Pharmacogenomics~ Doctor to Doctor
Over 2 million people per year suffer from adverse drug reactions. Over 100000 of these drug reactions prove fatal. Learn how a simple DNA test can determine which medicines are specifically...
By: Blue Ridge Partners
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Pharmacogenomics~ Doctor to Doctor - Video
Pharmacogenomics at Mayo Clinic with MedxPrime with Lee
Pharmacogenomics DNA testing is the future, or I should say the "now" of personalized medicine. reach out to me below... If you or someone you know takes, or will be taking medicine and you...
By: Lee Bane
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Pharmacogenomics at Mayo Clinic with MedxPrime with Lee - Video
Pharmacogenomics medicines targeted for individuals
We can give you a FREE "patient letter" to take to your doctor to request this simple "swab of the cheek" test. If you or someone you know takes a lot of med...
By: EliteMarketing InternationalLLC
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Pharmacogenomics medicines targeted for individuals - Video
2.1.Pharmacogenomics for Individuals
By: Rejaul Alam
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2.1.Pharmacogenomics for Individuals - Video
Regulatory consideration of pharmacogenomics data in labeling - Mike Pacanowski
March 3-4, 2015 - Research Directions in Genetically-Mediated Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis More: http://www.genome.gov/27560487.
By: GenomeTV
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Regulatory consideration of pharmacogenomics data in labeling - Mike Pacanowski - Video
Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a very common and heterogeneous childhood-onset psychiatric disorder, affecting between 3% and 5% of school age children worldwide. Although the neurobiology of ADHD is not completely understood, imbalances in both dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems have been implicated in the origin and persistence of core symptoms, which include inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The role of a genetic component in its etiology is strongly supported by genetic studies, and several investigations have suggested that the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1; SLC6A3 locus) may be a small-effect susceptibility gene for ADHD. Stimulant medication has a well-documented efficacy in reducing ADHD symptoms. Methylphenidate, the most prescribed stimulant, seems to act mainly by inhibiting the dopamine transporter protein and dopamine reuptake. In fact, its effect is probably related to an increase in extracellular levels of dopamine, especially in brain regions enriched in this protein (i.e. striatum). It is also important to note that dopamine transporter densities seem to be particularly elevated in the brain of ADHD patients, decreasing after treatment with methylphenidate. Altogether, these observations suggest that the dopamine transporter does play a major role in ADHD. Among the several polymorphisms already described in the SLC6A3 locus, a 40 bp variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism has been extensively investigated in association studies with ADHD. Although there are some negative results, the findings from these reports indicate the allele with ten copies of the 40 bp sequence (10-repeat allele) as the risk allele for ADHD. Some investigations have suggested that this polymorphism can be implicated in dopamine transporter gene expression in vitro and dopamine transporter density in vivo, even though it is located in a non-coding region of the SLC6A3 locus. Despite all these data, few studies have addressed the relationship between genetic markers (specifically the VNTR) at the SLC6A3 locus and response to methylphenidate in ADHD patients. A significant effect of the 40 bp VNTR on response to methylphenidate has been detected in most of these reports. However, the findings are inconsistent regarding both the allele (or genotype) involved and the direction of this influence (better or worse response). Thus, further investigations are required to determine if genetic variation due to the VNTR in the dopamine transporter gene is able to predict different levels of clinical response and palatability to methylphenidate in patients with ADHD, and how this information would be useful in clinical practice.
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Polymorphisms of the dopamine transporter gene: influence ...
J Mark FitzGerald,1 Eugene R Bleecker,2 Arnaud Bourdin,3 William W Busse,4 Gary T Ferguson,5 Laura Brooks,6 Peter Barker,6 Ubaldo J Martin6
1Centre for Heart and Lung Health, The Lung Centre Vancouver General Hospital, UBC Institute for Heart and Lung Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada; 2Divisions of Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Genomics and Precision Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States; 3Department of Respiratory Diseases, Hpital Arnaud De Villeneuve, Montpellier, France; 4Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States; 5Pulmonary Research Institute of Southeast Michigan, Farmington Hills, MI, United States; 6AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
Correspondence: J Mark FitzGeraldThe Lung Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Gordon and Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver BC V5Z 1M9, CanadaTel +1604-875-4122Email mark.fitzgerald@vch.ca
Background: Benralizumab is an interleukin-5 receptor alphadirected cytolytic monoclonal antibody. Treatment with benralizumab significantly reduces exacerbations and improves lung function after 1 year for patients with severe, uncontrolled eosinophilic asthma.Objective: We explored whether benralizumab efficacy was sustained after an additional year of treatment while maintaining an acceptable safety profile.Methods: Data from the pivotal 48-week SIROCCO and 56-week CALIMA studies were integrated with data from the predefined 56-week adult phase of the BORA extension study to provide a 2-year integrated efficacy and safety analysis of benralizumab. BORA enrolled patients who had completed SIROCCO or CALIMA. Patients receiving benralizumab 30 mg subcutaneously, either every 4 weeks (Q4W) or every 8 weeks (Q8W; first three doses Q4W), were assessed. Efficacy was evaluated based on baseline blood eosinophil counts from the pivotal studies (300 and Results: Mean treatment exposures were 24.3 (Q4W, n=518) and 24.6 (Q8W, n=512) months. Exacerbation frequency reductions observed in SIROCCO/CALIMA were maintained; 50% of the patients had no exacerbations during the 2-year study period (crude exacerbation rate, Q8W: 0.56 exacerbations/year for patients with blood eosinophil counts 300 cells/L). Lung function improvements with benralizumab were maintained for 2 years, as represented by increases in mean prebronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second from baseline of 0.343 L and 0.364 L with 1 and 2 years of benralizumab Q8W treatment, respectively, for patients with blood eosinophil counts 300 cells/L. Health-related quality of life improvements with benralizumab observed in the pivotal studies were also sustained. Adverse events and serious adverse event rates were similar between the BORA extension and SIROCCO/CALIMA periods, with no new or unexpected occurrence of adverse events.Conclusion: This benralizumab 2-year integrated analysis further supports long-term use of benralizumab for patients with severe, uncontrolled eosinophilic asthma.
Keywords: asthma, benralizumab, clinical features, eosinophilic inflammation, interleukin-5 receptor, safety
This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution - Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License.By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms.
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Two-Year Integrated Efficacy And Safety Analysis Of Benralizumab In Se | JAA - Dove Medical Press
OMICS InternationalConference Seriesprovides the perfect platform for global networking and we are truly delighted to invite you to attend our 6thInternational Conference on Genomics & Pharmacogenomics, during September 12-14, 2016, Berlin, Germany. Genomics-2016 is a global platform to discuss and learn about Genomics & Pharmacogenomics and its allied areas Bioinformatics, Transcriptomics, Biotechnology, Molecular Biology, Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering.
Track 1: Cancer Genomics
Tumor Genomics is the investigation of hereditary transformations in charge of malignancy, utilizing genome sequencing and bioinformatics. Disease genomics is to enhance growth treatment and results lies in figuring out which sets of qualities and quality associations influence diverse subsets of tumors. Universal Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) is a deliberate experimental association that gives a discussion to joint effort among the world's driving growth and genomic analysts.
Related Conferences: International Conference onNext Generation Sequencing, July 21-22, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 4th International Conference onIntegrative Biology, July 18-20, 2016, Berlin, Germany, International Conference onClinical and Molecular Genetics, November 28-30, 2016 Chicago, USA; International Conference and Expo onMolecular & Cancer Biomarkers, September 15-17 2016, Berlin, Germany; 5th International Conference and Exhibition onCell and Gene Therapy, May 19-21, 2016 San Antonio, USA;Cancer Genome(Q1), February 7-11, 2016, Alberta, Canada; 18th International Conference onCancer Genomics, January 26 - 27, 2016, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Enhancer Malfunction in Cancer (Q6), February 21-24, 2016, New Mexico, USA;DNA Damage, Mutation & Cancer, March 13-18, 2016, Ventura, USA; Chromatin andEpigenetics, 20 March 2016, Dubrovnik, Croatia;
Track 2: Functional Genomics
Utilitarian Genomics use incomprehensible abundance of information created by genomic and transcriptomic tasks to portray quality capacities and cooperations. Patterns in Functional Genomics are Affymetrix developed as an early trend-setter around there by imagining a commonsense approach to examine quality capacity as a framework.
Related Conferences: World Congress onHuman GeneticsOctober 31- November 02, 2016 Valencia, Spain; 4th International Conference onIntegrative Biology, July 18-20, 2016, Berlin, Germany; International Conference onMolecular Biology, October 13-15, 2016 Dubai, UAE; International Conference onGenetic Counseling and Genomic MedicineAugust 11-12, 2016 Birmingham; 5th International Conference and Exhibition onCell and Gene TherapyMay 19-21, 2016 San Antonio, USA; International Symposium on RiceFunctional Genomics, Sept 21-24, 2015, China;Ribosome structureand function 2016, 610 July 2016 | Strasbourg, France; 5thGeneticsand Genomics Conference, June 1-3, 2016, Nanjing, China; Chromatin,Non-coding RNAsand RNAP II Regulation in Development and Disease Conference, 29 March 2016, Austin, USA; Maintenance ofGenome Stability2016, March 7-10, 2016, Panama, Central America
Track 3: Next Generation Sequencing
Cutting edge sequencing (NGS) is regularly alluded to as greatly parallel sequencing, which implies that a large number of little parts of DNA can be sequenced in the meantime, making a gigantic pool of information. Cutting edge sequencing (NGS), hugely parallel or profound sequencing is connected terms that portray a DNA sequencing innovation which has upset genomic research.
Related Conferences: International Conference onNext Generation Sequencing, July 21-22, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 4th International Conference onIntegrative Biology, July 18-20, 2016, Berlin, Germany; 6th International Conference onGenomics & Pharmacogenomics, September 12-14, 2016 Berlin, Germany; International Conference onGenetic Counseling and Genomic MedicineAugust 11-12, 2016 Birmingham; International Conference onMolecular Biology, October 13-15, 2016 Dubai, UAE; 6th Next Generation Sequencing Conference, May 25-26, 2016, Boston, USA; Genetics in Forensics Congress, 14-15, March 2016, London, UK; ICHG 2016, April 3-7, 2016, Japan; Genome Editing andGene ModulationCongress, 6-8 April, 2016, Oxford, UK; 4th International Conference onBioinformaticsand Computational Biology, February 2-3, 2016, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Track 4: Biomarkers & Molecular Markers
Biomarkers can be trademark organic properties or particles that can be distinguished and measured in parts of the body such as the blood or tissue. Biomarkers can be particular cells, atoms, or qualities, quality items, chemicals, or hormones. Atomic marker is a section of DNA that is connected with a specific area inside of the genome. Atomic markers are utilized as a part of sub-atomic science and biotechnology to distinguish a specific grouping of DNA in a pool of obscure DNA.
Related Conferences: International Conference and Expo onMolecular & Cancer BiomarkersSeptember 15-17, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 4th International Conference onIntegrative Biology, July 18-20, 2016 Berlin; 7th International Conference onBiomarkers & Clinical Research, November 28-30, 2016 Baltimore, USA; International Conference onBiochemistryOctober 13-15, 2016 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; International Conference onProtein Engineering, October 26-28, 2015 Chicago, USA;BiomarkerSummit, 2123 March 2016, San Diego, United States; 18th International Conference on Biomarkers andClinical Medicine, 16-17 May, 2016, Paris, France; Circulating Biomarkers World Congress 2016, 21-22 March, 2016, Boston, USA; The Biomarker Conference, 18 - 19 February 2016, San Diego, USA; CancerMolecular Markers, 7-9, March 2016, San Francisco, USA
Track: 5 Pharmacogenomics & Personalized Medicine
Pharmacogenomics is a piece of a field called customized solution that means to tweak human services, with choices and medications custom-made to every individual patient inside and out conceivable. Pharmacogenomics manages new developments in the field of customized meds and advancements in modified medication revelation utilizing proteome innovation.
Related Conferences: 5th International Conference and Exhibition onMetabolomics, May 16-18, 2016 Osaka, International Conference onGenetic Counseling and Genomic MedicineAugust 11-12, 2016 Birmingham; Japan; 5th International Conference onTissue Science and Regenerative MedicineSeptember 12-14, 2016 Berlin, Germany; International Conference onRestorative MedicineOctober 24-26, 2016 Chicago, USA; International Conference onClinical and Molecular Genetics, November 28-30, 2016 Chicago, USA; Golden Helix Symposium, January 14-16, 2016, Mansoura, Egypt; ThePersonalized Medicine, World Conference 24-27 January, 2016, San Francisco, USA; 14th Asia-Pacific Federation forClinical Biochemistryand Laboratory Medicine Congress, November 26-29, 2016,Taipei, Taiwan; Personalized Medicine, July 10-15, 2016, Hong Kong, China; 18th International Conference on Pharmaceutical Engineering andPharmacogenetics, March 30 - 31, 2016, Istanbul, Turkey
Track 6: Clinical Genomics
Clinical Genomics is the utilization of genome sequencing to educate understanding analysis and care. Genome sequencing is relied upon to have the most effect in: portraying and diagnosing hereditary infection; stratifying patients for fitting malignancy treatment; and giving data around an individual's imaginable reaction to treatment to lessen antagonistic medication responses.
Related Conferences: ThePersonalized Medicine, World Conference 24-27 January, 2016, San Francisco, USA; International Conference onClinical and Molecular Genetics, November 28-30, 2016 Chicago, USA; 5th International Conference and Exhibition onMetabolomics, May 16-18, 2016 Osaka, Japan; International Conference onRestorative MedicineOctober 24-26, 2016 Chicago, USA; 5th International Conference onTissue Science and Regenerative MedicineSeptember 12-14, 2016 Berlin, Germany; American College ofMedical Geneticsand Genomics (ACMG) Annual Clinical Genetics Meeting, March 8-12, 2016, Tampa, USA; Belgian Society ofHuman Geneticsand Dutch Society for Human Genetics Joint Meeting 2016 (NVHG BESHG 2016), February 4-5, 2016, Leuven, Belgium; An International Symposium of the Association ofBiomolecularResource Facilities, February 20-23, 2016, Florida, USA; 14th Asia-Pacific Federation forClinical Biochemistryand Laboratory Medicine Congress, November 26-29, 2016,Taipei, Taiwan;Personalized Medicine, July 10-15, 2016, Hong Kong, China
Track 7: Micro RNA
MicroRNAs comprise a novel class of small, non-coding endogenous RNAs that regulate gene expression by directing their target mRNAs for degradation or translational repression. miRNAs represent small RNA molecules encoded in the genomes of plants and animals. These highly conserved 22 nucleotides long RNA sequences regulate the expression of genes by binding to the 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTR) of specific mRNAs. A growing body of evidence shows that miRNAs are one of the key players in cell differentiation and growth, mobility and apoptosis.
Related Conferences: International Conference onClinical and Molecular Genetics, November 28-30, 2016 Chicago, USA; International Conference onNext Generation SequencingJuly 21-22, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 7th International Conference and Expo onProteomicsOctober 24-26, 2016 Rome, Italy; International Conference onStructural BiologyJune 23-24, 2016 New Orleans, USA; International Conference onTranscriptomicsAugust 18-20, 2016 Portland, Oregon USA; International Conference onMolecular BiologyOctober 13-15, 2016 Dubai, UAE; 18th International Conference on ExtracellularBiomarkers, 22 23 April, 2016, London, United Kingdom; The 21st Annual Meeting of the RNA Society, June 28-June 2, 2016, Kyoto, Japan; Noncoding RNAs in Health andDisease, February 21-24, 2016, New Mexico, USA;Small RNASilencing: Little Guides, Big Biology, January 24-28, 2016, Colorado, USA; Micro RNA as Biomarkers and Diagnostics, Positive-Strand RNAViruses, May 1-5, 2016, Texas, USA
Track 8: mRNA Analysis
mRNA is a subtype of RNA. A mRNA atom conveys a segment of the DNA code to different parts of the cell for preparing. mRNA is made amid interpretation. Amid the translation handle, a solitary strand of DNA is decoded by RNA polymerase, and mRNA is incorporated. Physically, mRNA is a strand of nucleotides known as ribonucleic corrosive, and is single-stranded.
Related Conferences: International Conference onClinical and Molecular Genetics, November 28-30, 2016 Chicago, USA; International Conference onNext Generation SequencingJuly 21-22, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 7th International Conference and Expo onProteomicsOctober 24-26, 2016 Rome, Italy; International Conference onStructural BiologyJune 23-24, 2016 New Orleans, USA; International Conference onTranscriptomicsAugust 18-20, 2016 Portland, Oregon USA; International Conference onMolecular BiologyOctober 13-15, 2016 Dubai, UAE; FromCell Biologyto Pathology, January 24-27, 2016, New Mexico, USA; Complex Life of mRNA, 58 October 2016, Heidelberg, Germany;Genome Editingand Gene Modulation Congress 2016, 6-8 Apr 2016, Oxford, United Kingdom;NGS2015 Sheffield Conference, 18-19 November, 2015, Sheffield, USA; Quantitative methods inGene Regulation-III, 7-8 December, 2015, Cambridge, UK
Track 9: Bioinformatics in Genomics
Bioinformatics is the exploration of gathering and breaking down complex organic information, for example, hereditary codes. Sub-atomic solution requires the joining and examination of genomic, sub-atomic, cell, and additionally clinical information and it in this way offers a momentous arrangement of difficulties to bioinformatics.
Related Conferences: 5th International Conference onComputational Systems BiologyAugust 22-23, 2016 Philadelphia, USA; 6th International Conference onBioinformaticsMarch 29-30, 2016 Valencia, Spain; 7th International Conference onBioinformaticsOctober 27-28, 2016 Chicago, USA; 2nd International Conference onTranscriptomicsAugust 18-20, 2016 Portland, Oregon USA; International Conference onNext Generation SequencingJuly 21-22, 2016 Berlin, Germany; The Fourteenth Asia PacificBioinformaticsConference, 11th-13 January 2016, San Francisco, USA; 18th International Conference on Bioinformatics andBiotechnology, 19 20 May 2016, Berlin, Germany; IEEE conference on Computational Intelligence in Bioinformatics &Computational Biology, October 5-7, 2016, Chiang Mai, Thailand; 7th International Conference on Bioinformatics Models, Methods andAlgorithms, 21- 23 Feb, 2016, Rome, Italy;Bio banking2016, 57 January 2016, London, United Kingdom
Track 10: Comparative Genomics
Similar Genomics new field of natural examination in which the genome groupings of various species - human, mouse and a wide assortment of different life forms from yeast to chimpanzees-are looked at. The assessment of likenesses and contrasts between genomes of various life forms; can uncover contrasts in the middle of people and species and also transformative connections.
Related Conferences: World Congress onHuman GeneticsOctober 31- November 02, 2016 Valencia, Spain; 4th International Conference onIntegrative Biology, July 18-20, 2016, Berlin, Germany; International Conference onMolecular Biology, October 13-15, 2016 Dubai, UAE; International Conference onGenetic Counseling and Genomic MedicineAugust 11-12, 2016 Birmingham; 5th International Conference and Exhibition onCell and Gene TherapyMay 19-21, 2016 San Antonio, USA; 20th Annual International Conference on Research in ComputationalMolecular Biology, April 17-21, 2016, Santa Monica, USA; 8th International Conference onBioinformatics and Computational Biology, April 4-6, 2016, Nevada, USA; Visualizingbiological data, 911 March 2016, Heidelberg, Germany; Chromatin andEpigenetics, March 20-24, 2016, British Columbia, Canada; Game ofEpigenomics, April 24-28, 2016 in Dubrovnik
Track 11: Plant Genomics
Late mechanical headways have generously extended our capacity to dissect and comprehend plant genomes and to diminish the crevice existing in the middle of genotype and phenotype. The quick advancing field of genomics permits researchers to dissect a huge number of qualities in parallel, to comprehend the hereditary building design of plant genomes furthermore to separate the qualities in charge of transformations.
Related Conferences: International Conference onPlant PhysiologyJune 09-11, 2016 Dallas, USA ; Global Summit onPlant ScienceNovember 28-30, 2016 Baltimore, USA; 5th International Conference onAgriculture & HorticultureJune 27-29, 2016 Cape Town, South Africa ; 6th International Conference onGenomics & PharmacogenomicsSeptember 22-24, 2016 Berlin, Germany; International Conference onGreen Energy& Expo November 28-30, 2016 Baltimore, USA; Plant Genomes andBiotechnology: from genes to networks Dec ember 02-05, 2015 Berlin, Germany; Plant Genome Evolution 2015 September, 6 - 8 2015 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; The 3rdPlant GenomicsCongress September 14-15,2015 Missouri, USA; ProkaGENOMICS European Conference on Prokaryotic andFungal Genomics29 September-2 October 2015 Gttingen, Germany; International Meeting onBioinformaticsand OMICs October 27- 30,2015 Varadero, Cuba; The 2ndPlant GenomicsCongress: September 14-15, 2015 MO, USA; GET Global Conference September 17-19, 2015 Vienna, Austria
Track 12: Personal Genomics
Individual genomics is the branch of genomics worried with the sequencing and examination of the genome of a person. The genotyping stage utilizes diverse strategies, including single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) examination chips or incomplete or full genome sequencing.
Related Conferences: 4th International Conference onIntegrative Biology, July 18-20, 2016, Berlin, Germany; 2nd International Conference onTranscriptomicsAugust 18-20, 2016 Portland, Oregon USA; International Conference onNext Generation SequencingJuly 21-22, 2016 Berlin, Germany; World Congress onHuman GeneticsOctober 31- November 02, 2016 Valencia, Spain; 18th International Conference onHuman Genetics, February 25 - 26, 2016, London, United Kingdom; Visualizing biological data, 911 March 2016, Heidelberg, Germany; 1st Annual International Congress of Genetics, April 25-28, Dalian, China; Chromatin andEpigenetics, March 20-24, 2016, British Columbia, Canada; Game ofEpigenomics, April 24-28, 2016 in Dubrovnik
Track 13: Microbial Genomics
Microbial Genomics applies recombinant DNA, DNA sequencing routines, and bioinformatics to succession, gather, and dissect the capacity and structure of genomes in organisms. Amid the previous 10 years, genomics-based methodologies have profoundly affected the field of microbiology and our comprehension of microbial species. In view of their bigger genome sizes, genome sequencing endeavors on growths and unicellular eukaryotes were slower to begin than ventures concentrated on prokaryotes.
Related Conferences: International Conference onMolecular BiologyOctober 13-15, 2016 Dubai, UAE; 4th International Conference onIntegrative BiologyJuly 18-20, 2016 Berlin, Germany; International Conference onMicrobial Physiology and GenomicsOctober 20-22, 2016 Rome, Italy; 4th International Conference onClinical Microbiology and Microbial GenomicsOctober 05-07, 2015 Philadelphia, USA; 2nd World Congress and Expo onApplied MicrobiologyOctober 31-November 02, 2016 Istanbul, Turkey; 18th International Conference onClinical Microbiologyand Microbial Genomics, June 9 - 10, 2016, San Francisco, USA; 18th International Conference onDNAand Microbial Genome Resources, February 11 - 12, 2016, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 18th International Conference onMicrobial GenomeResources and Clinical Microbiology, January 12 - 13, 2016, Zurich, Switzerland; 18th International Conference onMolecular Geneticsand Microbiology, February 25 - 26, 2016, London, United Kingdom
Track 14: Future trends in Genomics
Genomics research holds the way to meeting a considerable lot of the difficulties of the coming years. Right now, the greatest test is in information investigation. We can produce a lot of information modestly, yet that overpowers our ability to comprehend it. The significant test of the Genome Research is we have to imbue genomic data into restorative practice, which is truly hard.
Related Conferences: International Conference onClinical and Molecular Genetics, November 28-30, 2016 Chicago, USA; 2nd International Conference onTranscriptomicsAugust 18-20, 2016 Portland, Oregon USA; International Conference onNext Generation SequencingJuly 21-22, 2016 Berlin, Germany; The Fourteenth Asia PacificBioinformaticsConference, 11th-13 January 2016, San Francisco, USA; World Congress onHuman GeneticsOctober 31- November 02, 2016 Valencia, Spain; 18th International Conference onGeneticsand Genomics, June 9 - 10, 2016, San Francisco, USA; NGS 16Genome Annotation, April 4 6, 2016, Barcelona, Spain; Maintenance of Genome Stability 2016, March 7-10, 2016, Panama, Central America;Epigenomics: new marks, new horizons, December 2015, 2 December 2015, UK;Human GenomeMeeting, 28 February 2 March 2016, Houston, USA
Track 15: Genomic Medicine Genomic Medicine as "a developing restorative train that includes utilizing genomic data around a person as a major aspect of their clinical consideration (e.g., for demonstrative or remedial choice making) and the wellbeing results and strategy ramifications of that clinical use." Already, genomic medication is having an effect in the fields of oncology, pharmacology, uncommon and undiscovered maladies, and irresistible illness.
Related Conferences: International Conference and Expo onMolecular & Cancer BiomarkersSeptember 15-17, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 4th International Conference onIntegrative Biology, July 18-20, 2016 Berlin; 7th International Conference onBiomarkers & Clinical Research, November 28-30, 2016 Baltimore, USA; International Conference onBiochemistryOctober 13-15, 2016 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; International Conference onProtein Engineering, October 26-28, 2015 Chicago, USA;BiomarkerSummit, 2123 March 2016, San Diego, United States; 18th International Conference on Biomarkers andClinical Medicine, 16-17 May, 2016, Paris, France; Circulating Biomarkers World Congress 2016, 21-22 March, 2016, Boston, USA; The Biomarker Conference, 18 - 19 February 2016, San Diego, USA; CancerMolecular Markers, 7-9, March 2016, San Francisco, USA
Track 15: Genomics Market
Genomics is the study of the genetic material or genomes of an organism. Analysts forecast the Global Genomics market will grow at a CAGR of 11.21% over the period 2013-2018. According to the report, the most important driver of the market is an increase in the demand for consumables. The growing adoption of genetic testing for various applications, especially in regions such as the APAC, and an increase in genetic testing volumes in North America and Western Europe is increasing the demand for consumables.
Related Conferences: 5th International Conference onComputational Systems BiologyAugust 22-23, 2016 Philadelphia, USA; 6th International Conference onBioinformaticsMarch 29-30, 2016 Valencia, Spain; 7th International Conference onBioinformaticsOctober 27-28, 2016 Chicago, USA; 2nd International Conference onTranscriptomicsAugust 18-20, 2016 Portland, Oregon USA; International Conference onNext Generation SequencingJuly 21-22, 2016 Berlin, Germany; The Fourteenth Asia PacificBioinformaticsConference, 11th-13 January 2016, San Francisco, USA; 18th International Conference on Bioinformatics andBiotechnology, 19 20 May 2016, Berlin, Germany; IEEE conference on Computational Intelligence in Bioinformatics &Computational Biology, October 5-7, 2016, Chiang Mai, Thailand; 7th International Conference on Bioinformatics Models, Methods andAlgorithms, 21- 23 Feb, 2016, Rome, Italy;Bio banking2016, 57 January 2016, London, United Kingdom
OMICS International hosted3rd International Conference on Genomics & Pharmacogenomics during September 21-23, 2015 at San Antonio, USA based on the theme Implications & Impacts of Genomic Advances on Global Health.
Active participation and generous response was received from the Organizing Committee Members, scientists, researchers, as well as experts from Non-government organizations, and students from diverse groups who made this conference as one of the most successful and productive events in 2015 from OMICS Group.
The conference was marked with several workshops, multiple sessions, Keynote presentations, panel discussions and Poster sessions. We received active participation from scientists, young and brilliant researchers, business delegates and talented student communities representing more than 35 countries, who have driven this event into the path of success.
The conference was initiated with a warm welcome note by Honorable guests and the Keynote forum.The proceedings went through interactive sessions and panel discussions headed byhonorable Moderator Dr. Aditi Nadkarni, New York University, USA for the conference.
The conference proceedings were carried out through various Scientific-sessions and plenary lectures, of which the following Speakers were highlighted as Keynote speakers:
Utilizing cancer sequencing in the clinic - Best practices in variant analysis, filtering and annotation: Andreas Scherer, Golden Helix Inc., USA
The role of genomics in gene therapy and diagnostic testing and related intellectual property issues: Krishna Dronamraju, Foundation for Genetic Research, USA
Epigenesis, methylation, and single strand breaks: Rosemarie Wahl, St. Mary's University, USA
The application of validation and proficiency testing concepts from current clinical genetic diagnostics for the implementation of new genetic technologies: Kathleen S Wilson, U.T Southwestern Medical Center, USA
Biomimetic membranes: Mariusz Grzelakowski, Applied Biomimetic Inc., USA
The Genomics-2015 also being highlighted for the below International workshop:
Understanding the effects of steroid hormone exposure on regulation of P53 and Bcl-2 gene expression
OMICS Group has taken the privilege of felicitating Genomics-2015 Organizing Committee, Keynote Speakers who supported for the success of this event. OMICS Group, on behalf of the Organizing Committee congratulates the Best Poster awardees for their outstanding performance in the field of Genomics & Pharmacogenomics and appreciates all the participants who put their efforts in poster presentations and sincerely wishes them success in future endeavors.
Poster Judging was done by: Dr. Hao Mei, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA Best Poster Award was received by: Mr. Juan Carlos Alberto Padilla, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico
Genomics-2015 attracted the Society for General Microbiology, UK and they came forward to advert their leading journals on the back side cover of conference proceedings book.
Genomics-2015 was sponsored by one of the leading bioinformatics solution center BGI Americas, USA
Genomics-2015 necessarily thanks Aeon Clinical Laboratories, USA for exhibiting recent innovations and express ways in clinical testing.
We are also obliged to various delegate experts, company representatives and other eminent personalities who supported the conference by facilitating active discussion forums. We sincerely thank theOrganizing Committee Membersfor their gracious presence, support, and assistance towards the success of Genomics-2015.
With the unique feedback from the conference,OMICS Groupwould like to announce the commencement of the "6th International Conference on Genomics & Pharmacogenomics, during September 12-14, 2016 at Berlin, Germany.
For More details visit: http://genomics.conferenceseries.com/
Genomics-2014
The conference brought together a broad spectrum of the Genomics community, educators from research universities with their programs and state colleges from across the world, as well as representatives from industry and professional geosciences societies.
This 2ndInternational Conference on Genomics and Pharmacogenomics was based on the theme Envisioning the Genomic Advances in Global Health which covered the below scientific sessions:
Functional genomics
The conference was greeted by the conference moderator Junio Cota, VTT Brasil, Brazil.The support was extended by the honorable guest Krishna Dronamraju, Foundation for Genetic Research, USA; Anton A. Komar, Cleveland State University, USA; J. Claiborne Stephens, Genomics GPS, LLC USA and energized by Keynote presentations.
This 2nd International Conference on Genomics and Pharmacogenomics uplifted with more than 30 oral presentations by researchers, scientists, professors, industry delegates and more than 6 poster participants around the globe. OMICS Group International has taken the privilege of felicitating Earth Science-2014 Organizing Committee Members, Editorial Board Members of the supported Journals and Keynote Speakers who supported for the success of this event.
Last but not the leastOMICS GroupInternational Conferences wishes to acknowledge with its deep sincere gratitude to all the supporters from the Editorial Board Members of our Open Access Journals, Keynote speakers, Honorable guests, Valuable speakers, Poster presenters, students, delegates and special thanks to the Exhibitors andMedia partnersfor their support to make this event a huge success.
With enormous feedback from the participants and supporters of 2nd International Conference on Genomics and Pharmacogenomics, OMICS Group conferences is glad to announce its 3rd International Conference on Genomics and Pharmacogenomics (Genomics-2015) event fron September 21-23, 2015 at San Antonio, USA.
Genomics-2013
The International Conference on Functional and Comparative Genomics & Pharmacogenomics (Genomics-2013) was organized by the OMICS Group during November 12-14, 2013 at DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel Chicago-North Shore, IL, USA. The conference was well received with participation from Genomics-2013 Organizing Committee Members, researchers, scientists, technologists and students from various parts of the world. The three day program witnessed thought provoking speeches from experts which focused on the theme Recent Research Methodologies and Discoveries in Genomics Era. The theme touched upon various topics like
Functional and Comparative Genomics Pharmacogenomics and Personalized medicine Evolutionary and Developmental Genomics Bioinformatics in Genomics & Proteomics Cancergenomics Epigenomics, Transcriptomics and Non-coding genomics Genome Sequencing & Mapping Plant & Ecological Genomics Biomarkers & Molecular Markers
The Conference has gathered support from The European Society of Pharmacogenomics and Theranostics (ESPT), The Nestle Institute of Health Sciences and Geneticational.
Genomics-2013 has swirl up the scientific thoughts on various current genome research related areas. The conference has shown scope of pharmacogenomics (studies of how variations in the human genome affect response to the drugs) and its implications in global health and pharma industry. The conference focused on how pharmacogenomics aids in diagnosing genetic information thus helping to predict not only patients drug response but also many other effects like adverse drug effects and their interactions and the diseases related to that gene. The conference was initiated with a series of invited lectures delivered by both Honorable Guests and members of the Keynote Forum.
Clyde A. Hutchison, Distinguished Investigator from J. Craig Venter Institute, USA who helped in determining the first complete sequence of a DNA molecule (phiX174) and developed site-directed mutagenesis with Michael Smith (1978) delivered a phenomenal and worthy keynote presentation on Building a minimal cell The JCVI design-build-test cycle for synthetic cells during the conference.
Roger Hendrix, Distinguished Professor from University of Pittsburgh, USA explained how he and his group are involved in Genomic analysis of bacteriophages.
William C. Reinhold from National Cancer Institute, NIH, USA presented his speech on The current state of comparative genomics and pharmacogenomics, and the application of the NCI-60 resources and CellMiner tools to these problems.
The conference was chaired by Alexander Bolshoy, Yasuo Iwadate, Gil Atzmon, Gary A. Bulla, Jatinder Lamba, William C. Reinhold, Luciano Brocchieri and Ning-Sun Yang.
Along with the participants of Genomics-2013, we would like to express our gratitude to Dr. Alexander Bolshoy and Dr. William C. Reinhold for their extreme support and assistance towards the conference.
Students from various parts of the world took active participation in poster presentations. Mr. Aren Ewing and Mr. Chih-Yao Hsu were awarded with best posters for their outstanding contribution.
OMICS Group also took the privilege of felicitating Genomics-2013 Organizing Committee, Editorial Board Members of Journal of Data Mining in Genomics and Proteomics, Journal of Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, Journal of Phylogenetics and Evolutionary Biology and Journal of Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Keynote Speakers, Chair and Co-Chairs whose support led the conference into the path of excellence.
The warm support and suggestions from all the participants, inspires us in organizing 2nd International Conference on Genomics & Pharmacogenomics which will be held during September 08-09, 2014 Raleigh, USA.
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International Conference on Genomics & Pharmacogenomics
Drug-gene testing is also called pharmacogenomics, or pharmacogenetics. All terms characterize the study of how your genes affect your bodys response to medications. The word pharmacogenomics is combined from the words pharmacology (the study of the uses and effects of medications) and genomics (the study of genes and their functions).
Your body has thousands of genes that you inherited from your parents. Genes determine which characteristics you have, such as eye color and blood type. Some genes are responsible for how your body processes medications. Pharmacogenomic tests look for changes or variants in these genes that may determine whether a medication could be an effective treatment for you or whether you could have side effects to a specific medication.
Patient Information: Pharmacogenomics Finding the Right Medication for You
Pharmacogenomic testing is one tool that can help your health care provider determine the best medication for you. Your health care provider also considers other factors such as your age, lifestyle, other medications you are taking and your overall health when choosing the right treatment for you.
The purpose of pharmacogenomic testing is to find out if a medication is right for you. A small blood or saliva sample can help determine:
The laboratory looks for changes or variants in one or more genes that can affect your response to certain medications.
Each person would need to have the same specific pharmacogenomic test only once because your genetic makeup does not change over time. However, you may need other pharmacogenomics tests if you take another medication. Each medication is associated with a different pharmacogenomics test. Keep track of all your test results and share them with your health care providers.
The need for pharmacogenomics testing is determined on an individual basis. If your pharmacogenomic test results suggest you may not have a good response to a medication, your family members may have a similar response. Mayo Clinic recommends you share this information with your family members. Your health care provider can also provide recommendations for family members who may benefit from having testing.
Current limitations of pharmacogenomics testing include:
The cost of pharmacogenomics testing varies depending on which test is ordered and your health insurance coverage. To help you determine test costs and coverage:
A federal law called the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) generally makes it illegal for health insurance companies to discriminate against you based on your genetic information. This federal law does not protect you against genetic discrimination by life insurance, disability insurance or long-term care insurance companies. Some states have laws in this area.
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Drug-Gene Testing (Pharmacogenomics) - Mayo Clinic
Frequently Asked Questions About Pharmacogenomics
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Pharmacogenomics uses information about a person's genetic makeup, or genome, to choose the drugs and drug doses that are likely to work best for that particular person. This new field combines the science of how drugs work, called pharmacology, with the science of the human genome, called genomics.
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Until recently, drugs have been developed with the idea that each drug works pretty much the same in everybody. But genomic research has changed that "one size fits all" approach and opened the door to more personalized approaches to using and developing drugs.
Depending on your genetic makeup, some drugs may work more or less effectively for you than they do in other people. Likewise, some drugs may produce more or fewer side effects in you than in someone else. In the near future, doctors will be able to routinely use information about your genetic makeup to choose those drugs and drug doses that offer the greatest chance of helping you.
Pharmacogenomics may also help to save you time and money. By using information about your genetic makeup, doctors soon may be able to avoid the trial-and-error approach of giving you various drugs that are not likely to work for you until they find the right one. Using pharmacogenomics, the "best-fit" drug to help you can be chosen from the beginning.
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Doctors are starting to use pharmacogenomic information to prescribe drugs, but such tests are routine for only a few health problems. However, given the field's rapid growth, pharmacogenomics is soon expected to lead to better ways of using drugs to manage heart disease, cancer, asthma, depression and many other common diseases.
One current use of pharmacogenomics involves people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Before prescribing the antiviral drug abacavir (Ziagen), doctors now routinely test HIV-infected patients for a genetic variant that makes them more likely to have a bad reaction to the drug.
Another example is the breast cancer drug trastuzumab (Herceptin). This therapy works only for women whose tumors have a particular genetic profile that leads to overproduction of a protein called HER2.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also recommends genetic testing before giving the chemotherapy drug mercaptopurine (Purinethol) to patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Some people have a genetic variant that interferes with their ability to process the drug. This processing problem can cause severe side effects and increase risk of infection, unless the standard dose is adjusted according to the patient's genetic makeup.
The FDA also advises doctors to test colon cancer patients for certain genetic variants before administering irinotecan (Camptosar), which is part of a combination chemotherapy regimen. The reasoning is that patients with one particular variant may not be able to clear the drug from their bodies as quickly as others, resulting in severe diarrhea and increased infection risk. Such patients may need to receive lower doses of the drug.
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Much research is underway to understand how genomic information can be used to develop more personalized and cost-effective strategies for using drugs to improve human health.
In 2007, the FDA revised the label on the common blood-thinning drug warfarin (Coumadin) to explain that a person's genetic makeup might influence response to the drug. Some doctors have since begun using genetic information to adjust warfarin dosage. Still, more research is needed to conclusively determine whether warfarin dosing that includes genetic information is better than the current trial-and-error approach.
The FDA also is considering genetic testing for another blood-thinner, clopidogrel bisulfate (Plavix), used to prevent dangerous blood clots. Researchers have found that Plavix may not work well in people with a certain genetic variant.
Cancer is another very active area of pharmacogenomic research. Studies have found that the chemotherapy drugs, gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva), work much better in lung cancer patients whose tumors have a certain genetic change. On the other hand, research has shown that the chemotherapy drugs cetuximab (Erbitux) and panitumumab (Vecitibix) do not work very well in the 40 percent of colon cancer patients whose tumors have a particular genetic change.
Pharmacogenomics may also help to quickly identify the best drugs to treat people with certain mental health disorders. For example, while some patients with depression respond to the first drug they are given, many do not, and doctors have to try another drug. Because each drug takes weeks to take its full effect, patients' depression may grow worse during the time spent searching for a drug that helps.
Recently, researchers identified genetic variations that influence the response of depressed people to citalopram (Celexa), which belongs to a widely used class of antidepressant drugs called selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Clinical trials are now underway to learn whether genetic tests that predict SSRI response can improve patients' outcomes.
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Yes. Besides improving the ways in which existing drugs are used, genome research will lead to the development of better drugs. The goal is to produce new drugs that are highly effective and do not cause serious side effects.
Until recently, drug developers usually used an approach that involved screening for chemicals with broad action against a disease. Researchers are now using genomic information to find or design drugs aimed at subgroups of patients with specific genetic profiles. In addition, researchers are using pharmacogenomic tools to search for drugs that target specific molecular and cellular pathways involved in disease.
Pharmacogenomics may also breathe new life into some drugs that were abandoned during the development process. For example, development of the beta-blocker drug bucindolol (Gencaro) was stopped after two other beta-blocker drugs won FDA approval to treat heart failure. But interest in Gencaro revived after tests showed that the drug worked well in patients with two genetic variants that regulate heart function. If Gencaro is approved by the FDA, it could become the first new heart drug to require a genetic test before prescription.
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Last Updated: May 2, 2016
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FAQ About Pharmacogenomics - National Human Genome ...
Pharmacogenomics is often referred to as a "revolution" or "the great new wave" in medicine - a future filled with promise not just for better, safer, and ore affordable healthcare (i.e. affordable for both consumers and third-party payers) but also, according to some, greater economic returns for drug makers. While there are in fact a handful of drugs on the market with genotype-based prescribing requirements, such as Herceptin, this next great wave has been slow to arrive. Insight Pharma Reports, Pharmacogenomics: Delivering on the promise, 2009
Guide to terms in these glossaries Site Map Related glossaries include Diagnostics Biomarkers Molecular diagnostics, genetic & genomic testing Clinical Cancer diagnostics, genomics, prognostics & therapeutics Drugs Drug safety & pharmacovigilance Drug targets Informatics: Drug discovery informatics Clinical & medical informatics Technologies Metabolic engineering & profiling Microarrays Sequencing Biology Expression, gene & proteinGenomicsSNPs & genetic variations
ADME: Abbreviation for Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion. See also pharmacokinetics, drug disposition. [IUPAC Med Chem] Also referred to as ADME/ Tox ADME/ Toxicology or ADMET.
These key properties of pharmaceutical compounds are tested for as part of lead optimization activities.Related terms: DMPK, pharmacokinetics, predictive ADME, toxicogenomics.
chronopharmacokinetics: Pharmacokinetic parameters are generally assumed to be invariate with the time of day, although circadian variation of drug metabolism and drug response is known. As proposed, chronopharmacokinetics considers the implications of the chronovariability of pharmacokinetic parameters. In order to investigate chronovariation in the rate of disappearance of a substance from the approximate a linear course until very low blood levels are attained. ... It is concluded that: 1) rhythmicity within elimination curves can only be determined by repetition of the experiment at different times of the diel period; 2)the expectation that a rate-constant estimated at one time of the day may be valid for another part of the day carries with it an unknown risk. No pharmacokinetic analysis can be considered definitive unless chronopharmacokinetic variation of parameters is considered. FM Sturtevant, Chronopharmacokinetics of ethanol. I. Review of the literature and theoretical considerations, Chronobiologia 3(3): 237- 262, Jul-Sept 1976
chronopharmacology: The science dealing with the phenomenon of rhythmicity in living organisms is called chronobiology. The branch dealing with the pharmacologic aspects of chronobiology is termed chronopharmacology, which may be subdivided into chronotherapy, chronopharmacokinetics and chronotoxicity. WA Ritschel, H Forusz, Chronopharmacology: a review of drugs studied, Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacology 16(1): 57- 75, Jan-Feb 1994 Related terms; Pharmacogenomics
clinical pharmacology: The branch of pharmacology that deals directly with the effectiveness and safety of drugs in humans. MeSH, 1980
Over the past decades, the scope of clinical pharmacology within the pharmaceutical industry has widened considerably. Key growth has been in the area of translational science and exploratory medicine, where clinical pharmacologists are nowadays the mediator between basic research and establishment of clinical usefulness. This role has led to and is supported by the rapid developments in pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation, a strong focus on biomarkers for early informed decision-making, and the advent of pharmacogenomics into safety and efficacy predictions and evaluations. The ultimate goal - safer, more efficacious drug prescription - is shared with that of today's drive for more personalized medicine. This article reviews the evolution of clinical pharmacology within the industry, the regulatory, clinical and societal drivers for this evolution, and the analogy with the establishment of personalized medicine in clinical practice. Clinical pharmacology, biomarkers and personalized medicine: education please. Koning P, Keirns J. Biomark Med. 2009 Dec;3(6):685-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20477707
clinical pharmacometabolomics: The segregation of patient populations using small molecule biomarkers in clinical trials, adverse drug reaction, and drug efficacy evaluation. Phenomenome Discoveries http://www.phenomenome.com/ Broader term: pharmacometabolomics
computational pharmacology: Our ultimate goal is transforming the process of drug design through the use of advanced computational techniques, particularly machine learning and knowledge- based approaches applied to high throughput molecular biology data. We create novel algorithms for the analysis and interpretation of gene expression arrays, proteomics, metabonomics, and combinatorial chemistry. We also create tools for building, maintaining and applying knowledge- bases of molecular biology, and for knowledge- driven inference from multiple biological data types. Finally, we are developing and applying natural language processing techniques for information extraction from and management of the biomedical literature. The UCHSC Center for Computational Pharmacology, Univ. of Colorado Health Sciences Center, US http://compbio.ucdenver.edu/Hunter_lab/
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Pharmaceutical pharmacogenomics glossary & taxonomy
Personalized medicine and pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics holds the promise that drugs might one day be tailored to your genetic makeup.
Modern medications save millions of lives a year. Yet any one medication might not work for you, even if it works for other people. Or it might cause severe side effects for you but not for someone else.
Your age, lifestyle and health all influence your response to medications. But so do your genes. Pharmacogenomics is the study of how a person's unique genetic makeup (genome) influences his or her response to medications.
Pharmacogenomics is part of a field called personalized medicine also called individualized or precision medicine that aims to customize health care, with decisions and treatments tailored to each individual patient in every way possible.
Although genomic testing is still a relatively new development in drug treatment, this field is expanding. Currently, more than 100 drugs have label information regarding pharmacogenomic biomarkers some measurable or identifiable segment of genetic information that can be used to direct the use of a drug.
Each gene provides the blueprint for the production of a certain protein in the body. A particular protein may have an important role in drug treatment for one of several reasons, including the following:
When researchers compare the genomes of people taking the same drug, they may discover that a set of people who share a certain genetic variation also share a common treatment response, such as:
This kind of treatment information is currently used to improve the selection and dosage of drugs to treat a wide range of conditions, including cardiovascular disease, lung disease, HIV infection, cancer, arthritis, high cholesterol and depression.
In cancer treatments, there are two genomes that may influence prescribing decisions the genome of the person with cancer and the genome of the cancerous (malignant) tumor.
There are many causes of cancer, but most cancers are associated with damaged DNA that allows cells to grow unchecked. The "incorrect" genetic material of the unchecked growth the malignant tumor is really a separate genome that may provide clues for treatment. For example, the drug trastuzumab (Herceptin) is most likely to be effective against breast cancer cells that have an extra copy of a particular gene and high levels of the gene's corresponding protein.
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Personalized medicine and pharmacogenomics - Mayo Clinic
Pharmacogenetics is the study of inherited genetic differences in drug metabolic pathways which can affect individual responses to drugs, both in terms of therapeutic effect as well as adverse effects.[1] The term pharmacogenetics is often used interchangeably with the term pharmacogenomics which also investigates the role of acquired and inherited genetic differences in relation to drug response and drug behavior through a systematic examination of genes, gene products, and inter- and intra-individual variation in gene expression and function.[2]
In oncology, pharmacogenetics historically is the study of germline mutations (e.g., single-nucleotide polymorphisms affecting genes coding for liver enzymes responsible for drug deposition and pharmacokinetics), whereas pharmacogenomics refers to somatic mutations in tumoral DNA leading to alteration in drug response (e.g., KRAS mutations in patients treated with anti-Her1 biologics).[3]
Much of current clinical interest is at the level of pharmacogenetics, involving variation in genes involved in drug metabolism with a particular emphasis on improving drug safety. The wider use of pharmacogenetic testing is viewed by many as an outstanding opportunity to improve prescribing safety and efficacy. Driving this trend are the 106,000 deaths and 2.2 Million serious events caused by adverse drug reactions in the US each year.[4] As such ADRs are responsible for 5-7% of hospital admissions in the US and Europe, lead to the withdrawal of 4% of new medicines and cost society an amount equal to the costs of drug treatment.[5]
Comparisons of the list of drugs most commonly implicated in adverse drug reactions with the list of metabolizing enzymes with known polymorphisms found that drugs commonly involved in adverse drug reactions were also those that were metabolized by enzymes with known polymorphisms (see Phillips, 2001).
Scientists and doctors are using this new technology for a variety of things, one being improving the efficacy of drugs. In psychology, we can predict quite accurately which anti-depressant a patient will best respond to by simply looking into their genetic code.[citation needed] This is a huge step from our previous way of adjusting and experimenting with different medications to get the best response. Antidepressants also have a large percentage of unresponsive patients and poor prediction rate of ADRs (adverse drug reactions). In depressed patients, 30% are not helped by antidepressants. In psychopharmacological therapy, a patient must be on a drug for 2 weeks before the effects can be fully examined and evaluated. For a patient in that 30%, this could mean months of trying medications to find an antidote to their pain. Any assistance in predicting a patients drug reaction to psychopharmacological therapy should be taken advantage of. Pharmacogenetics is a very useful and important tool in predicting which drugs will be effective in various patients.[6] The drug Plavix blocks platelet reception and is the second best selling prescription drug in the world, however, it is known to warrant different responses among patients.[7]GWAS studies have linked the gene CYP2C19 to those who cannot normally metabolize Plavix. Plavix is given to patients after receiving a stent in the coronary artery to prevent clotting.
Stent clots almost always result in heart attack or sudden death, fortunately it only occurs in 1 or 2% of the population. That 1 or 2% are those with the CYP2C19 SNP.[8] This finding has been applied in at least two hospitals, Scripps and Vanderbilt University, where patients who are candidates for heart stents are screened for the CYP2C19 variants.[9]
Another newfound use of Pharmacogenetics involves the use of Vitamin E. The Technion Israel Institute of Technology observed that vitamin E can be used to in certain genotypes to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes, but in the same patients with another genotype, vitamin E can raise the risk of cardiovascular disease. A study was carried out, showing vitamin E is able to increase the function of HDL in those with the genotype haptoglobin 2-2 who suffer from diabetes. HDL is a lipoprotein that removes cholesterol from the blood and is associated with a reduced risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease. However, if you have the misfortune to possess the genotype haptoglobin 2-1, the study shows that this same treatment can drastically decrease your HDL function and cause cardiovascular disease.[10]
Pharmacogenetics is a rising concern in clinical oncology, because the therapeutic window of most anticancer drugs is narrow and patients with impaired ability to detoxify drugs will undergo life-threatening toxicities. In particular, genetic deregulations affecting genes coding for DPD, UGT1A1, TPMT, CDA and Cyp2D6 are now considered as critical issues for patients treated with 5-FU/capecitabine, irinotecan, mercaptopurine/azathioprine, gemcitabine/capecitabine/AraC and tamoxifen, respectively. The decision to use pharmacogenetic techniques is influenced by the relative costs of genotyping technologies and the cost of providing a treatment to a patient with an incompatible genotype. When available, phenotype-based approaches proved their usefulness while being cost-effective.[11]
In the search for informative correlates of psychotropic drug response, pharmacogenetics has several advantages:[12]
The first observations of genetic variation in drug response date from the 1950s, involving the muscle relaxant suxamethonium chloride, and drugs metabolized by N-acetyltransferase. One in 3500 Caucasians has less efficient variant of the enzyme (butyrylcholinesterase) that metabolizes suxamethonium chloride.[13] As a consequence, the drugs effect is prolonged, with slower recovery from surgical paralysis. Variation in the N-acetyltransferase gene divides people into "slow acetylators" and "fast acetylators", with very different half-lives and blood concentrations of such important drugs as isoniazid (antituberculosis) and procainamide (antiarrhythmic). As part of the inborn system for clearing the body of xenobiotics, the cytochrome P450 oxidases (CYPs) are heavily involved in drug metabolism, and genetic variations in CYPs affect large populations. One member of the CYP superfamily, CYP2D6, now has over 75 known allelic variations, some of which lead to no activity, and some to enhanced activity. An estimated 29% of people in parts of East Africa may have multiple copies of the gene, and will therefore not be adequately treated with standard doses of drugs such as the painkiller codeine (which is activated by the enzyme). The first study using Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) linked age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with a SNP located on chromosome 1 that increased ones risk of AMD. AMD is the most common cause of blindness, affecting more than seven million Americans. Until this study in 2005, we only knew about the inflammation of the retinal tissue causing AMD, not the genes responsible.[9]
One of the earliest tests for a genetic variation resulting in a clinically important consequence was on the enzyme thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT). TPMT metabolizes 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine, two thiopurine drugs used in a range of indications, from childhood leukemia to autoimmune diseases. In people with a deficiency in TPMT activity, thiopurine metabolism must proceed by other pathways, one of which leads to the active thiopurine metabolite that is toxic to the bone marrow at high concentrations. Deficiency of TPMT affects a small proportion of people, though seriously. One in 300 people have two variant alleles and lack TPMT activity; these people need only 6-10% of the standard dose of the drug, and, if treated with the full dose, are at risk of severe bone marrow suppression. For them, genotype predicts clinical outcome, a prerequisite for an effective pharmacogenetic test. In 85-90% of affected people, this deficiency results from one of three common variant alleles.[14] Around 10% of people are heterozygous - they carry one variant allele - and produce a reduced quantity of functional enzyme. Overall, they are at greater risk of adverse effects, although as individuals their genotype is not necessarily predictive of their clinical outcome, which makes the interpretation of a clinical test difficult. Recent research suggests that patients who are heterozygous may have a better response to treatment, which raises whether people who have two wild-type alleles could tolerate a higher therapeutic dose.[15] The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have recently deliberated the inclusion of a recommendation for testing for TPMT deficiency to the prescribing information for 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine. Hitherto the information has carried the warning that inherited deficiency of the enzyme could increase the risk of severe bone marrow suppression. Now it will carry the recommendation that people who develop bone marrow suppression while receiving 6-mercaptopurine or azathioprine be tested for TPMT deficiency.
A polymorphism near a human interferon gene is predictive of the effectiveness of an artificial interferon treatment for Hepatitis C. For genotype 1 hepatitis C treated with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (brand names Pegasys or PEG-Intron) combined with ribavirin, it has been shown that genetic polymorphisms near the human IL28B gene, encoding interferon lambda 3, are associated with significant differences in response to the treatment.[16] Genotype 1 hepatitis C patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene are more probable to achieve sustained virological response after the treatment than others, and demonstrated that the same genetic variants are also associated with the natural clearance of the genotype 1 hepatitis C virus.[17]
Despite the many successes, most drugs are not tested using GWAS. However, it is estimated that over 25% of common medication have some type of genetic information that could be used in the medical field.[18] If the use of personalized medicine is widely adopted and used, it will make medical trials more efficient. This will lower the costs that come about due to adverse drug side effects and prescription of drugs that have been proven ineffective in certain genotypes. It is very costly when a clinical trial is put to a stop by licensing authorities because of the small population who experiences adverse drug reactions. With the new push for pharmacogenetics, it is possible to develop and license a drug specifically intended for those who are the small population genetically at risk for adverse side effects. [19]
As the cost per genetic test decreases, the development of personalized drug therapies will increase.[20] However, as of now, we only have access to single-gene test and which is currently quite expensive. In the future, more advanced sequencing will be able to test for multiple genes in a short amount of time.[21] A disposable DNA sequencing device, which will retail for under $900 has recently been announced. The device was made to be the size of a USB memory drive to make it portable and easy to use [22] Likewise, companies like deCODE genetics, Navigenics and 23andMe offer genome scans. The companies use the same genotyping chips that are used in GWAS studies and provide customers with a write-up of individual risk for various traits and diseases and testing for 500,000 known SNPs. Costs range from $995 to $2500 and include updates with new data from studies as they become available. The more expensive packages even included a telephone session with a genetics counselor to discuss the results.[9]
Pharmacogenetics has become a controversial issue in the area of bioethics. It's a new topic to the medical field, as well as the public. This new technique will have a huge impact on society, influencing the treatment of both common and rare diseases. As a new topic in the medical field the ethics behind it are still not clear. However, ethical issues and their possible solutions are already being addressed.
There are three main ethical issues that have risen from pharmacogenetics. First, would there be a type equity at both drug development and the accessibility to tests.[23] The concern of accessibility to the test is whether it is going to be available directly to patients via the internet, or over the counter. The second concern regards the confidentiality of storage and usage of genetic information.[24] Thirdly, would patients have the control over being tested.
One concern that has risen is the ethical decision health providers must take with respect to educating the patient of the risks and benefits of medicine developed by this new technology. Pharmacogenetics is a new process that may increase the benefits of medicine while decreasing the risk. However clinicians have been unsuccessful in educating patients regarding the concept of benefits over risk. The Nuffield Council reported that patients and health professionals have adequate information about pharmacogenetics tests and medicine.[24] Health care providers will also encounter an ethical decision in deciding to tell their patients that only certain individuals will benefit from the new medicine due to their genetic make-up.[23] Another ethical concern is that patients who have not taken the test be able to have access to this type of medicine. If access is given by the doctor the medicine could negatively impact the patient's health. The ethical issues behind pharmacogenetics tests, as well as medicine, are still a concern and policies will need to be implemented in the future.
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