Moving onto the frontline: A Bay Area doctors story – East Bay Times

Most mornings, Dr. Sterling Malish replaces his home clothes with car clothes, then departs his Carmel home, bound for Natividad Medical Center. There, he changes into scrubs, plus a protective gown, gloves, an N95 mask, and a PAPR (Powered Air Purifying Respirator) mask. Then, he enters the COVID ICU for a 12-hour shift that usually runs long.

At the end of his day, Dr. Malish reverses his routine, abandoning his car clothes for the shower, followed by fresh home clothes, so he can greet his wife, public health professor Jennifer Nazareno, and two little girls, ages 7 and 4.

When Malish signed his contract with Natividad in February, COVID was not yet a pandemic. Based in Rhode Island, he had been serving as director of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep for Care New England, a five-hospital system. Yet, after enduring a lot of administrative changes, Malish, realizing he really missed clinical work, sought a professional change that would return him to hands-on critical care.

He got what he wanted.

I received a call from my friend, Dr. Chad Medawar, whom I had met during our pulmonary critical-care fellowship at UC Irvine, telling me about an opening at Natividad, he said. Having moved from Los Angeles to Rhode Island five years before, it had always been our plan to come back to California.

Malish and his family moved to the Peninsula in July, just as Natividad was experiencing a dramatic surge in COVID cases.

In my first week at Natividad, everyone was telling me how in the previous five years, theyd never seen the hospital so busy, said Malish. But, Im a pulmonary critical care physician. I could have accepted a job anywhere this year and, most likely, it would have been the same scenario.

At Natividad Medical Center, Dr. Malish and his colleagues spend their shifts in isolation within the COVID ICU, where communication is essential and ongoing, yet requires three times the energy, he says, behind all the personal protective equipment and against the sounds of medical equipment in use.

COVID patients are the sickest patients in the hospital, he said. Their care requires a lot of communication among the medical specialties treating them. Were always thinking three steps ahead. We have to think whats the worst that could happen to this patient, and then be prepared for when it does.

The hospital also has to plan for a surge of new patients, says Malish, which is happening now. He reports more than 60 COVID patients admitted to Natividad as of last week and the number continues to rise. Twelve of those patients, he says, have been in the ICU.

Then there is the added layer, he said, of having to communicate with families, desperate for information about their loved ones, whom they cant visit. This is extremely difficult to explain to all these people were trying to protect.

Despite his desire to return to critical-care medicine, Dr. Malish never imagined he would be called to practice pulmonary medicine during a pandemic. He finds it both exhilarating and exhausting to provide the level of care required by COVID.

Its almost an extension of emergency medicine, he said. I went into critical care because of the acuity of care, and the needs of the patients. I like having to think through the physiology of these patients to figure out how to make them better.

And theres no textbook for COVID, he says. Theyre writing it as they work.

Although each day in the COVID ICU can well exceed the scheduled 12-hour shift, on their days off, Dr. Malish and his colleagues check in on one another to see if they need to provide back-up support.

COVID is something were all dealing with throughout the hospital, he said. A lot of camaraderie and teamwork comes through, and we know were definitely all in this together.

After spending their first 14 years in Texas, twin brothers Sterling and Haven Malish followed their fathers job to Hawaii, where they graduated from high school before returning to the mainland to study the history and sociology of science, with a minor in biology, at the University of Pennsylvania. The appeal was the interdisciplinary approach to science, says Malish, which encouraged students to think outside the box.

While trying to decide whether or not to go to medical school, he said, I spent a summer doing health economics research and realized, although it was interesting work, I couldnt sit in an office all day. I wanted to see the people I was affecting through my work.

Upon graduation from college, the twins returned to Hawaii to attend medical school at the University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine. Following their residency at USC Medical Center LA County, Sterling Malish went on to UC Irvine to pursue a fellowship in pulmonary disease and critical care medicine, while his brother pursued the same fellowship at USC.

It was at UC Irvine that Dr. Malish met his colleague, Dr. Chad Medawar, before moving on to the University of Michigan to pursue a fellowship in sleep medicine. His brother completed the same fellowship through the Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, and now practices the same specialties of medicine as his twin, in North Dakota and Jackson Hole, Wyoming.

Ive heard that twins either turn out somewhat similar or make it a point to differentiate themselves, Malish said. It always helped to have a trusted study buddy. Everything we studied enables us to pivot in different directions and relates to what we need to address, particularly during this pandemic.

This holiday season, Sterling Malish and his family spent time tucking into their Carmel home, having traded a large house in the snow for a cottage by the sea, in a Hallmark town with no street addresses. Although they couldnt gather with relatives, they took comfort in trading travel for toys and traditions among their family of four.

We havent had a whole lot of downtime this year, Malish said. Weve been in a tag-team situation, with my wife compensating for my long hours at the hospital, and my giving her a chance to rest when Im home. Just to have time to relax as a family this Christmas was incredibly rejuvenating.

As he returns his attention from Christmas to COVID, Malish gives credit to the respiratory therapists, nurses, and the rest of the staff who have put their lives on hold to work long hours and take on extra shifts in their efforts to save other lives.

We have so many patients and not enough nurses, he said. Our states ability to take care of COVID patients is only as good as the available staff. I read that we hit ICU bed capacity on Christmas. Were placing a lot of hope on the vaccines.

Dr. Malishhas received his first dose of the COVID vaccine, as part of the first tier of recipients, which includes those who serve in health care settings and have potential for direct or indirect exposure to patients or infectious materials, as well as residents of long-term care facilities. In a couple of weeks, he will come in on his day off to receive the second dose.

You really dont want to be high on the vaccine list, he said. Those who make that list are among our most vulnerable populations.

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Moving onto the frontline: A Bay Area doctors story - East Bay Times

UND medical researchers publish study on new way to treat solid tumor cancers – Grand Forks Herald

Researchers with UNDs biomedical sciences department have identified two new members of the superantigen family that, when combined with a common helper molecule, showed significantly higher cure rates in and long-term survival of animals with solid tumors compared to other immunotherapeutic agents now deployed clinically.

Dr. David Terman, one of the lead researchers on the project and an adjunct professor at UNDs medical school, said this work is a definitive step forward to add to the arsenal of immunotherapeutics that can potentially combat solid tumors.

We're talking about cancers of the lung, breast, colon, to some degree application here to kidney, and, in our case, melanoma, he said. The problem is an enormous problem.

The work of Terman and David Bradley, an associate professor at UND, was recently reported in the prestigious Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer.

Terman and Bradley have spent about seven years working on the research.

Superantigens are a class of bacterial-based antigens that induce an overactivation of the bodys immune system. Superantigens trigger the white blood cells known as T-lymphocytes or T-cells that help the body generate the inflammatory response that fights infectious organisms and cancer.

Immunotherapy has changed the management of the most treatment-resistant human tumors, such as melanoma, lung, breast and colon cancer, Terman said.

Those cancers have been treated with chemotherapy in the past, Bradley said, but chemo often includes various side effects. Immunotherapies began to burst on the scene in the past five years, he said.

There are ways to deal with cancer, but the reality is most treatments for cancer are not particularly effective, if you look at the big picture numbers, Bradley said. This is providing another avenue to deal with a really big problem, the No. 2 killer (in the world).

Previous superantigens deployed in clinical trials of patients with advanced cancer failed to reach their potential largely due to their excessive toxicity and the widespread presence of neutralizing antibodies in human blood that blocked the superantigens from exerting their tumor-killing function, Terman said.

Unlike their earlier relatives, our new superantigens showed a low incidence of such disabling antibodies, he said.

Researchers were able to eradicate the toxicity noted with other superantigens by combining the new superantigens with a partner molecule known as HLA-DQ8. In other words, the pair demonstrated that, when combined with a molecule that helped reduce toxicity, their superantigens curtailed toxicity and also served as lightning rods attracting the bodys own T-cells to the tumor and destroying it in more than 80% of mice.

Bradley added that the anti-tumor mechanism of the superantigens appears to be long-lasting and that it also served as a vaccine that prevented the development of tumors and withstood subsequent challenges with live tumor cells.

The tumor killing seemed to be an ongoing response that continued for quite some time, he said, noting how the mice were at least 400 days post-treatment, which is the equivalent to more than 60 human years, without experiencing any recurrence of cancer.

Pending FDA approval, the team is on the cusp of clinical trials in humans. Trials are planned to be carried out collaboratively with UND and a team at the University of Washington in Seattle later this year.

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Wharton first year distributes $15M in unused medicine to charities through new foundation – The Daily Pennsylvanian

The Altrui Foundation was founded by Wharton first year Sourish Jasti. (Sourish Jasti)

A Penn first-year co-founded the Altrui Foundation, which has helped facilitate the distribution of $15,000,000 worth of unused medication to underserved communities in just four months.

The Altrui Foundation transfers unused medications from manufacturers to charitable organizations so they do not become wasted. The organization was founded by Wharton first-year Sourish Jasti, senior at St. Pauls School in Concord, N.H. Shreya Kavuru, and St. Pauls School junior Rahul Kavuru.

After hearing from an executive in the pharmaceutical industry about the problem of manufacturers destroying billions of dollars worth of unused medications each year and the large underserved community in need of medication, Jasti said the team was inspired to take on this project.

The Altrui Foundation is led primarily by young college and high school students and is advised by a board of business, tech, and pharmaceutical industry professionals.

The Altrui team is working with companies including Rising Pharmaceuticals and Ingenus Pharmaceuticals to redistribute unused medications that they manufacture through charity organizations.

The foundation works with charities to help these underserved communities both domestically and internationally. One organization is Kingsway Charities, a Christian charity that supplies medicines all over the world.

They have mission trips that they plan out, Jasti said. They are able to take certain amounts of medicine to the doctors that go on the mission trips and go to these places and supply it there.

While the medications that Altrui facilitates are unable to be sold at pharmacies like CVS, they are usable and unexpired medications that help communities, such as the uninsured, and communities after natural disasters, Jasti said.

In addition to preventing the destruction of usable medications, the Altrui Foundation also has a sector called Altrui Education that helps mentor high school students applying to college. Altrui Educations mentorship program hopes to break the systematic systemic barriers that contribute to the cyclic nature of poverty, violence, and addiction, according to its website.

The team said their organization is unique because most of their mentors are students who recently applied to or started college.

It gives a different perspective than a counselor or a parent, said Princeton University first-year and Altrui Education Manager Maxime Lahlou. It is someone who just applied and can relate to the stress of applying.

The Altrui founders believe that the youth of their team across both the medical and educational sectors is an asset. Engineering first-year and Altrui member Justin Zhang said he believes their youth has added to the success of the venture.

We are inspired and passionate about what we do, Zhang said. We are really committed to this initiative going far. This is not a short term kind of spiel that will end when COVID-19 ends. We plan on continuing for years to come. I think having that motivation and commitment helps the organization run.

These students also solicit advice form Whartons Management Clubs Applied Management Program and the Altrui Foundations Advisory Board.

Gopichand Katragadda, a member of the Altrui Advisory Board and CEO of artificial intelligence technology startup Myelin Foundry, said he is impressed by the foundation and enjoys his advisory role.

I am very happy that the team has come together in this manner to contribute to society, Katragadda said. They could pick a huge money-making opportunity. [But they] are doing all that they do free of cost with a passion to serve humanity. I think there should be more such organizations, and I am happy to be a part of this.

Get our newsletter, Dear Penn, delivered to your inbox every weekday morning.

Moving forward, the foundation hopes to serve as the link between more charities and pharmaceutical companies with leftover medication.

First-year student at New Jersey Medical School and Altrui member Swathi Pavuluri said she has learned much from the experience of being on the Altrui medical team and admires the younger people she is able to work with.

I am really grateful to be a part of this. I hoped that I would be a part of something like this in the future, but as a med school first year student I am able to be a part of something that is making such a profound impact on both a medical level, which I am professionally interested in, and on a social level," Pavuluri said.

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Gene that protects against osteoarthritis identified Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis – Washington University School of Medicine…

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In mouse study, loss of molecule contributes to disease while surplus reduces symptoms

Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis have found, working in mice, that when the FoxO1 gene is knocked out, the animals develop osteoarthritis. But when levels of the FoxO1 molecule are increased, the animals exhibit less cartilage damage.

Osteoarthritis is one of the most common problems associated with aging, and although there are therapies to treat the pain that results from the breakdown of the cartilage that cushions joints, there are no available therapies to modify the course of the disease.

However, working in a mouse model of the disorder, researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis have found that a molecule previously linked to diabetes, cancer and muscle atrophy also seems to be involved in the development of osteoarthritis and may be a useful treatment target.

When the gene involved, FoxO1, is knocked out in mice, the animals develop osteoarthritis. But when the researchers increase the levels of the FoxO1 molecule in mice that are developing osteoarthritis, the animals exhibit less cartilage damage.

The study is available online in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Osteoarthritis, or joint degeneration, is a disease that affects more than 32 million people in the U.S. alone but that does not have a medical therapy to alter its progression, said senior investigator Regis J. OKeefe, MD, PhD, the Fred C. Reynolds Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery and head of the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery. A better understanding of the fundamental processes involved in osteoarthritis and the degeneration of cartilage is required if were going to be more successful in treating this very common and very expensive disorder.

OKeefe said that commonly, people with osteoarthritis have suffered knee injuries that damaged the knees meniscus. Over time, arthritis then can develop in the joint.

Unlike skin or bone or other organs that can regenerate in response to injury, cartilage has very little regenerative potential, he said.

However, when the mice in these experiments had elevated levels of the FoxO1 molecule, osteoarthritiss progress was slowed or even reversed. The researchers believe the molecule interferes with cartilage damage and the development of arthritis by enhancing a process called autophagy in the arthritic joint. Autophagy is the bodys way of clearing out damaged tissue. In these experiments, the researchers found that autophagy was disrupted in the mice with reduced levels of FoxO1 and that the process was enhanced in animals with higher levels of the molecule.

In other words, maintaining a higher level of autophagy seemed to be beneficial to maintaining these cartilage cells and, thus, maintaining a healthy knee joint, said co-corresponding author Jie Shen, PhD, an assistant professor of orthopedic surgery.

OKeefe said that raises the possibility of delivering FoxO1 to arthritic joints through nanotechnology as a way to regulate autophagy and keep joints healthier.

In mice with injuries that typically progress to become osteoarthritis, the knee joints still appear normal about a week after injury, OKeefe explained. But when we measure autophagy in the cartilage after injury to those same knee joints, although the joints themselves look fine, the autophagy process already is shut off. The injury completely turns it off, and once autophagy is off, the cartilage begins to degenerate.

He said if FoxO1 can alter that process in people, protecting cartilage from damage as it does in mice, it eventually may be possible to prevent or delay millions of future knee and hip replacement surgeries.

Wang C, Shen J, Ying J, Xiao D, OKeefe RJ. FoxO1 is a crucial mediator of TGFB/TAK1 signaling and protects against osteoarthritis by maintaining articular cartilage homeostasis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Nov. 16, 2020.

This work was supported by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Grant numbers R01 AR069605, T32 AR060719 and P30 AR057235.

Washington University School of Medicines 1,500 faculty physicians also are the medical staff of Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Childrens hospitals. The School of Medicine is a leader in medical research, teaching and patient care, ranking among the top 10 medical schools in the nation by U.S. News & World Report. Through its affiliations with Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Childrens hospitals, the School of Medicine is linked to BJC HealthCare.

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Med Schools Are Seeing A Surge Of Applications. It’s Called The ‘Fauci Effect’ – wgbh.org

When COVID-19 restrictions reduced his work schedule, Sam Smith turned to another time-consuming task: applying to medical school.

Hed always wanted to go into medicine, Smith said. But what was happening in the world had a big impact on the kind of medicine he hopes to practice. Now, Smith said, he wants to specialize in infectious diseases.

The experience of the last year makes me think, theres probably going to be another pandemic in the future, said Smith, 25, who has an undergraduate degree in chemical engineering from the University of Colorado Boulder and moved to Somerville, Massachusetts when his girlfriend started Harvard Law School. So I want to be on the front lines of the next one.

Even as college and university enrollment overall has dropped this fall, Smith is part of a wave of what officials say is an all-time record number of applicants to medical school.

The number of medical school applicants is up 18 percent this year over last year, according to the Association of American Medical Colleges, or AAMC, driven by the example of front-line medical workers and high-profile public health figures such as Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Renewed attention to inequities in the delivery of health care has also played a role.

Its unprecedented, said Geoffrey Young, the AAMCs senior director for student affairs and programs, who compares it to the response to another traumatic moment in American history: the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.

After 9/11, there was a huge increase in the number of men and women that were entering into the military, Young said. So far in my lifetime, at least, and for as long as Ive been in medical education, thats the only comparison that I could make.

The Stanford University School of Medicine reports a 50 percent jump in the number of applications it received this year over last year, or 11,000 applications for 90 seats. New York Universitys Grossman School of Medicine says its seen a 4 percent increase, but that comes on top of a 47 percent rise last year after the medical school made tuition free; this year, it has more than 9,600 applications for 102 spots. The Boston University School of Medicine says applications are up 27 percent, to 12,024 for about 110 seats.

Whats been happening this year is that more of the people who had at some point thought about medical school decided to stick with it, said Dr. Kristen Goodell, associate dean of admissions at the BU School of Medicine. And that, I think, may have a lot to do with the fact that people look at Anthony Fauci, look at the doctors in their community and say, You know, that is amazing. This is a way for me to make a difference.

Medical school admissions officers have come up with a name for this. They call it the "Fauci Effect."

Ryan Chahal, who is also applying to medical school, is among those inspired by Fauci, he said.

"There definitely was a Fauci Effect for me, said Chahal, 25, who lives in Tampa, Florida. People who are interested in medicine are interested in evidence and evidence-based approaches to things, and he has been very evidence-based.

Fauci said hes gotten hundreds of letters from people telling him they want to practice medicine.

Its very flattering, he said in an interview via Zoom with GBH News. I think probably a more realistic assessment is that, rather than the Fauci Effect, its the effect of a physician who is trying to and hopefully succeeding in having an important impact on an individuals health, as well as on global health. So if it works to get more young individuals into medical school, go ahead and use my name. Be my guest.

Among other reasons admissions officials cite for the increase in prospective medical school students is that the pandemic has given many people more free time to complete the arduous application process.

Normally, before applying to medical school, nearly half of all applicants first spend a year or two after college working, traveling, doing research, pursuing masters degrees or volunteering, Young said.

But this year, a lot of the plans they made post-grad honestly fell through, said Dr. Sahil Mehta, founder of MedSchoolCoach, which prepares students for the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT).

We saw a lot of students who said, You know what? Im going to apply this year, Mehta said. Maybe they were on the fence and they saw what was happening. They saw that health care workers were really at the forefront of trying to solve this. It really lit a fire under people.

When the dermatology practice where she was working as a medical assistant shut down temporarily because of COVID-19, Mary Grace Kelley had the chance to retake the MCAT, and she significantly improved her score.

This is a perfect time of no distractions, said Kelley, 23, who lives in the Boston suburb of Natick and is applying to medical schools this year from her childhood bedroom in her parents house, which is decorated with team photos and varsity letters from her time as an undergraduate Division I hockey forward. Im not very good at sitting still.

Meredith Nierman / The Hechinger Report

Some institutions also waived the requirement that applicants submit results from the MCAT, which canceled several test dates in the spring. Stanford, which is among the schools that made the MCAT optional, reports that 5 percent of applicants did not submit a score.

Medical schools have received so many applications that admissions officers many of them working remotely are struggling to keep up with the volume. My mailbox is almost full with emails apologizing for the delays, Chahal said. Theyve just had a huge number of applications.

This deluge comes as the nation faces a projected shortage of physicians, and its aging population is requiring more specialty care.

The United States will be short 54,100 to 139,000 physicians by 2033, the AAMC estimates, while the proportion of people who are over 65 is expected to grow by 45 percent. More than two out of every five doctors now practicing will reach retirement age in the next 10 years.

Already, there are fewer primary care providers than is needed internal medicine doctors, family physicians and pediatricians in nearly 7,200 areas of the United States with a combined population of roughly 82 million people, according to the Kaiser Family Foundation. Thirty-five percent of registered voters in a survey last year said theyd had trouble finding a doctor, up from 25 percent in 2015.

The bad news for the surge of applicants is that medical schools arent likely to expand to accommodate them next fall, meaning that the odds of getting in this year will be much lower than usual.

Its discouraging a little bit, to be honest, Smith said.

And while 30 new medical schools have been accredited since 2002 bringing the total to 155 and increasing enrollment by 33 percent there has been almost no increase since 1997 in Medicare payments for residency training, which costs an average of $171,855 per year, leaving hospitals to either limit the number of residents or cover the cost themselves.

Medical school graduates finish with a staggering $241,560 of student loan debt, on average, according to the latest available data from the National Center for Education Statistics, discouraging many would-be doctors, including those from low-income and ethnic and racial minority groups.

Eight percent of medical students are Black and 7 percent are Hispanic, both proportions smaller than their share of the population. (Ten percent of medical students identify themselves as multiracial.)

I do think that the debt probably scares off some people, said Goodell, who is also a former chair of the Council on Graduate Medical Education.

Managed health care and more red tape and bureaucracy have also soured some people on careers in medicine, said Mehta, a practicing radiologist.

That really started to disenfranchise the ways physicians practiced medicine. They were getting burned out, he said.

This years many medical school applicants appear undeterred, however.

Everyone feels some sort of responsibility, Kelley said. We are basically the next generation. Were going to be taking care of our parents, grandparents. So theres definitely a call to arms thinking that, if theres another pandemic, itll be up to us.

Mehta expects the trend to continue.

Given that about 60 percent of people [applying this year] wont get in, youre probably only going to see an increase in competitiveness next year, he said. The bigger thing is you now have people who are freshmen in college, sophomores in college, juniors in college, or even in high school, who for the last few months have been watching Dr. Fauci on TV and thinking, Maybe this is for me.

Fauci said he sees the flood of medical school applicants as a sign that people are thinking about social justice that you have responsibility not only to yourself, but as an integral part of society, he said.

He added that he hopes the trend will counterbalance and maybe would even overcome the other side of the coin, which is the really somewhat stunning and disturbing fact that people have no regard at all for society, only just focusing very selfishly on themselves.

This story about medical school applications was produced by The Hechinger Report, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education, in collaboration with GBH News.

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Work may start on medical school by end of the year – Bahamas Tribune

Minister of State for Grand Bahama Senator Kwasi Thompson.

By DENISE MAYCOCK

Tribune Freeport Reporter

dmaycock@tribunemedia.net

GROUND-breaking and construction on a new medical school in Grand Bahama expected to create some 200 jobs could start before the end of the year, according to State Minister for Grand Bahama Senator Kwasi Thompson.

Mr Thompson has indicated the principals of West Atlantic University School of Medicine are moving forward with legal documents for property in Freeport.

He said the medical school was approved and has signed a Heads of Agreement with the government.

They are moving forward with legal documents for property and its their desire to break ground and start construction before the end of the year, or as soon as they are able to complete the legal document.

That is a significant project in terms of the construction. So, we hope that we can move that forward, said Mr Thompson.

Last October, the principals of WAUSM signed a HoA for a new medical school in Freeport to be built in phases at an overall investment of $64.2m over a ten-year period.

Prime Minister Dr Hubert Minnis was in Freeport for the signing at the Office of the Prime Minister. It was the second major project approved and signed by government in Grand Bahama following Hurricane Dorian.

It was announced that Western Atlantic would lease about 50 acres of land from the Public Hospitals Authority to build a 98,000 sq ft medical school campus.

The project will be carried out in four phases and is expected to provide 150 jobs during peak construction with 200 permanent jobs available at completion in 2029.

Dorian and COVID-19 pandemic have delayed plans for the project. It had been announced that the first phase would be completed by September 2020 when the university is expected to hire between 50-75 Bahamians.

Minister Thompson also noted that government has approved a second new project in Grand Bahama proposed by Clean Marine.

We were also recently talking to a company called Clean Marine who is presently operating a facility in Shipyard and they are now looking at embarking on a new project, and so we are working with them as well.

We expect there would be some construction work as well for expansion to their existing facility, he said.

With unemployment at an all time high in Grand Bahama, Mr Thompson said the government is continuing to work with potential developers.

There are people who continue to call us every day with respect to inquiries for development for GB and that is part of our role to continue to see them through those processes. And we will continue to do that, he said.

The Tribune understands there are interests for the old Royal Oasis Resort property and Xanadu Beach hotel, which are located in Freeport.

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Work may start on medical school by end of the year - Bahamas Tribune

Question: What do math and medicine have in common? – Physician’s Weekly

Answer: The way they are taught is out of date.

By Physicians Weekly blogger, Skeptical Scalpel

A guy named Steven Levitt is tired of helping his teenagers with their quadratic equations and imaginary zeros. Because they will never use these skills again, he thinks teaching these calculations is futile.

Who is Steven Levitt? He is the University of Chicago economist who wrote the book Freakonomics. A recent article in the Wall Street Journal said Levitt thinks the way math is taught in schools is outdated and impractical in preparing students for todays data-driven world.

Substitute the word medicine for math, and you will echo what many medical educators think is true.

Levitt and Stanford math-education professor, Jo Boaler, are trying to modernize math. Instead of the current Algebra II as a third-year of high school math, they suggest allowing high school students to study data science.

British technologist and math education reformer Conrad Wolfram thinks we no longer need to teach hand calculations and that the fundamental problem with todays math curriculum is that it doesnt acknowledge that computers exist. He said students should know when to use quadratic equations but let the computer do the calculating. The savings in time could be used to teach data literacy.

Likewise, Boaler said, What we dont need is to make them memorize the times tables.

The Journal piece said, Math curriculum has remained largely unchanged since the 1950s. The same is true of medicine. In 2012, I blogged, Now that a resident can carry a computer in her pocket and access everything there is to know instantly, why should she have to memorize formulas, chemical reactions and other minutia? With the exception of the rules limiting work hours, medical school and resident curricula have changed very little since I was a student and resident some 40 years ago.

Educators in the state of Washington are restructuring Algebra II to include only what colleges and industries feel is necessary for students to prepare for higher education. They want to emphasize things like mathematical modeling, data science, quantitative reasoning, and statistics.

We in medicine have the same problem as the mathematicians. There is a lot of talk, but no one does anything about it. Maybe when Levitt, Boaler, and others are done restructuring math education, they can help us bring medical education into the 21st century.

Skeptical Scalpel is a retired surgeon and was a surgical department chair and residency program director for many years. He is board-certified in general surgery and a surgical sub-specialty and has re-certified in both several times.For the last 9years, he has been blogging atSkepticalScalpel.blogspot.comand tweeting as@SkepticScalpel.His blog has had more than 3,700,000 page views, and he has over 21,000 followers on Twitter.

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3 UCSF faculty named to Biden-Harris transition COVID-19 advisory board – University of California

President-elect Joe Biden and Vice President-elect Kamala Harris haveannounced the establishment of a coronavirus advisory board, a panel of public health and scientific experts that will include three UCSF faculty members.

The Advisory Board will help guide planning for the president-elects federal response to the pandemic. The experts will consult with state and local officials to determine the public health and economic steps necessary to get the virus under control, to address ongoing racial and ethnic disparities, and to reopen our schools and businesses safely.

David A. Kessler, M.D., J.D., professor of pediatrics, and of epidemiology and biostatistics, will co-chair the Transition COVID-19 Advisory Board. Also joining the 13-member board areEric Goosby, M.D., professor of medicine, andRobert M. Rodriguez, M.D., professor of emergency medicine.

Dealing with the coronavirus pandemic is one of the most important battles our administration will face, and I will be informed by science and by experts, Biden said in a statement. The Advisory Board will help shape my approach to managing the surge in reported infections; ensuring vaccines are safe, effective, and distributed efficiently, equitably, and free; and protecting at-risk populations.

Kessler served as commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration under the administrations of Presidents George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton. He later served as dean of the UCSF School of Medicine and vice chancellor at UCSF from 2003 to 2007.

Goosby is an internationally recognized expert on infectious diseases who served in the administrations of Presidents Clinton and Barack Obama. In the Clinton administration, Goosby served as the interim director of the White Houses Office of National AIDS Policy. Under President Obama, he was appointed Ambassador-at-Large and implemented the U.S. Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). After serving as U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, he was the UN Special Envoy for Tuberculosis until 2019.

Rodriguez works in the Emergency Department of Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center and in the Intensive Care Unit at Highland Hospital in Oakland. He has led national research teams examining a range of topics in medicine, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of frontline providers.

I wish Drs. Kessler, Goosby and Rodriguez the best as they assume these critical leadership roles, said UCSF ChancellorSam Hawgood, MBBS, in aletter to the UCSF community. They represent the extraordinary and relentless dedication the UCSF community has shown in meeting the challenge of the coronavirus across our patient care, research, and education efforts. Our public health mission has never been clearer nor pursued with greater determination.

UCSF looks forward to working with President-elect Bidens administration, he said. We remain committed as ever to our partnership with public health officials at the national, state, and local levels.

The full Transition COVID-19 Advisory Board includes:

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3 UCSF faculty named to Biden-Harris transition COVID-19 advisory board - University of California

Cuomos threat to sue Trump over vaccine highlights racism in medicine – TheGrio

President Donald Trumps 139th lawsuit may come at the hands of his arch-nemesis Governor Andrew Cuomo if he keeps the COVID-19 vaccine away from Black and Brown communities. (Photo: Getty Images)

President Donald Trumps 139th lawsuit may come at the hands of his arch-nemesis Governor Andrew Cuomo if he keeps the COVID-19 vaccine away from Black and Brown communities, in what proves to be a fitting end to a tumultuous four-year run.

As if we needed any more drama in 2020, Cuomo called out the presidents plan to deliver doses of the vaccine from Big Pharma producers like Johnson & Johnson, Moderna, and Pfizer to private pharmacies citing flaws in the White House Coronavirus Task Forces distribution model.

Read More: Gov. Cuomo says we spend too much time trying to interpret Trump

Historically these medication distribution models have not worked in favor of Black and Brown people because they rely too heavily on hospitals and big box store pharmacies rendering it less likely for low-income, uninsured, and marginalized communities to get the vaccine.

Any plan that intentionally burdens communities of color to hinder access to the vaccine deprives those communities of equal protection under the law, said Cuomo during a Sunday service at Riverside Church in New York City.

Cuomo went on to suggest that the Trump administration meet the people in the middle by including churches and community centers in its distribution plan.

I wont hold my breath.

Read More: Trump COVID-19 official faces backlash for telling Michigan to rise up against restrictions

Black people are no strangers to being shut out from medical care. The withholding of the syphilis-curing drug, penicillin, to 300 Black men during the infamous Tuskegee syphilis experiment serves as a constant reminder of this nations disregard for Black life.

While access to quality healthcare has improved for all people since 1932, when the experiment was first started, health disparities still remain. African Americans have the lowest life expectancy of any racial group 75 years old compared to 79 years old for white people.

The dubious distinction of early death is based on differences in our social determinants of health, the factors that govern our health. These differences are due to structural racism; historical and contemporary policies aimed at disproportionately segregating communities of color from equal access and opportunity to quality education, jobs, housing, healthcare, and equal treatment in the criminal justice system.

Diseases like COVID-19 do not discriminate, but they do spread more rapidly among those discriminated against.

Without having been a part of the task forces meetings its impossible to know if the proposed rollout of the vaccine was meant to intentionally leave out those who have been and continue to be impacted most by the virus. I want to believe that is not the case but given this administrations track record on matters of race its hard not to wonder.

If the plan is to leave out Black and Brown people when the vaccine becomes readily available it will be a monumental disaster at worst and a monumental disaster at best.

Ordinarily, vaccines are first given to those at the highest risk. Given that Black and Brown people make up the highest percentage of essential workers, one would imagine that they would be at the front of the line, not the back.

Read More: Parents mourn the loss of daughter, 5, after she dies from COVID-19

Any distribution of the vaccine should be based on risk and risk alone not race or class. Any other strategy loses sight of whats best for the nation, which is to build herd immunity as quickly as possible by vaccinating everyone. A truly effective and equitable plan should leave no group behind.

Achieving 95 percent immunity, the number most scientists say would make them feel comfortable about the state of the disease, is a tall task that requires the removal of all socio-economic barriers. If any group is left behind it will undermine the heroic efforts of the public health community.

New York Attorney General Letitia James referred to Trumps comments as vindictive and a ploy to enact vengeance on those who oppose his politics. I sincerely hope this is not the case, as our efforts should be focused on finalizing a safe, reliable and free vaccine; and mitigating vaccine hesitancy considering only 31 percent of Black Americans say they would take the new vaccine.

We are on the cusp of a pivotal moment in our history. Hopefully, we can put the childish rhetoric aside and focus on making America healthy again by doing whats right by eliminating barriers to vaccination for all.

Dr. Shamard Charlesis an assistant professor of public health and health promotion at St. Francis College and sits on the anti-bias review board of Dot Dash/VeryWell Health. He is also host of the health podcast, Heart Over Hype. He received his medical degree from the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and his Masters of Public Health from Harvards T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Previously, he spent three years as a senior health journalist for NBC News and served as a Global Press Fellow for the United Nations Foundation. You can follow him on Instagram@askdrcharles or Twitter@DrCharles_NBC.

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Cuomos threat to sue Trump over vaccine highlights racism in medicine - TheGrio

UMass Medical School hires diversity and inclusion head – Worcester Business Journal

UMass Medical School has hired a new vice chancellor for diversity and inclusion, the Worcester school announced Friday.

Photo | Courtesy | UMass Medical School

Marlina Duncan

Marlina Duncan joins UMass Medical School from Brown University in Providence, where she's the assistant vice president of academic diversity in the school's Office of Institutional Equity and Diversity. She was also Brown's associate dean of diversity initiatives in its graduate school, and previously directed diversity initiatives, education and outreach programs at the Broad Institute in Cambridge, a biomedical research center jointly operated by Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

In Duncan's new role at UMass, she will oversee the diversity and inclusion office, and partner with diversity leaders across its academic schools, business units, and academic and administrative departments, UMass said. Her work will include ensuring goals outlined in the school's 2025 strategic plan are met.

Duncan has a doctorate of science education degree from UMass Amherst.

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UMass Medical School hires diversity and inclusion head - Worcester Business Journal

MaineHealth taps Boston Children’s physician with strong information technology background to lead its IT department – Bangor Daily News

Daniel J. Nigrin, MD, is a pediatric endocrinologist who was drawn to the important role that technology plays in delivering world-class health care.

PORTLAND MaineHealth, northern New Englands largest integrated health system, has selected a physician-information technology leader from Boston Childrens Hospital to lead its IT team.

Daniel J. Nigrin, MD, who is currently the senior vice president and chief information officer at Boston Childrens Hospital, has been chosen as chief information officer of MaineHealth. He will replace Abdul Bengali, who came to MaineHealth this past January as interim CIO shortly before Marci Dunn, the health systems previous CIO, passed away after a long illness.

In Dan we get an experienced and knowledgeable physician-executive with strong credentials as an information technology leader, said Richard Petersen, president of MaineHealth.

Nigrin has been with Boston Childrens since 1995, shortly after completing medical school and his residency at Baltimores Johns Hopkins University Medical School and Johns Hopkins Hospital, respectively. During his time at Boston Childrens, he served as an attending physician specializing in pediatric endocrinology and found he was drawn to the role that technology plays in delivering high-quality care.

Nigrin began to assume increasing responsibility within Boston Childrens IT department and in 1999 obtained a masters degree in Medical Informatics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2001, he was named senior vice president and chief information officer at Boston Childrens, however, he continued to practice medicine and see patients while serving in that role.

During his time leading the information technology team at Boston Childrens, Nigrin gained experience across a range of IT functions, including overseeing the installation of the clinical and business platforms that included Cerner and EPIC.

Nigrin says he was drawn to the opportunity at MaineHealth because it offers a chance to lead an enterprise with multiple local health systems pursuing a broad medical mission.

At MaineHealth, theres an opportunity to leverage technology in a way that positively impacts thousands of patients across Maine and Carroll County, N.H., said Nigrin. Its a unique opportunity to make a difference in peoples lives at a time when technology is playing an increasing role in the provision of health care.

Nigrin will begin his new duties at MaineHealth in January.

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Circa, medical school exemplify Las Vegas’ tradition of thinking big – Las Vegas Sun

Steve Marcus

An exterior view of Circa before the casino opening in downtown Las Vegas Tuesday, Oct. 27,2020.

Sunday, Nov. 1, 2020 | 2 a.m.

In one amazing 48-hour span last week, Las Vegas celebrated two landmark events that served as a tribute to the ingenuity, boldness and resiliency that put our community on the global map.

The first came when the spectacular Circa resort opened Wednesday on Fremont Street, marking the completion of the first ground-up casino-hotel project downtown in four decades. That gala occasion was followed Thursday mid-morning with a groundbreaking ceremony for the new academic building for the UNLV School of Medicine, located on the Shadow Ridge campus not far away from the new resort.

In both cases, those special events marked the beginning of something transformational for Las Vegas. Circa takes the Fremont Street Experience to a heightened level of modernity and luster that will undoubtedly boost tourism downtown, while the new medical school building puts Las Vegas on a path toward improving the quality of our health care regionally and enhancing our economy through medical education and research.

For that, credit goes to two sets of community leaders with extraordinary vision.

Circa is the brainchild of Derek and Greg Stevens, the brothers who have been infusing downtown with energy since acquiring a 50% interest in the Golden Gate in 2008. They followed by purchasing what is now The D in 2011 and obtaining 100% ownership of the Golden Gate in 2015 before embarking on Circa.

The new resort is simply stunning, a marriage of contemporary design and old-school Vegas featuring a 777-room hotel, a tiered water complex with six pools and two spas, and a colossal sports book, along with touches like historic Las Vegas images and artifacts, and the refurbished Vegas Vickie sign that once stood along Fremont Street.

The Stevenses havent revealed the cost of the resort, but needless to say it was a massive investment in downtown and in the future of Las Vegas.

We salute them and wish them the best as their new venture gets underway. Theyve shown once again that big, bold visions not only have a place in this town, they are the soul of Vegas.

As for the medical school building, credit goes to a broad group of Las Vegas philanthropists, civic leaders and campus administrators who worked unflaggingly to launch the UNLV School of Medicine in 2017 and devise a plan for construction of the new academic building.

In 2019, after years of facing hurdles from state-level higher education overseers on the project, the group cut to the chase by forming a nonprofit development corporation to construct the building with a combination of private and state funds. Once built, the $150 million facility will remain owned by the development corporation but will be leased to UNLV for $1 per year.

This was a practical, elegant solution to what had been a highly frustrating process. Before the development corporation was launched, three proposals for construction of the building came and went amid acrimony between donors and the Nevada Board of Regents and Nevada System of Higher Education.

But unfortunately, the medical school is still facing some uncertainty after state lawmakers withdrew $25 million in funding for the building amid state budget-cutting brought on by the coronavirus pandemic.

Supporters said at the groundbreaking ceremony that theyre advocating with state lawmakers to restore the funding, while also looking for third-party funding such as federal grants.

It is irresponsible to just continue to build buildings in Southern Nevada with philanthropic dollars, said Maureen Schafer, CEO of the development corporation. Its unsustainable, No. 1, and No. 2, this community has too many needs. Philanthropists have, for so long, been filling those needs.

Schafer was absolutely right, and our communitys state and national leaders should listen.

The building is a critical need for Southern Nevada, which will allow the school to expand to its full capacity of students. Currently, class sizes are limited to 60 per year, about a third of the designed capacity.

Bringing the medical school fully up to speed will make a huge impact on Southern Nevada, both by improving health care and helping expand our economy. The medical school offers potential to grow a lucrative biotechnical and pharmaceutical research sector here, which would diversify an economy that currently relies far too much on travel and tourism. In addition, improving our health care system throughout the valley will make us more attractive to businesses seeking to relocate or expand.

The bottom line: What started Thursday must be completed.

Las Vegas became the city it is today by constantly keeping an eye on its future, and taking bold steps to get us there. We had the audacity to embrace gaming at a much more puritanical time in America. During the jet age, we laid the groundwork to become an international destination. In more recent years, we adapted to changing consumer trends by blending in retail, dining, nightlife and outdoor recreation into our tourism offerings.

And we kept moving forward throughout the boom-and-bust cycles that have defined our history.

Both the Stevens brothers and the supporters of the medical school are doing just that today. We applaud them, and urge our leaders to follow their direction.

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Circa, medical school exemplify Las Vegas' tradition of thinking big - Las Vegas Sun

Big 12 vs. The World: Conference eyes expansion as commissioner stands by collusion accusations – CBS Sports

Bob Bowlsby's flight touched down the afternoon of July 21. The Big 12 commissioner was on a routine campus visit to Kansas.

"My phone went off," Bowlsby recalled. "It was about 3 o'clock."

It truly was one of those where-were-you-when moments. Major news broke that day: Texas and Oklahoma are in talks to join the SEC.

It was true, and it was awful for the Power Five's most experienced commissioner and his eight remaining schools. The shock hasn't worn off for the 69-year-old administrator.

Bowlsby still believes ESPN conspired with SEC and American to (perhaps mortally) wound his league. Bowlsby has not shared evidence to this end; both ESPN and AAC commissioner Mike Aresco denied the accusation.

"You know me well enough," Bowlsby told CBS Sports this week. "I wouldn't have said it unless it was absolutely true."

Bowlsby hasn't lost any part of his bravado since that day. Asked if it's possible to mend fences with a powerful rights holder in future negotiations, Bowlsby did not relent.

"Any time you speak truth to power, you run risks," he said.

That's a glimpse of the Big 12 five weeks removed from the Texas-Oklahoma news and one week away from its 27th season. Things were never supposed to be this uncertain. At the Big 12 Media Days last month, Bowlsby kiddingly thanked reporters for not "asking the expansion question. I think I won five bucks on that."

Now, you can't think of the Big 12 without thinking of expansion for an entirely different reason than the league's ultimately fruitless look at adding members five years ago.

Asked how he's doing lately, Bowlsby sarcastically replied, "Oh, I'm having a wonderful time."

"It's been a long month," he added. "There's not any way to put a good face on it. We were shocked at the announcements. We were given no indication of displeasures on [Texas and Oklahoma's] part. I share those feelings, and everybody associated with us shares those feelings."

CBS Sports spoke to Bowlsby on a variety of subjects regarding his conference during an unprecedented time of upheaval. Safe to say it has suddenly become the Big 12 against the world.

Industry sources say the league's media rights value has decreased at least 50% with the losses of Texas and Oklahoma.

The Pac-12 has decided it will not expand for the moment, eliminating safe haven for any Big 12 schools that were looking West. The Big Ten, ACC and Pac-12 went off on their own to form an alliance largely to fight perception of the SEC's growing power.

"Hopefully this will bring some much-needed stability to college athletics," Big Ten commissioner Kevin Warren said. " Some of the events over the last couple of months have shaken the foundation of the beliefs of college athletics."

None of the alliance conferences called Big 12 to participate.

"We want and need the Big 12 to do well," ACC commissioner Jim Phillips said. "The Big 12 matters in Power Five athletics."

Actually, what was once a Power Five now looks more and more like it will be a Power Four unless the Big 12 expands. You can understand the angst at the conference headquarters in Las Colinas, a planned development in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex.

"Not surprisingly, everybody is watching their backside," Bowlsby said. " Trust in the athletics ecosystem is not very high right now."

It is a tenuous existence for the Big 12. Publicly, it plans to hold Texas and Oklahoma to the terms of the current ESPN/Fox contract, which runs four more years. But inside the conference, there's a feeling the two giants will use any available excuse or legal maneuver to bolt early.

As such, the Big 12 in late July formed an expansion subcommittee made up of officials from Baylor, Iowa State, Kansas and Texas Tech.

"As you would expect, [it is] a smaller group that can facilitate thought and conversation that we can bring back to the presidents and athletic directors," said Texas Tech athletic director Kirby Hocutt, one of the subcommittee members.

The Big 12 is in the ironic position of needing expansion candidates it rejected five years ago. Those would include UCF, Memphis, Cincinnati, Houston and BYU, among others. Back then, the Big 12 chose not to exercise a clause in its ESPN/Fox contract that would pay $1 billion if it added any four schools.

The league stayed at 10, in part, so as not to antagonize its rightsholders. Now the commissioner who helped make that decision is at odds with ESPN.

There is the uncertain possibility of Kansas basketball -- a top-five program -- playing in the AAC or Mountain West. That is possible because, even in its depressed state, Kansas football would bring 80% of the value to any conference contract. In other words, it's unlikely that basketball alone will carry Kansas through to another Power Five conference.

Even if the Big 12 continues at eight teams, its budgets will most likely be slashed because the league's worth has taken a hit. Will Iowa State be able to keep Matt Campbell? Will top-flight coaches in any sport be attracted to the Big 12? What will happen to the massive athletic debt services on some of these campuses?

Without the $37 million per school it gets from its media rights deal, will the Big 12 remain a Power Five conference? It may be four potentially agonizing years until the league knows as it waits for its current deal to run out.

"That isn't going to happen for a while," Bowlsby said. "I don't have any particular reason to be concerned about it."

He would like to be around for all of it. Bowlsby's contract runs through June 2025, the month that media rights deal expires.

With the news of the week -- alliance formation, Pac-12 standing pat -- there may some certainty. With no additional movement coming at the top, the Big 12 suddenly has expansion leverage over Group of Five conferences. That means the eight remaining schools, nicknamed "The Hateful Eight", just might stay together after all.

The best news: There is "significant interest" in the Big 12 from other schools, according to Hocutt. The Lubbock Avalanche-Journal reported Friday "at least 15 schools" are interested in joining the Big 12.

Oliver Luck -- the former West Virginia AD, NCAA executive and XFL commissioner -- is consulting with the Big 12 on expansion.

The league must proceed cautiously. If it expands too soon, that could give Texas and Oklahoma the legal leverage they need to leave the Big 12 before the end of the current contract in 2025. The schools would have to pay up to $80 million in penalties each to leave early. However, the Big 12 would still control the schools' TV rights.

The animosity towards Texas and Oklahoma will likely reveal itself on the field and courts as long as the two schools are in the Big 12. The blowback this time could be different than when Colorado, Missouri, Nebraska and Texas A&M left the league. The Longhorns and Sooners are two of the biggest sports brands in the country.

Mark your calendars for Oct. 2. That's the date both Texas (at TCU) and Oklahoma (at Kansas State) play their first conference road games since the announcement.

"We'll do every last thing we can to make sure their student-athletes have a great experience and fair experience and have the best circumstances they possibly can," Bowlsby said. "That's what we're professionally obligated to do."

There are already examples of untidy exits. In November 2010, Nebraska played its last Big 12 road game at Texas A&M on its way to the Big Ten. By the end of the 9-6 loss, the Cornhuskers were called for 16 penalties to the Aggies' two. There are accusations of conspiracy. At the time, the Big 12 commissioned an independent review of the officiating. It found no wrongdoing.

"I can't see Texas and OU waiting," said former Texas A&M president R. Bowen Loftin. "It's going to be next year. One more year. As an experienced person, it was no fun being at A&M going through a conference schedule in the Big 12. I was heckled everywhere I went."

Texas A&M left the Big 12 for the SEC in 2012.

Bowlsby remains a member of the College Football Playoff subcommittee that proposed a 12-team bracket expansion still under consideration.

One of his league presidents, West Virginia's E. Gordon Gee, told WVU's school newspaper the proposal is "on life support" and would not receive his vote due to the uncertainty created by Texas and Oklahoma moving to the SEC. Earlier this year, Gee was enthusiastically in favor of expansion.

Another example of things changing rapidly in the Big 12.

Elsewhere for Bowlsby, life is good. God is good. His granddaughter's recent successful heart surgery allows him to see past any league matters. The commissioner praised pediatric surgeon Charles Fraser, who is in residence at the Dell Medical School in Austin, Texas.

Fraser just so happened to attend Texas for medical school. Some things are more important.

"Chuck Fraser is an unbelievable, unbelievable guy," Bowlsby said. "Humble as the day is long, spends eight hours a day in little children's chests. He is an amazing healer. You're just a nicer person when you've been around your grandchildren."

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Big 12 vs. The World: Conference eyes expansion as commissioner stands by collusion accusations - CBS Sports

International influences and opportunities abound at FSU – Florida State News

Thats a sentiment shared by Yang Li, asecond-yeardoctoralstudent from China who is earning her degree in higher education.Li has taken the typical CGE experience a step further by working for the center as part of her graduate assistantship. Li said its a choice shes glad she made.

I have made most of my friends through the CGE and enjoy many research opportunities, she said. My research interest is international student success in the UnitedStates,and I am exposed to so muchoftheinternationalstudent experience here on campus.I feel lucky to work there.

Opportunities for travel and culturally immersive experiencesare offeredthroughFSUprogramssuch asGlobal Scholars,Global Exchanges,Beyond Borders, theMoellership ProgramandInternational Programs.

International opportunities are also found in classrooms across campus. One example is at the College of Law where students can take a class in international human rights. The course includes about 30 students, 15 of them domestic and 15 from schools of law around the world, said Terry Coonan, an instructor in the course and the director of FSUs Center for the Advancement of Human Rights.

Its a dynamic experience in which we are working with superb law schools around the world to confront human rights issues that are worldwide, he said. For our FSU students,especially, its a great reminder on a weekly basis of how international the field of human rights is.Its one of the great classes I am so fortunate to teach.

FSUs Global Citizenship Certificate is another opportunity for students to plug international learning and experiences into their classes.The certificate requires students takefour courses with a global or cross-cultural themeand engage in intercultural experiencesto help themlearnto meet the new challenges of living and working in the global society of the 21st century.

HennaAwad, a senior from Jacksonville, Florida,saidthe certificate helped her build her cross-cultural knowledge in profound ways.

Ihad the opportunity to travel a lot before I came to FSU and I could maybe identify a different culture but not how or why it was different, she said.Like the perspective on time can be different between cultures. The certificate programimproves your critical thinking skills.Its just been a really great opportunity.

FSU womens soccer player Gabby Carle,anative of Levi, Quebec, Canada, didnt have international experiences on her mind when she chose to take her talents to Tallahassee over offers from other American universities.

Carle,whosefirst language is French, is set to graduate next spring withadegree in exercise physiology.

The biggest concern for me was I was looking to play soccer at the highest level, she said, before adding that sheaccomplishedthat goal and much more. I plan to play soccer professionally either here or in Europe. Then, post soccer, I plan to go to medical school and become adoctor.

Carle said the experience of being an international student at FSU was unquestionably a positive one and while her teammates hail from England, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Japan, IrelandandFinland to name a few, she said the international influence at FSU is everywhere.

One time,I was in biology lab andwaspaired with some classmates.We startedsharingstories and four out of five of us werefrom differentcountries, she said.I think when you walk on campus the diversity iseverywhere. Maybe sometimes you cant see it,but when you sit down and talk to your classmates,theres a lot of diversity here at Florida State.

For more information about International Education Month, visit global.fsu.edu/iem.

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New insight into how brain neurons influence choices Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis – Washington University School of Medicine…

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Effort could aid study of addiction, eating disorders, other neuropsychiatric conditions that involve faulty decision-making

By studying animals choosing between two drink options, researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis have discovered that the activity of certain neurons in the brain leads directly to the choice of one option over another. The findings could lead to better understanding of how decision-making goes wrong in conditions such as addiction and depression.

When you are faced with a choice say, whether to have ice cream or chocolate cake for dessert sets of brain cells just above your eyes fire as you weigh your options. Animal studies have shown that each option activates a distinct set of neurons in the brain. The more enticing the offer, the faster the corresponding neurons fire.

Now, a study in monkeys by researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis has shown that the activity of these neurons encodes the value of the options and determines the final decision. In the experiments, researchers let animals choose between different juice flavors. By changing the neurons activity, the researchers changed how appealing the monkeys found each option, leading the animals to make different choices. The study is published Nov. 2in the journal Nature.

A detailed understanding of how options are valued and choices are made in the brain will help us understand how decision-making goes wrong in people with conditions such as addiction, eating disorders, depression and schizophrenia.

In a number of mental and neuropsychiatric disorders, patients consistently make poor choices, but we dont understand exactly why, said senior author Camillo Padoa-Schioppa, PhD,a professor of neuroscience, of economics and of biomedical engineering. Now we have located one critical piece of this puzzle. As we shed light on the neural mechanisms underlying choices, well gain a deeper understanding of these disorders.

In the 18th century, economists Daniel Bernoulli, Adam Smith and Jeremy Bentham suggested that people choose among options by computing the subjective value of each offer, taking into consideration factors such as quantity, quality, cost and the probability of actually receiving the promised offer. Once computed, values would be compared to make a decision. It took nearly three centuries to find the first concrete evidence of such calculations and comparisons in the brain. In 2006, Padoa-Schioppa and John Assad, PhD, a professor of neurobiology at Harvard Medical School, published a groundbreaking paper in Nature describing the discovery of neurons that encode the subjective value offered and chosen goods. The neurons were found in the orbitofrontal cortex, an area of the brain just above the eyes involved in goal-directed behavior.

At the time, though, they were unable to demonstrate that the values encoded in the brain led directly to choosing one option over another.

We found neurons encoding subjective values, but value signals can guide all sorts of behaviors, not just choice, Padoa-Schioppa said. They can guide learning, emotion, perceptual attention, and aspects of motor control. We needed to show that value signals in a particular brain region guide choices.

To examine the connection between values encoded by neurons and choice behavior, researchers performed two experiments. The study was conducted by first authors Sbastien Ballesta, PhD, then a postdoctoral researcher, and Weikang Shi, a graduate student, with the help of Katherine Conen, PhD, then a graduate student, who designed one of the experiments. Ballesta is now an associate professor at the University of Strasbourg in Strasbourg, France; Conen is now at Brown University.

In one experiment, the researchers repeatedly presented monkeys with two drinks and recorded the animals selections. The drinks were offered in varying amounts and included lemonade, grape juice, cherry juice, peach juice, fruit punch, apple juice, cranberry juice, peppermint tea, kiwi punch, watermelon juice and salted water. The monkeys often preferred one flavor over another, but they also liked to get more rather than less, so their decisions were not always easy. Each monkey indicated its choice by glancing toward it, and the chosen drink was delivered.

Then, the researchers placed tiny electrodes in each monkeys orbitofrontal cortex. The electrodes painlessly stimulate the neurons that represent the value of each option. When the researchers delivered a low current through the electrodes while a monkey was offered two drinks, neurons dedicated to both options began to fire faster. From the perspective of the monkey, this meant that both options became more appealing but, because of the way values are encoded in the brain, the appeal of one option increased more than that of the other. The upshot is that low-level stimulation made the animal more likely to choose one particular option, in a predictable way.

In another experiment, the monkeys saw first one option, then the other, before they made a choice. Delivering a higher current while the monkey was considering one option disrupted the computation of value taking place at that time, making the monkey more likely to choose whichever option was not disrupted. This result indicates that values computed in the orbitofrontal cortex are a necessary part of making a choice.

When it comes to this kind of choices, the monkey brain and the human brain appear very similar, Padoa-Schioppa said. We think that this same neural circuit underlies all sorts of choices people make, such as between different dishes on a restaurant menu, financial investments, or candidates in an election. Even major life decisions like which career to choose or whom to marry probably utilize this circuit. Every time a choice is based on subjective preferences, this neural circuit is responsible for it.

Ballesta S, Shi W, Conen KE, Padoa-Schioppa C. Values Encoded in Orbitofrontal Cortex Are Causally Related to Economic Choices. Nature. Nov. 2, 2020. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2880-x

This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), grant numbers R01-DA032758, R01-MH104494 and F31-MH107111; and the McDonnell Center for Systems Neuroscience.

Washington University School of Medicines 1,500 faculty physicians also are the medical staff of Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Childrens hospitals. The School of Medicine is a leader in medical research, teaching and patient care, ranking among the top 10 medical schools in the nation by U.S. News & World Report. Through its affiliations with Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Childrens hospitals, the School of Medicine is linked to BJC HealthCare.

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More Minnesota students are heading back to school. What does the science say about the safety of reopening? – MinnPost

As Minnesota students continue to go back to the classroom some after nearly a whole year of distance learning via Zoom an impassioned debate over how to safely open schools amid an ongoing pandemic has only intensified, mired in the politics of the statehouse, school districts and teachers unions.

Those who want kids back in school point out that remote learning is exacerbating achievement gaps already very present in Minnesotas education system. Others worry kids are suffering social, mental and learning setbacks as a result of staying home.

Advocates of continuing distance learning cite ongoing transmission of the COVID-19 virus, a shortage of vaccines that makes them unavailable to many teachers, and the need to keep both kids and their families at home safe.

What does the science say about whether its safe to resume in-person schooling?

These questions are coming to a head at the national level as the Biden administration prepares to release federal-level guidance on reopening schools as early as this week. In January, President Joe Biden set a goal to open most schools within his first 100 days in office (around mid-April). More recently, the administration lowered expectations, saying the goal would be to have more than half of schools have some in-person teaching at least one day a week by the hundredth day. Hes also proposed more than $130 billion funding to pay for increased school staffing, ventilation improvements and protective equipment.

Until recently, much of the research on the reopening of schools amid COVID-19 had come from overseas, conducted in countries that had a better handle on the pandemic than the U.S. (The U.S. accounts for less than 5 percent of the worlds population and 20 percent of its documented COVID-19 deaths to-date.)

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But theres a growing acknowledgment that schools may be able to reopen relatively safely in the U.S., even in spite of still-uncontrolled levels of COVID-19. Last month, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released research published in the Journal of the American Medical Association that suggests schools may pose little risk of COVID-19 transmission compared to their surrounding communities when following proper COVID-19 mitigation measures, such as the use of masks, distancing and keeping students in smaller groups.

The CDC tracked COVID-19 in 17 K-12 schools with 4,876 in-person students in rural Wood County, Wisconsin, between Aug. 31 and Nov. 29, 2020, a time that included massive escalation in Wisconsins statewide COVID-19 case rates. The schools used several mitigation strategies to reduce the likelihood of COVID-19 transmission: classes were limited to between 11 and 20 kids who stuck together throughout the school day; everyone maintained 6 feet of distance whenever possible and used masks (a grant helped buy students layered masks); and the school quarantined people who had been exposed to the virus.

During the study, 191 cases of COVID-19 were identified among the 4,876 students and 654 staff, seven of which (all students) were believed to have been tied to schools.

While students were not systematically tested for COVID-19, the rate of cases in schools was much lower than it was in the community at the time: 3,463 cases per 100,000 residents for people who were attending schools (which included cases among school-goers who got the disease in the community) versus 5,466 cases per 100,000 residents in the county at-large. That led the researchers to conclude that even in communities with high levels of COVID-19 transmission, students and staff may be more likely to pick up the virus in the community than in schools when proper mitigation strategies are used.

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Wisconsin was right in the middle of a community outbreak at that point in time, but they actually saw very little transmission in the school, said Dr. Beth Thielen, an infectious disease physician with the University of Minnesota Medical School and M Health Fairview.

Instead, the research found students and staff members much more often getting COVID-19 in the community and rarely spreading it in schools. That, to me, was very interesting because it showed even in a setting of community transmission you can actually contain the virus, Thielen said.

Thielen sees the mismatch between infection rates in the community and within schools as a suggestion that doubling down on infection control measures could help. People, she said, arent very good at assessing what activities are risky.

Dr. Beth Thielen

Of course, adherence to transmission-reducing mitigation strategies appears to be a significant factor in the level of spread in schools, Thielen said.

As of Thursday, Minnesota had listed 71 schools with COVID-19 outbreaks, meaning they had five or more cases among students or staff who spent time in the school building while they were infectious during a two-week period. That doesnt mean those cases were necessarily picked up in school.

The Wisconsin data, which differs from early studies done across the world in that it seems pretty much as close as you can get to Minnesota, Thielen said, suggests it might be possible to do in-person school safely.

The Wisconsin study cited several limitations to its data, among them that mask-wearing data was obtained through an unscientific survey; the study didnt explore a causal relationship between the mitigation strategies and low disease spread; it did not collect data on ventilation; did not track asymptomatic spread through screening (though research through blood tests has found spread among young children, symptomatic or not, to be minimal).

The Wisconsin study isnt the only one in the U.S. to find that cases in schools, with proper measures in place, can be lower than in the community. A study by Duke University and the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, released in January, found that in a given period among 100,000 K-12 students and staff in 11 districts in North Carolina, there were 773 community-acquired infections and 32 school-acquired ones.

Other studies have suggested certain conditions should be met before schools reopen.

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A Tulane University study based on national data that was published in December found that when new COVID-19 hospitalizations were at lower levels, between 36 per 100,000 residents and 44 per 100,000 residents per week, the opening of schools did not have a discernible effect on COVID-19 hospitalizations. When hospitalizations were at higher levels, though, the effect of opening schools was less clear. The researchers have been keeping data updated and as of the last week of data, the most recent update, all of Minnesotas counties but one, Olmsted, were below the hospitalization range cited as low level in the study.

A study on Michigan and Washington schools, likewise, found that where transmission was low, the opening of schools didnt seem to have an effect.

Another study, from Florida, found that COVID-19 infections increased among high school students after schools reopened (there is evidence that younger children are less likely to transmit the virus as compared to older ones).

But while the U.S.-based research is starting to coalesce around conditions under which it might be safe to reopen schools, theres one big caveat: We dont yet know what new variants of COVID-19 that have emerged and are expected to begin circulating more widely in the U.S. mean for all this schools research, which is predicated on plain old COVID-19.

Still, as research piles up, officials at the top levels of government are articulating that it might be time to open schools, under the right conditions. On Thursday, CBS News reported that a draft summary of forthcoming CDC recommendations includes phased reopening based on community transmission levels. And Dr. Anthony Fauci has supported getting students back in the classroom based on CDC findings.

I would back the CDC recommendations because that is really based on data, Fauci said in an interview in January after the release of the findings. We didnt fully appreciate that early on but the fact is that when you look at a community and look at the penetrance of the virus in the community and its spread at the community level compared to the school in that community, its less likely for a child to get infected in a school setting than if they were in the community.

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More Minnesota students are heading back to school. What does the science say about the safety of reopening? - MinnPost

Independence Science receives award from National Federation of the Blind for making science more accessible – Purdue News Service

WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind. Independence Science has been recognized by the National Federation of the Blind for technology that makes science more accessible to blind students.

The company received a 2021 Jacob Bolotin Award on July 10 during the National Federation of the Blind's virtual national conference. Independence Science created the Sci-Voice Talking LabQuest 2, a hand-held, talking data logger that connects to more than 75 sensors and probes. The sensors and probes collect quantitative data across subject areas including biology, chemistry, physics, and earth and space sciences.

Michael Hingson, spokesman and business development analyst at Independence Science, said blind students listen to the data as it is being collected. They also have access to the data afterward for additional analysis.

"Blind students remotely control the Sci-Voice TLQ2 device that is connected to the teacher's host computer. They can start and stop data collection, graph data and explore data tables," Hingson said. "By sharing audio in the virtual meeting platform, the JAWS audio feed made possible by our partner VISPERO comes through the blind student's speaker on their home computer. It is this interface that made scientific data collection possible during a global pandemic."

The Jacob Bolotin Award is named for the first documented blind doctor in the United States, living in Chicago in the late part of the 19th century. Hingson said Bolotin faced ignorance, prejudice and discrimination in medical school and his medical practice. Bolotin was driven to remove barriers to the inaccessible medical education he was faced with, and to educate classmates, faculty and eventual colleagues about the capabilities of the blind in medicine.

"We are extremely honored to receive this award, which recognizes us as being a pioneering positive force in the lives of blind people," Hingson said. "This award is a testimony to Independence Science's commitment to raising the bar for what is possible in science access for the blind in a remote laboratory science learning context."

Independence Science is headquartered at the Purdue Research Park of West Lafayette. It conducts demonstrations and presentations at conferences and offers free webinars on its products and services. It also offers remote and on-site consultations to train teachers and/or students on its science access methodologies.

Writer: Steve Martin

Source: Michael Hingson

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Independence Science receives award from National Federation of the Blind for making science more accessible - Purdue News Service

‘Fauci Effect’ Drives Medical School Interest As US Faces Physician Shortage – NPR

Sam Smith, a University of Colorado Boulder grad who is applying to medical schools, says he has been inspired by the example of health care workers during the pandemic. He plans to specialize in infectious diseases. "I want to be on the front lines of the next one," he says. Meredith Nierman hide caption

Sam Smith, a University of Colorado Boulder grad who is applying to medical schools, says he has been inspired by the example of health care workers during the pandemic. He plans to specialize in infectious diseases. "I want to be on the front lines of the next one," he says.

When COVID-19 restrictions reduced his work schedule at the National Institutes of Health, Sam Smith decided to turn to another time-consuming job: applying to medical school.

He'd always wanted to go into medicine, but what was happening in the world had a big impact on the kind of medicine he hopes to practice. Now Smith wants to specialize in infectious diseases.

The experience of the past year "makes me think, there's probably going to be another pandemic" in the future, said Smith, 25. "So I want to be on the front lines of the next one."

Even as college and university enrollment overall has dropped this fall, Smith is part of a wave of what officials say is a record number of applicants to medical school.

The number of applicants is up 18% this year over last year, according to the Association of American Medical Colleges, or AAMC, driven by the example of medical workers and public health figures such as Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.

"It's unprecedented," said Geoffrey Young, the AAMC's senior director for student affairs and programs, who compares it to another response to a traumatic moment in American history: the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001.

"After [Sept. 11], there was a huge increase in the number of men and women that were entering into the military," Young said. "So far in my lifetime, at least, and for as long as I've been in medical education, that's the only comparison that I could make."

Stanford University School of Medicine reports a 50% jump in the number of applications, or 11,000 applications for 90 seats. Boston University School of Medicine says applications are up 27%, to 12,024 for about 110 seats.

"That, I think, may have a lot to do with the fact that people look at Anthony Fauci, look at the doctors in their community and say, 'You know, that is amazing. This is a way for me to make a difference,'" said Kristen Goodell, associate dean of admissions at the school of medicine at BU.

Medical school admissions officers have started calling this the Fauci Effect.

Kristen Goodell is associate dean of admissions at the Boston University School of Medicine, which has seen a 27% increase in applications. "People look at Anthony Fauci, look at the doctors in their community and say, 'You know, that is amazing. This is a way for me to make a difference.'" Meredith Nierman hide caption

Kristen Goodell is associate dean of admissions at the Boston University School of Medicine, which has seen a 27% increase in applications. "People look at Anthony Fauci, look at the doctors in their community and say, 'You know, that is amazing. This is a way for me to make a difference.'"

It's "very flattering," Fauci said. "Probably a more realistic assessment is that, rather than the Fauci Effect, it's the effect of a physician who is trying to and hopefully succeeding in having an important impact on an individual's health, as well as on global health. So if it works to get more young individuals into medical school, go ahead and use my name. Be my guest."

Among other reasons admissions officials cite for the increase in prospective medical students is that the pandemic has given people more free time to complete the arduous application process.

"A lot of the plans they made postgrad honestly fell through," said Sahil Mehta, a practicing radiologist and founder of MedSchoolCoach, which prepares students for the Medical College Admission Test, or MCAT.

When the dermatology practice where she was working as a medical assistant shut down temporarily because of COVID-19, Mary Grace Kelley had the chance to retake the MCAT and improved her score.

"This is a perfect time of no distractions," said Kelley, 23, who lives in the Boston suburbs and is applying to medical schools this year.

The deluge of applications comes as the nation faces a projected shortage of physicians.

The United States will be short 54,100 to 139,000 physicians by 2033, the AAMC estimates. More than two out of every five doctors now practicing will reach retirement age over the next 10 years.

Thirty-five percent of registered voters in a survey last year said they'd had trouble finding a doctor, up from 25% in 2015.

Medical school graduates finish with a staggering $241,560 of student loan debt, on average, according to the National Center for Education Statistics, discouraging many would-be doctors.

Eight percent of medical students are Black and 7% Hispanic, both proportions smaller than their share of the population. (Ten percent identify themselves as multiracial.)

"I do think that the debt probably scares off some people," said Goodell, who is also a former chair of the Council on Graduate Medical Education.

This year's many medical school applicants appear undeterred.

"Everyone feels some sort of responsibility," Kelley said. "There's definitely a call to arms thinking that, if there's another pandemic, it'll be up to us."

Fauci said he sees the flood of medical school applicants as a sign that people are thinking about social justice "that you have responsibility not only to yourself, but as an integral part of society."

He said he hopes the trend will counterbalance and "maybe would even overcome the other side of the coin, which is the really somewhat stunning and disturbing fact that people have no regard at all for society, only just focusing very selfishly on themselves."

This was produced by The Hechinger Report in collaboration with GBH Boston. Additional reporting by Kirk Carapezza.

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'Fauci Effect' Drives Medical School Interest As US Faces Physician Shortage - NPR

Union At The Grove housing project to provide affordable rent for medical students – fox2now.com

ST. LOUIS A groundbreaking new housing project is coming to Forest Park Southeast. Union At The Grove will house 160 units with over 80 units having workforce-targeted rents.

Union At The Grove, which includes six individual buildings is being developed by Green Street St. Louis.

The buildings are on Hunt, Vista and Norfolk Avenues, between Newstead and Taylor Avenues, east of Kingshighway

Union At The Grove is a natural extension of Green Streets continued commitment to the City of St. Louis and Midtown redevelopment through partnership and community revitalization, Joel Oliver, Green Street Senior Vice President for Development said. Green Streets innovative workforce housing model has enabled us to create, protect and cultivate income inclusive neighborhoods where they are needed most.

Union At The Grove teamed up with BJC Healthcare and Washington University School of Medicine to provide workforce housing.

Under workforce housing, about 52% of the units will have attainable rents so health care employees and medical school staff can live near where they work.

The project contributes to the resurgence process within the city. Other recent developments included the first fully protected bike and pedestrian infrastructure that will connect the Tower Grove Park and the Shaw neighborhood to Forest Park Southeast and Cortex.

The total cost of the development is $40 million dollars. They expect to begin construction Feb. 1 with the official groundbreaking ceremony in the Spring.

For more information, visit union-stl.com.

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Union At The Grove housing project to provide affordable rent for medical students - fox2now.com

How this New York medical school boosted diversity by 45% – American Medical Association

Eliminating medical student-loan burdens for future physicians with financial needs can create a more diverse medical school applicant pool, student body and health care workforce, says a JAMAHealth Forum article examining the impact of efforts at a New York medical school.

The article, "Debt-Free Medical EducationA Tool for Health Care Workforce Diversity," looks at Weill Cornell Medicine's commitment to making medical education debt-free, which started in 2019, and the early results that it has produced.

To understand the impact of this program on the incoming Class 2024, Weill Cornell compared medical student applicants and matriculants in 2020 with those from the 4 previous years (2016-2019). In 2020the first full admissions cycle in which the program was in placeWeill Cornell Medical College's applications rose 11%. "Among matriculating students we observed statistically significant increases in the percentage of students from groups underrepresented in medicine (from 20% to 29%)," wrote the authors, YoonKang,MD, and Said A.Ibrahim,MD, MPH, both of Weill Cornell Medicine.That equates to a 45% increase.

The state of debt

Cornell's program is being funded with an initial $160 million endowment. The article points out that additional funding will be necessary to keep the program intact in perpetuity.

The program's aim of eliminating medical student-loan burden is ambitious. Three out of four 2019 medical school graduates had debt, according to data from the Association of American Medical Colleges cited in the article. The median education-related debtincluding application fees, fees for testing and test preparation, and expenses for professional attire and travel to medical school and residency interviewswas $200,000, and those numbers were more daunting for certain underrepresented groups, with the article noting that "not only did a higher proportion of Black students graduate with debt (91% of Black students vs. 73% of all students), but the median debt was higher ($230,000 for Black students vs. $200,000 for all students)."

Learn how a record-setting gift may help tomorrow's Black physicians.

Addressing debt, physician representation

Cornell's program aims to offer all attendees a debt-free education. Although many schools have offered full tuition scholarships to under-represented students, Cornell's debt-free program goes a step further to include costs of attendancetuition and living expenses, such as housing and health insurance. A survey of students entering the medical school indicated that they were aware of the program and counted it as a factor in their decision to apply.

About three-quarters of incoming students in Cornell's most recent class qualified for the debt-free program, which is based on financial need. The authors offered the early returns on the program as, at the very least, anecdotal evidence that debt-free medical education can help meet the needs of the patient population.

"Our preliminary observations indicate that the implementation of a debt-free medical education program for students with proven financial need might offer yet another potential approach to help to diversify medical school enrollment," the authors wrote. "This is an essential step in addressing socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in health care."

The article's lead author said that decreasing the debt burden is a first step in expanding the diversity of the physician body.

"Effective diversification of the physician workforce requires a "long-lens" approach," said Dr. Kang, Cornell's senior associate dean for education. "We need increased focus on the early stages of the pipeline into medical school and increased diversification of the applicant pool."

Find out why this Black medical resident, a grandfather, worked many years as mechanic.

Making physician diversity a priority

The AMA is looking to address physician diversity on several fronts. The AMA Accelerating Change in Medical Education Consortium has worked with Morehouse and other member medical schools to share strategies for enhancing recruitment, fostering viable pathways into medicine, promoting holistic admissions processes and creating inclusive learning environments. The ultimate goal is to generate a physician workforce that more closely resembles that of the nation.

The group has shared a process ofinstitutional diversity and inclusion self-studyand issued a statement toprotect diverselearners during educational disruptions related to COVID-19.

TheAMA Doctors Back to School program, meanwhile, introduces children to professional role models and shows kids of all ages from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups that a career in medicine is attainable for everyone. Learn more about the AMA Minority Affairs Section, which gives voice to and advocates on issues that affect minority physicians and medical students.

Launched last year, theAMA Center for Health Equityhas a mandate to embed health equity across the organization so that health equity becomes part of the practice, process, action, innovation and organizational performance and outcomes.

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How this New York medical school boosted diversity by 45% - American Medical Association