Kumiko, the Treasure Hunter | Anatomy of a Scene | The New York Times – Video

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Kumiko, the Treasure Hunter | Anatomy of a Scene | The New York Times
David Zellner and Nathan Zellner discuss their film Kumiko, the Treasure Hunter, starring Rinko Kikuchi. Produced by: Mekado Murphy Subscribe to the Times Video newsletter for free...

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Digestive System | Everything You Need to Know, Including …

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[Continued from above] . . . but do not have food pass through them. Accessory organs of the digestive system include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. To achieve the goal of providing energy and nutrients to the body, six major functions take place in the digestive system:

Mouth Food begins its journey through the digestive system in the mouth, also known as the oral cavity. Inside the mouth are many accessory organs that aid in the digestion of foodthe tongue, teeth, and salivary glands. Teeth chop food into small pieces, which are moistened by saliva before the tongue and other muscles push the food into the pharynx.

Pharynx The pharynx, or throat, is a funnel-shaped tube connected to the posterior end of the mouth. The pharynx is responsible for the passing of masses of chewed food from the mouth to the esophagus. The pharynx also plays an important role in the respiratory system, as air from the nasal cavity passes through the pharynx on its way to the larynx and eventually the lungs. Because the pharynx serves two different functions, it contains a flap of tissue known as the epiglottis that acts as a switch to route food to the esophagus and air to the larynx.

Esophagus The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach that is part of theupper gastrointestinal tract. It carries swallowed masses of chewed food along its length. At the inferior end of the esophagus is a muscular ring called the lower esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter. The function of this sphincter is to close of the end of the esophagus and trap food in the stomach.

Stomach The stomach is a muscular sac that is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity, just inferior to the diaphragm. In an average person, the stomach is about the size of their two fists placed next to each other. This major organ acts as a storage tank for food so that the body has time to digest large meals properly. The stomach also contains hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes that continue the digestion of food that began in the mouth.

Small Intestine The small intestine is a long, thin tube about 1 inch in diameter and about 10 feet long that is part of thelower gastrointestinal tract. It is located just inferior to the stomach and takes up most of the space in the abdominal cavity. The entire small intestine is coiled like a hose and the inside surface is full of many ridges and folds. These folds are used to maximize the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients. By the time food leaves the small intestine, around 90% of all nutrients have been extracted from the food that entered it.

Liver and Gallbladder The liver is a roughly triangular accessory organ of the digestive system located to the right of the stomach, just inferior to the diaphragm and superior to the small intestine. The liver weighs about 3 pounds and is the second largest organ in the body. The liver has many different functions in the body, but the main function of the liver in digestion is the production of bile and its secretion into the small intestine. The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ located just posterior to the liver. The gallbladder is used to store and recycle excess bile from the small intestine so that it can be reused for the digestion of subsequent meals.

Pancreas The pancreas is a large gland located just inferior and posterior to the stomach. It is about 6 inches long and shaped like short, lumpy snake with its head connected to the duodenum and its tail pointing to the left wall of the abdominal cavity. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine to complete the chemical digestion of foods.

Large IntestineThe large intestine is a long, thick tube about 2 inches in diameter and about 5 feet long. It is located just inferior to the stomach and wraps around the superior and lateral border of the small intestine. The large intestine absorbs water and contains many symbiotic bacteria that aid in the breaking down of wastes to extract some small amounts of nutrients. Feces in the large intestine exit the body through the anal canal.

The digestive system is responsible for taking whole foods and turning them into energy and nutrients to allow the body to function, grow, and repair itself. The six primary processes of the digestive system include:

Ingestion The first function of the digestive system is ingestion, or the intake of food. The mouth is responsible for this function, as it is the orifice through which all food enters the body. The mouth and stomach are also responsible for the storage of food as it is waiting to be digested. This storage capacity allows the body to eat only a few times each day and to ingest more food than it can process at one time.

Secretion In the course of a day, the digestive system secretes around 7 liters of fluids. These fluids include saliva, mucus, hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and bile. Saliva moistens dry food and contains salivary amylase, a digestive enzyme that begins the digestion of carbohydrates. Mucus serves as a protective barrier and lubricant inside of the GI tract. Hydrochloric acid helps to digest food chemically and protects the body by killing bacteria present in our food. Enzymes are like tiny biochemical machines that disassemble large macromolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids into their smaller components. Finally, bile is used to emulsify large masses of lipids into tiny globules for easy digestion.

Mixing and Movement The digestive system uses 3 main processes to move and mix food:

Digestion Digestion is the process of turning large pieces of food into its component chemicals. Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces. This mode of digestion begins with the chewing of food by the teeth and is continued through the muscular mixing of food by the stomach and intestines. Bile produced by the liver is also used to mechanically break fats into smaller globules. While food is being mechanically digested it is also being chemically digested as larger and more complex molecules are being broken down into smaller molecules that are easier to absorb. Chemical digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase in saliva splitting complex carbohydrates into simple carbohydrates. The enzymes and acid in the stomach continue chemical digestion, but the bulk of chemical digestion takes place in the small intestine thanks to the action of the pancreas. The pancreas secretes an incredibly strong digestive cocktail known as pancreatic juice, which is capable of digesting lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids. By the time food has left the duodenum, it has been reduced to its chemical building blocksfatty acids, amino acids, monosaccharides, and nucleotides.

Absorption Once food has been reduced to its building blocks, it is ready for the body to absorb. Absorption begins in the stomach with simple molecules like water and alcohol being absorbed directly into the bloodstream. Most absorption takes place in the walls of the small intestine, which are densely folded to maximize the surface area in contact with digested food. Small blood and lymphatic vessels in the intestinal wall pick up the molecules and carry them to the rest of the body. The large intestine is also involved in the absorption of water and vitamins B and K before feces leave the body.

Excretion The final function of the digestive system is the excretion of waste in a process known as defecation. Defecation removes indigestible substances from the body so that they do not accumulate inside the gut. The timing of defecation is controlled voluntarily by the conscious part of the brain, but must be accomplished on a regular basis to prevent a backup of indigestible materials.

Prepared by Tim Taylor, Anatomy and Physiology Instructor

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Anatomy of fear – Inquirer.net

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Much has been said and written about the moral aspects of the proposed revival of the death penalty (or lack thereof).

These moral dimensions are important, and need to be discussed even more now that a death penalty bill has been approved on second reading in the House of Representatives. The indecent haste will continue until it is rammed into law, and this could happen very soon.

What I want to tackle is the deterrence argument being used to support capital punishment. Put simply, the argument is that once you execute people for the heinous crimes that are named in the bill, you will strike fear in the hearts of the criminals and would-be criminals, and they will think twice, thrice, many times, before breaking the law. Crime rates would then drop.

But this argument is based on a lack of understanding of what is involved with fear and deterrence, which have been the subject of research by social scientists, natural scientists, and even medical professionals for decades now, and which has been used to back the abolition of the death penalty in many countries. (In the Philippines, then President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo abolished the death penalty based more on her personal religious views.)

Powerful but fleeting

Fear is powerful indeed, a very primitive emotion found throughout the animal kingdom, and that includes humans. Fear evolved early in animals as an instinctive protective mechanism, pushing animals to avoid danger and minimize risks.

But among humans, the processing of fear involves other brain functions. Instinctive responses remain, as when we jump when we see a snake, or when we avoid walking through a dark alley. Note that even at this primitive level, there will be variations among individuals. As parents know all too well, we see differences even among our children. Walang takotno fearwe sigh about a particular child, sometimes said with anxiety because we worry about the kind of extreme risks the child may take, but sometimes also said with pride because we see this fearlessness as an asset.

We know, too, that fear is taught. Overprotective parents can end up raising children who become too fearful of the world because they are taught that it is fraught with danger. A healthier approach is to teach children to take calculated risks, to temper but not suppress their fears.

Finally, fear is learned. We are conditioned into avoiding certain situations, places, creatures like snakes and spiders and cockroaches and people, because of unpleasant experiences. Think of the people we avoid because we have been emotionally battered by them.

The anatomy of fear is complicated in humans because we are rational beings, and I use the term here in a more general way to mean that we reason, sometimes excessively. We respond to our fears no longer based on instinct alone but also with this reasoning, as we argue with each other, and with ourselves, about risks and dangers.

Were usually able to do this well, but sometimes the fears become excessive, creating chronic anxiety and preventing us from functioning well. Psychologists and psychiatrists then come into the picture, helping to process what are now called anxiety disorders and phobias.

But generally, fear runs through our lives as quick, fleeting reactions, which is why the idea of controlling crime by instilling fear just doesnt work. Fear tactics can work only in the short term.

Lets be specific and look now at the death penalty, fear and deterrence.

War on drugs

The restoration of the death penalty is part of the ongoing war on drugs (note how plunder, originally in the list of capital crimes, was removed). But the complicated anatomy of fear becomes even more convoluted when it comes to the use of drugs.

Fear is not processed as fear alone. People think of costs and benefits. Will I be caught, and if I am caught, what will I lose? On the other hand, drugs offer pleasure in many forms, from escaping problems to euphoria.

For the death penalty to work, people have to see evidence that crime does not pay, and this comes about in terms of seeing criminals being apprehended, brought to court, convicted, and the punishment being meted out. We know all too well that at each stage in this continuum, we run into problems: not enough law enforcers, corruption among so-called enforcers, and the courts.

Besides this, the evidence from other countries is that people will avoid crimes if they see justice meted out, and this justice does not have to be the death penalty.

There is also the issue of a fear threshold: What does it take to instill fear? In the Philippines, it takes a lot because our culture is largely fear-based. We are a hala and lagot society, threatening our children constantly with punishment, invoking Tatay, the police, or God (even, lately, President Duterte) as potential punishers. Yet Filipinos learn early enough, even as children, that you can get away with crimeparents drive through traffic lights when there are no traffic enforcers, or even when there are traffic enforcers, because they carry the calling cards of generals and governors.

People know of the many arrests going on, but note that it is mainly the poor being apprehended. There are occasional reports of the high and mighty getting arrested, and their disappearance from the news is interpreted by people as their getting off the hook. Ive seen even the poor carrying a sense of impunity because they know someone who knows someone powerful.

If theres anything that shows why the fear of the death penalty will not work in the war on drugs, its, well, the war on drugs itself. More than 7,000 alleged drug pushers and users have been killed so far, mostly extrajudicially, brutally, in their homes, in front of family and friends. Yet we continue to see people using and selling drugs. Ive lost track, too, of the news reports of relatives, usually wives or mothers of drug dependents, trying to smuggle drugs into prisons to their loved ones.

The extrajudicial killings are far more gruesome than capital punishment, and take place every day. They cast fear, no doubt, with so many correlated stimulithe dark night, the knocking (more often banging) on the doors, but all these do not deter drug-related crimes. Part of conditioning theory is that when you keep trying to reinforce a certain stimuluspositive or negativeyou reach the point of extinction. It no longer works. That is happening today, especially in our poor communities where people have been so brutalized for so long, way before the war on drugs.

Fear is pervasive, but it has not and will not deter crime.

Capital punishment will only provide a new public spectacle, one that might even be, horror of horrors, entertaining.

mtan@inquirer.com.ph

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Anatomy of fear - Inquirer.net

Grey’s Anatomy 11×16 "Don’t Dream It’s Over" Full Episode Part 17 – Video

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Grey #39;s Anatomy 11x16 "Don #39;t Dream It #39;s Over" Full Episode Part 17
Grey #39;s Anatomy 11x16 "Don #39;t Dream It #39;s Over" Full Episode Part 17 Grey #39;s Anatomy 11x16: Opening scene Grey #39;s Anatomy 11x16 - Jackson and April Scenes Part 1 Grey #39;s Anatomy 11x16 Bend ...

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Grey’s Anatomy 11×16 "Don’t Dream It’s Over" Full Episode Part 16 – Video

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Grey #39;s Anatomy 11x16 "Don #39;t Dream It #39;s Over" Full Episode Part 16
Grey #39;s Anatomy 11x16 "Don #39;t Dream It #39;s Over" Full Episode Part 16 Grey #39;s Anatomy 11x16: Opening scene Grey #39;s Anatomy 11x16 - Jackson and April Scenes Part 1 Grey #39;s Anatomy 11x16 Bend ...

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Grey’s Anatomy 11×18 Promotional Photos [HD) – "When I Grow Up" – Video

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Grey #39;s Anatomy 11x18 Promotional Photos [HD) - "When I Grow Up"
Grey #39;s Anatomy 11x18 Promotional Photos "When I Grow Up" A school field trip to the hospital takes a dramatic turn when the kids witness two injured cops enter the emergency room. Meanwhile,...

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