you want to know what the establishments all-seeing eye is maniacally fixated on, the amount of energy the corporate media orcs spend bludgeoning Christian nationalists provides a clue. Over the past 48 months, there have been dozens of hit jobs on the terror of Christian nationalism; there have been about a score of these smear pieces just this past month alone.

Their Pavlovian function is to condition Americans to associate the term with a bunch of extremists and racists who pose a Hitleresque threat to this countrys democratic institutions so that they will dutifully freak out. These articles rely on the same tactics: straw man arguments that misrepresent both Christianity and nationalism, and phony attempts to depict the movement as white.

Christian Nationalism is an un-Christian concept, opines the New York Times. The Christian right is beginning to part with democratic norms, laments NPR. Christian nationalism has a long dark history of white supremacy, bigotry and ties to the Nazi party, warns MSNBC. The movement uses Christian language to cloak sexism and hostility to Black people and non-White immigrants in its quest to create a White Christian America, explains CNN.

The trusted media sources who sold you Russiagate, the Hunter Biden laptop Russian disinformation hoax, and transitory inflation, are at least this time right about one thing: Christian nationalism is real, and its gaining traction. Its biblical, its America First, but its not white. Its not about a white supremacist Christian Taliban installing a theocracy, idolizing the nation, or in any way rewriting this countrys great Republican constitutional model.

In fact, Christian nationalism is entirely consistent with that model. The Declaration of Independence vests the sovereign power with the people, on loan to the government, and entrusts the state with the responsibility of safeguarding the individuals Creator-endowed rights. In asserting that the United Colonies are and ought to be Free and Independent States, the signers appealed to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of [their] intentions and committed themselves to the protection of Divine Providence. If nationalists believe that government should prioritize the interests of the country and the people, Christian nationalists believe, as did the Founders, they should do so under the banner of God.

The United States isnt special because its a nation chosen by God; its special because its a nation that chose God. The implications are entirely biblical. Holy Scripture invites individuals from every race, tribe, nation, and language to freely enter into a personal relationship with the Savior, to live by His commandments, and worship Him as King.

It also envisages, from Genesis to Isaiah, from the Gospels to the Book of Revelation, the conversion of whole nations or peoples, and warns of the inevitable harm of instead embracing a culture of idolatry, depravity, and deceit. Hence, we read in Proverbs that a nation without Gods guidance is a nation without order.

The biblical message of rightly ordered praise, an objective standard of morality, and free will is a steadying hand, tempering the self-interest of nationalism and the reactionary tendencies of its close cousin populism. When, on the other hand, generic nationalism is shaped by the coercive and unobstructed power of a godless, behemoth administrative state, grave problems arise.

This was the story of early 20th-century Germany. Hitler was not a Christian nationalist but an illiberal, anti-capitalist, anti-religious national socialist. Hitlers New Order was the culmination of a decades-long counter-Renaissance revolution in Germany. The enemy one they shared with communists was the essence of Western civilization: liberal democracy, the individual man qua man, and the majesty of God.

In his 1944 book Road to Serfdom, the Viennese Nobel Prize-winner Friedrich von Hayek warned not to repeat Germanys fate by implementing the same policies of big government, central planning, collectivism, social engineering, and the subjugation of the individual to the will of the omnipotent state. Hayeks concern was not Hitlers nationalism per se, but his socialism.

Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Walter Lippman similarly warned about the cult of the Providential state. He wrote that a generation no longer looking confidently to God for the regulation of human affairs is now realizing what happens when men retreat from freedom to a coercive organization of their affairs.

Today, Americans are reaching the same conclusion, with evidence indicating a collapse in support for the Democrats socialist, America-last agenda. Economically, Americans recognize that the manipulation of the energy sector in the name of the bogus Green New Deal is driving up gas prices. Theyre also blaming Bidens economic mismanagement for record high inflation, a crisis the administration is now exploiting to expand the IRS by more than six times its current annual budget. Voters are losing interest in spending billions to protect Ukraines sovereignty when the U.S.s own southern border is being overrun by human and drug traffickers, sex offenders, and violent criminals.

Socially, Americans are trending toward family policies that reflect a conservative, Judeo-Christian worldview: honoring the nuclear family and parental rights, ensuring medical freedom, and fiercely protecting the innocence of children.

As much as the left fetishizes skin color, none of this is about race, although different racial groups are feeling the pain in various ways. The Biden administrations war on fossil fuels is affecting both the Native Americans whose resource-rich tribal lands bring wealth and employment to Native communities, and the predominately white Americans employed in mining, oil, and gas extraction.

Hispanics, more than any other ethnic or racial group, want the southern border closed and are registering their disapproval by flipping former Democrat strongholds on the southern border red. And with an exponential increase in business ownership to approximately 12 percent of the 27.6 million total U.S. businesses, theyre understandably not impressed by Bidens economic performance, an assessment 60 percent of black voters agree with. Parents across all racial groups overwhelmingly favor initiatives such as school vouchers and education savings accounts.

Not surprisingly then, elections in North Carolina, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Arizona, and Michigan, reveal a gravitation toward populist candidates united not by their race or gender but by their Christian, America First principles. The message is one of decency, not degeneracy, prosperity, not pauperdom, and self-determination, not serfdom.

Its this love of God, country, and freedom trifecta that has the enemy screeching like theres no tomorrow. But its a winning formula, and the establishment fears it, which is why its hordes in the press keep militantly pounding away at those racist white supremacists every chance they get.

Carina Benton is a dual citizen of Australia and Italy and a permanent resident of the United States. A recent West Coast migr, she is now helping to repopulate the countrys interior. She holds a masters degree in education and has taught languages, literature, and writing for many years in Catholic and Christian, as well as secular institutions. She is a practicing Catholic and a mother of two young children.

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Christian Nationalism Is Biblical And America-First, But Not White

Russia – Wikipedia

Russia (Russian: , tr. Rossiya, pronounced[rsij]) or the Russian Federation,[c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, covering over 17,098,246 square kilometres (6,601,670sqmi), and encompassing one-eighth of Earth's inhabitable landmass. Russia extends across eleven time zones sharing land boundaries with fourteen countries,[15] more than any other country but China.[d] It is the ninth-most populous country in the world and the most populous country in Europe, with a population of 146 million. The country's capital and largest city is Moscow, the largest city entirely within Europe. Saint Petersburg is Russia's cultural centre and second-largest city. Other major urban areas include Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan.

Russian Federation

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Total

Per capita

The East Slavs emerged as a recognisable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE. The medieval state of Kievan Rus' arose in the 9th century, and in 988 adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire. Rus' ultimately disintegrated, with the Grand Duchy of Moscow growing to become the Tsardom of Russia. By the early 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, the third-largest empire in history. The monarchy was abolished following the Russian Revolution in 1917, and the Russian SFSR became the world's first constitutionally socialist state. Following a civil war, the Russian SFSR established the Soviet Union with three other republics, as its largest and the principal constituent. The country underwent a period of rapid industrialisation at the expense of millions of lives. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and was a superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first human into space.

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the newly independent Russian SFSR renamed itself the Russian Federation. In the aftermath of the constitutional crisis of 1993, a new constitution was adopted, and Russia has since been governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. Since his election in 2000, Vladimir Putin has dominated Russia's political system and Russia has experienced democratic backsliding, shifting into an authoritarian state. Russia ranks high in international measurements of standard of living, household income and education; having universal healthcare and a free university education. However, Russia also ranks low in measurements of human rights, freedom of the press, economic freedom, and has high levels of perceived corruption.

The Russian economy is the world's ninth-largest by nominal GDP and the sixth-largest by PPP. It has the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons, with the fifth-highest military expenditure. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the world's largest, and it is among the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, a member of the G20, the SCO, BRICS, the APEC, the OSCE and the WTO, as well as the leading member of the CIS, the CSTO, and the EAEU. Russia is home to 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

The name Russia is derived from Rus', a medieval state populated primarily by the East Slavs.[16] However, the proper name[which?] became more prominent in later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants "Rus land".[17] This state is denoted as Kievan Rus' after its capital city by modern historiography. The name Rus' itself comes from the early medieval Rus' people, a group of Norse merchants and warriors who relocated from across the Baltic Sea and founded a state centred on Novgorod that later became Kievan Rus'.[18]

A Medieval Latin version of the name Rus' was Ruthenia, which was used as one of several designations for East Slavic and Eastern Orthodox regions, and commonly as a designation for the lands of Rus'.[19] The current name of the country, (Rossiya), comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Rus', Rossa spelled (Rosa pronounced[rosia]) in Modern Greek.[20] The standard way to refer to the citizens of Russia is "Russians" in English.[21] There are two words in Russian which are commonly translated into English as "Russians" one is "" (russkiye), which most often refers to ethnic Russians and the other is "" (rossiyane), which refers to citizens of Russia, regardless of ethnicity.[22]

The first human settlement on Russia dates back to the Oldowan period in the early Lower Paleolithic. About 2 million years ago, representatives of Homo erectus migrated to the Taman Peninsula in southern Russia.[23] Flint tools, some 1.5 million years old, have been discovered in the North Caucasus.[24] Radiocarbon dated specimens from Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains estimate the oldest Denisovan specimen lived 195122,700 years ago.[25] Fossils of "Denny", an archaic human hybrid that was half Neanderthal and half Denisovan, and lived some 90,000 years ago, was also found within the latter cave.[26] Russia was home to some of the last surviving Neanderthals, from about 45,000 years ago, found in Mezmaiskaya cave.[27]

The first trace of an early modern human in Russia dates back to 45,000 years, in western Siberia.[28] The discovery of high concentration cultural remains of anatomically modern humans, from at least 40,000 years ago, was found at Kostyonki and Borshchyovo,[29] and at Sungir, dating back to 34,600 years agoboth, respectively in western Russia.[30] Humans reached Arctic Russia at least 40,000 years ago, in Mamontovaya Kurya.[31]

The Kurgan hypothesis places the Volga-Dnieper region of southern Russia and Ukraine as the urheimat of the Proto-Indo-Europeans.[33] Early Indo-European migrations from the PonticCaspian steppe spread Yamnaya ancestry and Indo-European languages across large parts of Eurasia.[34][35] Nomadic pastoralism developed in the PonticCaspian steppe beginning in the Chalcolithic.[36] Remnants of these steppe civilizations were discovered in places such as Ipatovo,[36] Sintashta,[37] Arkaim,[38] and Pazyryk,[39] which bear the earliest known traces of horses in warfare.[37] The genetic makeup of speakers of the Uralic language family in northern Europe was shaped by migration from Siberia that began at least 3,500 years ago.[40] In classical antiquity, the Pontic-Caspian Steppe was known as Scythia.[41] In late 8th century BCE, Ancient Greek traders brought classical civilization to the trade emporiums in Tanais and Phanagoria.[42]

In the 3rd to 4th centuries CE, the Gothic kingdom of Oium existed in Southern Russia, which was later overrun by Huns.[43] Between the 3rd and 6th centuries CE, the Bosporan Kingdom, which was a Hellenistic polity that succeeded the Greek colonies,[44] was also overwhelmed by nomadic invasions led by warlike tribes such as the Huns and Eurasian Avars.[45] The Khazars, who were of Turkic origin, ruled the lower Volga basin steppes between the Caspian and Black Seas until the 10th century.[46] After them came the Pechenegs who created a large confederacy, which was subsequently taken over by the Cumans and the Kipchaks.[47]

The ancestors of Russians are among the Slavic tribes that separated from the Proto-Indo-Europeans, who appeared in the northeastern part of Europe ca. 1500years ago.[48] The East Slavs gradually settled western Russia in two waves: one moving from Kiev towards present-day Suzdal and Murom and another from Polotsk towards Novgorod and Rostov. From the 7th century onwards, the East Slavs constituted the bulk of the population in western Russia,[49] and slowly but peacefully assimilated the native Finnic peoples.[43]

The establishment of the first East Slavic states in the 9th century coincided with the arrival of Varangians, the Vikings who ventured along the waterways extending from the eastern Baltic to the Black and Caspian Seas.[50] According to the Primary Chronicle, a Varangian from the Rus' people, named Rurik, was elected ruler of Novgorod in 862. In 882, his successor Oleg ventured south and conquered Kiev, which had been previously paying tribute to the Khazars.[43] Rurik's son Igor and Igor's son Sviatoslav subsequently subdued all local East Slavic tribes to Kievan rule, destroyed the Khazar Khaganate,[51] and launched several military expeditions to Byzantium and Persia.[52][53]

In the 10th to 11th centuries, Kievan Rus' became one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. The reigns of Vladimir the Great (9801015) and his son Yaroslav the Wise (10191054) constitute the Golden Age of Kiev, which saw the acceptance of Orthodox Christianity from Byzantium, and the creation of the first East Slavic written legal code, the Russkaya Pravda.[43] The age of feudalism and decentralization had come, marked by constant in-fighting between members of the Rurik dynasty that ruled Kievan Rus' collectively. Kiev's dominance waned, to the benefit of Vladimir-Suzdal in the north-east, the Novgorod Republic in the north, and Galicia-Volhynia in the south-west.[43] By the 12th century, Kiev lost its pre-eminence and Kievan Rus' had fragmented into different principalities.[54] Prince Andrey Bogolyubsky sacked Kiev in 1169 and made Vladimir his base,[54] leading to political power being shifted to the north-east.[43]

Kievan Rus' finally fell to the Mongol invasion of 12371240, which resulted in the sacking of Kiev and other cities, as well as the death of a major part of the population.[43] The invaders, later known as Tatars, formed the state of the Golden Horde, which pillaged the Russian principalities and ruled the southern and central expanses of Russia for over two centuries.[55] Only the Novgorod Republic escaped Mongol occupation after it agreed to pay tribute.[43]

Galicia-Volhynia was eventually absorbed by Lithuania and Poland,[43] while the Novgorod Republic and Vladimir-Suzdal, two regions on the periphery of Kiev, established the basis for the modern Russian nation.[43] Led by Prince Alexander Nevsky, Novgorodians repelled the invading Swedes in the Battle of the Neva in 1240,[56] as well as the Germanic crusaders in the Battle of the Ice in 1242.[57]

The destruction of Kievan Rus' saw the eventual rise of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, initially a part of Vladimir-Suzdal.[58]:1120 While still under the domain of the Mongol-Tatars and with their connivance, Moscow began to assert its influence in the region in the early 14th century,[59] gradually becoming the leading force in the "gathering of the Russian lands".[60] When the seat of the Metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church moved to Moscow in 1325, its influence increased.[61] Moscow's last rival, the Novgorod Republic, prospered as the chief fur trade centre and the easternmost port of the Hanseatic League.[62]

Led by Prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow, the united army of Russian principalities inflicted a milestone defeat on the Mongol-Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380.[43] Moscow gradually absorbed its parent duchy and surrounding principalities, including formerly strong rivals such as Tver and Novgorod.[60]

IvanIII ("the Great") finally threw off the control of the Golden Horde and consolidated the whole of northern Rus' under Moscow's dominion, and was the first Russian ruler to take the title "Grand Duke of all Rus'". After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Moscow claimed succession to the legacy of the Eastern Roman Empire. IvanIII married Sophia Palaiologina, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor ConstantineXI, and made the Byzantine double-headed eagle his own, and eventually Russia's, coat-of-arms.[60] Vasili III completed the task of uniting all of Russia by annexing the last few independent Russian states in the early 16th century.[63]

In development of the Third Rome ideas, the grand duke IvanIV ("the Terrible") was officially crowned the first tsar of Russia in 1547. The tsar promulgated a new code of laws (Sudebnik of 1550), established the first Russian feudal representative body (the Zemsky Sobor), revamped the military, curbed the influence of the clergy, and reorganised local government.[60] During his long reign, Ivan nearly doubled the already large Russian territory by annexing the three Tatar khanates: Kazan and Astrakhan along the Volga,[64] and the Khanate of Sibir in southwestern Siberia. Ultimately, by the end of the 16th century, Russia expanded east of the Ural Mountains.[65] However, the Tsardom was weakened by the long and unsuccessful Livonian War against the coalition of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (later the united PolishLithuanian Commonwealth), the Kingdom of Sweden, and DenmarkNorway for access to the Baltic coast and sea trade.[66] In 1572, an invading army of Crimean Tatars were thoroughly defeated in the crucial Battle of Molodi.[67]

The death of Ivan's sons marked the end of the ancient Rurik dynasty in 1598, and in combination with the disastrous famine of 16011603, led to a civil war, the rule of pretenders, and foreign intervention during the Time of Troubles in the early 17th century.[68] The PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, taking advantage, occupied parts of Russia, extending into the capital Moscow.[69] In 1612, the Poles were forced to retreat by the Russian volunteer corps, led by merchant Kuzma Minin and prince Dmitry Pozharsky.[70] The Romanov dynasty acceded to the throne in 1613 by the decision of the Zemsky Sobor, and the country started its gradual recovery from the crisis.[71]

Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of the Cossacks.[72] In 1654, the Ukrainian leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian tsar, Alexis; whose acceptance of this offer led to another Russo-Polish War. Ultimately, Ukraine was split along the Dnieper, leaving the eastern part, (Left-bank Ukraine and Kiev) under Russian rule.[73] In the east, the rapid Russian exploration and colonisation of vast Siberia continued, hunting for valuable furs and ivory. Russian explorers pushed eastward primarily along the Siberian River Routes, and by the mid-17th century, there were Russian settlements in eastern Siberia, on the Chukchi Peninsula, along the Amur River, and on the coast of the Pacific Ocean.[72] In 1648, Semyon Dezhnyov became the first European to navigate through the Bering Strait.[74]

Under Peter the Great, Russia was proclaimed an empire in 1721, and established itself as one of the European great powers. Ruling from 1682 to 1725, Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War (17001721), securing Russia's access to the sea and sea trade. In 1703, on the Baltic Sea, Peter founded Saint Petersburg as Russia's new capital. Throughout his rule, sweeping reforms were made, which brought significant Western European cultural influences to Russia.[75] The reign of PeterI's daughter Elizabeth in 17411762 saw Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War (17561763). During the conflict, Russian troops overran East Prussia, reaching Berlin.[76] However, upon Elizabeth's death, all these conquests were returned to the Kingdom of Prussia by pro-Prussian PeterIII of Russia.[77]

CatherineII ("the Great"), who ruled in 17621796, presided over the Russian Age of Enlightenment. She extended Russian political control over the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth and annexed most of its territories into Russia, making it the most populous country in Europe.[78] In the south, after the successful Russo-Turkish Wars against the Ottoman Empire, Catherine advanced Russia's boundary to the Black Sea, by dissolving the Crimean Khanate, and annexing Crimea.[79] As a result of victories over Qajar Iran through the Russo-Persian Wars, by the first half of the 19th century, Russia also conquered the Caucasus.[80] Catherine's successor, her son Paul, was unstable and focused predominantly on domestic issues.[81] Following his short reign, Catherine's strategy was continued with AlexanderI's (18011825) wresting of Finland from the weakened Sweden in 1809,[82] and of Bessarabia from the Ottomans in 1812.[83] In North America, the Russians became the first Europeans to reach and colonise Alaska.[84] In 18031806, the first Russian circumnavigation was made.[85] In 1820, a Russian expedition discovered the continent of Antarctica.[86]

During the Napoleonic Wars, Russia joined alliances with various European powers, and fought against France. The French invasion of Russia at the height of Napoleon's power in 1812 reached Moscow, but eventually failed miserably as the obstinate resistance in combination with the bitterly cold Russian winter led to a disastrous defeat of invaders, in which the pan-European Grande Arme faced utter destruction. Led by Mikhail Kutuzov and Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, the Imperial Russian Army ousted Napoleon and drove throughout Europe in the War of the Sixth Coalition, ultimately entering Paris.[87] AlexanderI controlled Russia's delegation at the Congress of Vienna, which defined the map of post-Napoleonic Europe.[88]

The officers who pursued Napoleon into Western Europe brought ideas of liberalism back to Russia, and attempted to curtail the tsar's powers during the abortive Decembrist revolt of 1825.[89] At the end of the conservative reign of Nicholas I (18251855), a zenith period of Russia's power and influence in Europe, was disrupted by defeat in the Crimean War.[90] Nicholas's successor AlexanderII (18551881) enacted significant changes throughout the country, including the emancipation reform of 1861.[91] These reforms spurred industrialisation, and modernised the Imperial Russian Army, which liberated much of the Balkans from Ottoman rule in the aftermath of the 18771878 Russo-Turkish War.[92] During most of the 19th and early 20th century, Russia and Britain colluded over Afghanistan and its neighboring territories in Central and South Asia; the rivalry between the two major European empires came to be known as the Great Game.[93]

The late 19th century saw the rise of various socialist movements in Russia. AlexanderII was assassinated in 1881 by revolutionary terrorists.[94] The reign of his son AlexanderIII (18811894) was less liberal but more peaceful.[95] Under last Russian emperor, NicholasII (18941917), the Revolution of 1905 was triggered by the failure of the humiliating Russo-Japanese War.[96] The uprising was put down, but the government was forced to concede major reforms (Russian Constitution of 1906), including granting freedoms of speech and assembly, the legalisation of political parties, and the creation of an elected legislative body, the State Duma.[97]

In 1914, Russia entered World WarI in response to Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Russia's ally Serbia,[98] and fought across multiple fronts while isolated from its Triple Entente allies.[99] In 1916, the Brusilov Offensive of the Imperial Russian Army almost completely destroyed the Austro-Hungarian Army.[100] However, the already-existing public distrust of the regime was deepened by the rising costs of war, high casualties, and rumors of corruption and treason. All this formed the climate for the Russian Revolution of 1917, carried out in two major acts.[101] In early 1917, Nicholas II was forced to abdicate; he and his family were imprisoned and later executed in Yekaterinburg during the Russian Civil War.[102] The monarchy was replaced by a shaky coalition of political parties that declared itself the Provisional Government.[103] The Provisional Government proclaimed the Russian Republic in September. On 19 January [O.S. 6 January], 1918, the Russian Constituent Assembly declared Russia a democratic federal republic (thus ratifying the Provisional Government's decision). The next day the Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.[101]

An alternative socialist establishment co-existed, the Petrograd Soviet, wielding power through the democratically elected councils of workers and peasants, called Soviets. The rule of the new authorities only aggravated the crisis in the country instead of resolving it, and eventually, the October Revolution, led by Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Provisional Government and gave full governing power to the Soviets, leading to the creation of the world's first socialist state.[101] The Russian Civil War broke out between the anti-communist White movement and the new Soviet regime with its Red Army.[104] In the aftermath of signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that concluded hostilities with the Central Powers of World WarI; Bolshevist Russia surrendered most of its western territories, which hosted 34% of its population, 54% of its industries, 32% of its agricultural land, and roughly 90% of its coal mines.[105]

The Allied powers launched an unsuccessful military intervention in support of anti-communist forces.[106] In the meantime, both the Bolsheviks and White movement carried out campaigns of deportations and executions against each other, known respectively as the Red Terror and White Terror.[107] By the end of the violent civil war, Russia's economy and infrastructure were heavily damaged, and as many as 10 million perished during the war, mostly civilians.[108] Millions became White migrs,[109] and the Russian famine of 19211922 claimed up to fivemillion victims.[110]

On 30 December 1922, Lenin and his aides formed the Soviet Union, by joining the Russian SFSR into a single state with the Byelorussian, Transcaucasian, and Ukrainian republics.[111] Eventually internal border changes and annexations during World War II created a union of 15 republics; the largest in size and population being the Russian SFSR, which dominated the union for its entire history politically, culturally, and economically.[112] Following Lenin's death in 1924, a troika was designated to take charge. Eventually Joseph Stalin, the General Secretary of the Communist Party, managed to suppress all opposition factions and consolidate power in his hands to become the country's dictator by the 1930s.[113] Leon Trotsky, the main proponent of world revolution, was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1929,[114] and Stalin's idea of Socialism in One Country became the official line.[115] The continued internal struggle in the Bolshevik party culminated in the Great Purge.[116]

Under Stalin's leadership, the government launched a command economy, industrialisation of the largely rural country, and collectivisation of its agriculture. During this period of rapid economic and social change, millions of people were sent to penal labor camps, including many political convicts for their suspected or real opposition to Stalin's rule;[117] and millions were deported and exiled to remote areas of the Soviet Union.[118] The transitional disorganisation of the country's agriculture, combined with the harsh state policies and a drought, led to the Soviet famine of 19321933; which killed up to 8.7 million.[119] The Soviet Union, ultimately, made the costly transformation from a largely agrarian economy to a major industrial powerhouse within a short span of time.[120]

The Soviet Union entered World War II on 17 September 1939 with its invasion of Poland,[121] in accordance with a secret protocol within the MolotovRibbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany.[122] The Soviet Union later invaded Finland,[123] and occupied and annexed the Baltic states,[124] as well as parts of Romania.[125]:9195 On 22 June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union,[126] opening the Eastern Front, the largest theater of World WarII.[127]:7

Eventually, some 5 million Red Army troops were captured by the Nazis;[128]:272 the latter deliberately starved to death or otherwise killed 3.3million Soviet POWs, and a vast number of civilians, as the "Hunger Plan" sought to fulfill Generalplan Ost.[129]:175186 Although the Wehrmacht had considerable early success, their attack was halted in the Battle of Moscow.[130] Subsequently, the Germans were dealt major defeats first at the Battle of Stalingrad in the winter of 19421943,[131] and then in the Battle of Kursk in the summer of 1943.[132] Another German failure was the Siege of Leningrad, in which the city was fully blockaded on land between 1941 and 1944 by German and Finnish forces, and suffered starvation and more than a million deaths, but never surrendered.[133] Soviet forces steamrolled through Eastern and Central Europe in 19441945 and captured Berlin in May 1945.[134] In August 1945, the Red Army invaded Manchuria and ousted the Japanese from Northeast Asia, contributing to the Allied victory over Japan.[135]

The 19411945 period of World WarII is known in Russia as the Great Patriotic War.[136] The Soviet Union, along with the United States, the United Kingdom and China were considered the Big Four of Allied powers in World War II, and later became the Four Policemen, which was the foundation of the United Nations Security Council.[137]:27 During the war, Soviet civilian and military death were about 2627 million,[138] accounting for about half of all World WarII casualties.[139]:295 The Soviet economy and infrastructure suffered massive devastation, which caused the Soviet famine of 19461947.[140] However, at the expense of a large sacrifice, the Soviet Union emerged as a global superpower.[141]

After World War II, parts of Eastern and Central Europe, including East Germany and eastern parts of Austria were occupied by Red Army according to the Potsdam Conference.[142] Dependent communist governments were installed in the Eastern Bloc satellite states.[143] After becoming the world's second nuclear power,[144] the Soviet Union established the Warsaw Pact alliance,[145] and entered into a struggle for global dominance, known as the Cold War, with the rivaling United States and NATO.[146] After Stalin's death in 1953 and a short period of collective rule, the new leader Nikita Khrushchev denounced Stalin and launched the policy of de-Stalinization, releasing many political prisoners from the Gulag labor camps.[147] The general easement of repressive policies became known later as the Khrushchev Thaw.[148] At the same time, Cold War tensions reached its peak when the two rivals clashed over the deployment of the United States Jupiter missiles in Turkey and Soviet missiles in Cuba.[149]

In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik1, thus starting the Space Age.[150] Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human to orbit the Earth, aboard the Vostok1 manned spacecraft on 12 April 1961.[151] Following the ousting of Khrushchev in 1964, another period of collective rule ensued, until Leonid Brezhnev became the leader. The era of the 1970s and the early 1980s was later designated as the Era of Stagnation. The 1965 Kosygin reform aimed for partial decentralisation of the Soviet economy.[152] In 1979, after a communist-led revolution in Afghanistan, Soviet forces invaded the country, ultimately starting the SovietAfghan War.[153] In May 1988, the Soviets started to withdraw from Afghanistan, due to international opposition, persistent anti-Soviet guerrilla warfare, and a lack of support by Soviet citizens.[154]

From 1985 onwards, the last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who sought to enact liberal reforms in the Soviet system, introduced the policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to end the period of economic stagnation and to democratise the government.[155] This, however, led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements across the country.[156] Prior to 1991, the Soviet economy was the world's second-largest, but during its final years, it went into a crisis.[157]

By 1991, economic and political turmoil began to boil over as the Baltic states chose to secede from the Soviet Union.[158] On 17 March, a referendum was held, in which the vast majority of participating citizens voted in favour of changing the Soviet Union into a renewed federation.[159] In June 1991, Boris Yeltsin became the first directly elected president in Russian history when he was elected president of the Russian SFSR.[160] In August 1991, a coup d'tat attempt by members of Gorbachev's government, directed against Gorbachev and aimed at preserving the Soviet Union, instead led to the end of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.[161] On 25 December 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, along with contemporary Russia, fourteen other post-Soviet states emerged.[162]

The economic and political collapse of the Soviet Union led Russia into a deep and prolonged depression. During and after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, wide-ranging reforms including privatisation and market and trade liberalisation were undertaken, including radical changes along the lines of "shock therapy".[163] The privatisation largely shifted control of enterprises from state agencies to individuals with inside connections in the government, which led to the rise of the infamous Russian oligarchs.[164] Many of the newly rich moved billions in cash and assets outside of the country in an enormous capital flight.[165] The depression of the economy led to the collapse of social servicesthe birth rate plummeted while the death rate skyrocketed,[166][167] and millions plunged into poverty;[168] while extreme corruption,[169] as well as criminal gangs and organised crime rose significantly.[170]

In late 1993, tensions between Yeltsin and the Russian parliament culminated in a constitutional crisis which ended violently through military force. During the crisis, Yeltsin was backed by Western governments, and over 100 people were killed.[171] In December, a referendum was held and approved, which introduced a new constitution, giving the president enormous powers.[172] The 1990s were plagued by armed conflicts in the North Caucasus, both local ethnic skirmishes and separatist Islamist insurrections.[173] From the time Chechen separatists declared independence in the early 1990s, an intermittent guerrilla war was fought between the rebel groups and Russian forces.[174] Terrorist attacks against civilians were carried out by Chechen separatists, claiming the lives of thousands of Russian civilians.[e][175]

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia assumed responsibility for settling the latter's external debts.[176] In 1992, most consumer price controls were eliminated, causing extreme inflation and significantly devaluing the ruble.[177] High budget deficits coupled with increasing capital flight and inability to pay back debts, caused the 1998 Russian financial crisis, which resulted in a further GDP decline.[178]

In 1999, president Yeltsin unexpectedly resigned, handing the post to the recently appointed prime minister and his chosen successor, Vladimir Putin.[179] Putin then won the 2000 presidential election,[180] and defeated the Chechen insurgency in the Second Chechen War.[181] Putin won a second presidential term in 2004.[182] High oil prices and a rise in foreign investment saw the Russian economy and living standards improve significantly.[183] Putin's rule increased stability, while transforming Russia into an authoritarian state.[184] In 2008, Putin took the post of prime minister, while Dmitry Medvedev was elected president for one term, to hold onto power despite legal term limits;[185] this period has been described as a "tandemocracy."[186]

Following a diplomatic crisis with neighboring Georgia, the Russo-Georgian War took place during 112 August 2008, resulting in Russia imposing two unrecognised states in the occupied territories of Georgia. It was the first European war of the 21st century.[187] In 2014, following a revolution in Ukraine, Russia invaded and annexed the neighboring country's Crimean peninsula,[188] and contributed to the outbreak of war in eastern Ukraine with direct intervention by Russian troops.[189] Russia steeply escalated the war by launching a full-scale invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022.[190] The invasion marked the largest conventional war in Europe since World WarII,[191] and was met with widespread international condemnation,[192] as well as expanded sanctions against Russia.[193] As a result, Russia was expelled from the Council of Europe in March,[194] and was suspended from the United Nations Human Rights Council in April.[195] In September 2022, Putin proclaimed the annexation of 15% of Ukraine's landmass in its Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia regions, the largest seizure attempted in Europe since World WarII.[196]

Russia's vast landmass stretches over the easternmost part of Europe and the northernmost part of Asia.[197] It spans the northernmost edge of Eurasia; and has the world's fourth-longest coastline, of over 37,653km (23,396mi).[f][199] Russia lies between latitudes 41 and 82 N, and longitudes 19 E and 169 W, extending some 9,000km (5,600mi) east to west, and 2,500 to 4,000km (1,600 to 2,500mi) north to south.[200] Russia, by landmass, is larger than three continents,[g] and has the same surface area as Pluto.[201]

Russia has nine major mountain ranges, and they are found along the southernmost regions, which share a significant portion of the Caucasus Mountains (containing Mount Elbrus, which at 5,642m (18,510ft) is the highest peak in Russia and Europe);[6] the Altai and Sayan Mountains in Siberia; and in the East Siberian Mountains and the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East (containing Klyuchevskaya Sopka, which at 4,750m (15,584ft) is the highest active volcano in Eurasia).[202][203] The Ural Mountains, running north to south through the country's west, are rich in mineral resources, and form the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia.[204] The lowest point in Russia and Europe, is situated at the head of the Caspian Sea, where the Caspian Depression reaches some 29 metres (95.1ft) below sea level.[205]

Russia, as one of the world's only three countries bordering three oceans,[197] has links with a great number of seas.[h][206] Its major islands and archipelagos include Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, the Kuril Islands, and Sakhalin.[207][208] The Diomede Islands, administered by Russia and the United States, are just 3.8km (2.4mi) apart;[209] and Kunashir Island of the Kuril Islands is merely 20km (12.4mi) from Hokkaido, Japan.[2]

Russia, home of over 100,000 rivers,[197] has one of the world's largest surface water resources, with its lakes containing approximately one-quarter of the world's liquid fresh water.[203] Lake Baikal, the largest and most prominent among Russia's fresh water bodies, is the world's deepest, purest, oldest and most capacious fresh water lake, containing over one-fifth of the world's fresh surface water.[210] Ladoga and Onega in northwestern Russia are two of the largest lakes in Europe.[197] Russia is second only to Brazil by total renewable water resources.[211] The Volga in western Russia, widely regarded as Russia's national river, is the longest river in Europe; and forms the Volga Delta, the largest river delta in the continent.[212] The Siberian rivers of Ob, Yenisey, Lena, and Amur are among the world's longest rivers.[213]

The size of Russia and the remoteness of many of its areas from the sea result in the dominance of the humid continental climate throughout most of the country, except for the tundra and the extreme southwest. Mountain ranges in the south and east obstruct the flow of warm air masses from the Indian and Pacific oceans, while the European Plain spanning its west and north opens it to influence from the Atlantic and Arctic oceans.[214] Most of northwest Russia and Siberia have a subarctic climate, with extremely severe winters in the inner regions of northeast Siberia (mostly Sakha, where the Northern Pole of Cold is located with the record low temperature of 71.2C or 96.2F),[207] and more moderate winters elsewhere. Russia's vast coastline along the Arctic Ocean and the Russian Arctic islands have a polar climate.[214]

The coastal part of Krasnodar Krai on the Black Sea, most notably Sochi, and some coastal and interior strips of the North Caucasus possess a humid subtropical climate with mild and wet winters.[214] In many regions of East Siberia and the Russian Far East, winter is dry compared to summer; while other parts of the country experience more even precipitation across seasons. Winter precipitation in most parts of the country usually falls as snow. The westernmost parts of Kaliningrad Oblast and some parts in the south of Krasnodar Krai and the North Caucasus have an oceanic climate.[214] The region along the Lower Volga and Caspian Sea coast, as well as some southernmost slivers of Siberia, possess a semi-arid climate.[215]

Throughout much of the territory, there are only two distinct seasons, winter and summer; as spring and autumn are usually brief periods of change between extremely low and extremely high temperatures.[214] The coldest month is January (February on the coastline); the warmest is usually July. Great ranges of temperature are typical. In winter, temperatures get colder both from south to north and from west to east. Summers can be quite hot, even in Siberia.[216] Climate change in Russia is causing more frequent wildfires,[217] and thawing the country's large expanse of permafrost.[218]

Russia, owing to its gigantic size, has diverse ecosystems, including polar deserts, tundra, forest tundra, taiga, mixed and broadleaf forest, forest steppe, steppe, semi-desert, and subtropics.[219] About half of Russia's territory is forested,[6] and it has the world's largest forest reserves,[220] which sequester some of the world's highest amounts of carbon dioxide.[221]

Russian biodiversity includes 12,500 species of vascular plants, 2,200 species of bryophytes, about 3,000 species of lichens, 7,0009,000 species of algae, and 20,00025,000 species of fungi. Russian fauna is composed of 320 species of mammals, over 732 species of birds, 75 species of reptiles, about 30 species of amphibians, 343 species of freshwater fish (high endemism), approximately 1,500 species of saltwater fishes, 9 species of cyclostomata, and approximately 100150,000 invertebrates (high endemism).[219][222] Approximately 1,100 rare and endangered plant and animal species are included in the Russian Red Data Book.[219]

Russia's entirely natural ecosystems are conserved in nearly 15,000 specially protected natural territories of various statuses, occupying more than 10% of the country's total area.[219] They include 45 biosphere reserves,[223] 64 national parks, and 101 nature reserves.[224] Russia still has many ecosystems which are still untouched by man; mainly in the northern taiga areas, and the subarctic tundra of Siberia.[citation needed] Russia had a Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 9.02 in 2019, ranking 10th out of 172 countries; and the first ranked major nation globally.[225]

Russia, by constitution, is an asymmetric federal republic,[226] with a semi-presidential system, wherein the president is the head of state,[227] and the prime minister is the head of government.[6] It is structured as a multi-party representative democracy, with the federal government composed of three branches:[228]

The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year term and may be elected no more than twice.[232][i] Ministries of the government are composed of the premier and his deputies, ministers, and selected other individuals; all are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister (whereas the appointment of the latter requires the consent of the State Duma). United Russia is the dominant political party in Russia, and has been described as "big tent" and the "party of power".[234][235] Under the administrations of Vladimir Putin, Russia has experienced democratic backsliding,[236] and has become an authoritarian state[7] under a dictatorship,[237][238][239] with Putin's policies being referred to as Putinism.[240]

According to the constitution, the Russian Federation is composed of 89 federal subjects.[j] In 1993, when the new constitution was adopted, there were 89 federal subjects listed, but some were later merged. The federal subjects have equal representationtwo delegates eachin the Federation Council, the upper house of the Federal Assembly.[241] They do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy.[242] The federal districts of Russia were established by Putin in 2000 to facilitate central government control of the federal subjects.[243] Originally seven, currently there are eight federal districts, each headed by an envoy appointed by the president.[244]

1autonomous oblast

Russia had the world's fifth-largest diplomatic network in 2019. It maintains diplomatic relations with 190 United Nations member states, four partially-recognised states, and three United Nations observer states; along with 144 embassies.[251] Russia is one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. It has historically been a great power,[252] and a former superpower as the leading constituent of the former Soviet Union.[141] Russia is a member of the G20, the OSCE, and the APEC. Russia also takes a leading role in organisations such as the CIS,[253] the EAEU,[254] the CSTO,[255] the SCO,[256] and BRICS.[257]

Russia maintains close relations with neighbouring Belarus, which is a part of the Union State, a supranational confederation of the two states.[258] Serbia has been a historically close ally of Russia, as both countries share a strong mutual cultural, ethnic, and religious affinity.[259] India is the largest customer of Russian military equipment, and the two countries share a strong strategic and diplomatic relationship since the Soviet era.[260] Russia wields enormous influence across the geopolitically important South Caucasus and Central Asia; and the two regions have been described as Russia's "backyard".[261][262]

In the 21st century, relations between Russia and China have significantly strengthened bilaterally and economically; due to shared political interests.[263] Turkey and Russia share a complex strategic, energy, and defense relationship.[264] Russia maintains cordial relations with Iran, as it is a strategic and economic ally.[265] Russia has also increasingly pushed to expand its influence across the Arctic,[266] Asia-Pacific,[267] Africa,[268] the Middle East,[269] and Latin America.[270] In contrast, Russia's relations with neighboring Ukraine and the Western worldespecially the United States, the European Union, and NATOhave collapsed; following the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014 and the consequent escalation in 2022.[271][272]

The Russian Armed Forces are divided into the Ground Forces, the Navy, and the Aerospace Forcesand there are also two independent arms of service: the Strategic Missile Troops and the Airborne Troops.[6] As of 2021[update], the military have around a million active-duty personnel, which is the world's fifth-largest, and about 220 million reserve personnel.[274][275] It is mandatory for all male citizens aged 1827 to be drafted for a year of service in the Armed Forces.[6]

Russia is among the five recognised nuclear-weapons states, with the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons; over half of the world's nuclear weapons are owned by Russia.[276] Russia possesses the second-largest fleet of ballistic missile submarines,[277] and is one of the only three countries operating strategic bombers.[278] Russia maintains the world's fourth-highest military expenditure, spending $61.7 billion in 2020.[279] In 2021 it was the world's second-largest arms exporter, and had a large and entirely indigenous defence industry, producing most of its own military equipment.[280]

Human rights in Russia have been increasingly criticised by leading democracy and human rights groups. In particular, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch say that Russia is not democratic and allows few political rights and civil liberties to its citizens.[282][283]

Since 2004, Freedom House has ranked Russia as "not free" in its Freedom in the World survey.[284] Since 2011, the Economist Intelligence Unit has ranked Russia as an "authoritarian regime" in its Democracy Index, ranking it 124th out of 167 countries for 2021.[285] In regards to media freedom, Russia was ranked 155th out of 180 countries in Reporters Without Borders' Press Freedom Index for 2022.[286] The Russian government has been widely criticised by political dissidents and human rights activists for unfair elections,[287] crackdowns on opposition political parties and protests,[288][289] persecution of non-governmental organisations and enforced suppression and killings of independent journalists,[290][291][292] and censorship of mass media and internet.[293]

Russia's autocratic[294] political system has been variously described as a kleptocracy,[295] an oligarchy,[296] and a plutocracy.[297] It was the lowest rated European country in Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index for 2021, ranking 136th out of 180 countries.[298] Russia has a long history of corruption, which is seen as a significant problem.[299] It impacts various sectors, including the economy,[300] business,[301] public administration,[302] law enforcement,[303] healthcare,[304][305] education,[306] and the military.[307]

Russia has a mixed economy,[309] with enormous natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas.[310] It has the world's ninth-largest economy by nominal GDP and the sixth-largest by PPP. The large service sector accounts for 62% of total GDP, followed by the industrial sector (32%), while the agricultural sector is the smallest, making up only 5% of total GDP.[6] Russia has a low official unemployment rate of 4.1%.[311] Its foreign exchange reserves are the world's fifth-largest, worth $540 billion.[312] It has a labour force of roughly 70 million, which is the world's sixth-largest.[313]

Russia is the world's thirteenth-largest exporter and the 21st-largest importer.[314][315] It relies heavily on revenues from oil and gas-related taxes and export tariffs, which accounted for 45% of Russia's federal budget revenues in January 2022,[316] and up to 60% of its exports in 2019.[317] In 2019, the Natural Resources and Environment Ministry estimated the value of natural resources to be 60% of the country's GDP.[318] Russia has one of the lowest levels of external debt among major economies,[319] although its inequality of household income and wealth is one of the highest among developed countries.[320] High regional disparity is also an issue.[321][322]

After over a decade of post-Soviet rapid economic growth, backed by high oil-prices and a surge in foreign exchange reserves and investment,[183] Russia's economy was damaged following the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War and the annexation of Crimea in 2014, due to the first wave of Western sanctions being imposed.[323] In the aftermath of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the country has faced revamped sanctions and corporate boycotts,[324] becoming the most sanctioned country in the world,[325] in a move described as an "all-out economic and financial war" to isolate the Russian economy from the Western financial system.[193] Due to the impact, the Russian government has stopped publishing a raft of economic data since April 2022.[326] Economists suggest the sanctions will have a long-term effect over the Russian economy.[327]

Railway transport in Russia is mostly under the control of the state-run Russian Railways. The total length of common-used railway tracks is the world's third-longest, and exceeds 87,000km (54,100mi).[329] As of 2016[update], Russia has the world's fifth-largest road network, with 1.5 millionkm of roads,[330] while its road density is among the world's lowest.[331] Russia's inland waterways are the world's longest, and total 102,000km (63,380mi).[332] Among Russia's 1,218 airports,[333] the busiest is Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow. Russia's largest port is the Port of Novorossiysk in Krasnodar Krai along the Black Sea.[334]

Russia has been widely described as an energy superpower.[335] It has the world's largest proven gas reserves,[336] the second-largest coal reserves,[337] the eighth-largest oil reserves,[338] and the largest oil shale reserves in Europe.[339] Russia is also the world's leading natural gas exporter,[340] the second-largest natural gas producer,[341] and the second-largest oil producer and exporter.[342][343] Russia's oil and gas production has led to deep economic relationships with the European Union, China, and former Soviet and Eastern Bloc states.[344][345] For example, over the last decade, Russia's share of supplies to total European Union (including the United Kingdom) gas demand increased from 25% in 2009 to 32% in the weeks before the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.[345]

Russia is committed to the Paris Agreement, after joining the pact formally in 2019.[346] Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia are the world's fourth-largest.[347] Russia is the world's fourth-largest electricity producer,[348] and the ninth-largest renewable energy producer in 2019.[349] It was also the world's first country to develop civilian nuclear power, and to construct the world's first nuclear power plant.[350] Russia was also the world's fourth-largest nuclear energy producer in 2019,[351] and was the fifth-largest hydroelectric producer in 2021.[352]

Russia's agriculture sector contributes about 5% of the country's total GDP, although the sector employs about one-eighth of the total labour force.[353] It has the world's third-largest cultivated area, at 1,265,267 square kilometres (488,522sqmi). However, due to the harshness of its environment, about 13.1% of its land is agricultural,[6] and only 7.4% of its land is arable.[354] The country's agricultural land is considered part of the "breadbasket" of Europe.[355] More than one-third of the sown area is devoted to fodder crops, and the remaining farmland is devoted to industrial crops, vegetables, and fruits.[353] The main product of Russian farming has always been grain, which occupies considerably more than half of the cropland.[353] Russia is the world's largest exporter of wheat,[356][357] the largest producer of barley and buckwheat, among the largest exporters of maize and sunflower oil, and the leading producer of fertilizer.[358]

Various analysts of climate change adaptation foresee large opportunities for Russian agriculture during the rest of the 21st century as arability increases in Siberia, which would lead to both internal and external migration to the region.[359] Owing to its large coastline along three oceans and twelve marginal seas, Russia maintains the world's sixth-largest fishing industry; capturing nearly 5 million tons of fish in 2018.[360] It is home to the world's finest caviar, the beluga; and produces about one-third of all canned fish, and some one-fourth of the world's total fresh and frozen fish.[353]

Russia spent about 1% of its GDP on research and development in 2019, with the world's tenth-highest budget.[361] It also ranked tenth worldwide in the number of scientific publications in 2020, with roughly 1.3 million papers.[362] Since 1904, Nobel Prize were awarded to 26 Soviets and Russians in physics, chemistry, medicine, economy, literature and peace.[363] Russia ranked 45th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021.[364]

Mikhail Lomonosov proposed the conservation of mass in chemical reactions, discovered the atmosphere of Venus, and founded modern geology.[365] Since the times of Nikolay Lobachevsky, who pioneered the non-Euclidean geometry, and Pafnuty Chebyshev, a prominent tutor; Russian mathematicians became among the world's most influential.[366] Dmitry Mendeleev invented the Periodic table, the main framework of modern chemistry.[367] Sofya Kovalevskaya was a pioneer among women in mathematics in the 19th century.[368] Nine Soviet and Russian mathematicians have been awarded with the Fields Medal. Grigori Perelman was offered the first ever Clay Millennium Prize Problems Award for his final proof of the Poincar conjecture in 2002, as well as the Fields Medal in 2006.[369]

Alexander Popov was among the inventors of radio,[370] while Nikolai Basov and Alexander Prokhorov were co-inventors of laser and maser.[371] Zhores Alferov contributed significantly to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics.[372] Oleg Losev made crucial contributions in the field of semiconductor junctions, and discovered light-emitting diodes.[373] Vladimir Vernadsky is considered one of the founders of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, and radiogeology.[374] lie Metchnikoff is known for his groundbreaking research in immunology.[375] Ivan Pavlov is known chiefly for his work in classical conditioning.[376] Lev Landau made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics.[377]

Nikolai Vavilov was best known for having identified the centres of origin of cultivated plants.[378] Trofim Lysenko was known mainly for Lysenkoism.[379] Many famous Russian scientists and inventors were migrs. Igor Sikorsky was an aviation pioneer.[380] Vladimir Zworykin was the inventor of the iconoscope and kinescope television systems.[381] Theodosius Dobzhansky was the central figure in the field of evolutionary biology for his work in shaping the modern synthesis.[382] George Gamow was one of the foremost advocates of the Big Bang theory.[383] Many foreign scientists lived and worked in Russia for a long period, such as Leonard Euler and Alfred Nobel.[384][385]

Roscosmos is Russia's national space agency. The country's achievements in the field of space technology and space exploration can be traced back to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, the father of theoretical astronautics, whose works had inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers, such as Sergey Korolyov, Valentin Glushko, and many others who contributed to the success of the Soviet space program in the early stages of the Space Race and beyond.[387]:67,333

In 1957, the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite, Sputnik1, was launched. In 1961, the first human trip into space was successfully made by Yuri Gagarin. Many other Soviet and Russian space exploration records ensued. In 1963, Valentina Tereshkova became the first and youngest woman in space, having flown a solo mission on Vostok 6.[388] In 1965, Alexei Leonov became the first human to conduct a spacewalk, exiting the space capsule during Voskhod 2.[389]

In 1957, Laika, a Soviet space dog, became the first animal to orbit the Earth, aboard Sputnik 2.[390] In 1966, Luna9 became the first spacecraft to achieve a survivable landing on a celestial body, the Moon.[391] In 1968, Zond 5 brought the first Earthlings (two tortoises and other life forms) to circumnavigate the Moon.[392] In 1970, Venera7 became the first spacecraft to land on another planet, Venus.[393] In 1971, Mars3 became the first spacecraft to land on Mars.[394]:3460 During the same period, Lunokhod 1 became the first space exploration rover,[395] while Salyut1 became the world's first space station.[396] Russia had 172 active satellites in space in April 2022, the world's third-highest.[397]

According to the World Tourism Organization, Russia was the sixteenth-most visited country in the world, and the tenth-most visited country in Europe, in 2018, with over 24.6 million visits.[398] According to Federal Agency for Tourism, the number of inbound trips of foreign citizens to Russia amounted to 24.4 million in 2019.[399] Russia's international tourism receipts in 2018 amounted to $11.6 billion.[398] In 2019, travel and tourism accounted for about 4.8% of country's total GDP.[400]

Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the Golden Ring of Russia, a theme route of ancient Russian cities, cruises on large rivers such as the Volga, hikes on mountain ranges such as the Caucasus Mountains,[401] and journeys on the famous Trans-Siberian Railway.[402] Russia's most visited and popular landmarks include Red Square, the Peterhof Palace, the Kazan Kremlin, the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius and Lake Baikal.[403]

Moscow, the nation's cosmopolitan capital and historic core, is a bustling megacity. It retains its classical and Soviet-era architecture; while boasting high art, world class ballet, and modern skyscrapers.[404] Saint Petersburg, the Imperial capital, is famous for its classical architecture, cathedrals, museums and theatres, white nights, criss-crossing rivers and numerous canals.[405] Russia is famed worldwide for its rich museums, such as the State Russian, the State Hermitage, and the Tretyakov Gallery; and for theatres such as the Bolshoi and the Mariinsky. The Moscow Kremlin and the Saint Basil's Cathedral are among the cultural landmarks of Russia.[406]

Ethnic groups in Russia with a population of over 1 million according to the 2010 census.

Percentage of ethnic Russians by region according to the 2010 census.

Russia is one of the world's most sparsely populated and urbanised countries,[6] with the vast majority of its population concentrated within its western part.[407] It had a population of 142.8 million according to the 2010 census,[408] which rose to roughly 145.5 million as of 2022.[11] Russia is the most populous country in Europe, and the world's ninth most populous country, with a population density of 9 inhabitants per square kilometre (23 per square mile).[409]

Since the 1990s, Russia's death rate has exceeded its birth rate, which some analysts have called a demographic crisis.[410] In 2019, the total fertility rate across Russia was estimated to be 1.5 children born per woman,[411] which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and is one of the world's lowest fertility rates.[412] Subsequently, the nation has one of the world's oldest populations, with a median age of 40.3 years.[6] In 2009, it recorded annual population growth for the first time in fifteen years; and since the 2010s, Russia has seen increased population growth due to declining death rates, increased birth rates and increased immigration.[413] However, since 2020, due to excessive deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia's population has undergone its largest peacetime decline in history.[414] Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the demographic crisis in the country has deepened,[415] as the country has faced a renewed brain drain and human capital flight caused by Western mass-sanctions and boycotts.[416]

Russia is a multinational state with many subnational entities associated with different minorities.[417] There are over 193 ethnic groups nationwide. In the 2010 census, roughly 81% of the population were ethnic Russians, and the remaining 19% of the population were ethnic minorities;[418] while over four-fifths of Russia's population was of European descentof which the vast majority were Slavs,[419] with a substantial minority of Finnic and Germanic peoples.[420][421] According to the United Nations, Russia's immigrant population is the world's third-largest, numbering over 11.6 million;[422] most of which are from post-Soviet states, mainly Ukrainians.[423]

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