Chemistry World’s roundup of money and molecules

Alnylam cuts one third of workforce – New Novo Nordisk diabetes R&D centre – And Georgia Gulf spurns $1.1 bn takeover bid

PHARMACEUTICAL – US biotech Alnylam is planning to cut one third of its workforce. According to the 2010 annual report, the company employed 172 people, including 142 researchers, at the start of 2011. Based on those figures, around 57 people are now facing redundancy. Alnylam specialises in drugs based on RNA interference, a process through which genes are naturally turned on or off in biological systems by short lengths of RNA.

PHARMACEUTICAL – Danish pharma company Novo Nordisk, which specialises in insulin products, says it is to establish a type 1 diabetes R&D centre in Seattle, US. The centre will open this summer, employing 20 researchers led by Matthias von Herrath, currently director of the Center for Type 1 Diabetes Research at the La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology. The company says that there has been ‘a lack of major scientific progress’ in this area over the last decade – type 2 diabetes has drawn the focus owing to the dramatic rise in the number of people living with the disease, which is closely linked with obesity.

PHARMACEUTICAL – US generics company Watson has bought Australian company Ascent Pharmahealth for A$375 million (£240 million). Ascent specialises in generics, consumer skincare products and over the counter medicines, and Watson says that the move makes it the fifth largest generics company in Australia based on sales and gives it a significant presence in south-east Asia. Ascent employs 300 people in Australia and south-east Asia, and across those two regions the company made A$150 million in sales in 2011. Watson says that in Australia the market for generics is growing 8% per year.

CHEMICAL – US chemical company Georgia Gulf has rejected a $1.1 billion (£700 million) takeover bid from Westlake Chemical. Earlier this month, Westlake said it would buy the firm for $30 per share. But the Georgia Gulf board described the bid as ‘financially inadequate and not in the best interest of Georgia Gulf stockholders’. Georgia Gulf makes chlorovinyl and aromatic chemicals, as well as vinyl-based construction products. Westlake makes petrochemicals, polymers and construction products.

PHARMACEUTICAL – Contaminated drugs have killed 27 people in Pakistan prompting a rapid recall, according to Reuters. The drugs were distributed to patients with heart problems at a government institute in Lahore. Investigators suspect that that metal shards may be the cause of the symptoms, which include heavy bleeding.

CHEMICAL – European speciality chemical group Solvay is planning to create an ‘energy services’ business, which it is calling ‘the first concrete outcome’ of its €3.4 billion (£2.8 billion) merger with Rhodia in April 2011. The business will seek to reduce energy costs and emissions within Solvay, as well as selling services to other companies. Currently, Solvay spends €1.2 billion per year on energy.

Andrew Turley

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Chemistry in its element – carbon monoxide

In this week’s Chemistry in its element podcast, Duncan McMillan breathes life into carbon monoxide: a silent killer whose calling card is the ironically healthy hue of its victims. But, as Duncan explains, these days canary-based CO detectors are a thing of the past and we’re even learning that CO can be helpful to us, as well as harmful.

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Return of the classical atom?

Somewhere in a dim and distant chemistry lesson we were first introduced to the atom. We learned that it has a nucleus (a bit like the sun) and that around the nucleus, dutifully obeying classical mechanics, orbited the electrons (much like the planets). The simplicity of the idea seduced even the great Niels Bohr. Everything seemed so perfect, so beautifully inter-related: from the atomic to the cosmic, the universe resonated with harmonious similitude. But, of course, it couldn’t last.


Before long, we got a little older and encountered Erwin Schrödinger – the man with the power to split reality and whose mind birthed the equation that would shatter our illusion. We learned, to our horror, that quantum theory says ‘no’.


The veil was torn from our eyes and the electron’s true nature was revealed – elusive, treacherous, chimeric; the unholy offspring of the union of wave and particle. Everywhere and nowhere, the electron was impossible to pin down, and suddenly uncertainty was the only certainty. We stared, aghast, as tutors’ chalk calmly described the loops and lobes of the mathematical prisons that surround the nucleus, their unfamiliar lines mutely stating ‘it’s probably in there’.


Well, some scientists in Germany have now brought the classical and quantum worlds a step closer together to make those electrons behave as Bohr thought they ought. By putting an electron in a highly excited state and confining its slippery nature with some well-chosen electromagnetic fields, they’ve succeeded in creating atoms whose electrons orbit the nucleus in just the circular, ‘planetary’ paths proposed by Bohr; a tiny replica of a solar system. Indeed, the very trick they use has an astronomical inspiration – the Trojan asteroids orbit in the same path and with the same period as Jupiter, without spreading out, owing to the stabilising action of Jupiter’s gravity. In this atomic analogue, the electromagnetic field, tuned to oscillate at the frequency of the electron’s orbit, supplies the stabilising force that stops the electron wave packet spreading out around the atom.


With electron in such highly excited states, the atoms themselves are pretty huge – on the order of hundredths of millimetres, bigger even than some biological cells.


The group think it should now be possible to excite further electrons into such states to create multiply-excited ‘planetary atoms’. And as the classical meets the quantum, we should gain a better understanding of the relationship between these worlds.


So well done, Burgdörfer et al, for standing up to the electron and showing that with a little cunning and some good old brute force, we can at last recapture the lost atoms of our youth.


Philip Robinson

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Improving peer review?

While the peer review process often draws criticism, most would agree that it is a necessary, indeed integral aspect of conducting research. Even the most ardent critics acknowledge that the simple, even elegant, system has shown itself to be at least an adequate tool for a difficult job.

But peer review is not perfect and when it is itself scrutinised, there are various shortcomings that one might wish to address. Now, a group of researchers based at the University of Jyväskyklä, in Finland, want to take peer review and make it better. As they see it, the problems with peer review are that the process is slow, that reviewers receive no credit or recognition for their work, and that the quality of reviews is often poor. They also note that peer review is often attacked with accusations of bias, and as rejected papers trickle down the hierarchy of journals, the review process is repeated, needlessly consuming the time of an ever-increasing number of reviewers.


Their solution is a new website – Peerage of Science (PoS) – described by its founders as ‘a social network for peer review’. ‘This is not a revolution,’ says one of the founders, Janne-Tuomas Seppänen, ‘but a re-volition’. For Seppänen, PoS is the solution to the shared problems of peer review, that will be driven by the scientific community’s desire to change the system and to progress and safeguard their science.


Peerage of Science’s founders: Janne-Tuomas Seppänen, Mikko Mönkkönen and Janne Kotiaho

At its heart, PoS is a simple idea. It is a web tool that facilitates peer review – authors upload their manuscripts and the community reviews them, following an automated process controlled by PoS. So far, so similar, but it is in the details of the system’s operation that PoS hopes to tackle some of peer review’s problems.


Perhaps most interesting of these is the mechanism for review. Having established their credentials (a publication in a peer-reviewed journal will suffice), participating reviewers choose whichever manuscripts take their fancy, with deadlines (set by the authors) that fit their schedule. Furthermore, all the reviews (called peer essays) a manuscript receives are themselves then subject to review – each reviewer is required to score the other reviews of the same manuscript. In this way, reviewers receive a rating (called the peer essay quality) based upon their peers’ opinion of their reviews, designed to give reviewers some recognition for their contributions and to encourage a higher quality of review. In a final twist, every review a manuscript receives generates two review obligations for the authors. So you don’t get something for nothing: to use the system, you must actively support the system.


To address accusations of bias that often dog the traditional peer review approach, the whole thing is conducted anonymously. Although reviewers are permitted to reveal themselves at any point and indeed, if they wish, they can even publish their ‘peer essays’ in Proceedings of the Peerage of Science. That’s right: a journal of referee reports. Inscrutable as this might appear, the idea is to give reviewers another means to demonstrate their expertise, to further reward their time and effort.


But of course the aim of peer review is to get published, so how does PoS include that essential third party – the journal editor? Ultimately, the idea is that journals will participate in the PoS system – journal editors can track relevant manuscripts as they proceed through the PoS system and can offer to publish them at any point during the process. At the moment, however, this will only happen if ecology is your thing (Ecography is the only journal currently participating). But the system also allows an author to export the PoS review to support submission to any journal. And this is an essential aspect of PoS – it is in providing the outcome of PoS reviews to publishers that the founders hope to commercialise their efforts.


The PoS team have clearly got big plans for their system and are passionate about improving peer review. And looking through the current peer community, they are not alone – various august institutions are already represented in PoS’s peer community (though, at present, nary a chemist among them). But while the aspirations of PoS have to be commended, there are some important questions to be asked. Will publishers be willing to recognise this system of peer review? And is it truly any less susceptible to abuse than the current review methods; does the online anonymity even enable it? And what if nobody reviews your paper? Mike Foster makes some very good points in his blog and it’s clear that the debate is just getting started (and PoS are eager to be involved).


It would seem that the success of this enterprise relies most heavily on the peer community. As with any social network, achieving a critical population level is the key. So are scientists willing to participate, or would they rather just let the publishing houses continue take care of the whole process on their behalf? Perhaps the greatest challenge facing PoS is simply that the established publication route is so familiar and works well enough that the improvements offered by PoS won’t be attractive enough to overcome the inertia of the status quo. What do you think? Would you join the peerage of science? Is this the future of peer review?

Philip Robinson

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Blog based science challenges arsenic life

Even before it was published, the arsenic life story (about a microorganism that uses the toxic element arsenic instead of phosphorus to live) was causing controversy. But while many people went back and forth with criticisms, Rosie Redfield has been trying to repeat Wolfe-Simon’s experiments, and chronicling them in her blog.

This isn’t the first ‘peer-review by blog’, as our reader’s might remember from 2009. But following the blog has been both incredibly interesting and a wonderful reminder to me of the ‘joys’ of lab work. Open notebook science is still in it’s infancy, but Redfield is using her blog to document both her arsenic experiments and the other work her lab is doing, and even introduces experiments suggested by commenters.

Anyhow, it now looks like there’s just about enough evidence to refute the arsenic life paper, and so Redfield is writing it up.

I’ve loved following the story, but I think it will also be interesting to see what happens next. Will Redfield’s paper be accepted? Or will the ‘prior publication’ of data a problem. And if the paper is accepted, will Wolfe-Simon’s be retracted. Whatever the outcome, these are interesting times for scientific publication.

Laura Howes

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Research and Markets: Brazil In Vitro Diagnostics Market Outlook to 2017 – Clinical Chemistry Genetic Testing …

DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Research and
Markets(http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/db2156/brazil_in_vitro_di)
has announced the addition of GlobalData's new report
"Brazil
In Vitro Diagnostics Market Outlook to 2017 - Clinical
Chemistry Genetic Testing, Haematology, Histology and
Cytology, Immuno Chemistry, Infectious Immunology and
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GlobalData's new report provides key market data on the
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Chemistry, Infectious Immunology and Microbiology Culture.
The report also provides company shares and distribution
shares data for each of the aforementioned market categories.

Scope

Market size and company share data for In Vitro
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Testing, Haematology, Histology And Cytology, Immuno
Chemistry, Infectious Immunology and Microbiology Culture.

Annualized market revenues (USD million) data for each of
the segments and sub-segments within seven market categories.
Data from 2003 to 2010, forecast forward for 7 years to 2017.

2010 company shares and distribution shares data for each
of the seven market categories.

Global corporate-level profiles of key companies
operating within the Brazil In Vitro Diagnostics market.

Reasons to buy

Develop business strategies by identifying the key market
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key market segments expected to register strong growth in the
near future.

Companies Mentioned:

F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.

Siemens Healthcare

Abbott Laboratories

bioMerieux S.A.

Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.

HORIBA, Ltd.

Becton, Dickinson and Company

Sysmex Corporation

Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics Inc.

DiaSorin S.p.A

Beckman Coulter, Inc.

Alere Inc.

Phadia AB

Qiagen N.V.

Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.

Gen-Probe Incorporated

PerkinElmer, Inc.

For more information visit
http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/db2156/brazil_in_vitro_di

Read the rest here:
Research and Markets: Brazil In Vitro Diagnostics Market Outlook to 2017 - Clinical Chemistry Genetic Testing ...

Croatia signs on the dotted line

The people of Croatia yesterday decided that the country’s future lay with the European Union, despite the financial turmoil afflicting the bloc. They resoundingly voted yes to joining the EU, with 66% in favour. However, only 43% of those eligible to vote bothered going to the ballot box. But what will this mean for the country’s research base?

Croatia won’t become a member state until 1 July 2013, but when it does it’ll have the opportunity to apply for funding from the EU just like every other member state. And there’s a huge pot of money out there right now, after Horizon 2020 (the successor to the Framework Programme 7) was set to receive €80 billion in the EU’s budget. However, Croatian researchers looking to get their hands on some of that cash could find it more difficult than they imagine, if newer member states’ experiences are anything to go by. Scientists in countries like Hungary and Slovenia found that competition for EU funding was extremely tough, with much of it still going to the richer countries with the best funded labs, which this recent news article in Chemistry World looks at.

Patrick Walter

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Chemistry World launches iPad and Android apps

Did you get a new tablet for Christmas? Was Father Christmas so incredibly generous in these times of austerity that you are now the proud owner of a brand new iPad? Whether you were lucky enough to get one of the said gadgets or already had one, don’t miss out and make sure the new Chemistry World app is in your list to download.

We have just launched the iPad and Android apps for Chemistry World and these are now available completely free of charge on the App Store and Android Market, respectively, until 1 April. Indeed, until that date anyone interested in reading Chemistry World via an app will be able to download it following one of the links above (whichever is relevant for your device) and then access the content using the following login details:

Username – freetrial

Password – rscchemworld

Once logged in you will be able to view not only the latest issue of Chemistry World but also all the back issues going back to January 2011.

After 1 April, content will be once again restricted to members and e-members who will be able to gain access using their personal login details. So get downloading!  And, of course, let us know what you think. Please send any feedback to chemistryworld@rsc.org

Bibiana Campos-Seijo

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Chemistry in its element – testosterone

What is it that makes a man a man? Well, chemically, it’s testosterone isn’t it? But this compound doesn’t just separate the men from the boys – it’s helped unscrupulous athletes of both sexes stand out from the field too. Simon Cotton tells a steroid’s story in this week’s Chemistry in its element podcast.


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London Centre for Nanotechnology

The other day I got out of the office and went to poke around the London Centre for Nanotechnology’s labs at Imperial College London. It’s always great to meet people and put faces to names, but it’s also sometimes really helpful to actually see the equipment that’s used. It’s all very well to read about pulsed laser deposition, for example, but it’s another thing entirely to nose around the HUGE piece of kit that is actually used to do it. Sometimes it seems like you need even bigger equipment as you start working at smaller scales.



Titan Microscope

About half of what you can see is the aberration correction section that allows such good resolution



OK, that’s a bit of a generalisation maybe. But the TITAN microscope, with its aberration correction,shows that to get true atomic resolution, the equipment needs to be even bigger than before. But although the kit that corrects for the spherical symmetry of the lenses adds to the height of the microscope, it means you can see brilliantly sharp images of crystal lattices and interfaces, or where metal nanoparticles end up in cells.

I also had a real brain work out looking at the work being done on magnetic monopoles in synthetic spin ices, that made me realise that sometimes the simple things you take for granted are the things you really don’t understand at all. Essentially these monopoles can jump around the lattice much like electrons on a semiconductor, or at least that’s how I’ve come to terms with it in my brain. Currently though, these phenomena aren’t very well understood and only happen at very low (sub 10K) temperatures, but could lead to spintronics and molecular memory devices. So, a bit more complex than the shaking iron filings around a bar magnet.

The real fun came a bit later though, when I got to play with the Emisense liquid scanner. I’m sure we’re all frustrated with the small amount of liquids that we’re allowed to take in hand luggage and loads of people are working on ways to test liquids when you go through security. Personally though, I don’t really want anyone opening up my water and sticking probes or dip sticks inside. Ideally you need a scanner that works at about the same speed as the trundling x-ray scanner that checks your suitcase for nail files. The EMILI 2 uses an evanescent microwave field to identify liquids using dielectric permittivity, molecular relaxation and ionic conductivity. More importantly it does this quickly (within a second of you putting ta bottle on the scanner) and gives a simple yes/no readout, as you can see below.



Emisense

Water good, peroxide bad



We’ll have to wait and see whether this makes it to an airport near you, but if it does you can say you saw it here first.

Laura Howes

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Will Sheri Sangji’s death change safety culture?

Sheri Sangji

Sheri Sangji (Courtesy of Naveen Sangji)

Developments in the case of Sheharbano (Sheri) Sangji’s death at UCLA in 2009 have been dominating the chemistry news for the last week or so. With the University of California and Sangji’s supervisor Patrick Harran facing criminal charges relating to their management of their health and safety obligations.

The detailed twists and turns of the case have been doggedly covered by Jyllian Kemsley over at Chemical & Engineering News, and debate online over where responsibility lies and what the problems were has been voracious.

Sangji’s is the most serious of a series of high-profile incidents, including explosions at the University of Liverpool, UK, and one at Texas Tech University, US, where a student lost three fingers and perforated an eye among a list of other injuries. This prompted the US Chemical Safety Board to investigate the incident and their report paints a stark picture of safety at TTU (which by all accounts has improved significantly since). The case study also includes anecdotal evidence from 120 other incidents, suggesting a more widespread issue.

Here at Chemistry World, we wanted to examine what it takes to make laboratory environments safer, and what differences there are between the US and the UK and elsewhere.  You can read my story here, but we wanted to take the opportunity to ask you, our readers, what you think:

What is the safety culture like in your institution, or others you’ve worked in?

Has anything changed since these incidents? Do you think it will?

Having spent a few years in a synthetic chemistry lab myself, as well as stints in industry, I’ve come across my fair share of minor incidents, both at my own bench and at colleagues’. I also saw the difference between attitudes to safety at two UK universities. Personally, I hope that our laboratories can become safer places to work, but there are not going to be any quick fixes. We all need to take responsibility for safety – after all, understanding safety comes down to understanding chemistry. If you know the risks involved with what you’re doing, you can take steps to manage them, just like when you drive a car or cross a road.

One of the clearest messages that came back to me from talking to several health and safety professionals in researching my story was that no one wants to stop anyone doing research. If it’s done right, health and safety management should enable researchers to do the work they need to, but in an appropriate environment. So again, let us know what you think – does this happen where you are?

Phillip Broadwith

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The science behind Marks & Spencer’s fruit packaging

Red strawberry

Ground breaking packaging news has reached CW Towers, British retailer Marks & Spencer is launching new packaging to extend the life of strawberries. The store, whose food adverts have become much copied in recent years, say their new packaging will extend the life of fruit stored in the fridge by up to two days. So these are not just any berries, these are M&S berries, but why?

The packaging apparently uses a 8cm x 4.5cm strip that contains ‘a patented mixture of clay and other minerals that absorb ethylene‘. Ethylene, or as we chemists tend to refer to it, ethene, is the smallest possible alkene and a well known plant hormone involved in the ripening of fruit. It’s why the trick of putting a ripe banana in a bag with unripe fruit will ripen it. I haven’t found the patent from the firm involved, but we can make some educated guesses about how this works. Clay is an aluminosilicate with a large volume, so perhaps what we’re talking about something akin to a zeolite, with a large surface area for the gaseous ethene to adsorb onto. And as for the other minerals, perhaps the pores are impregnated with some antibacterial agent, like silver, to keep the fruit extra fresh. That’d be my guess.

But I can’t help thinking this is of more use to the store itself, for preventing fruit spoilage on the shelves. I certainly don’t tend to take strawberries home and stick them in the fridge, I wash them and put them in the fruit bowl, or just eat them all at once and I doubt I’m the only one. But maybe I am, would this help you?

If you want to read more about how chemistry is being used in packaging, check out this feature that Nina wrote in 2009, as well as searching for more recent news articles.

Laura Howes


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Quasicrystals from space

A rock sample from the mineral collection of the Museo di Storia Naturale in Florence previously unearthed in the Koryak Mountains in Russia. © P Steinhardt

Not quite an alien invasion of cinematic proportions, but pretty cool none the less. As hinted at in my feature last year, Paul Steinhardt has shown that the only natural example of a quasicrystal ever discovered comes from space.

In 2009 Steinhardt was part of a team that looked through sample after sample for a natural example of a quasicrystal before finding one in a rock from north-eastern Russia. However, as Steinhardt told me last year, the discovery was not universally believed. That led to the theoretical physicist kitting up and heading into the field to try and find more examples. But as well as looking at other rocks (which aren’t discussed in this paper), Steinhardt’s also been looking more closely at the original and, to date, only rock containing a natural quasicrystal. And his findings? They come from space.

The isotopic ratios of oxygen around the quasicrystal grain are typical of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, suggesting that while the first quasicrystal was identified in 1982, the first quasicrystal was made around 4.5 million years before. This makes the mineral one of the earliest around. Pretty cool.

The work is published in PNAS, 2012, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1111115109 and is open access.

Laura Howes

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One (nano) ring to rule them all

OK, it’s not quite forged in Mount Doom but this tiny ring caught my eye today. A full 22nm in diameter, it’s made using a tobacco mosaic virus coat protein as a template. The ring self assembles from solution, with 10 nanoparticles interacting with arginine residues on the outside edge of the protein. Each nanoparticle is between 3.5 and 5nm in diamter, which equates (if I’m still able to do basic maths correctly) to around 6 x 10-19g of gold, or, at today’s prices, £2.17 x 10-17, possibly the cheapest bit of jewellery ever!

Nanoring

Or perhaps not, as I imagine the manufacturing costs and overheads are a bit higher than an ordinary jeweller’s.

So why bother? Well gold rings of this size are predicted to have interesting optical properties, and perhaps even have negative optical permeability or refractive index, which could have amazing applications. But how do you know if you can’t make them? And make them easily.

In the meantime, we in the office will just keep making bad Lord of the Rings based puns.

The research is published in Nano Letters, DOI: 10.1021/nl203368v.

Laura Howes

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While we’re away

Christmas Cracker

A cracker of a show…

We wish you all a happy holiday and will see you in the new year, but if you find yourself missing out on your daily dose of chemistry we recommend you tune into BBC Radio 5 live on Thursday the 29th between 7 and 10 pm (UK time).

The Naked Scientists Chris Smith, who you’ll know from our podcasts, will be hosting a Cocktail Party from his house (yes, really – we’ve seen the cables currently stored in his spare room) including Darcy O’Neil, a cocktail chemist who spoke to Hayley Birch last year for her feature on cocktails. They’ll also be discussing the chemistry of cooking, as well as finding out live on air if a chocolate teapot really is useless and whether bread does always land butter side down, along with  answering 5 live listeners’ science questions. You can find out more here.

Following Chris will be Maggie Philbin with a show called The World Tomorrow, not that different from the name of the TV show Philbin used to present…

The press release for the whole night, with more details about the scientists taking part can be read at the BBC’s media centre site.

I’ll be adding this to my list of Christmas listening/viewing, along with the RI Christmas lectures, Dr Who and, ahem, Downton Abbey

Laura Howes

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