SCIENTISTS have created a robot made from DNA that can be instructed to find diseased cells in the body and deliver a payload to kill or reprogram them, according to a study from Harvard University.
The robot was made by folding DNA strands into a shape roughly like a clamshell. The researchers programmed the nano-sized device to open in the presence of leukaemia and lymphoma cells in a laboratory dish, where they delivered immune system antibodies that caused the cells to self-destruct, according to a report in the journal Science.
The next step will be to test the system in animals, tweaking the robot so it can circulate longer to locate all cancer cells. The technology isn't ready for commercial use, said Shawn Douglas, an author of the study.
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''In diseases such as cancer we know if we can find every single last cell and kill or reprogram it, we can cure that disease,'' said Dr Douglas, a researcher at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard, in Boston. ''A lot of our current therapies fall short.''
The idea is based on the behaviour of the body's immune cells, which recognise viruses or other invaders and attack them, Dr Douglas said. The DNA nano-robots, with similar capabilities, may potentially lead to the development of new types of targeted cancer treatments that kill only abnormal cells, he said.
The robots don't reproduce. They have to be built in a process that has gained traction since the idea of DNA nanotechnology was first suggested in 1982.
DNA is a material, shaped in the form of a revolving ladder, that carries the genetic information in our cells. The double-sided strands have so-called sticky ends that allow them to be joined with other DNA. Scientists, led by Nadrian Seeman, now head of the department of chemistry at New York University, have used those sticky ends to form DNA into lattices that can be shaped.
The latest research created a robot in a clamshell shape that's held together with a ''zipper'' made of a special sequence of DNA, the report said. The zipper was programmed to release its grip when it recognised specific targets on a cell, allowing the robot to release its payload.
Dr Douglas and fellow scientists used the robot to deliver instructions encoded in antibodies to the cancer cells.
''It's an important step forward in specific targeting,'' said Milan Stojanovic, an assistant professor of experimental therapeutics at Columbia University, New York, who wasn't involved in the research. ''It looks exciting.''
Besides cancer, the robots may also benefit people with autoimmune disease, Dr Douglas said.
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DNA robot inflicts fatal blow on cancer cells