We picklie Duplex stainless steel with Nitric and HF. The solution is supplied to us as 26wt%HNO3 and 7wt%HF solution mixed in water.
We then further dilute the the above liquor 2 to 1 with water.
I am trying to calculate the pH and the chemical reactions but the combination of the
Sixteen days after last visiting Saturn's largest moon, NASA's Cassini spacecraft returns for another look-see of the cloud-shrouded moon - this time from on high. The flyby on Thursday, Jan. 28, referred to as "T-66" in the hollowed halls of Cassini operations, will place the spacecraft within 7,490 kilometers (4,654 miles) above the surface during time of closest approach.While this latest close approach places Cassini more than 6,400 kilometers (3,970 miles) higher above Titan's surface than the Jan. 12 flyby, it should not considered of lesser scientific value. Instead, this high-altitude encounter will provide an opportunity for some of the spacecraft's instruments to gain another unique perspective on this crepuscular world.
During T-66, the Imaging Science Subsystem is set to acquire high-resolution observations during and after closest-approach, covering territory from the trailing hemisphere at high southern latitudes northeast to near-equatorial Adiri. On the inbound leg, the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer will have the opportunity to do one stellar occultation. (A stellar occultation occurs when an intervening body -- in this case Titan -- blocks the light from a star). Thursday's stellar occultation should allow the Cassini science team to further constrain the composition and the spectral properties of Titan's atmosphere.
Although this latest flyby is dubbed "T66," planning changes early in the orbital tour made this the 67th targeted flyby of Titan. T66 is the 22nd Titan encounter in Cassini's Solstice Mission.
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Cassini mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. JPL designed, developed and assembled the Cassini orbiter. The Huygens probe, built and managed by the European Space Agency, was bolted to Cassini and rode along during its nearly seven-year journey to Saturn, before being released for its descent through Titan's atmosphere.
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The State of (I want my Socialist) Union Speech
From Tim Daniels, Left Coast Rebel:
Tonight's scolding of the Supreme Court and clear usurpation of the integrity of separation of power in this country is just one of those things too. It's bigger than the entire charade of a 'State of (I want my socialist) Union' by the Obamanation. It speaks to the highest order of malfeasance and monarchical evil.
Jim Lagnese, The Right Guy:
Obama chides the Supreme Court... The dilettante in chief continues his populist rehabilitation tour with his SOTU speech before congress. Does this guy understand anything? Can he and does he take responsibility for anything? Can he ever give a speech that isn't about him at all? He a sorry excuse for a president and leader of a country.
Steve Nielson, The Liberty Republican:
the spending freeze, tax cuts, and budget cuts are being proposed by a man eager to win back the hearts and minds of the independents ahead of the 2010 election with hopes that in two more years he can ram through socialist ideal after socialist ideal.
From Reason H&R:
The Libertarian Guy - [You Lie!]I would give a weeks' pay to hear someone yell that again.
Or "Shut the fuck up, you smooth-talking proto-socialist prick". I'd give TWO weeks' pay to hear that, verbatim.
Editor's Note - Libertarian Guy, who is also a frequent commenter at HotAir.com, made the above comment before the Alito "Not true..." moment. We know of some great libertarian campaigns (Marco Rubio, Allan West, Pat Toomey, et.al.) that he could donate his week's pay too.
One member of Atlantis' crew, Leland Melvin, was drafted by the NFL's Detroit Lions in 1986. The crew also flew other NFL-related memorabilia, including jerseys and a football inscribed with the name of every member of the Hall of Fame.
From left: Astronauts Bobby Satcher, Randy Bresnik, and Charlie Hobaugh; Joe Horrigan, Vice President of Communications/Exhibits for the Pro Football Hall of Fame, Steve Perry, President/Executive Director of the Pro Football Hall of Fame; astronauts Berry Wilmore, Michael Foreman and Leland Melvin.
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Astronomers studying two exploding stars, or supernovae, have found evidence the blasts received an extra boost from newborn black holes. The supernovae were found to emit jets of particles traveling at more than half the speed of light."The explosion dynamics in typical supernovae limit the speed of the expanding matter to about three percent the speed of light," explained Chryssa Kouveliotou, an astrophysicst at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., co-author of one of the new studies. "Yet, in these new objects, we're tracking gas moving some 20 times faster than this."
The new results, published in this week's edition of the journal Nature, used observations from several space and ground-based observatories, including NASA's SWIFT satellite.
The astronomers discovered the ultrafast debris by studying two supernovae at radio wavelengths using numerous facilities, including the National Science Foundation's Very Large Array in Socorro, N.M., and the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia. One team used the real-time operating mode of the European Very Long Baseline Interferometry Network, an international collaboration of radio telescopes, to rapidly analyze data.
"In every respect, these objects look like gamma-ray bursts -- except that they produced no gamma rays," said Alicia Soderberg at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass.
Soderberg led a team that studied SN 2009bb, a supernova discovered in March 2009. It exploded in the spiral galaxy NGC 3278, located about 130 million light-years away.
The other object is SN 2007gr, which was first detected in August 2007 in the spiral galaxy NGC 1058, some 35 million light-years away. The study team, which included Kouveliotou and Alexander van der Horst, a NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow in Huntsville, was led by Zsolt Paragi at the Netherlands-based Joint Institute for Very Long Baseline Interferometry in Europe.
The researchers searched for gamma-ray signals associated with the supernovae using archived records in the Gamma-Ray Burst Coordination Network located at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. The project distributes and archives observations of gamma-ray bursts by NASA's Swift spacecraft, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope and many others. However, no bursts coincided with the supernovae.
Unlike typical core-collapse supernovae, the stars that produce gamma-ray bursts possess what astronomers call a "central engine" -- likely a nascent black hole -- that drives particle jets clocked at more than 99 percent the speed of light.
By contrast, the fastest outflows detected from SN 2009bb reached 85 percent the speed of light and SN 2007gr reached more than 60 percent of light speed.
"These observations are the first to show some supernovae are powered by a central engine," Soderberg said. "These new radio techniques now give us a way to find explosions that resemble gamma-ray bursts without relying on detections from gamma-ray satellites."
Perhaps as few as one out of every 10,000 supernovae produce gamma rays that we detect as a gamma-ray burst. In some cases, the star's jets may not be angled in a way to produce a detectable burst. In others, the energy of the jets may not be enough to allow them to overcome the overlying bulk of the star.
"We've now found evidence for the unsung crowd of supernovae -- those with relatively dim and mildly relativistic jets that only can be detected nearby," Kouveliotou said. "These likely represent most of the population."
For more information, images and animations about this discovery, visit:
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The latest Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite, GOES-P is proceeding through more checks in preparation for its launch, which is no earlier than March 1.The GOES-P spacecraft continues being processed at the Astrotech Facility in Titusville, Fla. The Imager, Sounder and Solar X-Ray Imager have completed cleaning and inspections. The optical port covers have been successfully installed. Those covers are one of the last mechanisms to be deployed once GOES-P gets into orbit.
GOES-P is the latest weather satellite developed by NASA to aid the nation's meteorologists and climate scientists. GOES satellites provide the familiar weather pictures seen on United States television newscasts every day. GOES provides nearly continuous imaging and sounding, which allows forecasters to better measure changes in atmospheric temperature and moisture distributions, which increase the accuracy of their forecasts. GOES environmental information is used for a host of applications, including weather monitoring and prediction models.
Along with the instruments GOES-P will carry, it also contains seven appendages and mechanisms that are stowed for launch and later deployed during transfer orbit or at various phases of on-orbit testing. Those deployable mechanisms and appendages are: Aft omni antenna; Deployable aft blanket (DAB); Solar array; X-ray positioner (XRP); Magnetometer boom; Instrument radiant cooler covers; and the optical port covers.
These seven mechanisms are put into operation after the Delta IV rocket deploys GOES-P into space. Here's the order of how they work: Shortly after separation from the launch vehicle on day one of Launch and Orbit Raising (LOR), the Aft omni and DAB are deployed. At about the twelfth day, once geosynchronous orbit is achieved, the solar array is deployed. The solar array powers GOES-P in orbit. At around day 13 or 14 the XRP is released, followed by the magnetometer boom. By around day 17 in orbit, the instrument optical port covers are deployed at the end of Bus In-Orbit Testing (IOT). Finally, after about 30 days in orbit the radiant cooler covers are deployed.
Two solid rocket boosters were installed on Jan. 15, 2010, on the Delta IV Launch Vehicle that will carry GOES-P into space. GOES-P was transferred to its fueling stand on Monday, January 18. The L-35 Countdown Launch Procedure (CLP) Rehearsal was successfully completed on January 19, and the next day, the Propulsion System Valve Driver Functional Testing was completed. Now, Propulsion System Pressurization and Leak Checks are in progress in preparation for fueling operations.
The Eastern Range has approved the GOES-P new launch date of March 1, 2010.
NASA contracted with Boeing to build and launch the GOES-P spacecraft. NASA's Launch Services Program at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida supported the launch in an advisory role. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) manages the GOES program, establishes requirements, provides all funding and distributes environmental satellite data for the United States. Goddard procures and manages the design, development and launch of the satellites for NOAA on a cost-reimbursable basis.
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Endeavour's launch date was announced Wednesday at the conclusion of a flight readiness review at Kennedy. During the meeting, senior NASA and contractor managers assessed the risks associated with the mission and determined the shuttle's equipment, support systems and procedures are ready.
Endeavour's flight will begin the final year of space shuttle operations. Five shuttle missions are planned in 2010, with the last flight currently targeted for launch in September.
Endeavour's mission will include three spacewalks and the delivery of the Tranquility node, the final module of the U.S. portion of the space station. Tranquility will provide additional room for crew members and many of the space station's life support and environmental control systems. Attached to the node is a cupola, which houses a robotic control station and has seven windows to provide a panoramic view of Earth, celestial objects and visiting spacecraft. After the node and cupola are added, the orbiting laboratory will be about 90 percent complete.
Commander George Zamka and his crew of five astronauts are scheduled to arrive at Kennedy at approximately 10 p.m. on Tuesday, Feb. 2, for final launch preparations. Joining Zamka on STS-130 are Pilot Terry Virts and Mission Specialists Kathryn Hire, Stephen Robinson, Nicholas Patrick and Robert Behnken. Virts will be making his first trip to space.
STS-130 will be Endeavour's 24th mission and the 33rd shuttle flight dedicated to station assembly and maintenance. For more information about STS-130, visit:
http://www.twitter.com/Astro_Nicholas
For more information on the space station, visit:
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Republican response to State of the Union Speech by Virginia Governor Bob McDonnell speaking to an audience in Richmond. From Fox News:
"Today, the federal government is simply trying to do too much," McDonnell said. "In the past year, more than 3 million Americans have lost their jobs, yet the Democratic Congress continues deficit spending, adding to the bureaucracy, and increasing the national debt on our children and grandchildren."
"I'm hopeful the administration's new focus on the economy will lead it to say 'no' to more spending and debt, more bailouts and more government," McConnell said.
What is the most adviseable product as per your experience, for online repairing of leaks in Crude oil and natural gas? Operating pressure of pipelines vary from 30 to 350 PSIG. material of construction for pipeline is as per API norms.
"NASA looks forward to working with this distinguished Israeli organization to benefit from our shared expertise and advance our understanding of lunar science,” said agency Administrator Charles Bolden. "We want to develop more of these partnerships to inspire students throughout the world to study science, technology, engineering and math."
The INLSE will bring technical and engineering expertise to advance the broad goals of lunar science at the institute. The initial focus will be on laser communications, robotics, remote sensing and other technologies for future lunar missions. In addition, there will be a major emphasis on education and public outreach inspired by lunar science.
"I am very excited the INLSE has become an affiliate member of the NASA Lunar Science Institute," said Ames Director Pete Worden. "The considerable capabilities of the INLSE in science and related technology development will greatly extend our institute's reach."
"The Israel Space Agency is honored to be a part of the NASA Lunar Science Institute, with the hope of becoming an energetic and vital member," said Israel Space Agency Director Gen. Zvi Kaplan. "We are grateful to NASA for this outstanding opportunity to take part in this most important partnership and for enabling the Israel Space Agency to contribute and share in this challenging human experience."
To learn more about the NASA Lunar Science Institute, visit:
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Hello Everyone,
We are using injection molding machine with epoxy material,may i know the distance between the nozzle end cap and screw tip.Is there any spec for this?
The issue, we are getting shot fill in the same area.
1.We have checked the tool,ther is no dent anything
I have a transformer rated 11000/440V,50 Hz,1500kVA. the primary current is 100A and secondary current is 2000A. If is want to use differential protection, then i need to consider class PX CT on both primary and secondary sides. the problem is. the primary voltage is 11000V and secondary voltage is
I just tried for the first time ever, obtaining free samples from about 10+ semiconductor manufacturers. Texas Instruments has by far in my limited one day experience, come out on top. I bagged about 5 items at 25 items a lot. Their support is perceived to be miles ahead (as is their software) from
Hi,
I would like to ask some questions on paralleling of transformers:
1) what are the points that we need to consider on paralleling of CTs?
2) does the two feeders with the CTs in parallel (for example) need to be energized at all time?
I have one query related to the duty of pump. The type of pump is VT. While giving the specifications, the vendor for pump has mentioned the duty of pump as on and off. What does that term refer to.
Thanks
Dhanya.
Those of us who study, practice and write about medicine cherish the hope that explaining the science behind medicine (or the lack of science behind “alternative” treatments) will promote a better understanding of medicine. Certainly, I would not bother to write about medical topics if I did not believe that promoting science based medicine would lead to increased understanding of medical recommendations and decreased gullibility in regard to “alternative” remedies. Nonetheless, lack of scientific knowledge is not the only reason for the current popularity of “alternative health. Indeed, many advocates and purveyors of “alternative” health are impervious to the scientific evidence. What else might be going on?
Belief in “alternative” medicine is a complex social phenomenon. Like any complex social phenomenon, the explanation cannot be reduced to a simple answer. But I would argue that there is an important philosophical component, developed by and promoted by advocates of “alternative” health. That philosophical component is the rise of reflexive doubt. Simply put, among a significant segment of society, it has become a badge of honor to question authority.
As an obstetrician, I am most familiar with its expression among childbirth activists. They recognize that many people hold the common sense belief that modern obstetrical practice has made birth safer, and have worked ceaseless at undermining this common sense view. Craig Thompson, a professor of marketing, has examines this tactic in his paper What Happens to Health Risk Perceptions When Consumers Really Do Question Authority?:
…[U]sing the natural childbirth community as a context … helps us understand how groups of people come to deeply believe in anti-establishment risk norms… Natural childbirth activists believe that low-tech midwifery … provides the best labor outcomes, except for in a small percentage of high risk cases. They also believe that the medical practices of childbirth pose a host of unnecessary and avoidable risks…
…Childbirth reformers interpret … innovations … as unnecessary intrusions whose primary function was enabling physicians to display technical skill…
… During the past 50 yr., many obstetric interventions that were once deemed to enhance the safety of birth or to improve postpartum outcomes—shaving of the women’s pubic region; mandatory intravenous drips … enemas …have all been discarded as ineffective, unnecessary, and in some cases, potentially harmful. The natural childbirth community invokes this historical legacy to argue that many contemporary obstetric interventions are likely to meet a similar fate.
In other words, the apparent success of modern obstetrics is illusory. Innovations were unneeded and developed simply to enrich physicians. Moreover, obstetrics has been mistaken in the past so no one should trust it in the present. Therefore, questioning the claims of physicians, and reflexively doubting explanations is not merely necessary, but is the mark of and “educated” and “empowered” consumer of health care.
Such tactics may have originated with the “natural” childbirth movement, but they have arguably reached their apogee with the vaccine rejectionists. That’s why millions of parents consider take former Playboy Playmate Jenny McCarthy a reliable source on vaccination. No one argues that she has any formal training in immunology or even that she understands the science behind vaccination. That’s not necessary. She is admired by a community that has come to believe that reflexive doubt is a sign of sophistication and education.
As Hobson-West explains in Trusting blindly can be the biggest risk of all’: organised resistance to childhood vaccination in the UK, vaccine rejectionists generally ignore the actual scientific data, focusing instead on whether parents agree with health professionals or refuse to trust them. Agreement with doctors is viewed as a negative and refusal to trust is viewed as a positive cultural attribute:
Clear dichotomies are constructed between blind faith and active resistance and uncritical following and critical thinking. Non-vaccinators or those who question aspects of vaccination policy are not described in terms of class, gender, location or politics, but are ‘free thinkers’ who have escaped from the disempowerment that is seen to characterise vaccination…
This characterization of vaccine rejectionists can be unpacked even further; not surprisingly, vaccine rejectionists are portrayed as laudatory and other parents are denigrated.
… instead of good and bad parent categories being a function of compliance or non-compliance with vaccination advice … the good parent becomes one who spends the time to become informed and educated about vaccination…
… [vaccine rejectionists] construct trust in others as passive and the easy option. Rather than trust in experts, the alternative scenario is of a parent who becomes the expert themselves, through a difficult process of personal education and empowerment…
The ultimate goal is to become “empowered”:
Finally, the moral imperative to become informed is part of a broader shift, evident in the new public health, for which some kind of empowerment, personal responsibility and participation are expressed in highly positive terms.
So vaccine rejectionism, like most forms of “alternative” health is about the believers and how they would like to see themselves, not about vaccines and not about children. In the socially constructed world of vaccine rejectionists, risks can never be quantified and are always “unknown”. Parents are divided into those (inferior) people who are passive and blindly trust authority figures and (superior) rejectionists who are “educated” and “empowered” by taking “personal responsibility”.
As Prof. Thompson notes in regard to believers in “natural” childbirth:
Importantly, their beliefs are far more than an abstract system of thoughts. The natural childbirth model shapes childbirth choices by being accepted as a structure of feeling…
…The risks singled out by the natural birth model express cultural anxieties over the unintended and dehumanizing consequences of technology; the loss of individual independence through the workings of complex ‘expert’ systems; and a political project of supporting midwifery over the socially-accepted knowledge of the medical establishment.
Similarly, the purported “risks” of vaccination express cultural anxieties over unintended or dehumanizing consequences of technology, expert systems, and supporting self “education” over the accepted knowledge of the medical community.
In counseling patients about the claims and remedies of “alternative” health, we may need to do more than simply explain the underlying science (or lack thereof). We may need to address the philosophical beliefs about the value of reflexive doubt. Reflexive doubt is not laudatory in and of itself and it certainly is not a sign of being “educated.” It is just a mindless rejection of authority, with potentially devastating consequences.
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How can I calculate the air pressure to flow.
Waiting for urgent reply please.
Khalid
Can I make attachments instead of writing brief questions as I need to include pictures, drawings etc?
I happen to be visiting UCSD this week, and woke to the news that Geoffrey Burbidge passed away yesterday afternoon. He was a giant in the field of astronomy and cosmology, and (despite himself) was one of the main contributors to the establishment of the standard Big Bang model of cosmology. He was perhaps best known for his work in stellar nucleosynthesis (encapsulated in the B2FH paper: Burbidge, Burbidge, Fowler, and Hoyle 1957, Rev. Mod. Phys. 29, 547), which in some sense established that we are all made of “star stuff”. There are few research papers that are widely known simply by their author’s initials (especially over 50 years later); the paper even has its own wikipedia page. (Off hand, the only other one I can think of is EPR.)
However, for the past years Burbidge was primarily associated with advocating a steady-state model for the Universe. For many decades this model was incredibly important, as it provided a foil with which to challenge the big bang theory. It pushed us to get as much data as possible, and helped usher in the era of precision cosmology. In some sense, it is because of the steady-state model that we are as confident as we are in the big bang model. [Famously, the very name "big bang" was coined derisively by Hoyle, one of the originators of the steady state model, and the "H" in B2FH.] Burbidge was a proponent of his alternative cosmology, long after the vast majority of people in the field abandoned it. The data became overwhelming (in particular, the incredibly perfect black body spectrum from COBE, and then the completely incontrovertible “acoustic” peaks from WMAP, among other things). Burbidge was adamant that we should always question, and carefully distinguish between data and models. He did not like the “bandwagon” aspect of science, and remained leery of the broad consensus behind the big bang.
There’s an article in our very own Discover Magazine which nicely sums up Burbidge’s personality and science. He did vital and important work in the field, and should be remembered for this.
Next month I will be part of a virtual book party. Here’s the deal: the American Institute of Biological Sciences is inviting fellow Disco-blogger Chris Mooney and me to talk about our recent books via video. Registered participants can then ask questions and discuss the books. Plus, a couple lucky registrants will win a copy of our books! You can find more details and register here. (Space is limited.)
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