What causes soot to flow inside lance tube?

i have got a problem with long retractable type soot blowers. the soot blower lance tubes contain alot of soot though the design pressure of sealing air that is 600 mm of h2o is maintained the furnace pressure is 300 mm of h20. the scavenging air is also provided from the same header. inside the sea

Short time current withstand calculation for busbars

is K2S2 = I2t (K square S square = I square t) a correct formula for calculating the busbar cross section using short time current value?for example i have 40kA overcurrent for duration of 3 sec for a copper busbar and i want to have the cross section.

if it is a correct formula,what is K??

New Study Finds Ocean Warmed Significantly Since 1993

Map of Argo free-floating profiling floats
The international science team analyzed nine different estimates of heat content in the upper ocean, based on ocean temperature data from a global array of more than 3,200 Argo free-floating profiling floats and longer data records from expendable bathythermographs dropped from ships. › Larger view

The upper layer of Earth's ocean has warmed since 1993, indicating a strong climate change signal, according to a new international study co-authored by oceanographer Josh Willis of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. The energy stored is enough to power nearly 500 100-watt light bulbs for each of the roughly 6.7 billion people on the planet.

"We are seeing the global ocean store more heat than it gives off," said John Lyman, an oceanographer at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, who led the study that analyzed nine different estimates of heat content in the upper ocean from 1993 to 2008.

The team combined the estimates to assess the size and certainty of growing heat storage in the ocean. Their findings will be published in the May 20 edition of the journal Nature. The scientists are from NASA, NOAA, the Met Office Hadley Centre in the United Kingdom, the University of Hamburg in Germany and the Meteorological Research Institute in Japan.

"The ocean is the biggest reservoir for heat in the climate system," said Willis. "So as the planet warms, we're finding that 80 to 90 percent of the increased heat ends up in the ocean."

A warming ocean is a direct cause of global sea level rise, since seawater expands and takes up more space as it heats up. The scientists say that this expansion accounts for about one-third to one-half of global sea level rise.

Combining multiple estimates of heat in the upper ocean – from the surface to about 610 meters (2,000 feet) down – the team found a strong multi-year warming trend throughout the world's ocean. According to measurements by an array of autonomous free-floating ocean floats called Argo, as well as by earlier devices called expendable bathythermographs, or XBTs, that were dropped from ships to obtain temperature data, ocean heat content has increased over the last 16 years.

The team notes that there are still some uncertainties and some biases.

"The XBT data give us vital information about past changes in the ocean, but they are not as accurate as the more recent Argo data," said Gregory Johnson, an oceanographer at NOAA's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. "However, our analysis of these data gives us confidence that on average, the ocean has warmed over the past decade and a half, signaling a climate imbalance."

Data from the array of Argo floats -- deployed by NOAA and other U.S. and international partners -- greatly reduce the uncertainties in estimates of ocean heat content over the past several years, the team said. There are now more than 3,200 Argo floats distributed throughout the world's ocean sending back information via satellite on temperature, salinity, currents and other ocean properties.

For more information, see http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2010/20100519_ocean.html

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Cassini Heading to Titan after Tagging Enceladus

This raw, unprocessed image of Titan behind Saturn's rings was  taken on May 18, 2010, by the Cassini spacecraft.
This raw, unprocessed image of Titan behind Saturn's rings was taken on May 18, 2010, by the Cassini spacecraft. The dark curve of Enceladus is visible at the bottom of the image.
› Larger image

NASA's Cassini spacecraft is on its way to a flyby of Saturn's largest moon, Titan, after capturing some stunning images of Enceladus. One view shows the hazy outline of Titan behind Saturn's rings, with the dark curve of Enceladus at the bottom.

In other images, Enceladus put its craggy face forward, exhibiting some of the fractures and cratering that have made the Saturnian moon a favorite of both planetary scientists and outer-planet mission groupies. A view of Enceladus' terminator was taken by NASA's Cassini spacecraft on May 18 from approximately 75,000 kilometers (46,500 miles) away.

Cassini sent back numerous images May 18, 2010, as it finished the first leg of its planned double flyby. Cassini passed within about 435 kilometers (270 miles) of the Enceladus surface.

Cassini is heading toward Titan for a flyby that occurs in the late evening May 19 Pacific time, which is in the early hours of May 20 UTC. Because of a fortuitous cosmic alignment, Cassini can catch glimpses of these two contrasting worlds within less than 48 hours, with no maneuver in between.

The main scientific goal at Enceladus was to watch the sun play peek-a-boo behind the water-rich plume emanating from the moon's south polar region. Scientists using the ultraviolet imaging spectrograph will be able to use the flickering light to measure whether there is molecular nitrogen in the plume. Ammonia has already been detected in the plume, and scientists know heat can decompose ammonia into nitrogen molecules. Determining the amount of molecular nitrogen in the plume will give scientists clues about thermal processing in the moon's interior.

The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Cassini-Huygens mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. The Cassini orbiter was designed, developed and assembled at JPL. <!--JPLIMAGEMARKER __JPL_ALTTEXT_2__JPL_CAPTION_2
› Browse version of image
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More raw images from the Enceladus flyby, dubbed "E10," are available at: http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/photos/raw/

More information on the Titan flyby, dubbed "T68," is online at: http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/flybys/titan20100520/

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Scratch Resistant Polycarbonate

Hello Friends and Associates ...

Somewhat of a perplexing situation that I write in hopes of finding a simple solution.

In our products we use a lot of plastic components, most often ABS and Polycarbonates, the latter primarily for "faceplates" and "display panels" ... usually small-ish (m

NASAs Mars Rovers Set Surface Longevity Record

NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity used its navigation  camera for this northward view of tracks the rover left on a drive from  one energy-favorable position on the northern end of a sand ripple to  another.
NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity used its navigation camera for this northward view of tracks the rover left on a drive from one energy-favorable position on the northern end of a sand ripple to another.
› Larger image› Interactive: Mars Exploration Rovers

NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Project will pass a historic Martian longevity record on Thursday, May 20. The Opportunity rover will surpass the duration record set by NASA's Viking 1 Lander of six years and 116 days operating on the surface of Mars. The effects of favorable weather on the red planet could also help the rovers generate more power.

Opportunity's twin rover, Spirit, began working on Mars three weeks before Opportunity. However, Spirit has been out of communication since March 22. If it awakens from hibernation and resumes communication, that rover will attain the Martian surface longevity record.

Spirit's hibernation was anticipated, based on energy forecasts, as the amount of sunshine hitting the robot's solar panels declined during autumn on Mars' southern hemisphere. Unfortunately, mobility problems prevented rover operators from positioning Spirit with a favorable tilt toward the north, as during the first three winters it experienced. The rovers' fourth winter solstice, the day of the Martian year with the least sunshine at their locations, was Wednesday, May 12 (May 13 Universal time).

"Opportunity, and likely Spirit, surpassing the Viking Lander 1 longevity record is truly remarkable, considering these rovers were designed for only a 90-day mission on the surface of Mars," Callas said. "Passing the solstice means we're over the hump for the cold, dark, winter season."

Unless dust interferes, which is unlikely in the coming months, the solar panels on both rovers should gradually generate more electricity. Operators hope that Spirit will recharge its batteries enough to awaken from hibernation, start communicating and resume science tasks.

Unlike recent operations, Opportunity will not have to rest to regain energy between driving days. The gradual increase in available sunshine will eventually improve the rate of Opportunity's progress across a vast plain toward its long-term destination, the Endeavour Crater.

This month, some of Opportunity's drives have been planned to end at an energy-favorable tilt on the northern face of small Martian plain surface ripples. The positioning sacrifices some distance to regain energy sooner for the next drive. Opportunity's cameras can see a portion of the rim of Endeavour on the horizon, approximately eight miles away, across the plain's ripples of windblown sand.

"The ripples look like waves on the ocean, like we're out in the middle of the ocean with land on the horizon, our destination," said Steve Squyres of Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y. Squyres is the principal investigator for Opportunity and Spirit. "Even though we know we might never get there, Endeavour is the goal that drives our exploration."

The team chose Endeavour as a destination in mid-2008, after Opportunity finished two years examining the smaller Victoria Crater. Since then, the goal became even more alluring when orbital observations found clay minerals exposed at Endeavour. Clay minerals have been found extensively on Mars from orbit, but have not been examined on the surface.

"Those minerals form under wet conditions more neutral than the wet, acidic environment that formed the sulfates we've found with Opportunity," said Squyres. "The clay minerals at Endeavour speak to a time when the chemistry was much friendlier to life than the environments that formed the minerals Opportunity has seen so far. We want to get there to learn their context. Was there flowing water? Were there steam vents? Hot springs? We want to find out."

Launched in 1975, Project Viking consisted of two orbiters, each carrying a stationary lander. Viking Lander 1 was the first successful mission to the surface of Mars, touching down on July 20, 1976. It operated until Nov. 13, 1982, more than two years longer than its twin lander or either of the Viking orbiters.

The record for longest working lifetime by a spacecraft at Mars belongs to a later orbiter: NASA's Mars Global Surveyor operated for more than 9 years after arriving in 1997. NASA's Mars Odyssey, in orbit since in 2001, has been working at Mars longer than any other current mission and is on track to take the Mars longevity record late this year.

Science discoveries by the Mars Exploration Rover have included Opportunity finding the first mineralogical evidence that Mars had liquid water, and Spirit finding evidence for hot springs or steam vents and a past environment of explosive volcanism.

JPL manages the Mars rovers for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. For more information about the rovers, visit http://www.nasa.gov/rovers . The California Institute of Technology in Pasadena manages JPL for NASA.

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Onwards and upwards!

Nesting in good numbers - Arctic Terns
A Farne classic - a close-up of a Puffin

Fulmars now on eggs

Down in numbers - nesting Eider
Monday 18th May comments:
How quick is the season going – it doesn’t seem five minutes since we sailed to the islands and now we’re celebrating the first Eider and Guillemot chicks! As well as chicks, Arctic Terns have landed in huge numbers and the first eggs were discovered on the early date of 13th May but now the islands are littered with eggs - and yes, the first attacks on visitors have started - you've been warned (bring a hat!). The glorious sunny weather has resulted in good conditions for visitors and seabirds alike, so everyone (so far) is happy!
Latest seabird breeding information:
Fulmar - first egg discovered on 13th May - earlier than normal
Shag – most now have chicks
Eider – first chicks on 15th May following the first eggs on 17th April. Numbers appear low this year.
Sandwich Tern – the colony on Inner Farne grows ever larger with the first eggs discovered on 4th May. A small number are nesting on Brownsman with the first egg discovered on 18th May.
Arctic Tern – first eggs discovered on 13th May - now eggs everywhere and starting to attack people...
Puffins – still very settled on eggs with chicks probably about one week away from hatching.
Guillemots – first chicks on 15th May, with many more to follow
Razorbill – chicks should hatch within the next week
Recent Highlights: Roseate Tern for previous three days (since 14th May) whilst a Long-eared Owl was a major highlight on 12th May. A pair of Pintail graced Brownsman Pond whilst five Tufted Ducks moved north today. However migration has been slow with very little else happening.

Queenstown Milford Sound Te Anau and Arrowtown

Hello boys and girls. The boy half of the ListerGillett combo is here again to update you with our latest adventures. Where did I leave you last Hmmm... ah ha we were about to go to Queenstown...It was a fairly short drive just a few hours from Wanaka to Queenstown and we arrived around 5pm. Queenstownrsquos reputation as the tourist and extreme sport capital of New Zealand meant that we d

Day seven

Today we went to Akehabara for our cultural visit. We didn't have much time there as we had tickets to the Sumo Tournament which was AWESOME fun. The Sumo was a lot of fun we all managed to sneak closer and get a closer look. Thanks to Professor Wallin who got us tickets it was really lots of fun.

Week 82

I had a 12 year old boy tell me his life story yesterday. He was born in Kenya. His dad took him to Jinja Uganda when he was six. He told the kid to sit down while he was getting some food for them. The father never came back. The boy then slept that night with some street kids and later jumped on the back of a sugar cane truck to Kampala Uganda where we are now. He lived on the streets for fo

Day Eight

Today we went to Shinjuku. Went went up the towers and i got some good Pictures. as well as Mapped out the events of Mobile Fighter G Gundam. Where Domone meets master Asia and then where he meets the Shuffle Alliance at Tokyo Tower. After that we explored Shinjuku we went to a place called don quixote's we then went to a arcade. But we found out we went there as Hanna wanted to get us into a Phot

Passport received

Passport was received yesterday. If you are ever in a passport bind A Briggs Passport and Visa Service is dependable and efficient.I understand that the weather is cool and France so I am repacking.

Cape Reinga and 90 Mile Beach

Hello again everyone I had a fantastic day on my trip up to Cape Reinga 3 days ago We left at about 7am and drove through a town called Taipa the one thing about Taipa is that therersquos a place called Cable Bay there. Apparently in the 40rsquos and 50rsquos there was a cable going all the way across the Pacific to the west coast of British Columbia Canada When the driver was explainin

Arriving in Chile Arica Santiago and Valparaiso

After my flight from Iquitos I had one night in Lima before heading 3500km down the Pacific coast to Santiago de Chile. The bus from Lima to the border town of Tacna took 20 hours and had an inauspicious start with a Peruvian gospel preacher incidentally wearing an Hawaiian shirt giving a sermon as it was Mothersrsquo day before then trying to sell some turrones praline chocolate to ev

Kaikoura

Today we headed up to Kaikoura. On the way we stopped at Brew Moon Brewery for some snacks and to try some of their beer. It was pretty good. We had a Dark Side of the Moon Stout. We sat outside in a small courtyard and while it was windy it was really nice. They are just a small brewpub right on the side of the road so I'm glad we stopped and didn't just drive by.It was really nice in Ka

Maori Leap Cave

This morning we got up and went to visit the Maori Leap Cave which is a limestone cave that was seaformed. There were only four of us and we got to wear hardhats and a funny old guy gave us a tour. The entrance to the cave is just kind of on the side of the road by a cafe. There were a lot of cool formations inside and even though it was kind of small it was fun and we learned how the diff

Baldy springs and shy volcanoes

La Fortuna and the invisible volcanohellipAfter two wonderful nights in Monteverde we set of around 8 in the morning heading for a small town nestled at the base of Arenal volcano called La Fortuna. I have to mention the fantastic drive down the mountains as we approached Lake Arenal possibly one of the most impressive drives Irsquove ever been on. Unfortunately due to excessive alcohol inta

Northbound like the M1. Unless you’re going south.

Kia Ora Right let's get you horrible lot up to speed shall weSo when I left you last I was feeling all poetic and inspired I can imagine how that may have frightened some of you so you can take comfort in the fact I've been all grumpy and miserable again this week much more like myself.So I left Wellington at stupid o clock in the morning which covers anytime before 11am and took a big lon