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Best Philadelphia Eagles Sportsbook promo codes & betting bonuses – The Philadelphia Inquirer

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US has warned Putin against using nuclear weapons, Blinken says

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US Secretary of State Antony Blinken

Weve also communicated directly and very clearly to the Russians, President Putin about the consequences, said Blinken.

Read also: Russia holds massive nuclear exercise, observed by dictator Putin

The secretary did not specify how the message was delivered to Putin, adding that Washington is carefully monitoring Moscows nuclear threats, and that Russias nuclear posture remains unchanged thus far.

Read also: Bowing to Putins nuclear blackmail will make nuclear war more likely

He also dismissed recent Russian claims of Kyiv allegedly preparing to detonate a dirty bomb in southern Ukraine.

Read also: Kremlins lies about Ukraines plans to use dirty bomb aim to force acceptance of occupation

The reason this particular allegation gives us some concern is because Russia has a track record of projecting, which is to say, accusing others of doing something that they themselves have done or are thinking about doing, Blinken concluded.

Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoigu contacted his French, UK, and Turkish counterparts on Oct. 23, alerting them to Ukraines plans to allegedly stage false flag operations involving a dirty bomb device.

Read also: Reznikov talks with Turkish, French and British counterparts after Shoigus lies

Western leaders and NATO officials have subsequently dismissed the claims as absurd.

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US has warned Putin against using nuclear weapons, Blinken says

Vladimir Putin given three years to live and is losing his eyesight …

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Russian president Vladimir Putin has been given just three years to live by doctors, its claimed.

A growing number of unconfirmed reports alledge the 69-year-old president has cancer and that his health is deteriorating quickly.

And now an FSB officer has claimed Putin has no more than two to three years to stay alive, adding the Russian president has a severe form of rapidly progressing cancer.

Messages said to be from the unidentified Russian spy to FSB defector Boris Karpichkov also say Putin is losing his sight and suffering from headaches.

Putin is under the spotlight as the Ukraine war shows no sign of ending soon (Mikhail Metzel, Sputnik, Kremlin Pool Photo via AP)

We are told he is suffering from headaches and when he appears on TV he needs pieces of paper with everything written in huge letters to read what hes going to say, the Russian officer told the Sunday Mirror.

They are so big each page can only hold a couple of sentences. His eyesight is seriously worsening.

The spy added that Putins limbs are now also shaking uncontrollably.

Previous footage from earlier this year appeared to show his hand shaking, while as he also appeared to grip a table for support during a meeting broadcast in April.

Whispers about his health appear to have originated with the hugely popular Russian Telegram channel General SVR.

It claimed Mr Putins doctors have warned him the surgery might incapacitate him for a short time, and that during this period the president will briefly hand over the reins of power to an aide.

Concerns for his health grew after former UK intelligence official Christopher Steele said the Russian leader left meetings for medical treatements.

Its claimed that Putin has not been able to control his anger and frequently experiences outbursts of uncontrolled fury (AP)

Meetings of the security council that are shown to supposedly last for a whole hour are actually broken up into several sections, Mr Steele, who wrote a dossier on Donald Trump and Moscows alleged interference in the 2016 US election, told LBC radio.

Hes constantly accompanied around the place by a team of doctors.

And earlier this month an oligarch with close ties to Mr Putin was reportedly recorded saying he is very ill with blood cancer.

The unnamed Russian alleged in the recording that the president had surgery on his back shortly before ordering the invasion of Ukraine on 24 February, according to the US-based New Lines magazine.

Follow our live coverage of Ukraine-Russia news here.

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Vladimir Putin given three years to live and is losing his eyesight ...

Vladimir Putin – Wikipedia

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President of Russia (19992008, 2012present)

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin[c] (born 7 October 1952) is a Russian politician and former intelligence officer who has served as the president of Russia since 2012, having previously served between 2000 and 2008.[7][d] He was the prime minister of Russia from 1999 to 2000 and again from 2008 to 2012,[e] thus having served continuously as either president or prime minister from 1999 onwards.

Putin worked as a KGB foreign intelligence officer for 16 years, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel (podpolkovnik), before resigning in 1991 to begin a political career in Saint Petersburg. He moved to Moscow in 1996 to join the administration of president Boris Yeltsin. He briefly served as director of the Federal Security Service (FSB) and secretary of the Security Council, before being appointed as prime minister in August 1999. After the resignation of Yeltsin, Putin became acting president and, less than four months later, was elected outright to his first term as president. He was reelected in 2004. As he was constitutionally limited to two consecutive terms as president at the time, Putin served as prime minister again from 2008 to 2012 under Dmitry Medvedev. He returned to the presidency in 2012 in an election marred by allegations of fraud and protests and was reelected in 2018. In April 2021, following a referendum, he signed into law constitutional amendments including one that would allow him to run for reelection twice more, potentially extending his presidency to 2036.[8][9]

During Putin's first tenure as president, the Russian economy grew on average by seven percent per year,[10] following economic reforms and a fivefold increase in the price of oil and gas.[11][12] Putin also led Russia during a war against Chechen separatists, reestablishing federal control of the region.[13][14] As prime minister under Medvedev, he oversaw a war against Georgia as well as military and police reform. During his third term as president, Russia annexed Crimea and sponsored a war in eastern Ukraine with several military incursions made, resulting in international sanctions and a financial crisis in Russia.[15] He also ordered a military intervention in Syria against rebel and jihadist groups.[16] During his fourth term as president, he presided over a military buildup on the border of Ukraine, and in February 2022,[17] launched a large-scale invasion, leading to international condemnation and expanded sanctions. The International Criminal Court opened an investigation into war crimes in Ukraine.[18] In September 2022, Putin announced a partial mobilisation and officially approved the forcible annexation of four Ukrainian oblasts into Russia, an act which is illegal under international law.

Under Putin's leadership, Russia has undergone democratic backsliding and a shift to authoritarianism. His rule has been characterised by endemic corruption as well as numerous human rights violations, including the jailing and repression of political opponents, the intimidation and suppression of independent media in Russia, and a lack of free and fair elections.[19][20][21] Putin's Russia has scored poorly on Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index, the Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index, and Freedom House's Freedom in the World index. Putin is the second-longest currently serving European president after Alexander Lukashenko of Belarus.

Putin was born on 7 October 1952 in Leningrad, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia),[22][23] the youngest of three children of Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin (19111999) and Maria Ivanovna Putina (ne Shelomova; 19111998). His grandfather, Spiridon Putin, was a personal cook to Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin.[24][25] Putin's birth was preceded by the deaths of two brothers: Albert, born in the 1930s, died in infancy, and Viktor, born in 1940, died of diphtheria and starvation in 1942 during the Siege of Leningrad by Nazi Germany's forces in World War II.[26][27]

Putin's father, Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin

Putin's mother, Maria Ivanovna Shelomova

Putin's mother was a factory worker and his father was a conscript in the Soviet Navy, serving in the submarine fleet in the early 1930s. Early in World War II, his father served in the destruction battalion of the NKVD.[28][29][30] Later, he was transferred to the regular army and was severely wounded in 1942.[31] Putin's maternal grandmother was killed by the German occupiers of Tver region in 1941, and his maternal uncles disappeared on the Eastern Front during World War II.[32]

On 1 September 1960, Putin started at School No. 193 at Baskov Lane, near his home. He was one of a few in the class of approximately 45 pupils who were not yet members of the Young Pioneer organization. At age 12, he began to practise sambo and judo.[33] In his free time, he enjoyed reading the works of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Lenin.[34] Putin studied German at Saint Petersburg High School 281 and speaks German as a second language.[35]

Putin studied law at the Leningrad State University named after Andrei Zhdanov (now Saint Petersburg State University) in 1970 and graduated in 1975.[36] His thesis was on "The Most Favored Nation Trading Principle in International Law".[37] While there, he was required to join the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and remained a member until it ceased to exist in 1991.[38]

Putin met Anatoly Sobchak, an assistant professor who taught business law,[f] and who later became the co-author of the Russian constitution and of corruption schemes in France. Putin would be influential in Sobchak's career in Saint Petersburg, and Sobchak would be influential in Putin's career in Moscow.[39]

In 1997, he received his Ph.D. in economics (Candidate of Economic Sciences) at the Saint Petersburg Mining University for a thesis on the strategic planning of the mineral economy.[40]

In 1975, Putin joined the KGB and trained at the 401st KGB school in Okhta, Leningrad.[22][41] After training, he worked in the Second Chief Directorate (counter-intelligence), before he was transferred to the First Chief Directorate, where he monitored foreigners and consular officials in Leningrad.[22][42][43] In September 1984, Putin was sent to Moscow for further training at the Yuri Andropov Red Banner Institute.[44][45][46]

Multiple reports have suggested Putin was sent by the KGB to New Zealand, allegedly working for some time undercover as, among at least one other alias, a Bata shoe salesman in central Wellington.[47][48][49] From 1985 to 1990, he served in Dresden, East Germany,[50] using a cover identity as a translator.[51]

Unlike Putin's presence in East Germany, his time in New Zealand has never been confirmed by Russian security services, but corroborated through New Zealand eyewitness accounts and government records. Former Waitkere City mayor Bob Harvey and Prime Minister during the 1980s David Lange both alleged that Putin served in both Wellington and Auckland.[47]

"Putin and his colleagues were reduced mainly to collecting press clippings, thus contributing to the mountains of useless information produced by the KGB", Russian-American Masha Gessen wrote in their 2012 biography of Putin.[51] His work was also downplayed by former Stasi spy chief Markus Wolf and Putin's former KGB colleague Vladimir Usoltsev. Journalist Catherine Belton wrote in 2020 that this downplaying was actually cover for Putin's involvement in KGB coordination and support for the terrorist Red Army Faction, whose members frequently hid in East Germany with the support of the Stasi. Dresden was preferred as a "marginal" town with only a small presence of Western intelligence services.[52]

According to an anonymous source, a former RAF member, at one of these meetings in Dresden the militants presented Putin with a list of weapons that were later delivered to the RAF in West Germany. Klaus Zuchold, who claimed to be recruited by Putin, said that Putin handled a neo-Nazi, Rainer Sonntag, and attempted to recruit an author of a study on poisons.[52] Putin reportedly met Germans to be recruited for wireless communications affairs together with an interpreter. He was involved in wireless communications technologies in South-East Asia due to trips of German engineers, recruited by him, there and to the West.[43]

According to Putin's official biography, during the fall of the Berlin Wall that began on 9 November 1989, he saved the files of the Soviet Cultural Center (House of Friendship) and of the KGB villa in Dresden for the official authorities of the would-be united Germany to prevent demonstrators, including KGB and Stasi agents, from obtaining and destroying them. He then supposedly burnt only the KGB files, in a few hours, but saved the archives of the Soviet Cultural Center for the German authorities. Nothing is told about the selection criteria during this burning; for example, concerning Stasi files or about files of other agencies of the German Democratic Republic or of the USSR. He explained that many documents were left to Germany only because the furnace burst but many documents of the KGB villa were sent to Moscow.[53]

After the collapse of the Communist East German government, Putin was to resign from active KGB service because of suspicions aroused regarding his loyalty during demonstrations in Dresden and earlier, though the KGB and the Soviet Army still operated in eastern Germany. He returned to Leningrad in early 1990 as a member of the "active reserves", where he worked for about three months with the International Affairs section of Leningrad State University, reporting to Vice-Rector Yuriy Molchanov, while working on his doctoral dissertation.[43]

There, he looked for new KGB recruits, watched the student body, and renewed his friendship with his former professor, Anatoly Sobchak, soon to be the Mayor of Leningrad.[54] Putin claims that he resigned with the rank of lieutenant colonel on 20 August 1991,[54] on the second day of the 1991 Soviet coup d'tat attempt against the Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev.[55] Putin said: "As soon as the coup began, I immediately decided which side I was on", although he noted that the choice was hard because he had spent the best part of his life with "the organs".[56]

In 1999, Putin described communism as "a blind alley, far away from the mainstream of civilization".[57]

In May 1990, Putin was appointed as an advisor on international affairs to the mayor of Leningrad Anatoly Sobchak. In a 2017 interview with Oliver Stone, Putin said that he resigned from the KGB in 1991, following the coup against Mikhail Gorbachev, as he did not agree with what had happened and did not want to be part of the intelligence in the new administration.[58] According to Putin's statements in 2018 and 2021, he may have worked as a private taxi driver to earn extra money, or considered such a job.[59][60]

On 28 June 1991, he became head of the Committee for External Relations of the Mayor's Office, with responsibility for promoting international relations and foreign investments[62] and registering business ventures. Within a year, Putin was investigated by the city legislative council led by Marina Salye. It was concluded that he had understated prices and permitted the export of metals valued at $93 million in exchange for foreign food aid that never arrived.[63][36] Despite the investigators' recommendation that Putin be fired, Putin remained head of the Committee for External Relations until 1996.[64][65] From 1994 to 1996, he held several other political and governmental positions in Saint Petersburg.[66]

In March 1994, Putin was appointed as first deputy chairman of the Government of Saint Petersburg. In May 1995, he organized the Saint Petersburg branch of the pro-government Our Home Russia political party, the liberal party of power founded by Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin. In 1995, he managed the legislative election campaign for that party, and from 1995 through June 1997, he was the leader of its Saint Petersburg branch.[66]

In June 1996, Sobchak lost his bid for reelection in Saint Petersburg, and Putin, who had led his election campaign, resigned from his positions in the city administration. He moved to Moscow and was appointed as deputy chief of the Presidential Property Management Department headed by Pavel Borodin. He occupied this position until March 1997. He was responsible for the foreign property of the state and organized the transfer of the former assets of the Soviet Union and the CPSU to the Russian Federation.[39]

On 26 March 1997, President Boris Yeltsin appointed Putin deputy chief of the Presidential Staff, a post which he retained until May 1998, and chief of the Main Control Directorate of the Presidential Property Management Department (until June 1998). His predecessor in this position was Alexei Kudrin and his successor was Nikolai Patrushev, both future prominent politicians and Putin's associates.[39] On 3 April 1997, Putin was promoted to 1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation the highest federal state civilian service rank.[67]

On 27 June 1997, at the Saint Petersburg Mining Institute, guided by rector Vladimir Litvinenko, Putin defended his Candidate of Science dissertation in economics, titled Strategic Planning of the Reproduction of the Mineral Resource Base of a Region under Conditions of the Formation of Market Relations.[68] This exemplified the custom in Russia whereby a young rising official would write a scholarly work in mid-career.[69] Putin's thesis was plagiarized.[70] Fellows at the Brookings Institution found that 15 pages were copied from an American textbook.[71]

On 25 May 1998, Putin was appointed First Deputy Chief of the Presidential Staff for the regions, in succession to Viktoriya Mitina. On 15 July, he was appointed head of the commission for the preparation of agreements on the delimitation of the power of the regions and head of the federal center attached to the president, replacing Sergey Shakhray. After Putin's appointment, the commission completed no such agreements, although during Shakhray's term as the head of the Commission 46 such agreements had been signed.[73] Later, after becoming president, Putin cancelled all 46 agreements.[39]

On 25 July 1998, Yeltsin appointed Putin director of the Federal Security Service (FSB), the primary intelligence and security organization of the Russian Federation and the successor to the KGB.[74]

On 9 August 1999, Putin was appointed one of three first deputy prime ministers, and later on that day, was appointed acting prime minister of the Government of the Russian Federation by President Yeltsin.[75] Yeltsin also announced that he wanted to see Putin as his successor. Later on that same day, Putin agreed to run for the presidency.[76]

On 16 August, the State Duma approved his appointment as prime minister with 233 votes in favor (vs. 84 against, 17 abstained),[77] while a simple majority of 226 was required, making him Russia's fifth prime minister in fewer than eighteen months. On his appointment, few expected Putin, virtually unknown to the general public, to last any longer than his predecessors. He was initially regarded as a Yeltsin loyalist; like other prime ministers of Boris Yeltsin, Putin did not choose ministers himself, his cabinet was determined by the presidential administration.[78]

Yeltsin's main opponents and would-be successors were already campaigning to replace the ailing president, and they fought hard to prevent Putin's emergence as a potential successor. Following the Russian apartment bombings and the invasion of Dagestan by mujahideen, including the former KGB agents, based in the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, Putin's law-and-order image and unrelenting approach to the Second Chechen War soon combined to raise his popularity and allowed him to overtake his rivals.

While not formally associated with any party, Putin pledged his support to the newly formed Unity Party,[79] which won the second largest percentage of the popular vote (23.3%) in the December 1999 Duma elections, and in turn supported Putin.

On 31 December 1999, Yeltsin unexpectedly resigned and, according to the Constitution of Russia, Putin became Acting President of the Russian Federation. On assuming this role, Putin went on a previously scheduled visit to Russian troops in Chechnya.[80]

The first presidential decree that Putin signed on 31 December 1999 was titled "On guarantees for the former president of the Russian Federation and the members of his family".[81][82] This ensured that "corruption charges against the outgoing President and his relatives" would not be pursued.[83] This was most notably targeted at the Mabetex bribery case in which Yeltsin's family members were involved. On 30 August 2000, a criminal investigation (number 18/238278-95) in which Putin himself,[84][85] as a member of the Saint Petersburg city government, was one of the suspects, was dropped.

On 30 December 2000, yet another case against the prosecutor general was dropped "for lack of evidence", despite thousands of documents having been forwarded by Swiss prosecutors.[86] On 12 February 2001, Putin signed a similar federal law which replaced the decree of 1999. A case regarding Putin's alleged corruption in metal exports from 1992 was brought back by Marina Salye, but she was silenced and forced to leave Saint Petersburg.[87]

While his opponents had been preparing for an election in June 2000, Yeltsin's resignation resulted in the presidential elections being held on 26 March 2000; Putin won in the first round with 53% of the vote.[88][89]

The inauguration of President Putin occurred on 7 May 2000. He appointed the minister of finance, Mikhail Kasyanov, as prime minister.[90] The first major challenge to Putin's popularity came in August 2000, when he was criticized for the alleged mishandling of the Kursk submarine disaster.[91] That criticism was largely because it took several days for Putin to return from vacation, and several more before he visited the scene.[91]

Between 2000 and 2004, Putin set about the reconstruction of the impoverished condition of the country, apparently winning a power-struggle with the Russian oligarchs, reaching a 'grand bargain' with them. This bargain allowed the oligarchs to maintain most of their powers, in exchange for their explicit support forand alignment withPutin's government.[92][93]

The Moscow theater hostage crisis occurred in October 2002. Many in the Russian press and in the international media warned that the deaths of 130 hostages in the special forces' rescue operation during the crisis would severely damage President Putin's popularity. However, shortly after the siege had ended, the Russian president enjoyed record public approval ratings83% of Russians declared themselves satisfied with Putin and his handling of the siege.[94]

In 2003, a referendum was held in Chechnya, adopting a new constitution which declares that the Republic of Chechnya is a part of Russia; on the other hand, the region did acquire autonomy.[95] Chechnya has been gradually stabilized with the establishment of the Parliamentary elections and a Regional Government.[96][97] Throughout the Second Chechen War, Russia severely disabled the Chechen rebel movement; however, sporadic attacks by rebels continued to occur throughout the northern Caucasus.[98]

On 14 March 2004, Putin was elected to the presidency for a second term, receiving 71% of the vote.[100] The Beslan school hostage crisis took place on 13 September 2004; more than 330 people died, including 186 children.[101]

The near 10-year period prior to the rise of Putin after the dissolution of Soviet rule was a time of upheaval in Russia.[102] In a 2005 Kremlin speech, Putin characterized the collapse of the Soviet Union as the "greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the Twentieth Century."[103] Putin elaborated, "Moreover, the epidemic of disintegration infected Russia itself."[104] The country's cradle-to-grave social safety net was gone and life expectancy declined in the period preceding Putin's rule.[105] In 2005, the National Priority Projects were launched to improve Russia's health care, education, housing, and agriculture.[106][107]

The continued criminal prosecution of the wealthiest man in Russia at the time, president of Yukos oil and gas company Mikhail Khodorkovsky, for fraud and tax evasion was seen by the international press as a retaliation for Khodorkovsky's donations to both liberal and communist opponents of the Kremlin.[108] Khodorkovsky was arrested, Yukos was bankrupted, and the company's assets were auctioned at below-market value, with the largest share acquired by the state company Rosneft.[109] The fate of Yukos was seen as a sign of a broader shift of Russia towards a system of state capitalism.[110][111] This was underscored in July 2014, when shareholders of Yukos were awarded $50billion in compensation by the Permanent Arbitration Court in The Hague.[112]

On 7 October 2006, Anna Politkovskaya, a journalist who exposed corruption in the Russian army and its conduct in Chechnya, was shot in the lobby of her apartment building, on Putin's birthday. The death of Politkovskaya triggered international criticism, with accusations that Putin had failed to protect the country's new independent media.[113][114] Putin himself said that her death caused the government more problems than her writings.[115]

In February 2007, at the Munich Security Conference Putin complained about the feeling of insecurity engendered by the dominant position in geopolitics of the United States, and observed that a former NATO official had made rhetorical promises not to expand into new countries in Eastern Europe.

On 14 July 2007, Putin announced that Russia would suspend implementation of its Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe obligations, effective after 150 days,[116][117] and suspend its ratification of the Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty which treaty was shunned by NATO members abeyant Russian withdrawal from Transnistria and the Republic of Georgia. Moscow continued to participate in the joint consultative group, because it hoped that dialogue could lead to the creation of an effective, new conventional arms control regime in Europe.[118] Russia did specify steps that NATO could take to end the suspension. "These include [NATO] members cutting their arms allotments and further restricting temporary weapons deployments on each NATO members territory. Russia also want[ed] constraints eliminated on how many forces it can deploy in its southern and northern flanks. Moreover, it is pressing NATO members to ratify a 1999 updated version of the accord, known as the Adapted CFE Treaty, and demanding that the four alliance members outside the original treaty, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Slovenia, join it."[117]

In early 2007, "Dissenters' Marches" were organized by the opposition group The Other Russia,[119] led by former chess champion Garry Kasparov and national-Bolshevist leader Eduard Limonov. Following prior warnings, demonstrations in several Russian cities were met by police action, which included interfering with the travel of the protesters and the arrests of as many as 150 people who attempted to break through police lines.[120]

On 12 September 2007, Putin dissolved the government upon the request of Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov. Fradkov commented that it was to give the President a "free hand" in the run-up to the parliamentary election. Viktor Zubkov was appointed the new prime minister.[121]

In December 2007, United Russiathe governing party that supports the policies of Putinwon 64.24% of the popular vote in their run for State Duma according to election preliminary results.[122] United Russia's victory in the December 2007 elections was seen by many as an indication of strong popular support of the then Russian leadership and its policies.[123][124]

Putin was barred from a third consecutive term by the Constitution. First Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev was elected his successor. In a power-switching operation on 8 May 2008, only a day after handing the presidency to Medvedev, Putin was appointed Prime Minister of Russia, maintaining his political dominance.[125]

Putin has said that overcoming the consequences of the world economic crisis was one of the two main achievements of his second premiership.[107] The other was stabilizing the size of Russia's population between 2008 and 2011 following a long period of demographic collapse that began in the 1990s.[107]

At the United Russia Congress in Moscow on 24 September 2011, Medvedev officially proposed that Putin stand for the presidency in 2012, an offer Putin accepted. Given United Russia's near-total dominance of Russian politics, many observers believed that Putin was assured of a third term. The move was expected to see Medvedev stand on the United Russia ticket in the parliamentary elections in December, with a goal of becoming prime minister at the end of his presidential term.[126]

After the parliamentary elections on 4 December 2011, tens of thousands of Russians engaged in protests against alleged electoral fraud, the largest protests in Putin's time. Protesters criticized Putin and United Russia and demanded annulment of the election results.[127] Those protests sparked the fear of a colour revolution in society.[128] Putin allegedly organized a number of paramilitary groups loyal to himself and to the United Russia party in the period between 2005 and 2012.[129]

On 24 September 2011, while speaking at the United Russia party congress, Medvedev announced that he would recommend the party nominate Putin as its presidential candidate. He also revealed that the two men had long ago cut a deal to allow Putin to run for president in 2012.[130] This switch was termed by many in the media as "Rokirovka", the Russian term for the chess move "castling".[131]

On 4 March 2012, Putin won the 2012 Russian presidential election in the first round, with 63.6% of the vote, despite widespread accusations of vote-rigging.[132][133][134] Opposition groups accused Putin and the United Russia party of fraud.[135][136] While efforts to make the elections transparent were publicized, including the usage of webcams in polling stations, the vote was criticized by the Russian opposition and by international observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe for procedural irregularities.[137]

Anti-Putin protests took place during and directly after the presidential campaign. The most notorious protest was the Pussy Riot performance on 21 February, and subsequent trial.[138] An estimated 8,00020,000 protesters gathered in Moscow on 6 May,[139][140] when eighty people were injured in confrontations with police,[141] and 450 were arrested, with another 120 arrests taking place the following day.[142] A counter-protest of Putin supporters occurred which culminated in a gathering of an estimated 130,000 supporters at the Luzhniki Stadium, Russia's largest stadium.[143] Some of the attendees stated that they had been paid to come, were forced to come by their employers, or were misled into believing that they were going to attend a folk festival instead.[144][145][146] The rally is considered to be the largest in support of Putin to date.[147]

Putin's presidency was inaugurated in the Kremlin on 7 May 2012.[148] On his first day as president, Putin issued 14 presidential decrees, which are sometimes called the "May Decrees" by the media, including a lengthy one stating wide-ranging goals for the Russian economy. Other decrees concerned education, housing, skilled labor training, relations with the European Union, the defense industry, inter-ethnic relations, and other policy areas dealt with in Putin's program articles issued during the presidential campaign.[149]

In 2012 and 2013, Putin and the United Russia party backed stricter legislation against the LGBT community, in Saint Petersburg, Archangelsk, and Novosibirsk; a law called the Russian gay propaganda law, that is against "homosexual propaganda" (which prohibits such symbols as the rainbow flag,[150][151] as well as published works containing homosexual content) was adopted by the State Duma in June 2013.[152][153] Responding to international concerns about Russia's legislation, Putin asked critics to note that the law was a "ban on the propaganda of pedophilia and homosexuality" and he stated that homosexual visitors to the 2014 Winter Olympics should "leave the children in peace" but denied there was any "professional, career or social discrimination" against homosexuals in Russia.[154]

In June 2013, Putin attended a televised rally of the All-Russia People's Front where he was elected head of the movement,[155] which was set up in 2011.[156] According to journalist Steve Rosenberg, the movement is intended to "reconnect the Kremlin to the Russian people" and one day, if necessary, replace the increasingly unpopular United Russia party that currently backs Putin.[157]

In February 2014, Russia made several military incursions into Ukrainian territory. After the Euromaidan protests and the fall of Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych, Russian soldiers without insignias took control of strategic positions and infrastructure within the Ukrainian territory of Crimea. Russia then annexed Crimea and Sevastopol after a referendum in which, according to official results, Crimeans voted to join the Russian Federation.[158][159][160] Subsequently, demonstrations against Ukrainian Rada legislative actions by pro-Russian groups in the Donbas area of Ukraine escalated into the Russo-Ukrainian War between the Ukrainian government and the Russia-backed separatist forces of the self-declared Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics. In August 2014,[161] Russian military vehicles crossed the border in several locations of Donetsk Oblast.[162][163][164] The incursion by the Russian military was seen by Ukrainian authorities as responsible for the defeat of Ukrainian forces in early September.[165][166]

In October 2014, Putin addressed Russian security concerns in Sochi at the Valdai International Discussion Club.

In November 2014, the Ukrainian military reported intensive movement of troops and equipment from Russia into the separatist-controlled parts of eastern Ukraine.[167] The Associated Press reported 80 unmarked military vehicles on the move in rebel-controlled areas.[168] An OSCE Special Monitoring Mission observed convoys of heavy weapons and tanks in DPR-controlled territory without insignia.[169] OSCE monitors further stated that they observed vehicles transporting ammunition and soldiers' dead bodies crossing the Russian-Ukrainian border under the guise of humanitarian-aid convoys.[170]

As of early August 2015, the OSCE observed over 21 such vehicles marked with the Russian military code for soldiers killed in action.[171] According to The Moscow Times, Russia has tried to intimidate and silence human-rights workers discussing Russian soldiers' deaths in the conflict.[172] The OSCE repeatedly reported that its observers were denied access to the areas controlled by "combined Russian-separatist forces".[173]

In October 2015, The Washington Post reported that Russia had redeployed some of its elite units from Ukraine to Syria in recent weeks to support Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.[174] In December 2015, Putin admitted that Russian military intelligence officers were operating in Ukraine.[175]

According to academic Andrei Tsygankov, many members of the international community assumed that Putin's annexation of Crimea had initiated a completely new kind of Russian foreign policy.[176][177] They took the annexation of Crimea to mean that his foreign policy had shifted "from state-driven foreign policy" to taking an offensive stance to recreate the Soviet Union. He also says that this policy shift can be understood as Putin trying to defend nations in Russia's sphere of influence from "encroaching western power". While the act to annex the Crimea was bold and drastic, his new foreign policy may have more similarities to his older policies.[178]

On 30 September 2015, President Putin authorized Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war, following a formal request by the Syrian government for military help against rebel and jihadist groups.[179]

The Russian military activities consisted of air strikes, cruise missile strikes and the use of front line advisors and Russian special forces against militant groups opposed to the Syrian government, including the Syrian opposition, as well as Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), al-Nusra Front (al-Qaeda in the Levant), Tahrir al-Sham, Ahrar al-Sham, and the Army of Conquest.[180][181] After Putin's announcement on 14 March 2016 that the mission he had set for the Russian military in Syria had been "largely accomplished" and ordered the withdrawal of the "main part" of the Russian forces from Syria,[182] Russian forces deployed in Syria continued to actively operate in support of the Syrian government.[183]

In January 2017, a U.S. intelligence community assessment expressed high confidence that Putin personally ordered an influence campaign, initially to denigrate Hillary Clinton and to harm her electoral chances and potential presidency, then later developing "a clear preference" for Donald Trump.[184] Trump consistently denied any Russian interference in the U.S. election,[185][186][187] as did Putin in December 2016,[188] March 2017,[189] June 2017,[190][191][192] and July 2017.[193]

Putin later stated that interference was "theoretically possible" and could have been perpetrated by "patriotically minded" Russian hackers,[194] and on another occasion claimed "not even Russians, but Ukrainians, Tatars or Jews, but with Russian citizenship" might have been responsible.[195] In July 2018, The New York Times reported that the CIA had long nurtured a Russian source who eventually rose to a position close to Putin, allowing the source to pass key information in 2016 about Putin's direct involvement.[196] Putin continued similar attempts in the 2020 U.S. presidential election.[197]

Putin won the 2018 Russian presidential election with more than 76% of the vote.[198] His fourth term began on 7 May 2018,[199] and will last until 2024.[200] On the same day, Putin invited Dmitry Medvedev to form a new government.[201] On 15 May 2018, Putin took part in the opening of the movement along the highway section of the Crimean bridge.[202] On 18 May 2018, Putin signed decrees on the composition of the new Government.[203] On 25 May 2018, Putin announced that he would not run for president in 2024, justifying this in compliance with the Russian Constitution.[204] On 14 June 2018, Putin opened the 21st FIFA World Cup, which took place in Russia for the first time. On 18 October 2018, Putin said Russians will 'go to Heaven as martyrs' in the event of a nuclear war as he would only use nuclear weapons in retaliation.[205]In September 2019, Putin's administration interfered with the results of Russia's nationwide regional elections and manipulated it by eliminating all candidates in the opposition. The event that was aimed at contributing to the ruling party, United Russia's victory, also contributed to inciting mass protests for democracy, leading to large-scale arrests and cases of police brutality.[206]

On 15 January 2020, Medvedev and his entire government resigned after Putin's 2020 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly. Putin suggested major constitutional amendments that could extend his political power after presidency.[207][208] At the same time, on behalf of Putin, he continued to exercise his powers until the formation of a new government.[209] Putin suggested that Medvedev take the newly created post of deputy chairman of the Security Council.[210]

On the same day, Putin nominated Mikhail Mishustin, head of the country's Federal Tax Service for the post of prime minister. The next day, he was confirmed by the State Duma to the post,[211][212] and appointed prime minister by Putin's decree.[213] This was the first time ever that a prime minister was confirmed without any votes against. On 21 January 2020, Mishustin presented to Putin a draft structure of his Cabinet. On the same day, the president signed a decree on the structure of the Cabinet and appointed the proposed ministers.[214][215][216]

On 15 March 2020, Putin instructed to form a Working Group of the State Council to counteract the spread of coronavirus. Putin appointed Moscow Mayor Sergey Sobyanin as the head of the group.[217]

On 22 March 2020, after a phone call with Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte, Putin arranged the Russian army to send military medics, special disinfection vehicles and other medical equipment to Italy, which was the European country hardest hit by the COVID-19 pandemic.[218]

On 24 March 2020, Putin visited a hospital in Moscow's Kommunarka, where patients with coronavirus are kept, where he spoke with them and with doctors.[219] Putin began working remotely from his office at Novo-Ogaryovo. According to Dmitry Peskov, Putin passes daily tests for coronavirus, and his health is not in danger.[220][221]

On 25 March, President Putin announced in a televised address to the nation that the 22 April constitutional referendum would be postponed due to the coronavirus.[222] He added that the next week would be a nationwide paid holiday and urged Russians to stay at home.[223][224] Putin also announced a list of measures of social protection, support for small and medium-sized enterprises, and changes in fiscal policy.[225] Putin announced the following measures for microenterprises, small- and medium-sized businesses: deferring tax payments (except Russia's value-added tax) for the next six months, cutting the size of social security contributions in half, deferring social security contributions, deferring loan repayments for the next six months, a six-month moratorium on fines, debt collection, and creditors' applications for bankruptcy of debtor enterprises.[226][227]

On 2 April 2020, Putin again issued an address in which he announced prolongation of the non-working time until 30 April.[228] Putin likened Russia's fight against COVID-19 to Russia's battles with invading Pecheneg and Cuman steppe nomads in the 10th and 11th centuries.[229] In a 24 to 27 April Levada poll, 48% of Russian respondents said that they disapproved of Putin's handling of the coronavirus pandemic,[230] and his strict isolation and lack of leadership during the crisis was widely commented as sign of losing his "strongman" image.[231][232]

In June 2021, Putin said he was fully vaccinated against the disease with the Sputnik V vaccine, emphasising that while vaccinations should be voluntary, making them mandatory in some professions would slow down the spread of COVID-19.[234] In September, Putin entered self-isolation after people in his inner circle tested positive for the disease.[235]

Putin signed an executive order on 3 July 2020 to officially insert amendments into the Russian Constitution, allowing him to run for two additional six-year terms. These amendments took effect on 4 July 2020.[236]

Since 11 July, protests have been held in the Khabarovsk Krai in Russia's Far East in support of arrested regional governor Sergei Furgal.[237] The 2020 Khabarovsk Krai protests have become increasingly anti-Putin.[238][239] A July 2020 Levada poll found that 45% of surveyed Russians supported the protests.[240]

On 22 December 2020, Putin signed a bill giving lifetime prosecutorial immunity to Russian ex-presidents.[241][242]

Putin met Iran President Ebrahim Raisi in January 2022 to lay the groundwork for a 20-year deal between the two nations.[243]

Following the pro-western Revolution of Dignity in Ukraine in 2014, Putin had seized eastern regions of the nation and annexed Crimea. In July 2021, Putin published an essay titled On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians, in which he states that Belarusians, Ukrainians and Russians should be in one All-Russian nation as a part of the Russian world and are "one people" whom "forces that have always sought to undermine our unity" wanted to "divide and rule".[244] The essay denies the existence of Ukraine as an independent nation.[245][246]

In September 2021, Ukraine had conducted military exercises with NATO forces.[247] The Kremlin warned that NATO expanding military infrastructure in Ukraine would cross "red lines" for Putin.[248][249] Putin's spokesman Dmitry Peskov denied allegations that Russia was preparing for a possible invasion of Ukraine.[250]

On 30 November, Putin stated that an enlargement of NATO in Ukraine, especially the deployment of any long-range ballistic missiles capable of striking Russian cities or U.S. national missile defense systems similar to those in Romania and Poland, would be a "red line" issue for the Kremlin.[251][252][253] Putin asked President Joe Biden for legal guarantees that NATO would not expand eastward or put "weapons systems that threaten us in close vicinity to Russian territory".[254] The U.S. and NATO have rejected Putin's demands.[255][256]

The Kremlin repeatedly denied that it had any plans to invade Ukraine.[259][260][261] Putin dismissed such fears as "alarmist".[262] In December 2021, a Levada Center poll found that about 50% of Russians believed the U.S. and NATO are to blame for the Russo-Ukrainian crisis, while 16% blamed Ukraine, and 4% blamed Russia.[263][264]

On 2 February 2022, Putin warned that Ukraine's accession to NATO could embolden Ukraine to reclaim control over Russian-annexed Crimea or areas ruled by pro-Russian separatists in Donbas, saying: "Imagine that Ukraine is a NATO member and a military operation [to regain Crimea] begins. What are we going to fight with NATO? Has anyone thought about this?"[265]

On 21 February, Putin signed a decree recognizing the two self proclaimed separatist republics in Donbas as independent states and made an Address concerning the events in Ukraine. The same day Putin spoke of the "historic, strategic mistakes" that were made when in 1991 the USSR "granted sovereignty" to other Soviet republics on "historically Russian land" and called the entire episode "truly fatal".[267] He described Ukraine as being turned into the "anti-Russia" by the West.[268]

On 22 February, Putin televised a meeting of the Security Council of Russia over the annexation,[269][270][271] during which the chief of the SVR, Sergey Naryshkin, was seen visibly to tremble while he "stutter[ed] uncomfortably"[272] as Putin humiliated him publicly for "fumbling"[273] in his response to the Russian President's questioning.[274]

On 23 February, Putin in a televised address announced a "special military operation" in Ukraine,[275][276] launching a full-scale invasion of Ukraine.[277] Citing a purpose of "denazification", he said the purpose of the "operation" was to "protect the people" in the predominantly Russian-speaking region of Donbas who, according to Putin, "for eight years now, have been facing humiliation and genocide perpetrated by the Kyiv regime".[278] Putin said that "all responsibility for possible bloodshed will be entirely on the conscience of the regime ruling on the territory of Ukraine".[279] In his speech, Putin said he had no plans to occupy Ukrainian territory,[280] adding: "We are not going to impose anything on anyone by force".[279] On 24 February, he launched a war to gain control of the remainder of the country and overthrow the elected government under the pretext that it was run by "Nazis".[281][282]

Putin's invasion was met with international condemnation.[283][284][285] International sanctions were widely imposed against Russia, including against Putin personally.[286][287] Following an emergency meeting of United Nations Security Council on 24 February, UN Secretary-General Antnio Guterres said: "President Putin, in the name of humanity, bring your troops back to Russia."[288]

The invasion led to numerous calls for Putin to be pursued with war crime charges.[18][289] British Prime Minister Boris Johnson suggested Putin could face war crimes charges, and said that the UK and its allies are working to set up a "particular international war crimes tribunal for those involved in war crimes in the Ukraine theatre".[290] President Joe Biden said that be believes Putin "meets the legal definition" of being "a war criminal".[291] The International Criminal Court (ICC) stated that it would investigate the possibility of war crimes in Ukraine since late 2013.[292] The United States has pledged to help the ICC to prosecute Putin and others for war crimes committed during the invasion of Ukraine.[293]

From Africa, Kenya expressed opposition to Putin's actions and to the idea of using force to change borders left behind by collapsing colonial empires.[294] On 3 March, the United Nations General Assembly overwhelmingly voted to condemn Russia for the invasion and demanded the withdrawal of Putin's forces. The Resolution ES-11/1 was passed by 141 votes to five (with 35 abstentions).[295] Putin's ally China and India abstained. International reactions to the invasion has given Russia a pariah status,[296] facing increasing international isolation.[297]

In response to what Putin called "aggressive statements" by the West, he put the Strategic Rocket Forces's nuclear deterrence units on high alert.[298] U.S. intelligence agencies determined that Putin was "frustrated" by slow progress due to the unexpectedly strong Ukrainian defense, "directing unusual bursts of anger" at his inner circle.[299]

On 4 March, Putin signed into law a bill introducing prison sentences of up to 15 years for those who publish "knowingly false information" about the Russian military and its operations, leading to some media outlets in Russia to stop reporting on Ukraine.[300] On 7 March, as a condition for ending the invasion, the Kremlin demanded Ukraine's neutrality, recognition of Crimea as Russian territory, and recognition of the self-proclaimed republics of Donetsk and Luhansk as independent states.[301][302]

On 16 March, Putin issued a warning to Russian "traitors" who he said the West wanted to use as a "fifth column" to destroy Russia. He said that Russians should undergo "natural and necessary self-cleansing of society" to rid themselves of "bastards" and pro-Western "traitors."[303][304]

On 24 March, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution drafted by Ukraine and its allies which criticized Russia for creating a "dire" humanitarian situation and demanded aid access as well as the protection of civilians in Ukraine. 140 member states voted in favour, 38 abstained, and five voted against the resolution.[305]

As early as 25 March, credible reports were published by the UN Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights that Putin ordered a kidnapping policy whereby Ukrainian nationals who did not cooperate with the Russian takeover of their homeland were victimized by FSB agents.[306][307][308] The Ukrainian government reported that 400,000 citizens have been forcibly taken to Russia where "some could be sent as far as the Pacific Ocean island of Sakhalin and are being offered jobs on condition they don't leave for two years", while "the Kremlin" in the person of Colonel General Mikhail Mizintsev said the relocated people wanted to go to Russia.[309] The Mayor of the besieged city of Mariupol compared the kidnappings to the actions of Nazi Germany during World War II.[310]

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Vladimir Putin - Wikipedia

Putin Admits Russia Is Facing ‘Issues’ in the Ukraine War

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Russian President Vladimir Putin on Tuesday admitted his country faces "issues" in the Ukraine war, and told his team to speed up the decision-making process in the conflict.

But his remarks which were made in Russian, and were televised appear to have been translated differently by news organizations.

"Now we are faced with the need to more rapidly resolve issues associated with providing support for the special military operation and the need to counter economic restrictions that were imposed on us, which are truly unprecedented without any exaggeration," Putin told a newly formed Coordination Council, which was set up to improve support for the invasion of Ukraine, according to an official transcript from the Kremlin.

Putin's remarks have been translated differently by the AFP and Reuters, both of which have operations in Russia. While the Kremlin wrote that Putin used the phrase "economic restrictions," the AFP reported that Putin said Russia was facing "economic difficulties" due to sanctions over the war.

The difference in translations is notable because if Putin did indeed use the words "economic restrictions," the wording marks a departure from Putin's usual line of statements that indicate Russia is holding up well under sanctions.

Putin's comments, which came eight months after the invasion of Ukraine, wereseen as acknowledging challenges Russia has been facing on the ground.

They also came days after the Russian central bank issued several reports in October that acknowledged a challenging environment for the country's economy, even though it had seemed to be propped up by firm energy prices.

Putin's partial mobilizationof the country's 300,000 military reservists in September created new challenges for production processes and output maintenance, according to a Russian central bankreport released last week. The exerciseis also expected to "negatively affect consumer and business confidence," the central bank said.

"The recovery of economic activity stalled in September," the research department of the central bank wrote. By the end of the month, the economic conditions had worsened, it added.

Putin's address to his coordination council came two days after Russia's defense minister accused Ukraine of preparing to use radioactive "dirty bombs" sparking concerns about an escalation in the war.

The US, the UK, and France rejected Russia's allegation about "dirty bombs" in a joint statement, saying Russia's "transparently false allegations" were "a pretext for escalation."

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Putin Admits Russia Is Facing 'Issues' in the Ukraine War

Vladimir Putin Faces Dissent From Both Sides as Russian Mood Sours

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MIKHAIL KLIMENTYEV/Sputnik/AFP Russian President Vladimir Putin (L) and Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu (C) meet soldiers during a visit at a military training center of the Western Military District for mobilised reservists, outside the town of Ryazan on October 20, 2022.

Russian President Vladimir Putin is facing dissent from both pro-war activists and anti-war protesters, as Russia's war against Ukraine drags on.

More than eight months into the war against neighboring Ukraine, anger is growing across the country.

Staunch Putin allies are criticizing the military's handling of the conflict, Russian state TV hosts are shifting their tone on the war, attacks on military registration and enlistment offices and Russian railway infrastructure are increasing, and some officials are even calling for Putin's resignation.

The British Ministry of Defence said in its latest intelligence update on the war that the Russian anti-war group "Stop the Wagons" (STW) claimed responsibility for an October 24 explosion that damaged the railway near the village of Novozybkovo, located near the Russia-Belarus border.

It marked at least the sixth incident of sabotage against Russian railway infrastructure claimed by STW since June.

The ministry said that Russia's military primarily relies on rail transport for transporting forces to Ukraine and that Monday's attack is part of a wider trend of attacks against railways in both Russia and Belarus.

The railway that was targeted this week is the main rail link between Russia and southern Belarus.

"The Russian leadership will be increasingly concerned that even a small group of citizens has been sufficiently opposed to the conflict to resort to physical sabotage," the latest British intelligence update said.

The Institute for the Study of War (ISW), a U.S. think tank, separately said on Wednesday that prominent members of Putin's inner circle are equally voicing their dissatisfaction with war efforts in Ukraine.

It said this indicates that Putin will "continue to struggle to appease the pro-war constituency in the long term."

The ISW pointed to remarks made by Ramzan Kadyrov, the head of Russia's Chechen Republic, as he once again criticized the military's handling of the war on Tuesday.

In an audio message on his Telegram channel, Kadyrov, a longtime ally of Putin, said Moscow is "responding weakly" to Kyiv's counteroffensive to retake the southern Kherson region, and shelling in other areas that Putin has proclaimed to have annexed.

"In my opinion, we are responding weakly. If a shell flew in our direction, in our region, we must wipe out the cities," Kadyrov said.

Kadyrov last month also publicly ridiculed Putin's military, and lashed out at the Defense Ministry's leadership, saying that the Russian military "gave away several cities and villages."

The ISW said Kadyrov's statement indirectly criticizes the scale of the Russian missile campaign against Ukraine's energy infrastructure and that it lines up with other critiques that came after the first campaign began on October 10.

Criticism within the Kremlin elite will likely intensify as Russia loses more territories it had previously occupied, the ISW said, amid an anticipated Ukrainian victory in the Kherson region.

Putin hasn't directly addressed criticism from his inner circle, but last month, his spokesman issued a stern warning to Russians angry at the ongoing war in Ukraine.

Pro-Kremlin Telegram channels must be "very careful" when criticizing the Russian Defense Ministry, Putin's spokesman Dmitry Peskov told reporters at a news briefing on September 13.

"As for other points of view, critical points of view, as long as they remain within the framework of the current legislation, this is pluralism," Peskov said. "But the line is very, very thin, you have to be very careful here."

Newsweek has reached out to Russia's Foreign Ministry for comment.

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Vladimir Putin Faces Dissent From Both Sides as Russian Mood Sours

Russias Oligarch Wives Claim Putin Is Suffering From a Secret Illness

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According to everyone featured in Secrets of the Oligarch Wives, Vladimir Putin is a ruthless, greedy, sociopathic monster who cares only about his own power, wealth, and legacy as a titan who united and restored the glory of Mother Russia. The ongoing war in Ukraine, as well as the continued imprisonment and mistreatment of opposition leader Alexei Navalny, corroborates those claims, although the true hook of the Paramount+ documentary about the Russian president is its insider commentary from the women who were closest to the authoritarians oligarchs. What they have to say isnt particularly shocking, but its certainly further evidence that the world is in peril from a man willing to do anything, to anyone, to achieve his own ends.

Narrated by Ranvir Singh and executive produced by Justine Kershaw, Laura Jones and David McNab, Secrets of the Oligarch Wives (out June 28) is a portrait of Putin as the most dangerous man on the planet, told largely by a collection of women with ties to bigwigs whose lives were deeply affected by him. There are only two nominal oligarch wives spotlighted by this 90-minute documentaryCountess Alexandra Tolstoy (a distant relative of Russian writer Leo Tolstoy), who spent years alongside oligarch Sergei Pugachev; and Tatiana Fokina, the spouse of exiled cellphone oligarch Evgeny Chichvarkinand even then, the former was never formally married to her Russian billionaire partner. In terms of false advertising, this is a moderate case, if not an ultimately disastrous turn of events, given that the speakers do an adequate job providing first-hand accounts of the turmoil and terror wrought by Putin against anyone who dares stand in his way.

Inside Sundances Top-Secret Documentary on Putin Target Alexei Navalny

For its opening third, Secrets of the Oligarch Wives functions as a basic primer on Putins rise to power. When the Soviet Union fell in 1989, Putin was a KGB agent stationed in Dresden, East Germany, and in Russias ensuing wild west of the 1990s under President Boris Yeltsin, he rose through the countrys political ranks, eventually becoming Yeltsins successor when the leader abruptly resigned from his post on Dec. 31, 1999. According to financier and political activist Bill Browder, Yeltsin had propped up his failing nationracked by pervasive unemployment, food shortages, and crumbling state industriesby selling 40 percent of the country to 22 oligarchs, borrowing money from them and then defaulting on the loans. This created a class of oligarch billionaires with not only untold riches but massive political clout, and this group hand-selected Putin as Russias new president, assuming he was a boring functionary whod do their bidding.

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They were wrong. Though Yeltsin had turned a blind eye to the oligarchs, who basically operated as mafia bosses, Putin decided that hed become Russias chief Godfather, demanding huge cuts of their profits (and their unwavering loyalty), and dishing out severe penalties for anyone who disobeyed his wishes. For critical voices in the FSB like Alexander Litvinenko, that meant fatal poisoning. For his former businessmen allies, it meant criminal prosecution and the seizure of assets. Far from a malleable pawn, Putin revealed himself to be a cagey tyrant with no limits. Yet since hed initially appeared to be a young, vibrant, open-to-the-West breath of fresh air, most were happy to overlook his more dictatorial actions. Even when the mysterious deaths of opponents began piling up, those crimes were carried out with enough plausible deniability to provide others with justification for continuing to do business with him.

All of this is well-trod territory, and Secrets of the Oligarch Wives is hardly thorough enough to be a real non-fiction history lesson. Nonetheless, it gets the general background details right, and embellishes that familiar material with stories from Tolstoy and Fokina. For the former, life with Pugachev was a whirlwind of glamorous yachts and ritzy palaces, which she makes no bones about having lovedat least until Putin decided to turn on his former confidant and send him fleeing to France. Fokina, meanwhile, didnt meet Chichvarkin until after he had escaped Russia following Putins attempts to confiscate his empire and prosecute him for all manner of offenses. In both instances, the women dispense tales about Putins nastiness, little-man complex, and brutality, which are then complemented by similar remarks from Litvinenkos widow Marina as well as Browder, whose colleague was killed after speaking out against Russian corruption, and whoin a stunning archival press-conference clipis singled out as an enemy by Putin, at which point Donald Trump voices his support for the Russian leaders autocratic intentions.

Tolstoy takes viewers on a car-ride tour of some of the many mansions that the oligarchs own (or previously owned) in London, where so many have fled over the past 20 years. Yet just as Secrets of the Oligarch Wives leaves Tolstoys personal details vague, so too does the documentary refuse to pointedly question her about her willingness to get into bed with a shady criminal simply because his affluence and influence were enticing. Even Browder, who speaks harshly about Putin, is barely identified, such that his current position in Putins crosshairs comes across as a fact devoid of meaningful context. Talk about Putins own humble upbringing, and later enthusiasm for living in the lavish Kremlin, are eventually fingered as potential reasons for his merciless tyranny, but that angle also feels thin and underdeveloped.

The ongoing siege of Ukraine is briefly addressed toward the close of Secrets of the Oligarch Wives, and it serves as the latest and most heartbreaking example of Putins viciousness. Fokina surmises that Putin is willing to do anything because hes secretly ill, while Browder suggests that hes a mentally unwell madman who lacks empathy, a conscience, and normal human emotionsand has for his entire life. A wealth of old clips cast Putin in an unflattering light, depicting him as a stone-faced creep. Unfortunately, just about any nightly news broadcast could tell you the same thing, and without the pretenses of this rather shallow documentary, which purports to deliver untold secrets about Russias elite from the women who were once a part of it, and yet mostly mixes well-publicized facts and scattered anecdotes to produce unenlightening results.

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Russias Oligarch Wives Claim Putin Is Suffering From a Secret Illness

Principality of Sealand – Become a lord or lady with Sealand

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Locatedin international waters, on themilitary fortress ofRoughsTower, Sealand is the smallest country in the world.

The countrys national motto is E Mare, Libertas (From the Sea, Freedom), reflecting itsenduringstruggle for liberty through the years. Sealand has been an independent sovereignStatesince 1967. The Bates family governs the small stateas hereditary royal rulers, each member with his, or her,own royal title. Sealandupholdsits own constitution, composed of a preamble and seven articles. Upon thedeclarationofindependence, the founding Bates family raised the Sealand flag,pledgingfreedom and justiceto all that lived under it.

Following this, Sealand issued passports to its nationals, minted official currency and commissioned its own stamps.

Show your support for Sealand independence for the years to come, by registering for a Noble Title and becoming a Lord or a Lady. Sealand also offers ID cards, and the chance to own a piece of our territory. Other official Sealand products are also available for sale on this website. See shop

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Sealand national football team – Wikipedia

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Football team representing Sealand

The Sealand national football team represents the Principality of Sealand. It is not a member of FIFA or UEFA, but was an associate member of the N.F.-Board, an organisation for teams who are not members of FIFA. They were admitted to the N.F.-Board as a provisional member in 2005 and as an associate member in 2006, before the organisation became defunct in 2013.

The Sealand National Football Association (SNFA) was founded in 2003. In 2004, they played their first game against land drawing 22.[1] All the players on the Sealand team were members of Vestbjerg Vintage Idrtsforening, a veterans side from Aalborg. However, the Danish-based SNFA ended their activities in 2006 and Sealand football took a break.

On 23 December 2009, Scottish author Neil Forsyth was appointed head of the revived SNFA.[2] He stated a goal of participation in the 2010 VIVA World Cup, a dream ultimately ended by a lack of finance.On 5 May 2012, Sealand took to the field against fellow N.F.-Board members the Chagos Islands at Weycourt in Godalming, Surrey. The Chagossians won 31, with Ryan Moore scoring for Sealand. The team was captained by former Bolton Wanderers defender Simon Charlton and actor Ralf Little.[2][3][4]

Sealand played an away game against Alderney on 25 August 2012.[5] After drawing the match by a scoreline of 11, Sealand won 54 on penalties. On 9 March 2013 Sealand won their first ever international when they beat Alderney 21 in Godalming.

Sealand competed in the Tynwald Hill Tournament on the Isle of Man in July 2013. The tournament was held at Mullen-e-Cloie, St John's. Following a late 53 defeat to Tamil Eelam and an 80 demolition at the hands of eventual winners Occitania, Sealand finished bottom of their group and went on to the 5th place playoff where they beat Alderney 21.

In February 2014 Sealand recorded their record win as they beat the Chagos Islands 42 in Godalming.[6]

In May 2014 Sealand drew 11 with the Chagos Islands at Crawley Town a fortnight before another draw, 22 with Somaliland (who were making their non-FIFA debut) in London.

Sealand underwent a European tour for the first time in August 2014 which proved to be hugely successful. In Chur a record 61 win over Raetia saw Dan Hughes become the record-scorer with 4 goals, before a 32 win over Seborga in Ospedaletti, Italy. Hughes added to his tally in that game and the Seals extended their unbeaten international run to 6 games.[7]

Sealand has not been a member of a confederation since the N.F.-Board became defunct. An application to join CONIFA was rejected.[8]

Sealand's kit has the same colors as the flag of Sealand. Their original kit consisted of a red shirt with white trim, black shorts and white socks, and was provided by JJB with sponsorship from UK investment firm Property Secrets.[9]

For the Tynwald Tournament, Sealand introduced a new Nike home kit, in red, with a white stripe down the right-hand side. In the 80 defeat to Occitania, Sealand debuted their Stanno away kit of a white shirt with pale red shorts.

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Sealand national football team - Wikipedia

Global Stem Cell Banking Market Research Report 2022: Market to Reach $11.5 Billion by 2026 – Adult Stem Cell Research Gains Traction, Accelerating…

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Global Stem Cell Banking Market Research Report 2022: Market to Reach $11.5 Billion by 2026 - Adult Stem Cell Research Gains Traction, Accelerating Research Funding - ResearchAndMarkets.com  Business Wire

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Litecoin (LTC) Price Prediction 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025-2030 – Changelly

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Litecoin has been the third cryptocurrency by market capitalization for a very long time. This crypto coin has been active for over nine years now and has managed to be successful for most of this period. At the moment, it is still ranked among the top 30 cryptocurrencies by market cap.

Lately, there has been a lot of talk happening about how Litecoin has fallen off. Nowadays, all trending tokens are either attached to a strong brand, have a lot to offer besides being a store of value, or are simply quirky enough to be noticed by millionaires. Despite having a solid technical foundation, Litecoin doesnt really have any of those things.

However, this cryptocurrency is still going strong, and we are very likely to see the price and market cap of Litecoin rise again in the future.

In this article, well take a look at Litecoins fundamentals and its prospects as a long-term investment. Please remember that our LTC price prediction does not constitute investment advice, and you should do your own research before deciding whether its a good investment or not.

Litecoin (LTC) is a decentralized peer-to-peer cryptocurrency created by Charlie Lee, a former Google employee, in 2011. The LTC network was designed to solve its elder brothers network problems, such as transaction speed, scalability, and high commission fees for each financial transaction made on the blockchain.

Litecoin used to be one of the first cryptocurrencies people learned of when they entered the market. As a fork of Bitcoin, the LTC network is based on the BTC protocol. Some of the things they have in common are anonymity, decentralization, the ability to be mined, and the consensus mechanism (Proof-of-Work).

In 2016, Litecoin became the second-biggest cryptocurrency, overtaking all existing altcoins at that time. The project aimed not only to boost the rate of Litecoins price growth but also to promote LTC as a trustless peer-to-peer medium of exchange.

The Litecoin Foundation has never claimed to compete with Bitcoin directly. On the contrary, they believed that Bitcoin would serve as the fundamental digital coin. Meanwhile, Litecoin was supposed to modestly take the place of a useful alternative.

Litecoin has had a few price surges since 2016 but has started slowly falling down the market cap rankings. That happened in part due to the fact that the cryptocurrency market grew exponentially, and with it, the amount of competition Litecoin had.

Digital assets like Ethereum, which were more technologically advanced than the Litecoin cryptocurrency, attracted more crypto investors. Nowadays, LTC is still used for quick and cheap transactions, but a lot of Litecoin predictions state that the coin needs wider adoption and more partnerships to truly shine.

Now, lets take a look at the result of the LTC technical analysis performed by Trading View. It is updated in real time.

A buy signal means that Litecoins price is expected to rise in the near future. A sell signal means that the coin is likely to decline in value soon. This type of analysis is best suited for short-term price predictions.

According to the technical analysis of Litecoin prices expected in 2022, the minimum cost of Litecoin will be $58.54. The maximum level that the LTC price can reach is $63.42. The average trading price is expected around $61.24.

Based on the price fluctuations of Litecoin at the beginning of 2022, crypto experts expect the average LTC rate of $56.62 in October 2022. Its minimum and maximum prices can be expected at $51.76 and at $58.23, respectively.

Cryptocurrency experts are ready to announce their forecast for the LTC price in November 2022. The minimum trading cost might be $56.72, while the maximum might reach $61.06 during this month. On average, it is expected that the value of Litecoin might be around $58.88.

Crypto analysts have checked the price fluctuations of Litecoin in 2022 and in previous years, so the average LTC rate they predict might be around $61.24 in December 2022. It can drop to $58.54 as a minimum. The maximum value might be $63.42.

After the analysis of the prices of Litecoin in previous years, it is assumed that in 2023, the minimum price of Litecoin will be around $85.67. The maximum expected LTC price may be around $104.88. On average, the trading price might be $88.12 in 2023.

Based on the technical analysis by cryptocurrency experts regarding the prices of Litecoin, in 2024, LTC is expected to have the following minimum and maximum prices: about $116.37 and $146.71, respectively. The average expected trading cost is $120.77.

The experts in the field of cryptocurrency have analyzed the prices of Litecoin and their fluctuations during the previous years. It is assumed that in 2025, the minimum LTC price might drop to $176.40, while its maximum can reach $208.85. On average, the trading cost will be around $182.43.

Based on the analysis of the costs of Litecoin by crypto experts, the following maximum and minimum LTC prices are expected in 2026: $305.20 and $250.86. On average, it will be traded at $259.98.

Crypto experts are constantly analyzing the fluctuations of Litecoin. Based on their predictions, the estimated average LTC price will be around $366.87. It might drop to a minimum of $356.47, but it still might reach $428.01 throughout 2027.

Every year, cryptocurrency experts prepare forecasts for the price of Litecoin. It is estimated that LTC will be traded between $518.36 and $620.25 in 2028. Its average cost is expected at around $533.04 during the year.

Cryptocurrency analysts are ready to announce their estimations of the Litecoins price. The year 2029 will be determined by the maximum LTC price of $871.69. However, its rate might drop to around $740.35. So, the expected average trading price is $766.99.

After years of analysis of the Litecoin price, crypto experts are ready to provide their LTC cost estimation for 2030. It will be traded for at least $1,116.57, with the possible maximum peaks at $1,304.48. Therefore, on average, you can expect the LTC price to be around $1,147.25 in 2030.

Cryptocurrency analysts are ready to announce their estimations of the Litecoins price. The year 2031 will be determined by the maximum LTC price of $1,913.76. However, its rate might drop to around $1,620.79. So, the expected average trading price is $1,666.67.

Despite not being among the top 10 cryptocurrencies by market capitalization, Litecoin is still an incredibly popular cryptocurrency. As a result, there are quite a lot of Litecoin price predictions out there made by top industry analysts. Here are some of them.

The Price Prediction platforms Litecoin forecast is unbelievably bullish. It is probably one of the most optimistic LTC price predictions you will find. They expect this coin to grow tenfold in just five years and can see Litecoins future price crossing over the $3K mark before this decade is over.

Like most other Litecoin price forecasts, the one from Digital Coin Price is also bullish on this digital asset. Their price prediction sees the coins price doubling in value over the next five years.

GOV Capital also has a positive outlook on the future of Litecoin. Although they are bearish on it in the short term, they expect LTC to start rising again sometime next year.

Wallet Investors LTC price prediction is moderately bullish in the short run but expects this coin to go through a period of explosive growth in five years. They think that Litecoin may double its price by 2027.

Unlike most other platforms, TradingBeasts is bearish on LTC. They think that Litecoins price and market cap are going to decline in both the short- and the long run.

Their Litecoin forecast has the coin declining until the end of 2023. Then, TradingBeasts predicts that Litecoins price will start rising again. However, they do not see LTC hitting a new ATH in the next few years.

You can buy or exchange Litecoin at great rates and with low fees on Changelly.

In order to get any cryptocurrency, you will need a crypto wallet that supports it. Find out which reputable wallets support LTC here.

Litecoins all-time high is a little over $400. At the moment, we think that, realistically, the LTC price can go up to about $1,000 at least in the near future.

Both ETH and LTC are high-risk, high-reward assets. Although Ethereum would usually be a better fit for most portfolios, you should research both of these crypto assets before you make up your mind.

Litecoin and Bitcoin have many similarities after all, LTC is a fork of BTC. Nonetheless, they have different hash functions, and Litecoin was specifically designed to process transactions four times faster than Bitcoin. However, Bitcoin has a much higher market cap and price.

There are many cryptocurrencies that can be considered better than Litecoin on a technical level for example, Ethereum. However, that does not mean LTC is bad or useless it simply offers something different. It is still favored by many investors as a cheap and quick medium of exchange.

Although Litecoin is technically decentralized by design, it has a single, well-known creator Charlie Lee. This means that there is a person out there who has at least some additional influence over the project. However, it is still considered fully decentralized by the community.

Just like Bitcoin, Litecoin uses the Proof-of-Work consensus mechanism.

Only time will tell. Litecoin has the support and the technical foundation to survive in the long term, but it does not really offer anything other cryptocurrencies dont have. Its survival will depend on how many businesses will adopt it, government regulation, and the competition within the crypto market.

Most Litecoin forecasts are bullish on this coin, and those that are not still dont see it crashing. As long as the crypto market continues to exist, so does Litecoin at least in the next decade. However, it remains to be seen whether LTC will be a profitable long-term investment.

Disclaimer: Please note that the contents of this article are not financial or investing advice. The information provided in this article is the authors opinion only and should not be considered as offering trading or investing recommendations. We do not make any warranties about the completeness, reliability and accuracy of this information. The cryptocurrency market suffers from high volatility and occasional arbitrary movements. Any investor, trader, or regular crypto users should research multiple viewpoints and be familiar with all local regulations before committing to an investment.

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Litecoin (LTC) Price Prediction 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025-2030 - Changelly

Litecoin Registers Over $1 Million In Whale Transactions For 2022 Good News For LTC? – NewsBTC

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  1. Litecoin Registers Over $1 Million In Whale Transactions For 2022 Good News For LTC?  NewsBTC
  2. Litecoin (LTC) Price Now Trading in Historical Buy Zone  BeInCrypto
  3. Litecoin price takes off! Is this the beginning of Crypto Season?  FXStreet
  4. Litecoin Price Prediction as Historical Volatility Plummets  BanklessTimes
  5. Litecoins whale transactions spike, but what could it mean for retailers  AMBCrypto News
  6. View Full Coverage on Google News

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Litecoin Registers Over $1 Million In Whale Transactions For 2022 Good News For LTC? - NewsBTC

The Bahamas – Wikipedia

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The Bahamas (), officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is a country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the West Indies in the Atlantic. It takes up 97% of the Lucayan Archipelago's land area and is home to 88% of the archipelago's population. The archipelagic state consists of more than 3,000 islands, cays, and islets in the Atlantic Ocean, and is located north of Cuba and northwest of the island of Hispaniola (split between Haiti and the Dominican Republic) and the Turks and Caicos Islands, southeast of the US state of Florida, and east of the Florida Keys. The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence. The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes The Bahamas' territory as encompassing 470,000km2 (180,000sqmi) of ocean space.

Commonwealth of The Bahamas

and largest city

(2010)

Declaration of Independence

Total

Water(%)

2022 estimate

2018census

Density

Total

Per capita

Total

Per capita

The Bahama Islands were inhabited by the Lucayans, a branch of the Arawakan-speaking Tano, for many centuries.[11] Christopher Columbus was the first European to see the islands, making his first landfall in the "New World" in 1492 when he landed on the island of San Salvador. Later, the Spanish shipped the native Lucayans to and enslaved them on Hispaniola, after which the Bahama islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648 due to nearly all native Bahamians being forcefully removed through enslavement or dying due to diseases brought to the islands by the Europeans. In 1649,[12] English colonists from Bermuda, known as the Eleutheran Adventurers, settled on the island of Eleuthera.

The Bahamas became a British crown colony in 1718, when the British clamped down on piracy. After the American Revolutionary War, the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists to the Bahamas; they took enslaved people with them and established plantations on land grants. Enslaved African people and their descendants constituted the majority of the population from this period on. The slave trade was abolished by the British in 1807; slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834. Subsequently, the Bahamas became a haven for freed African slaves. Africans liberated from illegal slave ships were resettled on the islands by the Royal Navy, while some North American slaves and Seminoles escaped to the Bahamas from Florida. Bahamians were even known to recognise the freedom of enslaved people carried by the ships of other nations which reached the Bahamas. Today Black-Bahamians make up 90% of the population of 400,516.[11]

The country gained governmental independence in 1973, led by Sir Lynden O. Pindling. Charles III is currently its monarch.[11] In terms of gross domestic product per capita, the Bahamas is one of the richest independent countries in the Americas (following the United States and Canada), with an economy based on tourism and offshore finance.[13]

The name Bahamas is derived from the Lucayan name Bahama ('large upper middle island'), used by the indigenous Tano people for the island of Grand Bahama.[14][15] Tourist guides often state that the name comes from the Spanish baja mar ('shallow sea'). Wolfgang Ahrens of York University argues that this is a folk etymology.[14] Alternatively, it may originate from Guanahani, a local name of unclear meaning.[16]

First attested on the c. 1523 Turin Map, Bahama originally referred to Grand Bahama alone but was used inclusively in English by 1670.[17] Toponymist Isaac Taylor argues that the name was derived from Bimani (Bimini), which Spaniards in Haiti identified with Palombe, a legendary place where John Mandeville's Travels said there was a fountain of youth.[18]

The first inhabitants of the Bahamas were the Taino people, who moved into the uninhabited southern islands from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 800s1000s AD, having migrated there from South America; they came to be known as the Lucayan people.[19] An estimated 30,000 Lucayans inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus's arrival in 1492.[20]

Columbus's first landfall in what was to Europeans a "New World" was on an island he named San Salvador (known to the Lucayans as Guanahani). Whilst there is a general consensus that this island lay within the Bahamas, precisely which island Columbus landed on is a matter of scholarly debate. Some researchers believe the site to be present-day San Salvador Island (formerly known as Watling's Island), situated in the southeastern Bahamas, whilst an alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay, according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge, based on Columbus's log. On the landfall island, Columbus made first contact with the Lucayans and exchanged goods with them, claiming the islands for the Crown of Castile, before proceeding to explore the larger isles of the Greater Antilles.[19]

The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas theoretically divided the new territories between the Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of Portugal, placing the Bahamas in the Spanish sphere; however they did little to press their claim on the ground. The Spanish did however exploit the native Lucayan peoples, many of whom were enslaved and sent to Hispaniola for use as forced labour.[19] The slaves suffered harsh conditions and most died from contracting diseases to which they had no immunity; half of the Taino died from smallpox alone.[22] As a result of these depredations the population of the Bahamas was severely diminished.[23]

The English had expressed an interest in the Bahamas as early as 1629. However, it was not until 1648 that the first English settlers arrived on the islands. Known as the Eleutherian Adventurers and led by William Sayle, they migrated from Bermuda seeking greater religious freedom. These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera, Greek for free. They later settled New Providence, naming it Sayle's Island. Life proved harder than envisaged however, and many including Sayle chose to return to Bermuda.[19] To survive, the remaining settlers salvaged goods from wrecks.

In 1670, King Charles II granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas in North America. They rented the islands from the king with rights of trading, tax, appointing governors, and administering the country from their base on New Providence.[24][19] Piracy and attacks from hostile foreign powers were a constant threat. In 1684, Spanish corsair Juan de Alcon raided the capital Charles Town (later renamed Nassau),[25] and in 1703, a joint Franco-Spanish expedition briefly occupied Nassau during the War of the Spanish Succession.[26][27]

During proprietary rule, the Bahamas became a haven for pirates, including Blackbeard (circa 16801718).[28] To put an end to the "Pirates' republic" and restore orderly government, Britain made the Bahamas a crown colony in 1718, which they dubbed "the Bahama islands" under the governorship of Woodes Rogers.[19] After a difficult struggle, he succeeded in suppressing piracy.[29] In 1720, the Spanish attacked Nassau during the War of the Quadruple Alliance. In 1729, a local assembly was established giving a degree of self-governance for British settlers.[19][30] The reforms had been planned by the previous Governor George Phenney and authorised in July 1728.[31]

During the American War of Independence in the late 18th century, the islands became a target for US naval forces. Under the command of Commodore Esek Hopkins, US Marines, the US Navy occupied Nassau in 1776, before being evacuated a few days later. In 1782 a Spanish fleet appeared off the coast of Nassau, and the city surrendered without a fight. Later, in April 1783, on a visit made by Prince William of the United Kingdom (later to become King William IV) to Luis de Unzaga at his residence in the Captaincy General of Havana, they made prisoner exchange agreements and also dealt with the preliminaries of the Treaty of Paris (1783), in which the recently conquered Bahamas would be exchanged for East Florida, which would still have to conquer the city of St. Augustine, Florida in 1784 by order of Luis de Unzaga; after that, also in 1784, the Bahamas would be declared a British colony.[32]

After US independence, the British resettled some 7,300 Loyalists with their African slaves in the Bahamas, including 2,000 from New York[33] and at least 1,033 European, 2,214 African ancestrals and a few Native American Creeks from East Florida. Most of the refugees resettled from New York had fled from other colonies, including West Florida, which the Spanish captured during the war.[34] The government granted land to the planters to help compensate for losses on the continent. These Loyalists, who included Deveaux and also Lord Dunmore, established plantations on several islands and became a political force in the capital.[19] European Americans were outnumbered by the African-American slaves they brought with them, and ethnic Europeans remained a minority in the territory.

The Slave Trade Act 1807 abolished slave trading to British possessions, including the Bahamas. The United Kingdom pressured other slave-trading countries to also abolish slave-trading, and gave the Royal Navy the right to intercept ships carrying slaves on the high seas.[35][36] Thousands of Africans liberated from slave ships by the Royal Navy were resettled in the Bahamas.

In the 1820s during the period of the Seminole Wars in Florida, hundreds of North American slaves and African Seminoles escaped from Cape Florida to the Bahamas. They settled mostly on northwest Andros Island, where they developed the village of Red Bays. From eyewitness accounts, 300 escaped in a mass flight in 1823, aided by Bahamians in 27 sloops, with others using canoes for the journey. This was commemorated in 2004 by a large sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park.[37][38] Some of their descendants in Red Bays continue African Seminole traditions in basket making and grave marking.[39]

In 1818,[40] the Home Office in London had ruled that "any slave brought to the Bahamas from outside the British West Indies would be manumitted." This led to a total of nearly 300 enslaved people owned by US nationals being freed from 1830 to 1835.[41] The American slave ships Comet and Encomium used in the United States domestic coastwise slave trade, were wrecked off Abaco Island in December 1830 and February 1834, respectively. When wreckers took the masters, passengers and slaves into Nassau, customs officers seized the slaves and British colonial officials freed them, over the protests of the Americans. There were 165 slaves on the Comet and 48 on the Encomium. The United Kingdom finally paid an indemnity to the United States in those two cases in 1855, under the Treaty of Claims of 1853, which settled several compensation cases between the two countries.[42][43]

Slavery was abolished in the British Empire on 1 August 1834.[19] After that British colonial officials freed 78 North American slaves from the Enterprise, which went into Bermuda in 1835; and 38 from the Hermosa, which wrecked off Abaco Island in 1840.[44] The most notable case was that of the Creole in 1841: as a result of a slave revolt on board, the leaders ordered the US brig to Nassau. It was carrying 135 slaves from Virginia destined for sale in New Orleans. The Bahamian officials freed the 128 slaves who chose to stay in the islands. The Creole case has been described as the "most successful slave revolt in U.S. history".[45]

These incidents, in which a total of 447 enslaved people belonging to US nationals were freed from 1830 to 1842, increased tension between the United States and the United Kingdom. They had been co-operating in patrols to suppress the international slave trade. However, worried about the stability of its large domestic slave trade and its value, the United States argued that the United Kingdom should not treat its domestic ships that came to its colonial ports under duress as part of the international trade. The United States worried that the success of the Creole slaves in gaining freedom would encourage more slave revolts on merchant ships.

During the American Civil War of the 1860s, the islands briefly prospered as a focus for blockade runners aiding the Confederate States.[46][47]

The early decades of the 20th century were ones of hardship for many Bahamians, characterised by a stagnant economy and widespread poverty. Many eked out a living via subsistence agriculture or fishing.[19]

In August 1940, the Duke of Windsor (erstwhile King Edward VIII) was appointed Governor of the Bahamas. He arrived in the colony with his wife. Although disheartened at the condition of Government House, they "tried to make the best of a bad situation".[48] He did not enjoy the position, and referred to the islands as "a third-class British colony".[49] He opened the small local parliament on 29 October 1940. The couple visited the "Out Islands" that November, on Axel Wenner-Gren's yacht, which caused controversy;[50] the British Foreign Office strenuously objected because they had been advised by United States intelligence that Wenner-Gren was a close friend of the Luftwaffe commander Hermann Gring of Nazi Germany.[50][51]

The Duke was praised at the time for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands. A 1991 biography by Philip Ziegler, however, described him as contemptuous of the Bahamians and other non-European peoples of the Empire. He was praised for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in Nassau in June 1942, when there was a "full-scale riot".[52] Ziegler said that the Duke blamed the trouble on "mischief makers communists" and "men of Central European Jewish descent, who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of draft".[53] The Duke resigned from the post on 16 March 1945.[54][55]

Modern political development began after the Second World War. The first political parties were formed in the 1950s, split broadly along ethnic lines, with the United Bahamian Party (UBP) representing the English-descended Bahamians (known informally as the "Bay Street Boys")[56] and the Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) representing the Black-Bahamian majority.[19]

A new constitution granting the Bahamas internal autonomy went into effect on 7 January 1964, with Chief Minister Sir Roland Symonette of the UBP becoming the first Premier.[57]:p.73[58] In 1967, Lynden Pindling of the PLP became the first black Premier of the Bahamian colony; in 1968, the title of the position was changed to Prime Minister. In 1968, Pindling announced that the Bahamas would seek full independence.[59] A new constitution giving the Bahamas increased control over its own affairs was adopted in 1968.[60] In 1971, the UBP merged with a disaffected faction of the PLP to form a new party, the Free National Movement (FNM), a centre-right party which aimed to counter the growing power of Pindling's PLP.[61]

The British House of Lords voted to give The Bahamas its independence on 22 June 1973.[62] Prince Charles delivered the official documents to Prime Minister Lynden Pindling, officially declaring The Bahamas a fully independent nation on 10 July 1973,[63] and this date is now celebrated as the country's Independence Day.[64] It joined the Commonwealth of Nations on the same day.[65] Sir Milo Butler was appointed the first governor-general of The Bahamas (the official representative of Queen Elizabeth II) shortly after independence.[66]

Shortly after independence, The Bahamas joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank on 22 August 1973,[67] and later the United Nations on 18 September 1973.[68]

Politically, the first two decades were dominated by Pindling's PLP, who went on to win a string of electoral victories. Allegations of corruption, links with drug cartels and financial malfeasance within the Bahamian government failed to dent Pindling's popularity. Meanwhile, the economy underwent a dramatic growth period fuelled by the twin pillars of tourism and offshore finance, significantly raising the standard of living on the islands. The Bahamas' booming economy led to it becoming a beacon for immigrants, most notably from Haiti.[19]

In 1992, Pindling was unseated by Hubert Ingraham of the FNM.[57]:p.78 Ingraham went on to win the 1997 Bahamian general election, before being defeated in 2002, when the PLP returned to power under Perry Christie.[57]:p.82 Ingraham returned to power from 2007 to 2012, followed by Christie again from 2012 to 2017. With economic growth faltering, Bahamians re-elected the FNM in 2017, with Hubert Minnis becoming the fourth prime minister.[19]

In September 2019, Hurricane Dorian struck the Abaco Islands and Grand Bahama at Category 5 intensity, devastating the northwestern Bahamas. The storm inflicted at least US$7 billion in damages and killed more than 50 people,[69][70] with 1,300 people still missing.[71]

In September 2021, the ruling Free National Movement lost to the opposition Progressive Liberal Party in a snap election, as the economy struggled to recover from its deepest crash since at least 1971.[72][73] Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) won 32 of the 39 seats in the House of Assembly. Free National Movement (FNM), led by Minnis, took the remaining seats.[74] On 17 September 2021, the chairman of the Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) Phillip "Brave" Davis was sworn in as the new Prime Minister of Bahamas to succeed Hubert Minnis.[75]

The landmass that makes up what is the modern-day Bahamas, lies at the northern part of the Greater Antilles region and was believed to have been formed 200 million years ago when they began to separate from the supercontinent Pangaea. The Pleistocene Ice Age around 3 million years ago, had a profound impact on the archipelago's formation.The Bahamas consists of a chain of islands spread out over some 800km (500mi) in the Atlantic Ocean, located to the east of Florida in the United States, north of Cuba and Hispaniola and west of the British Overseas Territory of the Turks and Caicos Islands (with which it forms the Lucayan archipelago). It lies between latitudes 20 and 28N, and longitudes 72 and 80W and straddles the Tropic of Cancer.[11] There are some 700 islands and 2,400 cays in total (of which 30 are inhabited) with a total land area of 10,010km2 (3,860sqmi).[11][19]

Nassau, capital city of The Bahamas, lies on the island of New Providence; the other main inhabited islands are Grand Bahama, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Rum Cay, Long Island, San Salvador Island, Ragged Island, Acklins, Crooked Island, Exuma, Berry Islands, Mayaguana, the Bimini islands, Great Abaco and Great Inagua. The largest island is Andros.[19]

All the islands are low and flat, with ridges that usually rise no more than 15 to 20m (49 to 66ft). The highest point in the country is Mount Alvernia (formerly Como Hill) on Cat Island at 64m (210ft).[11]

The country contains three terrestrial ecoregions: Bahamian dry forests, Bahamian pine mosaic, and Bahamian mangroves.[76] It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.35/10, ranking it 44th globally out of 172 countries.[77]

According to the Kppen climate classification, the climate of The Bahamas is mostly tropical savannah climate or Aw, with a hot and wet season and a warm and dry season. The low latitude, warm tropical Gulf Stream, and low elevation give The Bahamas a warm and winterless climate.[78]

As with most tropical climates, seasonal rainfall follows the sun, and summer is the wettest season. There is only a 7C (13F) difference between the warmest month and coolest month in most of the Bahama islands. Every few decades low temperatures can fall below 10C (50F) for a few hours when a severe cold outbreak comes down from the North American mainland, however there has never been a frost or freeze recorded in the Bahamian Islands. Only once in recorded history has snow been seen in the air anywhere in The Bahamas, this occurred in Freeport on 19 January 1977, when snow mixed with rain was seen in the air for a short time.[79] The Bahamas are often sunny and dry for long periods of time, and average more than 3,000hours or 340days of sunlight annually. Much of the natural vegetation is tropical scrub and cactus and succulents are common in landscapes.[80]

Tropical storms and hurricanes occasionally impact The Bahamas. In 1992, Hurricane Andrew passed over the northern portions of the islands, and Hurricane Floyd passed near the eastern portions of the islands in 1999. Hurricane Dorian of 2019 passed over the archipelago at destructive Category5 strength with sustained winds of 298km/h (185mph) and wind gusts up to 350km/h (220mph), becoming the strongest tropical cyclone on record to impact the northwestern islands of Grand Bahama and Great Abaco.[81]

It was generally believed that the Bahamas were formed in approximately 200 million years ago, when Pangaea started to break apart. In current times, it endures as an archipelago containing over 700 islands and cays, fringed around different coral reefs. The limestone that comprises the Banks has been accumulating since at least the Cretaceous period, and perhaps as early as the Jurassic; today the total thickness under the Great Bahama Bank is over 4.5 kilometres (2.8 miles).[82] As the limestone was deposited in shallow water, the only way to explain this massive column is to estimate that the entire platform has subsided under its own weight at a rate of roughly 3.6 centimetres (2 inches) per 1,000 years.[82]The Bahamas is part of the Lucayan Archipelago, which continues into the Turks and Caicos Islands, the Mouchoir Bank, the Silver Bank, and the Navidad Bank.[83] The Bahamas Platform, which includes The Bahamas, Southern Florida, Northern Cuba, the Turks and Caicos, and the Blake Plateau, formed about 150 Ma, not long after the formation of the North Atlantic. The 6.4km (4.0mi) thick limestones, which predominate in The Bahamas, date back to the Cretaceous. These limestones would have been deposited in shallow seas, assumed to be a stretched and thinned portion of the North American continental crust. Sediments were forming at about the same rate as the crust below was sinking due to the added weight. Thus, the entire area consisted of a large marine plain with some islands. Then, at about 80Ma, the area became flooded by the Gulf Stream. This resulted in the drowning of the Blake Plateau, the separation of The Bahamas from Cuba and Florida, the separation of the southeastern Bahamas into separate banks, the creation of the Cay Sal Bank, plus the Little and Great Bahama Banks. Sedimentation from the "carbonate factory" of each bank, or atoll, continues today at the rate of about 20mm (0.79in) per kyr. Coral reefs form the "retaining walls" of these atolls, within which oolites and pellets form.[84]

Coral growth was greater through the Tertiary, until the start of the ice ages, and hence those deposits are more abundant below a depth of 36m (118ft). In fact, an ancient extinct reef exists half a kilometre seaward of the present one, 30m (98ft) below sea level. Oolites form when oceanic water penetrate the shallow banks, increasing the temperature about 3C (5.4F) and the salinity by 0.5 per cent. Cemented ooids are referred to as grapestone. Additionally, giant stromatolites are found off the Exuma Cays.[84]:22,2930

Sea level changes resulted in a drop in sea level, causing wind blown oolite to form sand dunes with distinct cross-bedding. Overlapping dunes form oolitic ridges, which become rapidly lithified through the action of rainwater, called eolianite. Most islands have ridges ranging from 30 to 45m (98 to 148ft), though Cat Island has a ridge 60m (200ft) in height. The land between ridges is conducive to the formation of lakes and swamps.[84]:4159,6164

Solution weathering of the limestone results in a "Bahamian Karst" topography. This includes potholes, blue holes such as Dean's Blue Hole, sinkholes, beachrock such as the Bimini Road ("pavements of Atlantis"), limestone crust, caves due to the lack of rivers, and sea caves. Several blue holes are aligned along the South Andros Fault line. Tidal flats and tidal creeks are common, but the more impressive drainage patterns are formed by troughs and canyons such as Great Bahama Canyon with the evidence of turbidity currents and turbidite deposition.[84]:3340,65,7284,86

The stratigraphy of the islands consists of the Middle Pleistocene Owl's Hole Formation, overlain by the Late Pleistocene Grotto Beach Formation, and then the Holocene Rice Bay Formation. However, these units are not necessarily stacked on top of each other but can be located laterally. The oldest formation, Owl's Hole, is capped by a terra rosa paleosoil, as is the Grotto Beach, unless eroded. The Grotto Beach Formation is the most widespread.[83]

The Bahamas is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy, with King of the Bahamas Charles III as head of state represented locally by a governor-general.[11] Political and legal traditions closely follow those of England and the Westminster system.[19] The Bahamas is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and shares its head of state with some other Commonwealth realms.[85][86]

The prime minister is the head of government and is the leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Assembly.[11][19] Executive power is exercised by the Cabinet, selected by the prime minister and drawn from his supporters in the House of Assembly. The current governor-general is The Honourable Cornelius A. Smith, and the current prime minister is The Hon. Philip Davis MP.[11]

Legislative power is vested in a bicameral parliament, which consists of a 38-member House of Assembly (the lower house), with members elected from single-member districts, and a 16-member Senate, with members appointed by the governor-general, including nine on the advice of the Prime Minister, four on the advice of the leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition, and three on the advice of the prime minister after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition. As under the Westminster system, the prime minister may dissolve Parliament and call a general election at any time within a five-year term.[87]

Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech, press, worship, movement and association. The Judiciary of the Bahamas is independent of the executive and the legislature. Jurisprudence is based on English law.[11]

The Bahamas has a two-party system dominated by the centre-left Progressive Liberal Party and the centre-right Free National Movement. A handful of other political parties have been unable to win election to parliament; these have included the Bahamas Democratic Movement, the Coalition for Democratic Reform, Bahamian Nationalist Party and the Democratic National Alliance.[88]

The Bahamas has strong bilateral relationships with the United States and the United Kingdom, represented by an ambassador in Washington and High Commissioner in London. The Bahamas also associates closely with other nations of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).[89]

The embassy of the United States in Nassau donated $3.6 million to the Minister for Disaster Preparedness, Management, and Reconstruction for modular shelters, medical evacuation boats, and construction materials. The donation was made 2 weeks after the one year anniversary of Hurricane Dorian'.[90]

The Bahamian military is the Royal Bahamas Defence Force (RBDF),[91] the navy of The Bahamas which includes a land unit called Commando Squadron (Regiment) and an Air Wing (Air Force). Under the Defence Act, the RBDF has been mandated, in the name of the King, to defend The Bahamas, protect its territorial integrity, patrol its waters, provide assistance and relief in times of disaster, maintain order in conjunction with the law enforcement agencies of The Bahamas, and carry out any such duties as determined by the National Security Council.[92] The Defence Force is also a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM)'s Regional Security Task Force.[91]

The RBDF came into existence on 31 March 1980. Its duties include defending The Bahamas, stopping drug smuggling, illegal immigration and poaching, and providing assistance to mariners. The Defence Force has a fleet of 26 coastal and inshore patrol craft along with 3 aircraft and over 1,100 personnel including 65 officers and 74 women.[93]

The districts of The Bahamas provide a system of local government everywhere except New Providence (which holds 70 percent of the national population), whose affairs are handled directly by the central government. In 1996, the Bahamian Parliament passed the "Local Government Act" to facilitate the establishment of family island administrators, local government districts, local district councillors and local town committees for the various island communities. The overall goal of this act is to allow the various elected leaders to govern and oversee the affairs of their respective districts without the interference of the central government. In total, there are 32 districts, with elections being held every five years. There are 110 councillors and 281 town committee members elected to represent the various districts.[94]

Each councillor or town committee member is responsible for the proper use of public funds for the maintenance and development of their constituency.

The districts other than New Providence are:[95]

By the terms of GDP per capita, The Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas.[96] Its currency (the Bahamian dollar) is kept at a 1-to-1 peg with the US dollar.[13]

The Bahamas relies heavily on tourism to generate most of its economic activity. Tourism as an industry not only accounts for about 50% of the Bahamian GDP, but also provides jobs for about half of the country's workforce. The Bahamas attracted 5.8million visitors in 2012, more than 70% of whom were cruise visitors.[97]

After tourism, the next most important economic sector is banking and offshore international financial services, accounting for some 15% of GDP.[13] It was revealed in the Panama Papers that The Bahamas is the jurisdiction with the most offshore entities or companies in the world.[98]

The economy has a very competitive tax regime (classified by some as a tax haven). The government derives its revenue from import tariffs, VAT, licence fees, property and stamp taxes, but there is no income tax, corporate tax, capital gains tax, or wealth tax. Payroll taxes fund social insurance benefits and amount to 3.9% paid by the employee and 5.9% paid by the employer.[99] In 2010, overall tax revenue as a percentage of GDP was 17.2%.[2]

Agriculture and manufacturing form the third largest sector of the Bahamian economy, representing 57% of total GDP.[13] An estimated 80% of the Bahamian food supply is imported. Major crops include onions, okra, tomatoes, oranges, grapefruit, cucumbers, sugar cane, lemons, limes, and sweet potatoes.[100]

Access to biocapacity in the Bahamas is much higher than world average. In 2016, the Bahamas had 9.2 global hectares of biocapacity per person within its territory, much more than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.[102] In 2016 the Bahamas used 3.7 global hectares of biocapacity per person - their ecological footprint of consumption. This means they use less biocapacity than the Bahamas contains. As a result, the Bahamas is running a biocapacity reserve.

The Bahamas contains about 1,620km (1,010mi) of paved roads.[11] Inter-island transport is conducted primarily via ship and air. The country has 61 airports, the chief of which are Lynden Pindling International Airport on New Providence, Grand Bahama International Airport on Grand Bahama Island and Leonard M. Thompson International Airport (formerly Marsh Harbour Airport) on Abaco Island.

The Bahamas had a population of 407,906 at the 2018 Census, of which 25.9% were 14 or under, 67.2% 15 to 64 and 6.9% over 65. It has a population growth rate of 0.925% (2010), with a birth rate of 17.81/1,000 population, death rate of 9.35/1,000, and net migration rate of 2.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population.[103] The infant mortality rate is 23.21 deaths/1,000 live births. Residents have a life expectancy at birth of 69.87 years: 73.49 years for females, 66.32 years for males. The total fertility rate is 2.0 children born/woman (2010).[2] The latest official estimate (as at 2022) is 400,516.

The most populous islands are New Providence, where Nassau, the capital and largest city, is located;[104] and Grand Bahama, home to the second largest city of Freeport.[105]

According to the 99% response rate obtained from the race question on the 2010 Census questionnaire, 90.6% of the population identified themselves as being Black, 4.7% White and 2.1% of a Mixed (African and European).[106] Three centuries prior, in 1722 when the first official census of The Bahamas was taken, 74% of the population was native European and 26% native African.[106]

Since the colonial era of plantations, Africans or Afro-Bahamians have been the largest ethnic group in The Bahamas, whose primary ancestry was based in West Africa. The first Africans to arrive to The Bahamas were freed slaves from Bermuda; they arrived with the Eleutheran Adventurers looking for new lives.[107]

The Haitian community in The Bahamas is also largely of African descent and numbers about 80,000. Due to an extremely high immigration of Haitians to The Bahamas, the Bahamian government started deporting illegal Haitian immigrants to their homeland in late 2014.[108]

The white Bahamian population are mainly the descendants of the English Puritans and American Loyalists escaping the American Revolution who arrived in 1649 and 1783, respectively.[109] Many Southern Loyalists went to the Abaco Islands, half of whose population was of European descent as of 1985.[110] The term white is usually used to identify Bahamians with Anglo ancestry, as well as some light-skinned Afro-Bahamians. Sometimes Bahamians use the term Conchy Joe to describe people of Anglo descent. Generally, however, Bahamians self-identify as white or black along the lines similar to the distinction made in the US.[111]

A small portion of the Euro-Bahamian population are Greek Bahamians, descended from Greek labourers who came to help develop the sponging industry in the 1900s.[112] They make up less than 2% of the nation's population, but have still preserved their distinct Greek Bahamian culture.[113][114]

Religion in The Bahamas (2010)[115]

Other Christian (1.3%)

Unaffiliated (3.1%)

Other religion (1.1%)

The islands' population is predominantly Christian.[13][19] Protestant denominations collectively account for more than 70% of the population, with Baptists representing 35% of the population, Anglicans 15%, Pentecostals 8%, Church of God 5%, Seventh-day Adventists 5% and Methodists 4%. There is also a significant Roman Catholic community accounting for about 14%.[116]

Jews in the Bahamas have a history dating back to the Columbus expeditions, where Luis De Torres, an interpreter and member of Columbus' party, is believed to have been secretly Jewish. Today, there is a small community with about 200 members, according to census data, although higher estimates place this figure at 300.[117][118][119]

Muslims also have a minority presence. While some slaves and free Africans in the colonial era were Muslim, the religion was eradicated until around the 1970s, when it experienced a revival. Today, there are about 300 Muslims.[120][119]

There are also smaller communities of Bahs, Hindus, Rastafarians and practitioners of traditional African religions such as Obeah.[119]

The official language of The Bahamas is English. Many people speak an English-based creole language called Bahamian dialect (known simply as "dialect") or "Bahamianese".[121] Laurente Gibbs, a Bahamian writer and actor, was the first to coin the latter name in a poem and has since promoted its usage.[122][123] Both are used as autoglossonyms.[124] Haitian Creole, a French-based creole language is spoken by Haitians and their descendants, who make up of about 25% of the total population. It is known simply as Creole[2] to differentiate it from Bahamian English.[125]

According to 2011 estimates, 95% of the Bahamian adult population are literate.

The University of the Bahamas (UB) is the national higher education/tertiary system. Offering baccalaureate, masters and associate degrees, UB has three campuses, and teaching and research centres throughout The Bahamas. The University of the Bahamas was chartered on 10 November 2016.[126]

The culture of the islands is a mixture of African (Afro-Bahamians being the largest ethnicity), British and American due to historical family ties, migration of freed slaves from the United States to The Bahamas, and as the dominant country in the region and source of most tourists).[19]

A form of African-based folk magic is practiced by some Bahamians, mainly in the Family Islands (out-islands) of The Bahamas.[127] The practice of obeah is illegal in The Bahamas and punishable in law.[128]

In the outer islands also called Family Islands, handicrafts include basketry made from palm fronds. This material, commonly called "straw", is plaited into hats and bags that are popular tourist items.[129]

Junkanoo is a traditional Afro-Bahamian street parade of 'rushing', music, dance and art held in Nassau (and a few other settlements) every Boxing Day and New Year's Day. Junkanoo is also used to celebrate other holidays and events such as Emancipation Day.[19]

Regattas are important social events in many family island settlements. They usually feature one or more days of sailing by old-fashioned work boats, as well as an onshore festival.[130]

Many dishes are associated with Bahamian cuisine, which reflects Caribbean, African and European influences. Some settlements have festivals associated with the traditional crop or food of that area, such as the "Pineapple Fest" in Gregory Town, Eleuthera or the "Crab Fest" on Andros. Other significant traditions include story telling.

Bahamians have created a rich literature of poetry, short stories, plays and short fictional works. Common themes in these works are (1) an awareness of change, (2) a striving for sophistication, (3) a search for identity, (4) nostalgia for the old ways and (5) an appreciation of beauty. Some major writers are Susan Wallace, Percival Miller, Robert Johnson, Raymond Brown, O.M. Smith, William Johnson, Eddie Minnis and Winston Saunders.[131][132]

See more here:

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The best kept secret of The Bahamas is the countrys sheer size and diversity. With 16 major islands, The Bahamas is an unmatched destination, a heart-pounding adventure across 100,000 square miles of the worlds clearest ocean.

Secret sandbars and secluded pink-sand beaches. Thousands of miles of irresistibly blue waters. In short, this is the world's most idyllic setting for getting away.

No one knows the wonders of the sea like scuba divers, and there's no better place to discover them than in The Bahamas. From sunken wrecks to blue holes, and steep drop-offs, The Bahamas is one endless adrenaline rush for divers of all levels.

Things to doTake time for two

"I dos" on sandbars, sunset ceremonies on windswept beaches, honeymoons at five-star resorts and intimate fishing lodges. Here, romance writes its own rules.

Hop from island to island or chart a leisurely course towards a secluded cay. Cruising the open waters of The Bahamas is a singular experience all its own.

When it comes to fishing, theres no place better than The Bahamas. Test your anglers instinct as you fish the deep blues of the Atlantic or the sandy flats that teem with marine wildlife.

Embrace Bahamian Culture

The Whole country dancing

Junkanoo is Bahamian joy embodied, it is living history at its very best. Months of work and preparation result in an irresistible burst of colour, music and dance.

The main events take place on Boxing Day and New Year's Day.

TrueBahamianSpirit

Nothing reflects Bahamian culture quite like our people--warm, hospitable, and always ready with a smile, a story, a moment to share our love for our islands.

The best way to immerse yourself in the Bahamian way of life? Our People-to-People Experience

FreshFlavours

From fresh lobster and conch fritters to Eleuthera-grown sugarloaf pineapples to island-made rum, fresh flavours fuel every experience in The Bahamas.

ArtImitateslife

Local artists create a vibrant contemporary art scene, displayed on museum walls and on streeside murals.

Visit galleries, artist studios, and craft markets.

Getting here

Experience the boating capital of The Bahamas in the one-of-a-kind island chain known as The Abacos. Sailing, fishing, award-winning golf, and quaint colonial island towns are all waiting to be discovered in this sun-drenched destination in the northern Bahamas.

TCB | Treasure Cay International Airport

MHH | Leonard M. Thompson Airport

YAS | Sandy Point Airport

Acklins and Crooked Island offer a stunningly secluded getaway by a shimmering lagoon. From bonefishing and birdwatching to exploring the serene island town of Long Cay, this destination is a hallmark of undisturbed Out Islands charm.

AXP | Spring Point Airport

PWN | Pitts Town Point Airport

CRI | Crooked Hill Airport

Journey to the largest island in the Bahamas and explore natural wonders like no other. Left virtually untouched, Andros is home to breathtaking blue holes, coral reefs, underwater wrecks, national forests, and more.

ASD | Andros Town International Airport

SAQ | San Andros Airport

TZN | South Andros

Bordered by the Tongue of the Ocean, The Berry Islands are home to some of the most diverse and abundant sea life in The Bahamas. This unique marine destination comprises nearly 30 idyllic cays, most of which are uninhabited.

GHC | Great Harbour Cay Airport

CCZ | Chub Cay International Airport

World-class fishing, thrilling dives, and island adventure await on the storied island of Bimini. From diving with sharks and visiting shipwrecks to pursuing the prized blue marlin at sea, Bimini offers memorable experiences for intrepid travellers.

BIM | South Bimini Airport

NSB | North Bimini Airport

Surfing, kiteboarding, hikes through tropical landscapes to the highest point in The Bahamasyou might be surprised at what you find in quiet Cat Island. From historical sites to watersports and beachside bars, theres no shortage of things to do and see along the pink sands.

Discover colourful New England-style architecture, astounding natural beauty, and pristine clusters of sandbars and cays on these two picturesque Bahamas hideawayseach is unique and not to be missed.

GHB | Governors Harbour Airport

ELH | North Eleuthera Airport

From untouched beaches and breathtaking resorts to the famous swimming pigs, The Exumas is where the beauty of the Bahamas meets unforgettable adventure. Make memories like no other among crystal clear waters and four-legged friends.

GGT | Exuma International Airport

TYM|Staniel Cay Airport

Freeport Grand Bahama Island is a bustling paradise of island activities and fun in the sun. Experience the thrill of kayaking through mangroves, exploring underwater caves, off-roading through pine forests, and much more.

FPO | Grand Bahama International Airport

Those with a passion for birdwatching look no further than the island of Inagua. Situated in the southernmost part of The Bahamas, Inagua is home to three national parks serving as habitats for over 80,000 flamingos and 140 other species of birds.

IGA | Inagua International Airport

The shores of Long Island boast world-class bonefishing, thrilling encounters with marine life and thriving reefs, and the worlds second deepest blue hole. While adventure fills the waters, on land, life is tranquil and serene.

SML | Stella Maris Airport

LGI | Deadmans Cay Airport

An isolated and secluded escape, Mayaguana is an outdoor-lovers destination. Whether its a footprint-free beach or a far-off fishing spot, the island is the perfect blend of solitude and charm.

No other capital city boasts paradise as its neighbor. While Nassau promises big city thrills, nearby Paradise Island offers miles of natural wonder. Immerse yourself in an island experience that delivers the best of both worlds.

NAS | Lynden Pindling International Airport

Beyond the shorelines of Ragged Island, anglers will find remarkable deep-sea fishing. Bonefish, barracuda, tuna, and kingfish are just a few of the more common catches around the island, while the quaint settlement of Duncan Town is a quintessential island escape.

DCT | Duncan Town Airport

This hidden treasure of a destination boasts ancient Lucayan art, sprawling white sand beaches, thrilling dive siteseven a secret surf spot. A short boat ride away, Conception Island is perhaps one of the most well-preserved areas in The Bahamas.

RCY | Port Nelson Airport

San Salvador may be one of the smallest islands in The Bahamas, but it stands out amongst the larger destinations. Historic monuments, scenic lakes, tranquil beaches, and natural parks abound.

ZSA | San Salvador Airport

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CountryCountryUnited StatesCanadaUnited KingdomAfghanistanland IslandsAlbaniaAlgeriaAmerican SamoaAndorraAngolaAnguillaAntarcticaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaArubaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBeninBermudaBhutanBolivia, Plurinational State ofBonaire, Sint Eustatius and SabaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBouvet IslandBrazilBritish Indian Ocean TerritoryBrunei DarussalamBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCape VerdeCayman IslandsCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaChristmas IslandCocos (Keeling) IslandsColombiaComorosCongoCongo, the Democratic Republic of theCook IslandsCosta RicaCte d'IvoireCroatiaCubaCuraaoCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaEthiopiaFalkland Islands (Malvinas)Faroe IslandsFijiFinlandFranceFrench GuianaFrench PolynesiaFrench Southern TerritoriesGabonGambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGibraltarGreeceGreenlandGrenadaGuadeloupeGuamGuatemalaGuernseyGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHaitiHeard Island and McDonald IslandsHoly See (Vatican City State)HondurasHong KongHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIran, Islamic Republic ofIraqIrelandIsle of ManIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJerseyJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKorea, Democratic People's Republic ofKorea, Republic ofKuwaitKyrgyzstanLao People's Democratic RepublicLatviaLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMacaoMacedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic ofMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall IslandsMartiniqueMauritaniaMauritiusMayotteMexicoMicronesia, Federated States ofMoldova, Republic ofMonacoMongoliaMontenegroMontserratMoroccoMozambiqueMyanmarNamibiaNauruNepalNetherlandsNew CaledoniaNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNiueNorfolk IslandNorthern Mariana IslandsNorwayOmanPakistanPalauPalestinian Territory, OccupiedPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPitcairnPolandPortugalPuerto RicoQatarRunionRomaniaRussian FederationRwandaSaint BarthlemySaint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da CunhaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Martin (French part)Saint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSamoaSan MarinoSao Tome and PrincipeSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbiaSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSint Maarten (Dutch part)SlovakiaSloveniaSolomon IslandsSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth Georgia and the South Sandwich IslandsSouth SudanSpainSri LankaSudanSurinameSvalbard and Jan MayenSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandSyrian Arab RepublicTaiwan, Province of ChinaTajikistanTanzania, United Republic ofThailandTimor-LesteTogoTokelauTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanTurks and Caicos IslandsTuvalu>UgandaUkraineUnited Arab Emirates>United States Minor Outlying Islands>UruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVenezuela, Bolivarian Republic ofViet NamVirgin Islands, BritishVirgin Islands, U.S.Wallis and FutunaWestern SaharaYemenZambiaZimbabwe

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Island Vacations - The Official Website of The Bahamas

The Bahamas International Travel Information

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Criminal Penalties: You are subject to local laws. If you violate local laws, even unknowingly, you may be expelled, arrested, or imprisoned. Individuals establishing a business or practicing a profession that requires additional permits or licensing should seek information from the competent local authorities, prior to practicing or operating a business.

Furthermore, some laws are also prosecutable in the United States, regardless of local law. For examples, see our website on crimes against minors abroad and the Department of Justice website.

Drugs: Marijuana and all products that contains its derivatives such as cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol(THC) -- to include gummies, oils and other edible products -- are NOT legal in The Bahamas.Having a prescription or medical card for cannabis/marijuana does not exempt you from being prosecuted under Bahamian law, which makes no distinction between medical and recreational use of marijuana.

The possession or use of illegal drugs, including marijuana, cocaine, and ecstasy, is a criminal offense in The Bahamas and can result in time in prison. While visiting The Bahamas, you are subject to Bahamian law.Drug violators are regularly arrested, even for possession of small quantities. All persons 16 years of age or older in The Bahamas are tried as adults in court. If you are arrested for drug possession, you should expect to spend at least one night, and possibly longer, in custody. Stay away from drug traffickers, who may be often armed and violent. Do not accept packages from people you meet during your stay.

Arrest Notification: If you are arrested or detained, ask police or prison officials to notify the U.S. Embassy immediately. See our webpage for further information. Travelers should also be aware that Bahamian laws do not include a right to a public defender in lower courts. Any legal representation is at the expense of the visitor.

Faith-Based Travelers: See the following webpages for details:

LGBTI Travelers: There are no legal restrictions on same-sex sexual relations or the organization of LGBTI events in The Bahamas.

See our LGBTI Travel Information page and section 6 of our Human Rights report for further details.

Travelers Who Require Accessibility Assistance. Accessibility and accommodations in The Bahamas are very different from in the United States. Newer buildings, especially in tourism-centric areas are accessible, but many older buildings are not.

Students: See our Students Abroad page and FBI travel tips.

Women Travelers: See our travel tips for Women Travelers.

For more information aboutcustoms concerns,boating, andwildlife, please visit our website.

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The Bahamas International Travel Information

The Bahamas Maps & Facts – World Atlas

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Covering an area of 13,878 sq. km, The Bahamas (all coral in origin) occupies larger part of Lucayan Archipelago and comprises a group of nearly 700 (atolls) ring-like coral islands, and (cays) small, low islands composed largely of coral or sand. The islands were mostly created by the disintegration of coral reefs and seashells, and low scrub covers much of their surfaces. As observed on the map, the highest point is located on Cat Island, where limestone rock rises to 63m (206ft) above sea level. There are a handful of small freshwater lakes and just one small river located on Andros Island.

The Bahamas (officially, The Commonwealth of The Bahamas) is divided into 31 districts. In alphabetical order, the districts are: Acklins, Berry Islands, Bimini, Black Point (Exuma), Cat Island, Central Abaco, Central Andros, Central Eleuthera, City of Freeport (Grand Bahama), Crooked Island, East Grand Bahama, Exuma, Grand Cay (Abaco), Harbour Island (Eleuthera), Hope Town (Abaco), Inagua, Long Island, Mangrove Cay (Andros), Mayaguana, Moores Island (Abaco), North Abaco, North Andros, North Eleuthera, Ragged Island, Rum Cay, San Salvador, South Abaco, South Andros, South Eleuthera, Spanish wells (Eleuthera) and West Grand Bahama.

Covering an area of 13,878 sq. km, The Bahamas occupies larger part of Lucayan Archipelago and comprises a group of 700 ring-like coral islands, islets and cays. Located on the island of New Providence is, Nassau the capital and the largest city of The Bahamas. Nassau is a primate city, a busy sea port and a major administrative, educational, economic and commercial center of the country. Its spectacular scenery attracts tourists from all over the world.

The Bahamas is an archipelagic country comprising over 700 coral islands, islets and cays situated in the northwest of West Indies in West Atlantic Ocean. The Bahamas is positioned both in the Northern and Western hemispheres of the Earth. It is located to the southeast of the US State of Florida; to the east of Florida Keys; to the northwest of Turks and Caicos Islands; and to the north of Cuba and the Hispaniola Islands shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The Bahamas shares its maritime borders with the US, Cuba, Haiti and the Turks and Caicos Islands.

Regional Maps: Map of North America

This page was last updated on February 25, 2021

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The Bahamas Maps & Facts - World Atlas

The Bahamas Islands – Discover 16 Unique Island Destinations

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Select any one of our 16 islands and start exploring. Let the adventure begin.

Click to select the island you would like to explore in The Bahamas

Experience the boating capital of The Bahamas in the one-of-a-kind island chain known as The Abacos. Sailing, fishing, award-winning golf, and quaint colonial island towns are all waiting to be discovered in this sun-drenched destination in the northern Bahamas.

TCB | Treasure Cay International Airport

MHH | Leonard M. Thompson Airport

YAS | Sandy Point Airport

Acklins and Crooked Island offer a stunningly secluded getaway by a shimmering lagoon. From bonefishing and birdwatching to exploring the serene island town of Long Cay, this destination is a hallmark of undisturbed Out Islands charm.

AXP | Spring Point Airport

PWN | Pitts Town Point Airport

CRI | Crooked Hill Airport

Journey to the largest island in the Bahamas and explore natural wonders like no other. Left virtually untouched, Andros is home to breathtaking blue holes, coral reefs, underwater wrecks, national forests, and more.

ASD | Andros Town International Airport

SAQ | San Andros Airport

TZN | South Andros

Bordered by the Tongue of the Ocean, The Berry Islands are home to some of the most diverse and abundant sea life in The Bahamas. This unique marine destination comprises nearly 30 idyllic cays, most of which are uninhabited.

GHC | Great Harbour Cay Airport

CCZ | Chub Cay International Airport

World-class fishing, thrilling dives, and island adventure await on the storied island of Bimini. From diving with sharks and visiting shipwrecks to pursuing the prized blue marlin at sea, Bimini offers memorable experiences for intrepid travellers.

BIM | South Bimini Airport

NSB | North Bimini Airport

Surfing, kiteboarding, hikes through tropical landscapes to the highest point in The Bahamasyou might be surprised at what you find in quiet Cat Island. From historical sites to watersports and beachside bars, theres no shortage of things to do and see along the pink sands.

Discover colourful New England-style architecture, astounding natural beauty, and pristine clusters of sandbars and cays on these two picturesque Bahamas hideawayseach is unique and not to be missed.

GHB | Governors Harbour Airport

ELH | North Eleuthera Airport

From untouched beaches and breathtaking resorts to the famous swimming pigs, The Exumas is where the beauty of the Bahamas meets unforgettable adventure. Make memories like no other among crystal clear waters and four-legged friends.

GGT | Exuma International Airport

TYM|Staniel Cay Airport

Freeport Grand Bahama Island is a bustling paradise of island activities and fun in the sun. Experience the thrill of kayaking through mangroves, exploring underwater caves, off-roading through pine forests, and much more.

FPO | Grand Bahama International Airport

Those with a passion for birdwatching look no further than the island of Inagua. Situated in the southernmost part of The Bahamas, Inagua is home to three national parks serving as habitats for over 80,000 flamingos and 140 other species of birds.

IGA | Inagua International Airport

The shores of Long Island boast world-class bonefishing, thrilling encounters with marine life and thriving reefs, and the worlds second deepest blue hole. While adventure fills the waters, on land, life is tranquil and serene.

SML | Stella Maris Airport

LGI | Deadmans Cay Airport

An isolated and secluded escape, Mayaguana is an outdoor-lovers destination. Whether its a footprint-free beach or a far-off fishing spot, the island is the perfect blend of solitude and charm.

No other capital city boasts paradise as its neighbor. While Nassau promises big city thrills, nearby Paradise Island offers miles of natural wonder. Immerse yourself in an island experience that delivers the best of both worlds.

NAS | Lynden Pindling International Airport

Beyond the shorelines of Ragged Island, anglers will find remarkable deep-sea fishing. Bonefish, barracuda, tuna, and kingfish are just a few of the more common catches around the island, while the quaint settlement of Duncan Town is a quintessential island escape.

DCT | Duncan Town Airport

This hidden treasure of a destination boasts ancient Lucayan art, sprawling white sand beaches, thrilling dive siteseven a secret surf spot. A short boat ride away, Conception Island is perhaps one of the most well-preserved areas in The Bahamas.

RCY | Port Nelson Airport

San Salvador may be one of the smallest islands in The Bahamas, but it stands out amongst the larger destinations. Historic monuments, scenic lakes, tranquil beaches, and natural parks abound.

ZSA | San Salvador Airport

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CountryCountryUnited StatesCanadaUnited KingdomAfghanistanland IslandsAlbaniaAlgeriaAmerican SamoaAndorraAngolaAnguillaAntarcticaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaArubaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBeninBermudaBhutanBolivia, Plurinational State ofBonaire, Sint Eustatius and SabaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBouvet IslandBrazilBritish Indian Ocean TerritoryBrunei DarussalamBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCape VerdeCayman IslandsCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaChristmas IslandCocos (Keeling) IslandsColombiaComorosCongoCongo, the Democratic Republic of theCook IslandsCosta RicaCte d'IvoireCroatiaCubaCuraaoCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaEthiopiaFalkland Islands (Malvinas)Faroe IslandsFijiFinlandFranceFrench GuianaFrench PolynesiaFrench Southern TerritoriesGabonGambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGibraltarGreeceGreenlandGrenadaGuadeloupeGuamGuatemalaGuernseyGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHaitiHeard Island and McDonald IslandsHoly See (Vatican City State)HondurasHong KongHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIran, Islamic Republic ofIraqIrelandIsle of ManIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJerseyJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKorea, Democratic People's Republic ofKorea, Republic ofKuwaitKyrgyzstanLao People's Democratic RepublicLatviaLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMacaoMacedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic ofMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall IslandsMartiniqueMauritaniaMauritiusMayotteMexicoMicronesia, Federated States ofMoldova, Republic ofMonacoMongoliaMontenegroMontserratMoroccoMozambiqueMyanmarNamibiaNauruNepalNetherlandsNew CaledoniaNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNiueNorfolk IslandNorthern Mariana IslandsNorwayOmanPakistanPalauPalestinian Territory, OccupiedPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPitcairnPolandPortugalPuerto RicoQatarRunionRomaniaRussian FederationRwandaSaint BarthlemySaint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da CunhaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Martin (French part)Saint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSamoaSan MarinoSao Tome and PrincipeSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbiaSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSint Maarten (Dutch part)SlovakiaSloveniaSolomon IslandsSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth Georgia and the South Sandwich IslandsSouth SudanSpainSri LankaSudanSurinameSvalbard and Jan MayenSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandSyrian Arab RepublicTaiwan, Province of ChinaTajikistanTanzania, United Republic ofThailandTimor-LesteTogoTokelauTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanTurks and Caicos IslandsTuvalu>UgandaUkraineUnited Arab Emirates>United States Minor Outlying Islands>UruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVenezuela, Bolivarian Republic ofViet NamVirgin Islands, BritishVirgin Islands, U.S.Wallis and FutunaWestern SaharaYemenZambiaZimbabwe

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The Bahamas Islands - Discover 16 Unique Island Destinations