Ethics of Animal Biotechnology: Should Genetically Engineered Salmon Be Allowed? – Video

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Alison Van Eenennaam is a Cooperative Extension Specialist in animal biotechnology and genomics at the University of California, Davis who has taken an active role in scientific and regulatory evaluations of a number of genetically engineered animals. Alison Van Eenennaam discusses the lengthy, tortuous path the company producing the salmon has taken as it has sought regulatory approval from the FDA. She also compares conventional and new forms of animal biotechnologies, focusing on the expected benefits, safety and social acceptance of fast-growing, genetically engineered salmon proposed for contained, land-based aquaculture systems

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Ethics of Animal Biotechnology: Should Genetically Engineered Salmon Be Allowed? - Video

Biotechnology: Boon to Human being

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Bio-Technology can be a study driven scientific disciplines, a mixture of The field of biology along with Technologies. That covers numerous subject matter such as Genetics, bio chemistry , Microbiology, Immunology, Virology, Biochemistry and also Architectural and it is concerned with a great many other themes such as Health and Medication, agriculture and Dog Husbandry, Farming system and Plants Operations, Ecology, mobile or portable medical Soil technology as well as Soil Efficiency, Bio-statistics, Seed Composition, Seeds Technologies etc. Bio-Technology may be the using life, especially cellular material and bacterias in business process.

You will find there’s wonderful setting in this area as the need for biotechnologist are usually increasing within Of india as well as overseas. Medical is most lightly looked as the ability of making use of dwelling bacteria along with their products for the production of foods, drink, treatments or some other good things about mankind, and other canine types.
Ever since then “biotechnology” has swiftly advanced and broadened. Inside the mid-forties, scale-up and industrial production of prescription antibiotics such as penicillin occurred. Particularly utilized were (any) remoteness of the organism producing mit appealing utilizing screening/selection processes, and also (n) advancement regarding generation produces by way of mutagenesis in the patient or even marketing associated with media as well as fermentation problems. This kind of “antique” medical is fixed to chemical substances created in mother nature. Additionally it is limited by the trial-and-error approach, and requires an extended schedule (many years or perhaps decades) with regard to generate advancement.

Regarding two decades back, medical started to be much more of a research (instead of an art form). Aspects of Genetic make-up (called genes) put together in order to contain data that could bring about activity associated with certain proteins (which can be strings of proteins). These meats have their own individual identification along with purpose; many catalyze (help) compound responses, yet others tend to be structural aspects of organizations throughout cellular material. If one now’s able to express an all-natural gene within easy bacterias including Escherichia coli (E. coli), any bacterium moving into digestive tract that has become the actual product living thing for most of medical, it’s possible to possess this particular germs make a great deal of the particular necessary protein numbered pertaining to by the gene, irrespective their source.
Particularly used by this specific development consist of (any) seclusion of the gene code to get a protein of interest, (n) cloning of this gene into a suitable creation web host, and (h) increasing expression through the use of much better marketers, more restrictive rules, etc.; together these techniques are classified as recombinant Genetic tactics. These types of is going to be talked about in several period in the program.

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Growth and development of Biotechnology

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Using small many years, medical has produced alone being a small business with big guarantee for your Modern. As you move the medical industry’s full capital scarcely is higher than that relating to pharmaceutical drug organization Merck, it has an very fast rate of growth, joined with an excellent chance to innovate. Needlessly to say, next, the thought of setting up a sturdy cluster of medical businesses shows an attractive option for regional enterprise agencies. In fact, biotechnology businesses are usually capital-intensive. That they take up relatively pricey services, hire higher-end technological employees, as well as produce considerable community profits.

Up to now, even so, not many topographical centers get won throughout developing stable biotechnology angles. The key centers include San Francisco’s S . fransisco, the particular Boston-Cambridge axis throughout Massachusetts, Los angeles, San antonio, Maryland-Washington N.C., New Jersey-Philadelphia, and Idaho. Other areas inside Oughout.Ersus. along with Canada have attempts under way to create basics regarding biotechnology, but they obtain the approach an overwhelming one. The down sides stalk through the difficult net of things in which figure out successful areas for medical organizations, on their own as well as in groups.

The particular Biotechnology Progress Group (BDG) targets the development of easy and revolutionary technology for that creation of biosimilars. The goal should be to raise the know-how along with functions with the prescription companies with ICGEB Fellow member Suggests through transferring technologies for your production and also qc connected with pharmaceutical recombinants: erythropoietin (EPO), interferon alpha 2a as well as m (IFN leader Only two), interferon toy with 1b, granulocyte nest rousing factor (G-CSF) and also Blood insulin. Your lab’s methods can be modified towards the circumstances pre-existing within Member Suggests having just minimal economic expenditure important to set-up the production facilities. That can help the fabrication set-up, we’ve got added our technology to pilot degree.
The shift of these technological innovation necessitates the coaching connected with researchers by pharmaceutical corporations for times of a single to two a few months. During this time, they understand the tricks connected with recombinant pressures, practice the actual downstream method and conduct qc techniques according to the rules of the Western Pharmacopoeia.

Within the last number of years, the audience has trained more than 60 to 70 scientists through Teen pharmaceutic companies operating in various ICGEB Member Says. Most of these corporations have become producing biosynthesis utilizing your systems. They are generally, not merely, deeply in love with a nearby marketplaces, however properly remain competitive for the intercontinental marketplace.

Throughout the beyond one hundred year, humankind renders a tremendous hard work to be aware of the organic particulars regarding characteristics. The idea started out together with the conventional fermentation connected with food to the business exploitation of most sorts of natural cellular material. One of the most incredible innovations occurred since the the middle of Nineteen forties using the discovery of the lifestyle conserving medicines, accompanied by saving money wave within agriculture in the 50s to this particular swift advance understand the particular hereditary reasons for existing tissues. There isn’t any uncertainty produce, our existing biotechnological information is able to get rid of medical in addition to lower income problems, with the decline or perhaps reduction regarding malnourishment inside arid specific zones well in route employing present day genetically revised farming.
It should therefore always be doable to create a place through which individuals can get their particular whole prospective and cause fruitful and artistic life prior to their demands in addition to interests. Because most on the medical analysis as well as improvement concentrates inside the mild weather specific zones, a more in-depth cohesiveness should get lucky and accomplish an version from the aged as well as recently produced technology to the proper damage through climate sector, the actual contemporary society and the neighborhood natural environment.

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Philippines banks on biotechnology to deal with enviromentally friendly issues, food security considerations

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Manila: This Philippine federal government is definitely depending on biotechnology-based options throughout handling critical environmental and meals basic safety difficulties struggling with america.

Environment Admin Ramon Paje, during a the latest event with suv Quezon City paying attention to the 7th Nationwide Biotechnology 7 days, said medical is key in order to approaching crucial the environmental problems facing this Philippines, for example connection between climatic change including droughts, food safety and mitigation of effects via rental destruction.

Biotechnology is generally defined as the field of biology that utilizes residing creatures in addition to bioprocesses within engineering, drugs and other applications.

Paje stated that given the difficulties challenged simply by places such as Australia which can be as a result of climatic change and man-made maladies such as contamination, there is an enormous likely regarding biotechnology throughout protecting as well as enhancing the company’s environment.

The utilization of biotechnology, specifically in food items creation as well as remedies, is debatable trouble in the Australia as well as in different establishing in addition to civilized world.

Paje known that while the advantages of the actual safe utilization of medical throughout other sectors, specifically in agriculture as well as drugs, are actually increasingly recognized by the us government, vehicles identified the various troubles experiencing biotechnology, specially the alleged affect of genetically-modified microorganisms or even GMOs on the some people’s health, pets as well as the atmosphere.

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High level expression of Acidothermus cellulolyticus beta-1, 4-endoglucanase in transgenic rice enhances the hydrolysis of its straw by cultured cow gastric fluid

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Background:
Large-scale production of effective cellulose hydrolytic enzymes is the key to bioconversion of agricultural residues to ethanol. The goal of this study was to develop rice plant as a bioreactor for large-scale production of cellulose hydrolytic enzymes via genetic transformation and to improve rice straw simultaneously as an efficient biomass feedstock for conversion of cellulose to glucose.
Results:
In this study, the cellulose hydrolytic enzyme beta-1, 4-endoglucanase (E1) gene, from the thermophilic bacterium Acidothermus cellulolyticus, was overexpressed in rice through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The expression of the bacterial E1 gene in rice was driven by the constitutive Mac promoter, a hybrid promoter of Ti plasmid mannopine synthetase promoter and cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter enhancer with the signal peptide of tobacco pathogenesis-related protein for targeting the E1 protein to the apoplastic compartment for storage. A total of 52 transgenic rice plants from six independent lines expressing the bacterial E1 enzyme were obtained, which expressed the gene at high levels without severely impairing plant growth and development. However, some transgenic plants exhibited a shorter stature and flowered earlier than the wild type plants. The E1 specific activities in the leaves of the highest expressing transgenic rice lines were about 20 fold higher than those of various transgenic plants obtained in previous studies and the protein amounts accounted for up to 6.1% of the total leaf soluble protein. A zymogram and temperature-dependent activity analysis demonstrated the thermostability of the E1 enzyme and its substrate specificity against cellulose, and a simple heat treatment can be used to purify the protein. In addition, hydrolysis of transgenic rice straw with cultured cow gastric fluid for one hour at 39oC and another hour at 81oC yielded 43% more reducing sugars than wild type rice straw.
Conclusion:
Taken together, these data suggest that transgenic rice can effectively serve as a bioreactor for large-scale production of active, thermostable cellulose hydrolytic enzymes. As a feedstock, direct expression of large amount of cellulases in transgenic rice may also facilitate saccharification of cellulose in rice straw and significantly reduce the costs for hydrolytic enzymes.Source:
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Young science entrepreneurs: Biotechnology YES 2011 – Video

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See the full press release here: bit.ly After an intense day of competition in London, a team of four budding biotechnology entrepreneurs from the University of Oxford have emerged as the winners of this year's Biotechnology Young Entrepreneurs Scheme (YES). The winners of the 2011 Biotechnology Young Entrepreneurs Scheme (YES) competition are Ben Owens, Hannah Richards, Bonnie Murphy and Phillip Wulff from The University of Oxford. See more BBSRC videos here: http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk See BBSRC News for the latest news, features and events: http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk Follow BBSRC on Twitter: twitter.com

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Young science entrepreneurs: Biotechnology YES 2011 - Video

Chemical composition and enzymatic digestibility of sugarcane clones selected for varied lignin contents

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Background:
The recalcitrance of lignocellulosic materials is a major drawback for their conversion into fermentable sugars. Lignin depletion in new cultivars or transgenic plants has been identified as a way to diminish this recalcitrance. In this context, a sugarcane breeding program has selected sugarcane plants with low lignin content. The chemical composition and agronomic characteristics of eleven experimental hybrids plus two reference samples are reported. The enzymatic digestion of untreated and chemically delignified samples was evaluated to advance the performance of the sugarcane bagasse in cellulosic-ethanol production processes.
Results:
The glucan, hemicellulose, lignin and extractive contents (based on oven dry biomass) of the experimental hybrids and reference samples varied between 38% and 43%, 25% and 32%, 17% and 24% and 1.6% and 7.5%, respectively. The samples with the smallest amounts of lignin did not present the largest amounts of total polysaccharides. Instead, a flexible distribution of the components, including extractives, seems to compensate for the reduction in lignin content. Hydroxycinnamic acids accounted for a significant part of the aromatic compounds in the samples. P-coumaric acid predominated whereas ferulic acid was detected in low amounts. Hydroxycinnamic acids that were ester-linked to the hemicelluloses varied from 2.3% to 3.6% among the samples. The total amounts of hydroxycinnamic acids that include the fraction linked to lignin through ether linkages varied from 5.0% to 9.2% and correlated, to some extent, with the lignin contents. These clones released up to 31% of glucose after 72h of digestion with commercial cellulases. Chemically delignified samples led to cellulose conversion values higher than 80%. Plants with originally less lignin required lower levels of delignification to reach higher efficiencies of cellulose conversion during the enzymatic treatment.
Conclusion:
Some of the experimental sugarcane hybrids presented combined characteristics of high biomass and sucrose productivities with low lignin contents. Glucan conversion to glucose by commercial cellulases increased in the samples with low lignin content. Chemical delignification further increased the cellulose conversion to values higher than 80%. Interestingly, plants with originally less lignin required lower levels of delignification to reach higher efficiencies of cellulose conversion during the enzymatic treatment.Source:
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Identification of candidate genes for yeast engineering to improve bioethanol production in Very-High-Gravity and lignocellulosic biomass industrial fermentations

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Background:
The optimization of industrial bioethanol production will depend on the rational design and manipulation of industrial strains to improve their robustness against the many stress factors affecting their performance during Very High Gravity (VHG) or lignocellulosic fermentations. In this study, a set of Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes found to confer resistance to the simultaneous presence of different relevant stresses, through genome-wide screenings, were identified as required for maximal fermentation performance under industrial conditions.
Results:
Chemogenomics data were used to identify eight genes whose expression confers simultaneous resistance to high concentrations of glucose, acetic acid and ethanol, chemical stresses relevant for VHG fermentations; and eleven genes conferring simultaneous resistance to stresses relevant during lignocellulosic fermentations. These eleven genes were identified based on two different sets: one with five genes granting simultaneous resistance to ethanol, acetic acid and furfural, and the other with six genes providing simultaneous resistance to ethanol, acetic acid and vanillin. The expression of BUD31 and HPR1 was found to lead to the increase of both ethanol yield and fermentation rate, while PHO85, VRP1 and YGL024w expression is required for maximal ethanol production in VHG fermentations. Five genes, ERG2, PRS3, RAV1, RPB4 and VMA8 were found to contribute to the maintenance of cell viability in wheat straw hydrolysate and/or for maximal fermentation rate of this substrate.
Conclusions:
The identified genes stand as preferential targets for genetic engineering manipulation in order to generate more robust industrial strains, able to cope with the most significant fermentation stresses and, thus, to increase ethanol production rate and final ethanol titers.Source:
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