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Market Analysis

Summary

Probiotics are live microorganisms that are deliberated to have health benefits. Products which are sold as probiotics include foods (such as yogurt), dietary supplements, and products that are not used orally, such as skincreams. Popular probiotic products existing in the market include Amway Nutrilite Fiber, Herbalife Activated Fiber, HealthAid Acidophilus plus 4 Billion, Zenith Nutrition Probiotic Immune etc. Although more research is needed, there is an encouraging evidence that probiotics may help treat diarrhoea, especially following treatment with certain antibiotics, prevent and treat vaginal yeast infections and urinary tract infections, treat irritable bowel syndrome, speed treatment of certain intestinal infections, prevent or reduce the severity of colds and flu. Side effects due to probiotics are rare and most healthy adults can safely add foods that contain prebiotics and probiotics to their diets for better health and strong immune system.

Importance and scope

Probiotics food & beverages had the highest penetration in 2015, and this trend is expected to continue over the next eight years. Differentiated product portfolio and continued innovation in the sector are the primary reasons for this scenario.

Probiotics are finding acceptance in applications such as skin health. Development of proprietary formulation techniques is undertaken by companies to cater to customized needs.

Asia Pacific is expected to witness the highest growth of 7.7% over the next eight years. High population density and percentage of the youth population in countries such as India coupled with rising disposable income are expected to contribute to the market growth.

A major part of market share is held by very few companies. Companies are trying innovative techniques for customer engagement. Mergers & acquisitions are carried out to increase regional presence as well as market share.

Industry participants majorly include Chr. Hansen Holding A/S, Danone, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Nestle, Probi AB, Danisco A/S, Lallemand Inc., and Arla Foods, Inc.

Probiotics Market

The global market of probiotics ingredients, supplements, and foods reached nearly $23.1 billion in 2012. This market is expected to grow to nearly $27.1 billion in 2013 and $36.7 billion in 2018 with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.2% over the five-year period from 2013 to 2018 with further projections determined to exceed US $63 billion by 2022, driven by growing clinical evidence supporting the effectiveness of probiotics in general health maintenance and disease treatment. Probiotic therapy is growing in polularity in the treatment of lactose intolerance, lipid metabolism, oxalte metabolism, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), ulcerative colitits, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), eczema, allergic rhinitis, infectious diarrhea, necrotizing enterocolitis and helicobacter pylori.Japan, Europe and the United States represents major market worldwide. Asia-pacific ranks as the fastest growing market with a CAGR of 12.7% over the analysis period. However, the probiotics market is still at a relatively novice stage, with lack of clarity on usage patterns among consumers, this is expected to play a critical role in market development over the next six years. Labeling regulations, especially in the U.S. and European Union, are also expected to have significant impact on market growth.

Food & beverages dominated the application market and accounted for over 80% of the total probiotics market, driven by growth of fermented meat, dairy, bakery, breakfast cereals, fats & oils, beverages, fish & eggs, meat, and soy products. Dietary supplements are expected to be the fastest growing application segment, at an estimated CAGR of 7.7% from 2012 to 2020.

"Food & beverages was the largest segment in 2015"

Probiotics food & beverages segment was the largest segment in 2015 and accounted for more than 85% of total revenue. This application includes dairy products, nondairy products, cereals, baked food, fermented meat products, and dry food probiotics.

Figure-1: Functional Food Market by Sector (% value)

"Human probiotics dominated the total demand in 2015"

Human probiotics accounted for more than 90% of total revenue in 2015. Growing health concerns and development of more effective probiotic strains is expected to aid the industry growth. Increasing standard of living, as well as disposable income in areas such as Asia Pacific, the Middle East and Africa as well as Central & South America, has been benefiting the overall market growth.

Animal feed bacteria are expected to show a steady growth over the next eight years. Companies have been trying to develop and market more effective probiotic strains aimed at improving health.

"Asia Pacific is expected to witness the highest growth from 2016 to 2024"

Asia Pacific dominated the global industry and accounted for more than 40%. Strong demand from countries such as India, China and Japan is the major contributing factor for this scenario. Rising population, growing awareness regarding probiotics usage and the strong presence of international players in the region are contributing to the market growth.

North America is expected to grow at an anticipated CAGR of 6.8% over the forecast period. Prevalent awareness regarding these product usages and rising preference for functional foods are the driving factors in the region. The Middle East & Africa and Central & South America are also expected to show modest growth over the forecast period.

"Companies investing heavily in R&D are a major market characteristic"

Major industry participants are investing heavily in R&D to develop more effective probiotic strains. The companies are also striving to develop products which find novel applications such as skin treatment. Third party R&D companies are employed to develop superior cultures to gain competitive advantage. High level of integration between raw material suppliers, manufacturers, suppliers and end users. Major industry participants include Danisco A/S, Danone, Chr Hansen, Nestle, Arla Foods, Inc., Probi and Lallemand Inc., S.A., China-Biotics, Inc., E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, General Mills, Inc., Lifeway Foods, Inc., PROBI AB, BioGaia AB, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Mother Dairy and Chr. Hansen. The growing popularity of probiotics worldwide has attracted many new players to participate in this market.

Key Segments of the Global Probiotic Market

A. Global probiotics market, by application

B. Global probiotics market, by end use

C. Global probiotics market, by strain type

Grand View Research has segmented the probiotics market on the basis of application, end use and region:

1. Global Probiotics Application Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2014 - 2024

A. Probiotics food & beverage

B. Probiotics dietary supplements

2. Global Probiotics End Use Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2014 - 2024)

3. Global Probiotics Regional Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2014- 2024)

North America

Europe

Asia Pacific

Central & South America

Middle East & Africa

European Market

Europe is the second largest global market for probiotics after Asia-Pacific, cornering a share estimated to be 25% in 2014. Growth in demand for probiotics in the region is also likely to maintain a fast pace over the 2014-2020 analysis period. Germany and the United Kingdom are the two largest probiotics markets in Europe, with a combined share estimated at about 55% in 2014, with United Kingdom also expected to be the fastest growing. By product type, dietary supplements and functional foods & beverages are the largest, as well as the fastest growing segments.

Prevention and cure of disorders, such as lactose intolerance and inflammatory bowel disease are some of the benefits offered by probiotics, with rising health-consciousness levels and wider access to probiotic dietary supplements being the major factors sustaining growth. The past decade has been witness to the launch of more than 500 food & beverage probiotic products, which have garnered exceptional response in terms of acceptance. Some of the factors implicated in causes of digestive disorders, bloating and reduction in resistance to infections include poor and not-in-time diet, age and stress levels. Studies have revealed that consuming products enhanced with probiotics has been successful in moderating these conditions to a large extent.

Figure-2:European Probiotics Market Revenue By Product, 2014 - 2024 (USD Million)

Why London, UK?

London is a leadingglobal city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism, and transport. It is one of the world's leadingfinancial centres and has thefifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world. London is a world cultural capital. It is the world's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has theworld's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic. London is the world's leadinginvestment destination hosting moreinternational retailers andultra probiotics food & beverages had the highest penetration in 2015, and this trend is expected to continue over the next eight years. Differentiated product portfolio and continued innovation in the sector are the primary reasons for this scenario.

Industry participants majorly include Chr. Hansen Holding A/S, Danone, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Nestle, Probi AB, Danisco A/S, Lallemand Inc., and Arla Foods, Inc. high-net-worth individuals than any other city. London's universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe, and a 2014 report placed it first in the world university rankings. According to the report London also ranks first in the world in software, multimedia development and design, and shares first position in technology readiness.

Figure-3:Total Probiotics Market

List of Hospitals Research Centre:

London, UK

Worldwide

Major Probiotic Associations and Society

Companies Associated with Probiotics:

Top Nutrition Universities in UK

Target Audience

Figure-4:Target audience for Probiotics

Glance at Market and Funding for Probiotics Research

Figure-5: Projections Growth by next 5-10 years

Recent studies on Probiotics Market exhibit both the opportunities and forecasts during the period 2014-2022during which the global probiotics market is expected to reach$57.4 billionby 2022, registering a CAGR of 7.7% during the forecast period, 2016-2022.Asia-Pacificis presently dominant in the market and is expected to be the leading contributor in global revenue, due to its high adoption of probiotic based food and beverages. Bacteria derived probiotics would dominate the market throughout the forecast period as yeast strains are still under research and testing phase and approvals from the Food and Drug Administration would take time to implement. By end use, the probiotics market is segmented into animal probiotics and human probiotics. Human probiotics is in the lead by contributing nearly 90% of global revenue in 2015 and is forecasted to grow at a fastest rate of 7.8% during the period 2016-2022. Growth in awareness about the probiotics benefits among the consumers through various means such as publications, fact sheets, and conferences would help to grow among human end users.

1. Probiotic Microorganism

The term probiotic remains undefined legally in many countries, and regulatory approaches differ among countries worldwide. Diverse categories encompass probiotic products, including: food, functional food, novel food, natural remedy (Denmark Sweden and Finland), natural health product (Canada), dietetic food (Italy), dietary supplement (USA), biotherapeutic and pharmaceuticals (probiotic pharmaceuticals are available in Canada, China, eastern European countries, France, Germany, Belgium, Austria and Italy). There is no official definition of probiotic in Japanese regulation, but several probiotic and prebiotic products have achieved FOSHU (foods for specialized health use) status, with health statements being approved by the Japanese Ministry of HealthWhile few studies have established the minimum effective dose of a probiotic to convey a physiological effect, probiotic-induced changes are rarely seen at daily doses of less than 10810 colony forming units (cfu).24 However, one can only speculate as to how many probiotic cells reach target sites alive. Probiotic bacteria that are tolerant to acid stress would be expected to survive well during stomach passage. Genomic regions, identified through genome sequencing, that may help identify regions critical to the survival and functionality of commensal or probiotic organisms in their corresponding habitats might include: conserved versus distinct gene sets , genes resulting from recent horizontal transfer, altered GC contentislands/regions of adaptability.

Related Conferences: 9thInternationalCongress on Nutrition & HealthFebruary 20-21, 2017 Berlin, Germany; 10thAnnualNutrition & Food Sciences CongressMay 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan; 11thEuropeanNutrition and Dietetics ConferenceJune 29- July 01, 2017 Madrid, Spain; 10thInternationalConference on Clinical Diabetes, Diabetes care & NutritionJuly 20-21, 2017 Chicago, USA; 13thWorldCongress on Advances in Natural Medicines, Nutraceuticals and Neurocognition, July 27-28, 2017, Rome, Italy 10th International Conference on Nutrition & Food Sciences May 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan; IPA World Congress + Probiota Americas June 07-09 San Francisco; The global nutraceutical event May 09 - 11 2017 Geneva Switzerland; ICPVM 2017: 19th International Conference on Probiotics in Veterinary Medicine April 8 - 9, 2017 Dubai, UAE; 5th World Congress on Targeting Microbiota October 2017 Paris, France; The International Scientific Conference on Probiotics and Prebiotics June 19 22 June 2017Budapest, Hungary; Probiotics Congress: USA October 3-4 2016 San Diego, USA; The 2ndProbiotics Congress: Asia Mar 1-2 2017 Hong Kong; ICPFPF 2017 : 19th International Conference on Probiotics, Functional and Pediatrics Foods July 10 - 11, 2017 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICPFF 2017 : 19th International Conference on Probiotics and Functional Foods March 9 - 10, 2017 Miami, USA.

2. Mechanisms of action of probiotics

Recent studies are providing new insight into the mechanisms by which the microbiota regulates the colonization and eradication of pathogens. Particularly revealing the ability of commensals to restrain pathogen growth by dictating the metabolic pathways that control the competition for limited nutrients in the intestine. Furthermore, inflammatory responses have profound effects on the growth of pathogens and certain commensal species. However, the relative contributions of each metabolic pathway and the commensal species involved remain poorly understood. In addition, little is known about how the inflammatory responses affect interactions between pathogens and commensals. There is a delicate balance in microbiota populations in the gut and disruption in this balance leads to dysbiosis and overgrowth of pathobionts leading to pathologic immune responses and disease. The identification and characterization of natural competitors that suppress the growth of pathogens and pathobionts may lead to the development of rational approaches to manage intestinal disease. There is also a clear role for host immunity in controlling microbiota populations. However, recent studies have challenged a critical role of innate recognition receptors in determining the composition of the gut microbiota. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanism by which the host regulates the microbiota.

Related Conferences: 9thInternationalCongress on Nutrition & HealthFebruary 20-21, 2017 Berlin, Germany; 10thAnnualNutrition & Food Sciences CongressMay 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan; 11thEuropeanNutrition and Dietetics ConferenceJune 29- July 01, 2017 Madrid, Spain; 10thInternationalConference on Clinical Diabetes, Diabetes care & NutritionJuly 20-21, 2017 Chicago, USA; 13thWorldCongress on Advances in Natural Medicines, Nutraceuticals and Neurocognition, July 27-28, 2017, Rome, Italy 10th InternationalConference on Nutrition & Food SciencesMay 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan;IPA World Congress + Probiota AmericasJune 07-09 San Francisco;The global nutraceutical eventMay 09 - 11 2017 Geneva Switzerland; ICPVM 2017: 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics in Veterinary MedicineApril 8 - 9, 2017 Dubai, UAE; 5th WorldCongress on Targeting MicrobiotaOctober 2017 Paris, France; The International ScientificConference on Probiotics and PrebioticsJune 19 22 June 2017Budapest,Hungary;Probiotics Congress: USA October 3-4 2016 San Diego, USA; The 2ndProbiotics Congress: Asia Mar 1-2 2017 Hong Kong; ICPFPF 2017 : 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics, Functional and Pediatrics FoodsJuly 10 - 11, 2017 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICPFF 2017 : 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics and Functional FoodsMarch 9 - 10, 2017 Miami, USA.

3. Probiotics and Health: A Clinical Perspective

Probiotics live microorganisms when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host that have been studied for both human and animal applications, and worldwide research on this topic has accelerated in recent years. Administration of probiotics could be effective in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhoea in children and the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea and nosocomial/community acquired diarrhoea. Encouraging evidence is also emerging for the effectiveness of probiotics in the prevention and management of pouchitis and paediatric atopic diseases, and the prevention of postoperative infections. There is also strong evidence that certain probiotic strains are able to enhance immune function, especially in subjects with less than adequate immune function such as the elderly. Efficacy of probiotics has been shown in the prevention of prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, sepsis associated with severe acute pancreatitis, improvement of lactose metabolism and cancers, the management of weight and lowering of blood cholesterol, but there is insufficient evidence to recommend them for use in other clinical conditions.

Related Conferences: 9thInternationalCongress on Nutrition & HealthFebruary 20-21, 2017 Berlin, Germany; 10thAnnualNutrition & Food Sciences CongressMay 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan; 11thEuropeanNutrition and Dietetics ConferenceJune 29- July 01, 2017 Madrid, Spain; 10thInternationalConference on Clinical Diabetes, Diabetes care & NutritionJuly 20-21, 2017 Chicago, USA; 13thWorldCongress on Advances in Natural Medicines, Nutraceuticals and Neurocognition, July 27-28, 2017, Rome, Italy 10th InternationalConference on Nutrition & Food SciencesMay 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan;IPA World Congress + Probiota AmericasJune 07-09 San Francisco;The global nutraceutical eventMay 09 - 11 2017 Geneva Switzerland; ICPVM 2017: 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics in Veterinary MedicineApril 8 - 9, 2017 Dubai, UAE; 5th WorldCongress on Targeting MicrobiotaOctober 2017 Paris, France; The International ScientificConference on Probiotics and PrebioticsJune 19 22 June 2017Budapest,Hungary;Probiotics Congress: USA October 3-4 2016 San Diego, USA; The 2ndProbiotics Congress: Asia Mar 1-2 2017 Hong Kong; ICPFPF 2017 : 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics, Functional and Pediatrics FoodsJuly 10 - 11, 2017 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICPFF 2017 : 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics and Functional FoodsMarch 9 - 10, 2017 Miami, USA.

4. Probiotics in Gastroenterology

Gastroenterologists once defined gastrointestinal health as the absence of chronic disorder such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, this is too restrictive. The increasing frequency of digestive functional disorders, including non-ulcer dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), justifies an enlargement of a definition that includes intestinal well-being and the overall impact on quality of life including reduction of disease risk. Some animal studies are required to investigate this concept. The intestinal microflora has been linked with a number of intestinal diseases including colon cancer, (IBS) and IBD however few details of their involvement have been elucidated. Since colon cancer and IBD can lead to extreme therapeutic approaches, including surgical excision, clarification of the role of the microflora in these diseases may significantly reduce morbidity.

Related Conferences: 9thInternationalCongress on Nutrition & HealthFebruary 20-21, 2017 Berlin, Germany; 10thAnnualNutrition & Food Sciences CongressMay 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan; 11thEuropeanNutrition and Dietetics ConferenceJune 29- July 01, 2017 Madrid, Spain; 10thInternationalConference on Clinical Diabetes, Diabetes care & NutritionJuly 20-21, 2017 Chicago, USA; 13thWorldCongress on Advances in Natural Medicines, Nutraceuticals and Neurocognition, July 27-28, 2017, Rome, Italy 10th InternationalConference on Nutrition & Food SciencesMay 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan;IPA World Congress + Probiota AmericasJune 07-09 San Francisco;The global nutraceutical eventMay 09 - 11 2017 Geneva Switzerland; ICPVM 2017: 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics in Veterinary MedicineApril 8 - 9, 2017 Dubai, UAE; 5th WorldCongress on Targeting MicrobiotaOctober 2017 Paris, France; The International ScientificConference on Probiotics and PrebioticsJune 19 22 June 2017Budapest,Hungary;Probiotics Congress: USA October 3-4 2016 San Diego, USA; The 2ndProbiotics Congress: Asia Mar 1-2 2017 Hong Kong; ICPFPF 2017 : 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics, Functional and Pediatrics FoodsJuly 10 - 11, 2017 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICPFF 2017 : 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics and Functional FoodsMarch 9 - 10, 2017 Miami, USA.

5.Probiotics in Pediatrics

Presenting global evidence for their utility in children, Prof. Sherman illustrated that evidence through randomized controlled trails have demonstrated that certain probiotic strains are more effective than placebo in a variety of conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Multiple meta-analyses indicate effectiveness in reducing the duration of acute enteritis in pre-schoolers and in reducing the frequency of necrotizing enterocolitis in pre-term babies. As probiotics exist naturally in some foods and are also available as dietary supplements in powder, capsule, and tablet forms. In 2002, the industry secured FDA designation of specific strains of B. lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus as substances generally recognized as safe (GRAS) in milk-based formulas for infants aged 4 months and older. Most probiotic bacteria are similar to the beneficial bacteria that occur naturally in the gut, including those of the Lactobacillus species (eg, L. acidophilus). Infants acquire other bacteria during their first months, mainly those of the Bifidobacterium and Enterobacter species. Bifidobacterium species dominate in the gut of breast-fed infants, whereas Enterobacter microbes dominate in bottle-fed infants. This difference in species, which has been identified as key to breast-fed infants superior immunity to many infections, has spurred much of the medical and pediatric communities interest in probiotics. Infant formula manufacturers have also taken interest.

Related Conferences: 9thInternationalCongress on Nutrition & HealthFebruary 20-21, 2017 Berlin, Germany; 10thAnnualNutrition & Food Sciences CongressMay 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan; 11thEuropeanNutrition and Dietetics ConferenceJune 29- July 01, 2017 Madrid, Spain; 10thInternationalConference on Clinical Diabetes, Diabetes care & NutritionJuly 20-21, 2017 Chicago, USA; 13thWorldCongress on Advances in Natural Medicines, Nutraceuticals and Neurocognition, July 27-28, 2017, Rome, Italy 10th InternationalConference on Nutrition & Food SciencesMay 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan;IPA World Congress + Probiota AmericasJune 07-09 San Francisco;The global nutraceutical eventMay 09 - 11 2017 Geneva Switzerland; ICPVM 2017: 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics in Veterinary MedicineApril 8 - 9, 2017 Dubai, UAE; 5th WorldCongress on Targeting MicrobiotaOctober 2017 Paris, France; The International ScientificConference on Probiotics and PrebioticsJune 19 22 June 2017Budapest,Hungary;Probiotics Congress: USA October 3-4 2016 San Diego, USA; The 2ndProbiotics Congress: Asia Mar 1-2 2017 Hong Kong; ICPFPF 2017 : 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics, Functional and Pediatrics FoodsJuly 10 - 11, 2017 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICPFF 2017 : 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics and Functional FoodsMarch 9 - 10, 2017 Miami, USA.

6. Probiotics in Animal Health

The use of probiotics for farm animals has increased considerably over the last 15 years. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms which can confer a health benefit for the host when administered in appropriate and regular quantities. Once ingested, the probiotic microorganisms can modulate the balance and activities of the gastrointestinal microbiota, whose role is fundamental to gut homeostasis. It has been demonstrated that numerous factors, such as dietary and management constraints, can strongly affect the structure and activities of the gut microbial communities, leading to impaired health and performance in livestock animals. Probiotic microorganisms, which benefit from a natural image, can expect a promising future in animal nutrition. Controlled research studies demonstrate that they can positively balance gastrointestinal microbiota, and thereby improve animal production and health. However, care must be taken in the way that the probiotic candidate-strains are selected. Better knowledge of the structure and activities of the gut microbiota, functional interactions between gut microbes and interrelationships between microbes and host cells represent a fundamental aspect of future probiotic research. In this context new omic technologies will be very helpful to better characterize and understand the effects of probiotics on the balance of the gastrointestinal microbiota. It will be possible to select more powerful or targeted strains on a scientific basis and follow their behaviour in the host animal. Thanks to these techniques, which are complimentary to anaerobic culture methods and gnotobiotic animal or cellular models, probiotic research has had, and will also certainly have in the future, a very important place in the improvement of animal health and nutrition.

Related Conferences: 9thInternationalCongress on Nutrition & HealthFebruary 20-21, 2017 Berlin, Germany; 10thAnnualNutrition & Food Sciences CongressMay 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan; 11thEuropeanNutrition and Dietetics ConferenceJune 29- July 01, 2017 Madrid, Spain; 10thInternationalConference on Clinical Diabetes, Diabetes care & NutritionJuly 20-21, 2017 Chicago, USA; 13thWorldCongress on Advances in Natural Medicines, Nutraceuticals and Neurocognition, July 27-28, 2017, Rome, Italy 10th InternationalConference on Nutrition & Food SciencesMay 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan;IPA World Congress + Probiota AmericasJune 07-09 San Francisco;The global nutraceutical eventMay 09 - 11 2017 Geneva Switzerland; ICPVM 2017: 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics in Veterinary MedicineApril 8 - 9, 2017 Dubai, UAE; 5th WorldCongress on Targeting MicrobiotaOctober 2017 Paris, France; The International ScientificConference on Probiotics and PrebioticsJune 19 22 June 2017Budapest,Hungary;Probiotics Congress: USA October 3-4 2016 San Diego, USA; The 2ndProbiotics Congress: Asia Mar 1-2 2017 Hong Kong; ICPFPF 2017 : 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics, Functional and Pediatrics FoodsJuly 10 - 11, 2017 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICPFF 2017 : 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics and Functional FoodsMarch 9 - 10, 2017 Miami, USA.

7. Plant Probiotics

The increasing interest in the preservation of the environment and the health of consumers is changing production methods and food consumption habits. Consumers increasingly demand safe functional foods that have beneficial properties for health mainly focused on the protection against carcinogenesis and oxidative processes. The consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables containing bioactive compounds has increased considerably in recent years and many studies have been carried out on the potential benefits of such compounds in different aspects of human health. At the same time, there has been a strong increase in studies addressing the benefits of biofertilization for plants and the environment. In this sense plant promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) able to colonize the inside of plants tissues are especially interesting. These beneficial microorganisms are plant probiotics and promote the plant growth through different direct mechanisms such as nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and the production of different compounds such as phytohormones or indirect mechanisms such as the production of siderophores. To achieve both aims, the promotion of plant growth and the benefits for human health, it is necessary to use non-pathogenic microorganisms in biofertilization schemes.

Related Conferences: 9thInternationalCongress on Nutrition & HealthFebruary 20-21, 2017 Berlin, Germany; 10thAnnualNutrition & Food Sciences CongressMay 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan; 11thEuropeanNutrition and Dietetics ConferenceJune 29- July 01, 2017 Madrid, Spain; 10thInternationalConference on Clinical Diabetes, Diabetes care & NutritionJuly 20-21, 2017 Chicago, USA; 13thWorldCongress on Advances in Natural Medicines, Nutraceuticals and Neurocognition, July 27-28, 2017, Rome, Italy 10th InternationalConference on Nutrition & Food SciencesMay 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan;IPA World Congress + Probiota AmericasJune 07-09 San Francisco;The global nutraceutical eventMay 09 - 11 2017 Geneva Switzerland; ICPVM 2017: 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics in Veterinary MedicineApril 8 - 9, 2017 Dubai, UAE; 5th WorldCongress on Targeting MicrobiotaOctober 2017 Paris, France; The International ScientificConference on Probiotics and PrebioticsJune 19 22 June 2017Budapest,Hungary;Probiotics Congress: USA October 3-4 2016 San Diego, USA; The 2ndProbiotics Congress: Asia Mar 1-2 2017 Hong Kong; ICPFPF 2017 : 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics, Functional and Pediatrics FoodsJuly 10 - 11, 2017 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICPFF 2017 : 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics and Functional FoodsMarch 9 - 10, 2017 Miami, USA.

8.Probiotics in Aquaculture

Aquaculture is the world's fastest growing food production sector. However, fish culture is currently suffering from serious losses due to infectious diseases. The use of antimicrobial drugs, pesticides and disinfectant in aquaculture disease prevention and growth promotion has led to the evolution of resistant strains of bacteria. Thus, the research into the use of probiotics for aquaculture is increasing with the demand for environment friendly sustainable aquaculture. The benefits of such supplements include improved feed value, enzymatic contribution to digestion, inhibition of pathogenic microorganisms, anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic activity, and increased immune response. These probiotics are harmless bacteria that help the well-being of the host animal and contribute, directly or indirectly to protect the host animal against harmful bacterial pathogens. The use of probiotics in aquaculture has just begun, due to the fact that gastrointestinal microbiota of aquatic organisms has been poorly characterized, and their effects are not studied extensively.

Related Conferences: 9thInternationalCongress on Nutrition & HealthFebruary 20-21, 2017 Berlin, Germany; 10thAnnualNutrition & Food Sciences CongressMay 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan; 11thEuropeanNutrition and Dietetics ConferenceJune 29- July 01, 2017 Madrid, Spain; 10thInternationalConference on Clinical Diabetes, Diabetes care & NutritionJuly 20-21, 2017 Chicago, USA; 13thWorldCongress on Advances in Natural Medicines, Nutraceuticals and Neurocognition, July 27-28, 2017, Rome, Italy 10th InternationalConference on Nutrition & Food SciencesMay 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan;IPA World Congress + Probiota AmericasJune 07-09 San Francisco;The global nutraceutical eventMay 09 - 11 2017 Geneva Switzerland; ICPVM 2017: 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics in Veterinary MedicineApril 8 - 9, 2017 Dubai, UAE; 5th WorldCongress on Targeting MicrobiotaOctober 2017 Paris, France; The International ScientificConference on Probiotics and PrebioticsJune 19 22 June 2017Budapest,Hungary;Probiotics Congress: USA October 3-4 2016 San Diego, USA; The 2ndProbiotics Congress: Asia Mar 1-2 2017 Hong Kong; ICPFPF 2017 : 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics, Functional and Pediatrics FoodsJuly 10 - 11, 2017 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICPFF 2017 : 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics and Functional FoodsMarch 9 - 10, 2017 Miami, USA.

9.Probioceuticals: Probiotic- Derived Factors

Probiotic-derived factors have been described as capable of exerting probiotic activities through various mechanisms. However, it is important to distinguish between the concept of probiotic, which is necessarily based on the ingestion of live microorganisms, and the concept of microorganism-derived bioactive compounds that may have useful applications in nutrition and medicine. Bioactive compounds of bacterial or yeast origin, (antibiotics, for example), have been utilized in medicine for decades. Although there are many bacteria-derived products capable of inducing a health benefit, the concept of probiotic is only attributed to microorganisms administered as viable forms, providing the opportunity for a symbiotic relationship between the host, and resident, or in-transit, microorganisms. Secreted probiotic factors, such as reuterin from Lactobacillus reuteri, have been reported to inhibit adhesion and viability of known enteric pathogens, suggesting that probiotic supernatants could be a rich source of new antipathogenic compounds. In an in vitro study in human gastric epithelial cells, spent culture supernatants from certain lactic acid producing bacteria inhibited the growth and attachment of Helicobacter pylori. Roselli et al. demonstrated that supernatants of Bifidobacterium animalis MB5 and Lactobacillus GG could inhibit adhesion of E. coli K88 to Caco-2 cells, with the supernatant exerting identical beneficial effects following protease digestion, suggesting that proteins were not the active constituent.

Related Conferences: 9thInternationalCongress on Nutrition & HealthFebruary 20-21, 2017 Berlin, Germany; 10thAnnualNutrition & Food Sciences CongressMay 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan; 11thEuropeanNutrition and Dietetics ConferenceJune 29- July 01, 2017 Madrid, Spain; 10thInternationalConference on Clinical Diabetes, Diabetes care & NutritionJuly 20-21, 2017 Chicago, USA; 13thWorldCongress on Advances in Natural Medicines, Nutraceuticals and Neurocognition, July 27-28, 2017, Rome, Italy 10th InternationalConference on Nutrition & Food SciencesMay 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan;IPA World Congress + Probiota AmericasJune 07-09 San Francisco;The global nutraceutical eventMay 09 - 11 2017 Geneva Switzerland; ICPVM 2017: 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics in Veterinary MedicineApril 8 - 9, 2017 Dubai, UAE; 5th WorldCongress on Targeting MicrobiotaOctober 2017 Paris, France; The International ScientificConference on Probiotics and PrebioticsJune 19 22 June 2017Budapest,Hungary;Probiotics Congress: USA October 3-4 2016 San Diego, USA; The 2ndProbiotics Congress: Asia Mar 1-2 2017 Hong Kong; ICPFPF 2017 : 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics, Functional and Pediatrics FoodsJuly 10 - 11, 2017 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICPFF 2017 : 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics and Functional FoodsMarch 9 - 10, 2017 Miami, USA.

10. Probiotic Delivery Systems

Since probiotic-containing products in general do not require Food and Drug Administration approval, they are commonly available in the market in various food formats such as fermented milk, cheese, yogurt and juice. In recent years, probiotics have been extensively studied as a treatment option of various diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, human immunodeficiency virus infection, irritable bowel syndrome. Due to probiotics vulnerability to several environmental factors such as temperature and pH, maintaining the viability of probiotics has long been a hurdle to develop successful probiotic delivery systems. Hence to overcome these hurdles in probiotic delivery methods like encapsulation of materials and recent probiotic delivery technologies are being commonly used. Microencapsulation technologies have been developed to protect the bacteria from damage caused by external environment. By the introduction of a straw delivery system containing a dry form of the probiotic bacterium beverage manufacturers can now provide it to the consumer. In addition, viable spores of a spore forming probiotic are available in the market offering advantages during processing. In the same time, the potential of antibiotics substances with antimicrobial properties production by bifidobacteria is being explored in order to be applied in the food area.

Related Conferences: 9thInternationalCongress on Nutrition & HealthFebruary 20-21, 2017 Berlin, Germany; 10thAnnualNutrition & Food Sciences CongressMay 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan; 11thEuropeanNutrition and Dietetics ConferenceJune 29- July 01, 2017 Madrid, Spain; 10thInternationalConference on Clinical Diabetes, Diabetes care & NutritionJuly 20-21, 2017 Chicago, USA; 13thWorldCongress on Advances in Natural Medicines, Nutraceuticals and Neurocognition, July 27-28, 2017, Rome, Italy 10th InternationalConference on Nutrition & Food SciencesMay 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan;IPA World Congress + Probiota AmericasJune 07-09 San Francisco;The global nutraceutical eventMay 09 - 11 2017 Geneva Switzerland; ICPVM 2017: 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics in Veterinary MedicineApril 8 - 9, 2017 Dubai, UAE; 5th WorldCongress on Targeting MicrobiotaOctober 2017 Paris, France; The International ScientificConference on Probiotics and PrebioticsJune 19 22 June 2017Budapest,Hungary;Probiotics Congress: USA October 3-4 2016 San Diego, USA; The 2ndProbiotics Congress: Asia Mar 1-2 2017 Hong Kong; ICPFPF 2017 : 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics, Functional and Pediatrics FoodsJuly 10 - 11, 2017 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICPFF 2017 : 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics and Functional FoodsMarch 9 - 10, 2017 Miami, USA.

11. Traditional Therapies of Probiotics

There is an increasing scientific and commercial interest in the use of beneficial microorganisms, or "probiotics," for the prevention and treatment of disease. The microorganisms most frequently used as probiotic agents are lactic-acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), which has been extensively studied in recent literature. Multiple mechanisms of action have been postulated, including lactose digestion, production of antimicrobial agents, competition for space or nutrients, and immunomodulation. Studies of pediatric diarrhoea show substantial evidence of clinical benefits from probiotic therapy in patients with viral gastroenteritis, and data on LGG treatment for Clostridium difficile diarrhoea appear promising. However, data to support use of probiotics for prevention of traveler's diarrhoea are more limited. New research suggests potential applications in vaccine development and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. Further studies are needed to take full advantage of this traditional medical approach and to apply it to the infectious diseases.

Related Conferences: 9thInternationalCongress on Nutrition & HealthFebruary 20-21, 2017 Berlin, Germany; 10thAnnualNutrition & Food Sciences CongressMay 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan; 11thEuropeanNutrition and Dietetics ConferenceJune 29- July 01, 2017 Madrid, Spain; 10thInternationalConference on Clinical Diabetes, Diabetes care & NutritionJuly 20-21, 2017 Chicago, USA; 13thWorldCongress on Advances in Natural Medicines, Nutraceuticals and Neurocognition, July 27-28, 2017, Rome, Italy 10th InternationalConference on Nutrition & Food SciencesMay 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan;IPA World Congress + Probiota AmericasJune 07-09 San Francisco;The global nutraceutical eventMay 09 - 11 2017 Geneva Switzerland; ICPVM 2017: 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics in Veterinary MedicineApril 8 - 9, 2017 Dubai, UAE; 5th WorldCongress on Targeting MicrobiotaOctober 2017 Paris, France; The International ScientificConference on Probiotics and PrebioticsJune 19 22 June 2017Budapest,Hungary;Probiotics Congress: USA October 3-4 2016 San Diego, USA; The 2ndProbiotics Congress: Asia Mar 1-2 2017 Hong Kong; ICPFPF 2017 : 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics, Functional and Pediatrics FoodsJuly 10 - 11, 2017 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICPFF 2017 : 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics and Functional FoodsMarch 9 - 10, 2017 Miami, USA.

12. Functional Foods

Overwhelming evidence from epidemiological, in vivo, in vitro, and clinical trial data indicates that a plant-based diet can reduce the risk of chronic disease, particularly cancer. In 1992, a review of 200 epidemiological studies showed that cancer risk in people consuming diets high in fruits and vegetables was only one-half that in those consuming few of these foods. It is now clear that there are components in a plant-based diet other than traditional nutrients that can reduce cancer risk. Functional foods containing physiologically-active components, either from plant or animal sources, may enhance health. It should be stressed, however, that functional foods are not a magic bullet or universal panacea for poor health habits. There are no good or bad foods, but there are good or bad diets. The range of food products containing probiotic strains is wide and still growing. The main products existing in the market are dairy-based ones including fermented milks, cheese, ice cream, buttermilk, milk powder, and yogurts, the latter accounting for the largest share of sales. The functional food market is expanding, especially in Japan its birthplace with further growth prospects in Europe and the United States and in most countries the largest share of its products is held by probiotics. Common foods containing probiotics include fermented and unfermented milk, miso, tempeh, and some juices, smoothies, nutrition bars, and soy drinks. The most common strains found in yogurt are L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus.

13. Beneficial aspects of Prebiotics

Prebiotics are non-digestible, fermentable carbohydrates and fibers, such as inulin-type frucans and galacto-oligosaccharides, which exhibit health promoting properties to host through selective stimulation of growth and/or activities of a limited number of bacteria (i.e., probiotics). Human milk contains substantial quantities of prebiotics. There is a paucity of Random Clinical Trials examining prebiotics in children, showing that there may be some long-term benefit of prebiotics for the prevention of atopic eczema and common infections in healthy infants for which confirmatory well-designed clinical research studies are necessary.

Related Conferences: 9thInternationalCongress on Nutrition & HealthFebruary 20-21, 2017 Berlin, Germany; 10thAnnualNutrition & Food Sciences CongressMay 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan; 11thEuropeanNutrition and Dietetics ConferenceJune 29- July 01, 2017 Madrid, Spain; 10thInternationalConference on Clinical Diabetes, Diabetes care & NutritionJuly 20-21, 2017 Chicago, USA; 13thWorldCongress on Advances in Natural Medicines, Nutraceuticals and Neurocognition, July 27-28, 2017, Rome, Italy 10th InternationalConference on Nutrition & Food SciencesMay 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan;IPA World Congress + Probiota AmericasJune 07-09 San Francisco;The global nutraceutical eventMay 09 - 11 2017 Geneva Switzerland; ICPVM 2017: 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics in Veterinary MedicineApril 8 - 9, 2017 Dubai, UAE; 5th WorldCongress on Targeting MicrobiotaOctober 2017 Paris, France; The International ScientificConference on Probiotics and PrebioticsJune 19 22 June 207Budapest,Hungary;Probiotics Congress: USA October 3-4 2016 San Diego, USA; The 2ndProbiotics Congress: Asia Mar 1-2 2017 Hong Kong; ICPFPF 2017 : 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics, Functional and Pediatrics FoodsJuly 10 - 11, 2017 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICPFF 2017 : 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics and Functional FoodsMarch 9 - 10, 2017 Miami, USA.

14. Regulation and Product Development

Depending on intended use of a probiotic (drug vs. dietary supplement), regulatory requirements differ greatly. If a probiotic is intended for use as a drug, then it must undergo the regulatory process as a drug, which is similar to that of any new therapeutic agent. Despite the promising evidence, the role of probiotics in human health as well as the safety of their application should be further investigated as the current knowledge of the characteristics that are necessary for their functionality in the gut is not complete. The factors that must be addressed in evaluating the effectiveness of the incorporation of the probiotic strains into such products are, besides safety, the compatibility of the product with the microorganism and the maintenance of its viability through food processing, packaging, and storage conditions. The products pH for instance is a significant factor determining the incorporated probiotics survival and growth, and this is one of the reasons why soft cheeses seem to have a number of advantages over yoghurt as delivery systems for viable probiotics to the gastrointestinal tract. Current technological innovations provide ways to overcome probiotic stability and viability issues offering new options for their incorporation in new media and subsequent satisfaction of the increasing consumer demand. The safety profile of a potential probiotic strain is of critical importance in the selection process. This testing should include the determination of strain resistance to a wide variety of common classes of antibiotics such as tetracyclines, quinolones and macrolides and subsequent confirmation of non-transmission of drug resistance genes or virulence plasmids. Evaluation should also take the end-product formulation into consideration because this can induce adverse effects in some subjects or negate the positive effects altogether. A better understanding of the potential mechanisms whereby probiotic organisms might cause adverse effects will help to develop effective assays that predict which strains might not be suitable for use in probiotic products.

Related Conferences: 9thInternationalCongress on Nutrition & HealthFebruary 20-21, 2017 Berlin, Germany; 10thAnnualNutrition & Food Sciences CongressMay 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan; 11thEuropeanNutrition and Dietetics ConferenceJune 29- July 01, 2017 Madrid, Spain; 10thInternationalConference on Clinical Diabetes, Diabetes care & NutritionJuly 20-21, 2017 Chicago, USA; 13thWorldCongress on Advances in Natural Medicines, Nutraceuticals and Neurocognition, July 27-28, 2017, Rome, Italy 10th InternationalConference on Nutrition & Food SciencesMay 29-31, 2017 Osaka, Japan;IPA World Congress + Probiota AmericasJune 07-09 San Francisco;The global nutraceutical eventMay 09 - 11 2017 Geneva Switzerland; ICPVM 2017: 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics in Veterinary MedicineApril 8 - 9, 2017 Dubai, UAE; 5th WorldCongress on Targeting MicrobiotaOctober 2017 Paris, France; The International ScientificConference on Probiotics and PrebioticsJune 19 22 June 2017Budapest,Hungary;Probiotics Congress: USA October 3-4 2016 San Diego, USA; The 2ndProbiotics Congress: Asia Mar 1-2 2017 Hong Kong; ICPFPF 2017 : 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics, Functional and Pediatrics FoodsJuly 10 - 11, 2017 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICPFF 2017 : 19th InternationalConference on Probiotics and Functional FoodsMarch 9 - 10, 2017 Miami, USA.

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Probiotics Conferences | Europe | Asia | USA | Middle East ...

UM Chemistry Department Achieves National Recognition For Diversity – HottyToddy.com

The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry has attracted several top female honors students to the program through its biochemistry emphasis. Photo by Robert Jordan/Ole Miss Communications Photo by Robert Jordan/Ole Miss Communications

Mixing people, like chemicals, can yield either victorious or violent results. The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Mississippi has done so successfully and recently was nationally recognized for its achievements.

The American Chemical Society presented the department with its Stanley C. Israel Regional Award for Advancing Diversity in the Chemical Sciences for the Southeastern Region. The department received a plaque and $1,000 to continue its efforts.

We are honored that the departments long-term and continued commitment to increasing diversity in a central STEM discipline has been recognized with this significant award, said Greg Tschumper, chair and professor of chemistry and biochemistry.

The nomination package submitted by the UM local section of ACS included a number of accolades, which were the direct result of the departments longstanding efforts to increase participation of women and underrepresented minorities in chemistry. Of particular note was the hiring of Davita Watkins, the departments first African-American woman as an assistant professor, in 2014.

Three recent African-American graduates, Margo Montgomery-Richardson, Kari Copeland and Shana Stoddard, were hired as assistant professors at Alcorn State University, Allen University and Rhodes College, respectively.

Also, a former summer program participant, Sharifa T. Love-Rutledge, who at the time was a Tougaloo College undergraduate, made history by becoming the first African-American woman to earn a chemistry degree at the University of Alabama.

Overall, five African-Americans and one Hispanic, three of whom are women, earned their chemistry doctorates from the Ole Miss chemistry department over a one-year period in 2012-13.

Other notable achievements include a graduate population that has maintained a 30 percent to 50 percent female and a 10 percent to 15 percent minority rate over the past five years and an undergraduate forensic chemistry program where 76 percent of the majors are women.

The department has vigorously adopted a number of new strategies to recruit underrepresented students into the chemistry program, said Nathan Hammer, associate professor of chemistry and biochemistry.

There is a new awards celebration, which, in 2015 alone, recognized 32 female undergraduate chemistry students. The department has implemented a welcome to school picnic for undergraduate chemistry students, which also has increased the number of women and minority chemistry majors.

Further, the department recently modified its ACS-accredited Bachelor of Science in Chemistry program to have an optional biochemistry emphasis to attract pre-med students, which resulted in women becoming nearly half those majors.

Katrina Caldwell, UM vice chancellor for diversity and community engagement, commended the department for its efforts and subsequent recognition.

Congratulations to the department for receiving this honor, Caldwell said. Your efforts will contribute greatly to the universitys demonstrated commitment to diversity and equity.

The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry has more than 500 undergraduate chemistry majors and nearly 50 graduate students. It offers Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, masters and doctoral degrees.

The UM local section of the ACS in north Mississippi encompasses 21 counties. The chapters goals focus on meaningful social and professional relationships between chemistry-related professionals including high school and college students, teachers at all levels of the chemical sciences and professional chemists.

For more information about the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, visit http://chemistry.olemiss.edu/.

By Edwin Smith

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UM Chemistry Department Achieves National Recognition For Diversity - HottyToddy.com

Biochemistry professor named Emerging Scholar – CSULA University Times

Dr. Cecilia Zurita-Lopez, Cal State LA assistant professor and biochemistry researcher, was awarded as a 2017 Emerging Scholar. As a researcher, she has made advances in detecting and modifying proteins which for improved disease detection.

Mimi Li, Staff Reporter February 24, 2017 Filed under News

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Dr. Cecilia Zurita-Lopez, a biochemistry faculty member at Cal State LA, is named one of the 2017 Emerging Scholars in Diverse: Issues in Higher Education for her research in biochemistry. She is featured alongside twelve other scholars for their academic achievements in higher education.

Growing up in La Puente, she studied biochemistry as an undergraduate student at Cal State LA. She attended graduate school at UCLA, focusing on biochemistry and molecular biology, and conducted postdoctoral research at Caltech and USC.

Zurita-Lopez was initially thinking about heading to medical school when she was in high school. This was during the time when her mother was diagnosed with breast cancer, so she had hoped to become a doctor to help cure patients. She also noticed that many of the medications that her mother was taking were for the purposes of reversing the side effects of others. Her mother passed away when she was an undergraduate student.

When I went to Cal State LA, that was my motivation, I thought I wanted to go to medical school, said Zurita-Lopez. And it wasnt until I realized that when you study biochemistry, you can design and do more work to contribute for better medical care. Unlike medical school, you also get to use your creativity to solve problems.

As a postdoctoral researcher at USC, she was a part of a biomedical engineering lab. She collaborated with other researchers to develop a light sensor to detect DNA and protein methylation. In detecting methylation, it is possible to detect cancer at its early stages. Unlike other types of detectors, the researchers measured methylation using changes in the wavelengths of light.

Her research in proteins can be applied to many diseases such as cancer and Alzheimers. In a disease state, she explains, proteins modifications are different and can often change each other incorrectly. In particular, she studies arginine methylation by enzymes called methyltransferases.

I think the long term goal for any researcher is to try to find cures but on a day to day, more than anything, we just want to understand whats happening in the cell, so even that, just to understand whats happening in a healthy cell versus a diseased cell, just to understand the rules would really help us, says Zurita-Lopez.

Zurita-Lopez is grateful to have come back to Cal State LA as an assistant professor since 2014. She enjoys mentoring students in her lab and seeing them excel in their educational pursuits as graduate students. Additionally, she contributes to the Minority Opportunities in Research Programs at Cal State LA.

My advice is not to give up! If you really like what youre doing and like what youre studying put in the time to study and to learn about careers, to make it a point to learn about all the opportunities that are out there, she says. There are many, many programs and internships for students in STEM, so I try to encourage my students to look for these opportunities because thats what makes them stand out and have an edge.

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Biochemistry professor named Emerging Scholar - CSULA University Times

Why some Penn students decide to graduate in three years – The Daily Pennsylvanian

Students find that graduating in three years can lead to more opportunities for graduate school and career exploration | Courtesy of Alexia Tragakes (left), Gabrielle Jackson (middle) and Cheewin Kittikunapong (right)

College is often referred to as the best four years of your life. But some students choose to graduate after just three.

College junior Gabrielle Jackson will be graduating this spring, even though she entered Penn as a member of the Class of 2018.

Jackson decided to graduate early after the completion of her sophomore year.

I originally went into the advising office by the end of my sophomore year to look into graduating in three and a half years or maybe submatriculating into Penn Law School, she said. But when I went, I was told that I was too far along to submatriculate into Penn Law and also that instead of graduating in three and a half years, I could just graduate in three.

Instead of completing her senior year of college, Jackson plans on working full-time.

Right now my main focus is finding a job, she said. Im planning on working for a few years and then going to grad school.

The cost of going to Penn for another year as opposed to making money was a major factor, she added.

While Penn does not encourage students to graduate early, Jackson says the University was generally accommodating.

One of the things that I wanted to deal with graduating early was that I wanted to walk with my class with the Class of 2018 as opposed to the Class of 2017, she said. And they were really helpful in making that possible.

Im definitely going to miss out on some of the senior traditions and on another year with my friends who are mostly juniors, she acknowledged. But at the same time, I think Im ready to leave and move on and go to the next step.

Wharton junior Alexia Tragakes also plans to graduate early in order to attend law school. But unlike Jackson, she hopes to enroll in the fall instead of taking time off to work.

Before Penn, I knew that I might want to go to law school, and I came into Penn with a lot of credits, she said.

Most of these credits came from her International Baccalaureate program in high school, with others transferring from summer courses she took.

I think it was towards the end of my freshman year that I realized that with all the credits that I managed to get approved, it was attainable to graduate in three years, and I knew that I wanted to go to law school and that would be the next step, she said.

College junior Cheewin Kittikunapong is graduating early for a different reason: He wants to study internationally next year.

Kittikunapong wants to travel outside of the United States and determined that doing so would be difficult as an undergraduate.

Say I went abroad during my junior year. Id probably have to squeeze in a lot of course units by my fourth year, or else I would need to take an extra semester here, he said.

After squeezing all of his credits into three years, Kittikunapong will pursue his masters degree in Europe, ideally in the United Kingdom, he said.

Another motivating factor for Kittikunapong was his disappointment in Penns biotechnology resources.

Im studying biology right now, but then I hoped to go into biotechnology, and I felt that the biotechnology scene here isnt as great as I hoped it would be, he said.

He hopes to pursue his masters somewhere that offers more opportunities in the field.

Kittikunapong felt that graduating in three years was a smooth process, but it depends on the organization of the individual.

I planned it out really carefully, he said, noting that he made the decision in the middle of his sophomore year.

I was doing a second major biology and biochemistry but then my current major advisor in biochemistry was not having it. He wanted me to stay for the fourth year and do a senior thesis or something, so I just figured that if I dropped biochemistry and just did biology, Id be able to do just three years, so I did that instead.

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Why some Penn students decide to graduate in three years - The Daily Pennsylvanian

How life survives: Researchers confirm basic mechanism of DNA repair – Phys.Org

February 7, 2017 by Mark Derewicz Credit: CC0 Public Domain

Day in and day out, in our bodies, the DNA in cells is damaged for a variety of reasons, and thus intercellular DNA-repair systems are fundamental to the maintenance of life. Now scientists from the UNC School of Medicine have confirmed and clarified key molecular details of one of these repair systems, known as nucleotide excision repair.

Using an advanced sequencing technique to map and analyze DNA damage, the scientists demonstrated the functions in bacterial cells of two important excision repair proteins: Mfd and UvrD.

"The biochemical mechanisms of these proteins have been known for years from experiments involving purified protein and DNA, and that's very important, but in this new work we've clarified these proteins' roles in living cells," said co-senior author Christopher P. Selby, PhD, research assistant professor of biochemistry and biophysics at UNC.

"Ultimately, this better understanding of bacterial DNA repair could be useful toward the development of antibacterial drugs," said co-senior author Aziz Sancar, MD, PhD, the Sarah Graham Kenan Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics at UNC.

The research publishes this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Sancar was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his research in the 1980s and early 1990s on excision repair in bacteria and in human cells. This repair process, which also occurs in animal cells, fixes one of the most common forms of DNA damage: the bulky adduct, an unwanted chemical modification of DNA typically caused by a toxin or ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

To study excision repair in cells, Sancar, Selby and colleagues recently developed a new technique, XR-seq, which allows investigators to isolate and sequence the small lengths of adduct-damaged DNA that are snipped from the genome during the excision repair process. Knowing the sequences of these DNA snippets allows their locations in the genome to be mapped precisely. They used this method first in 2015 to generate a UV repair map of the human genome, and in 2016 they used the XR-seq method to generate the damage and repair maps of the anticancer cisplatin drug for the entire human genome. Now they have applied this method to answer some fundamental questions about damage repair in E. coli with the potential of developing novel antibiotic drugs.

The un-sticker: Mfd

In this study, which was also led by postdoctoral research associate Ogun Adebali, PhD, the researchers focused largely on Mfd, a protein known from prior work by Sancar and Selby to have a special - and mechanistically unusual - role in excision repair in bacteria.

"I think Mfd is the most interesting protein in E. coli," Selby said. Here's why: When the DNA of a bacterial gene is being transcribed into RNA, and the molecular machinery of transcription gets stuck at a bulky adduct, Mfd appears on the scene, recruits other repair proteins that snip away the damaged section of DNA, and "un-sticks" the transcription machinery so that it can resume its work. This Mfd-guided process is called transcription-coupled repair, and it accounts for a much higher rate of excision repair on strands of DNA that are being actively transcribed.

Using XR-seq to map UV-induced damage in E. coli bacteria cells, the researchers found clear evidence of transcription-coupled repair in normal cells, but not in cells that lack Mfd, thus confirming the protein's role in the process.

The unwinder: UvrD

In further experiments, the researchers defined the role of an accessory excision repair protein in E. coli - UvrD, which helps clear away each excised segment of damaged DNA.

In the absence of UvrD, the excised piece of DNA remains bound to the chromosomal DNA, making it hard for cellular waste-disposal enzymes to chop it up. At the same time, the repair proteins that excised the strand tend to remain stuck to it, and are thus kept from moving on to excise other bits of damaged DNA. UvrD's job is to unwind these damaged and discarded strands from chromosomal DNA, so that they can be disposed of quickly and the associated repair proteins can go on to catalyze additional rounds of repair.

Using XR-seq on UV-damaged E. coli cells, the UNC team confirmed that without UvrD, excised DNA fragments remain stuck to chromosomal DNA, survive much longer in cells, and - by holding onto excision repair proteins - slow down the overall rate of excision repair in cells.

In addition to clarifying the roles of Mfd and UvrD, the research generally heralds the use of the new XR-seq technique in mapping and studying excision repair processes.

"XR-seq provides a new type of sequence data, and in this work we've provided for the first time a genome-wide map of excision repair in a bacterium," said Adebali. "We think this map will be broadly useful to the scientific community."

The researchers now plan further studies using XR-seq in bacterial cells, as well as in human and other mammalian cells where the process of excision repair is less understood.

Explore further: Researchers create DNA repair map of the entire human genome

More information: Ogun Adebali et al, Genome-wide transcription-coupled repair inis mediated by the Mfd translocase, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2017). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700230114

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How life survives: Researchers confirm basic mechanism of DNA repair - Phys.Org

Biochemistry department celebrates 50 years of interdisciplinary, scientific learning – The Wellesley News

The oldest interdepartmental program at Wellesley College, the biochemistry department (BIOC), celebrates its 50th anniversary this academic year. Founded during a time marked by dramatic discoveries in the life sciences, the department is today regarded as an interface between biology and chemistry. In light of its anniversary, the department has held two events thus far, including a kickoff event organized by Professor Don Elmore and the 4th Annual Biological Chemistry Research Retreat, which was incorporated into the celebrations.

The kickoff event, held on Dec. 13, 2016, featured panel discussions on the programs history with renowned Professors Mary Allen and Dot Widmayer, and Sonja Hicks, Professor Emerita. It also included talks by six recent alumnae: Shloka Ananthanarayanan 08, Eleanor Fleming 08, Kate Lipford 08, Natalya Maharaj 09, Tracy Wang 10 and Ruth Wangondu 07. The discussions covered various topics and perspectives related to revolutionizing research since the founding of the department at Wellesley.

To continue the celebration, the Research Retreat was held just before the beginning of the semester on Jan. 23, 2017. According to Professor T. Kaye Peterman, the director of the biochemistry department, the event was an opportunity for students to share their research with the community. It also featured a keynote address by renowned immunologist Sarah J. Schlesinger 81 on Dendritic Cells, HIV Vaccines and the Nobel Prize.

Peterman believes that BIOC is a deeply interdisciplinary field with emphasis especially on meaningful and independent undergraduate research. The discipline of biochemistry is a combination of both the physical and natural sciences. Wellesleys course offerings include classes on cellular physiology, a study of the activities that keep a cell alive, and biophysical chemistry, a study of the physical properties of biological macromolecules.

Peterman suggested that what sets this department apart from others is its ability to synthesize [the two subjects] into a unique exploration of biological structure and function at the macromolecular level. The department has explored new fields of study within biochemistry such as genomics, the study of genomes, and proteomics, the study of proteins. These disciplines continue to emerge and evolve with the help of independent research conducted by students and professors.

Like other science departments at Wellesley, the biochemistry curriculum emphasizes the need for future researchers to not only be familiar with laboratory work with complex instruments and computers, but also to have strong problem solving techniques, collaboration skills, awareness of ethical issues and the ability to think across disciplinary boundaries.

The department will continue the celebration this spring with several talks by prominent BIOC alumnae who have made impactful and lasting contributions to their fields. Details will be distributed when these events become finalized. In conjunction with the celebration of the departments 50th anniversary, students majoring in biochemistry have taken the opportunity to reflect on the discipline which they hope to concentrate in.

Hannah Jacobs 19, a sophomore considering the biochemistry major, says that she is interested in the major because it is both fascinating and challenging.

Its specialized, but it will give me a breadth of knowledge about biological systems, she said, in reference to the concentration. Jacobs advises that any students thinking of majoring in this area should plan ahead and take organic chemistry as soon as possible, as it will give [them] an idea whether the major is right for [them].

Catherine Xie 19, a sophomore double-majoring in biochemistry and French, stated that her inspiration to join this field came from her grandmother, Pan Huazhen, who was a biochemist in China. By attending summer research courses in high school and investigating subjects that interested her, she found her fascination for science.

Xie has also channeled her passion of science by being part of the organization BC2 which arranges both lectures and dessert series with professors and student research panels with current biochemistry majors. Although she wishes there were fewer requirements for the major and more flexibility in the types of courses, Xies favorite part of the department is hearing about all the amazing research that [the] faculty carries out on campus.

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Biochemistry department celebrates 50 years of interdisciplinary, scientific learning - The Wellesley News

Macquarie University – Department of Chemistry and …

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The Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences (CBMS) is a research intensive department of academics and students who study and teach chemistry and molecular cell sciences. The focus of our academics is at the exciting chemistry/biology interface, allowing our students to gain cross-disciplinary perspectives while developing discipline specific skills in chemistry and biomolecular sciences.

We apply this philosophy of studying molecules to cells to achieve a sustainable environment, understand health and disease, and advance new molecular technologies.

Research and teaching strength in CBMS includes analytical chemistry, biochemistry, biotechnology, cellular biology, medicinal chemistry, microbiology, molecular biology and genomics, Synthetic Biology, organic/inorganic synthesis, proteomics and protein chemistry, physical chemistry.

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Macquarie University - Department of Chemistry and ...

Biochemistry and Cell Biology – School of Pharmacy and …

Current research topics in the field of Biochemistry and Cell Biology include:

Due to the high incidence of both breast and prostate cancer, there is a growing need for a specific screening method for the early diagnosis and implementation of therapy. A better understanding of the pathogenic process in breast and prostate cancer will facilitate the identification of novel biomarkers for the early detection of these cancers. Endosomes and lysosomes are directly involved in the critical processes of energy metabolism, cell division and intracellular signalling, and may therefore have a direct role in cancer pathogenesis. The aim of our research is to investigate altered endosomal-lysosomal biogenesis in breast and prostate cancer. New knowledge on altered biogenesis of these organelles in cancer will be used to develop early diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.

This research is led by Dr Emma Parkinson-Lawrence and Professor Doug Brooks and carried out in collaboration with Dr Lisa Butler, Head, Molecular Therapeutics research group in the Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories (DRMCRL), at the University of Adelaide and Hanson Institute

If you are interested in this research please contact Dr Emma Parkinson-Lawrence or Prof Doug Brooks. Also see Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Diseases Research Group

Lysosomal storage disorders are a group of over 50 genetic diseases that are associated with devastating pathology, and more than two-thirds of patients are afflicted with progressive neurological dysfunction. Each disorder is caused by the dysfunction of either a lysosomal enzyme or a protein involved in lysosomal biogenesis. These defects lead to the accumulation of substrate that would normally be degraded in endosomelysosome organelles. The most common lysosomal storage disorder with neuropathology is mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA (MPS IIIA). While it is appreciated that intracellular accumulation of primary substrate ultimately leads to down-stream changes, the exact nature of the event(s) initiating a functional impairment in neurons of the brain is not known. The aim of our research is to investigate potential links between storage, altered intracellular trafficking and neuropathology in MPS IIIA.

This research is carried out in collaboration with Assoc Prof Damien Keating, Head, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Laboratory, Flinders University and Dr Kim Hemsley, Head, CNS Therapeutics Lysosomal Diseases Research Unit, SAHMRI.

If you are interested in this research please contact Dr Emma Parkinson-Lawrence or Prof Doug Brooks. Also see Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Diseases Research Group

Blood vessels are complex structures that are essential for the survival of all solid tissues including tumours.In recent years considerable research activity has focussed on identifying agents that may have anti-vascular potential, particularly if that applies to restricting the vascularisation and growth of tumours.

Venoms, especially those from snakes, contain a vast range of peptides and other compounds, some of which have proved to be pharmacologically useful.The most well-known of these are agents that reduce blood pressure but also more recently compounds from venom that influence blood coagulation and others that target endothelial cells are being investigated.

Studies in our laboratory have shown that venoms from Australian snakes also contain some of these compounds. However, the isolation of these molecules using traditional collection and separation techniques is problematic as venom composition can be variable and unpredictable. Our current research therefore involves a detailed study of the mechanisms that initiate and regulate venom production in vivo.To complement this work we are also exploring the development of an in vitro, immortalised venom cell culture model from snakes which will allow controlled studies into the molecular processes that underlie the expression and production of the range of venom components.

If you are interested in this research please contact Assoc Prof Tony Woods.

The emergence of pathogens which are becoming more virulent and resistant against drugs is an increasing public health problem. The available antibacterial treatments are becoming less and less effective, making urgent the discovery of new treatments and therapies. An emerging field of fighting infection is the targeting of bacterial iron acquisition. Iron is vital for the survival of pathogens as well as being an important constituent of virulence and biofilm formation. Ferrous iron is acquired by the Feo transporter. Despite the vital role of the Feo proteins in the survival and virulence of pathogens, our knowledge about this transporter system is still in its infancy.

This project aims to characterise the molecular mechanism of transport and regulation by the Feo proteins from the pathogen P. aeruginosa using molecular, biochemical and biophysical techniques.

A better understanding of the Feo system might help us devise inhibitors for this iron acquisition system and ultimately starve the pathogen from a vital nutrient as well as prevent the formation of highly drug resistant bacterial biofilms.

Keywords: pathogenic bacteria, membrane protein, iron transport, virulence

If you are interested in this research please contact Dr Rietie Venter.

See the article here:
Biochemistry and Cell Biology - School of Pharmacy and ...

Unit details – UWA Handbook 2016

Credit 6 points Offering (see Timetable) Availability Location Mode Semester 1 UWA (Perth) Face to face Details for undergraduate courses

Detailed content includes (1) role of DNA polymerases in DNA replication, tools of the molecular biologist, cloning, genetic recombination and DNA sequencing; (2) transcriptional regulation of genes, post-transcriptional processing and methods to quantify mRNA transcripts; (3) protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, control of protein synthesis, post-translational modifications, protein targeting and protein catabolism; and (4) proteins as enzymes, enzyme kinetics, enzymes as tools of discovery, proteolytic enzymes and antibodies as tools of discovery. The laboratories introduce students to modern technologies used in commercial and research laboratories, and include fundamental techniques, DNA hybridisation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme kinetics.

Supplementary assessment is not available in this unit except in the case of a bachelor's pass degree student who has obtained a mark of 45 to 49 overall and is currently enrolled in this unit, and it is the only remaining unit that the student must pass in order to complete their course.

Go here to read the rest:
Unit details - UWA Handbook 2016

Biochemistry and molecular biology – La Trobe University

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Biochemistry and molecular biology are where biology and chemistry meet.

Study cell and molecular biology, disease, cell death and ageing, immunology, biotechnology, DNA and protein chemistry, metabolism and drug and vaccine development. Our courses have lots of practical training and field trips.

Biochemistry and molecular biology can be taken as a major in the Bachelor of Bioscience or studied as part of manyother science degrees.

Students have access to some of the best teaching and research facilities in the world with the completion of the new $100 million LaTrobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS) building.

You will be prepared for a career in many areas related to biomedical research, molecular cell biology and biotechnology.

Our students find work in government organisations, research institutes and private industry.

NB: The ATARs published here are a guide, based on the most recent intake, and can change from year to year. These are Clearly-in ATARs, meaning applicants with scores equivalent to, or higher than the quoted ATAR, were made an offer.

In the first year of this degree, you'll explore the basics of animal, plant and microbial biology through the lenses of cell biology, genetics, evolution, biodiversity and ecology. In second and third year, you can specialise through a choice of majors including botany, microbiology, zoology, biochemistry or genetics.

You'll get plenty of hands-on experience in our labs or on field trips to diverse habitats across Victoria. You'll be exposed to cutting edge biological research via world-class research institutes (the La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science and Centre for AgriBiosciences) and you'll have access to the La Trobe Wildlife Sanctuary on our Melbourne Campus.

During your field excursions you'll learn techniques to survey animal and plant biodiversity. During lab classes you'll gain the skills to conduct scientific experiments and develop and present your own work.

Along with practical and theoretical classes, we'll help you prepare for the workplace through opportunities for paid work experience.

If you intend to apply only to La Trobe you can apply direct to the University until applications close in December. Late direct applications may be accepted.

Please note: VTAC applications cannot be withdrawn in order to submit a direct application. The same selection criteria and entry standards are applied to VTAC and direct applications.

To find out more about this course and studying at La Trobe: - ask us a question - chat online - visit our FAQ page - connect with us on Facebook, Twitter or Instagram - call us on 1300 135 045.

The delivery of this course can vary between campuses. For detailed information please select the relevant campus:

First year foundational science subjects focus on biology and chemistry. Second year subjects - biosciences, medical science, biochemistry, genetics, anatomy, physiology and microbiology - will lead you towards your third year specialisation and postgraduate studies.

You'll learn about the human body in health and sickness, and gain knowledge of medical biochemistry, microbiology, pharmacology, cell and molecular biology, anatomy, physiology, infectious diseases and neuroscience.

You'll discover the symptoms of disease, learn how to analyse scientific and medical data, and do practical lab work. Third year advanced biochemistry and medical sciences internships and lab courses give you more hands-on experience. We'll also show you how to read, research and interpret scientific publications and teach you to meaningfully convey scientific and biomedical science information in writing.

Through this degree, you'll have access to the La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science - our $100 million teaching and research facility. With our industry cadetship program, you can also gain workplace experience, building on your skills and industry connections.

First year students may be eligible for the Dean's Scholarship for Academic Excellence or other undergraduate scholarships. We also offer overseas study opportunities, including clinical placements and volunteering.

You can apply to study this course through our Hallmark Scholars Program. See the listing for Hallmark Course Group C for more details.

NB: Meeting minimum prerequisites does not guarantee an offer of a place. Entry into all La Trobe courses is based on competitive selection and there may be limited places available.

Selection may also be based on GPA or STAT Multiple Choice.

If you intend to apply only to La Trobe you can apply direct to the University until applications close in December. Late direct applications may be accepted.

Please note: VTAC applications cannot be withdrawn in order to submit a direct application. The same selection criteria and entry standards are applied to VTAC and direct applications.

To find out more about this course and studying at La Trobe: - ask us a question - book a one-on-one consultation - chat online - visit our FAQ page - connect with us on Facebook, Twitter or Instagram - call us on 1300 135 045.

The delivery of this course can vary between campuses. For detailed information please select the relevant campus:

Our law degree has a strong focus on global and social justice. You'll study the essential legal areas like criminal law, constitutional law and legal ethics. You'll also cover science-related topics such as intellectual property and medicine and the law. Visiting lecturers from high profile law firms will help you develop an understanding of dispute resolution and recent legal developments.

You'll have the opportunity to participate in additional studies including Honours in Laws, subjects from our Global Business Law program at the Master's level, and clinical practice in a law firm.

The science component of this degree can be tailored to your interests. Choose from a range of specialisations including botany, computer science, psychology, chemistry and physics, and get hands-on experience through lab studies and field trips.

Only the first two years of this course are offered in Bendigo. While it is possible to arrange long-distance learning, we recommend transferring to the Melbourne Campus to complete your degree with a wider selection of subjects. Law electives are also available in intensive delivery at Melbourne in summer and winter schools.

If you intend to apply only to La Trobe you can apply direct to the University until applications close in December. Late direct applications may be accepted.

Please note: VTAC applications cannot be withdrawn in order to submit a direct application. The same selection criteria and entry standards are applied to VTAC and direct applications.

To find out more about this course and studying at La Trobe: - ask us a question - chat online - visit our FAQ page - connect with us on Facebook, Twitter or Instagram - call us on 1300 135 045.

The delivery of this course can vary between campuses. For detailed information please select the relevant campus:

This is one of our most flexible degrees with up to 18 specialist areas to choose from including agricultural science, biochemistry, biomedical science, botany, chemistry, computer science, electronics, environmental geoscience, genetics, information technology, mathematics, nanotechnology, statistics, microbiology, physics, psychology and zoology.

During your first two years, you'll study a range of introductory subjects to give you a solid foundation in science and related disciplines. Students enrolled at our Albury-Wodonga Campus will transfer to Melbourne or Bendigo after completing first year.

In third year, you'll either select two science specialties or combine your science major with studies from another discipline, like business or engineering.

Throughout your course, you'll have access to purpose-built facilities including the La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science. You'll also have opportunities for work placements with organisations like the Department of Environment and Primary Industries and other businesses conducting research in biochemistry, chemistry and genetics.

Through our partnerships with education providers all over the world, you'll also have the opportunity to study abroad and gain knowledge of alternative scientific processes and practices.

You can apply to study this course at Bendigo or Melbourne Campus through our Hallmark Scholars Program.

NB: Meeting minimum prerequisites does not guarantee an offer of a place. Entry into all La Trobe courses is based on competitive selection and there may be limited places available.

If you intend to apply only to La Trobe you can apply direct to the University until applications close in December. Late direct applications may be accepted.

Please note: VTAC applications cannot be withdrawn in order to submit a direct application. The same selection criteria and entry standards are applied to VTAC and direct applications.

To find out more about this course and studying at La Trobe: - ask us a question - chat online - visit our FAQ page - connect with us on Facebook, Twitter or Instagram - call us on 1300 135 045.

The delivery of this course can vary between campuses. For detailed information please select the relevant campus:

In the first year of this degree, you'll explore the basics of animal, plant and microbial biology through the lenses of cell biology, genetics, evolution, biodiversity and ecology. In second and third year, you can specialise through a choice of majors including botany, microbiology, zoology, biochemistry or genetics.

You'll get plenty of hands-on experience in our labs or on field trips to diverse habitats across Victoria. You'll be exposed to cutting edge biological research via world-class research institutes (the La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science and Centre for AgriBiosciences) and you'll have access to the La Trobe Wildlife Sanctuary on our Melbourne Campus.

During your field excursions you'll learn techniques to survey animal and plant biodiversity. During lab classes you'll gain the skills to conduct scientific experiments and develop and present your own work.

Along with practical and theoretical classes, we'll help you prepare for the workplace through opportunities for paid work experience.

TOEFL Paper-based Test - a minimum overall score of 550 with a score of 5 or more in the Test of Written English;

TOEFL Internet-based Test - a minimum overall score of 60 with a minimum for SLR 18; W 22;

Satisfactory completion of the English for Further Studies Advanced Stage 5B (EFS5 UG minimum 60 per cent) which is available from La Trobe Melbourne; for more information please visit the La Trobe Melbourne website.

La Trobe Melbourne Foundation Studies: 60 per cent final result in a course;

English as the language of instruction in tertiary studies may be accepted. Please note: English as the language of instruction in previous study will not be accepted as a basis of admission (English) for courses where the approved test score requirement is above an IELTS 6.5 with no band score lower than 6.0.

Pearson Test of English (Academic) (PTE): a minimum score of 57 with no communicative skill score less than 50.

Cambridge Certificate of Advanced English (CAE): a grade of B or higher.

Cambridge Certificate of Proficiency in English (CPE): a pass grade of C or higher;

or approved international equivalent.

If you do not meet these entry requirements you might be interested in La Trobe's Foundation Studies and Diploma Programs, which provide an alternative pathway to La Trobe's undergraduate program. For more information please visit the La Trobe Melbourne website.

NB: The scores above are indicative only and may change based on the number of applications received and places available. Achieving the above listed scores does not guarantee an offer of a place.

The delivery of this course can vary between campuses. For detailed information please select the relevant campus:

First year foundational science subjects focus on biology and chemistry. Second year subjects - biosciences, medical science, biochemistry, genetics, anatomy, physiology and microbiology - will lead you towards your third year specialisation and postgraduate studies.

You'll learn about the human body in health and sickness, and gain knowledge of medical biochemistry, microbiology, pharmacology, cell and molecular biology, anatomy, physiology, infectious diseases and neuroscience.

You'll discover the symptoms of disease, learn how to analyse scientific and medical data, and do practical lab work. Third year advanced biochemistry and medical sciences internships and lab courses give you more hands-on experience. We'll also show you how to read, research and interpret scientific publications and teach you to meaningfully convey scientific and biomedical science information in writing.

Through this degree, you'll have access to the La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science - our $100 million teaching and research facility. With our industry cadetship program, you can also gain workplace experience, building on your skills and industry connections.

First year students may be eligible for the Dean's Scholarship for Academic Excellence or other undergraduate scholarships. We also offer overseas study opportunities, including clinical placements and volunteering.

You can apply to study this course through our Hallmark Scholars Program. See the listing for Hallmark Course Group C for more details.

TOEFL Paper-based Test - a minimum overall score of 550 with a score of 5 or more in the Test of Written English;

TOEFL Internet-based Test - a minimum overall score of 60 with a minimum for SLR 18; W 22;

Satisfactory completion of the English for Further Studies Advanced Stage 5B (EFS5 UG minimum 60 per cent) which is available from La Trobe Melbourne; for more information please visit the La Trobe Melbourne website.

La Trobe Melbourne Foundation Studies: 60 per cent final result in a course;

English as the language of instruction in tertiary studies may be accepted. Please note: English as the language of instruction in previous study will not be accepted as a basis of admission (English) for courses where the approved test score requirement is above an IELTS 6.5 with no band score lower than 6.0.

Pearson Test of English (Academic) (PTE): a minimum score of 57 with no communicative skill score less than 50.

Cambridge Certificate of Advanced English (CAE): a grade of B or higher.

Cambridge Certificate of Proficiency in English (CPE): a pass grade of C or higher;

or approved international equivalent.

If you do not meet these entry requirements you might be interested in La Trobe's Foundation Studies and Diploma Programs, which provide an alternative pathway to La Trobe's undergraduate program. For more information please visit the La Trobe Melbourne website.

NB: The scores above are indicative only and may change based on the number of applications received and places available. Achieving the above listed scores does not guarantee an offer of a place.

Please apply through VTAC if youre completing your VCE or International Baccalaureate (IB) in Victoria, or apply through UAC if youre completing your HSC or IB in New South Wales.

A limited number of La Trobe College Excellence Scholarships are available, offering up to 25% reduction on your postgraduate course fees. Learn More

The delivery of this course can vary between campuses. For detailed information please select the relevant campus:

Our law degree has a strong focus on global and social justice. You'll study the essential legal areas like criminal law, constitutional law and legal ethics. You'll also cover science-related topics such as intellectual property and medicine and the law. Visiting lecturers from high profile law firms will help you develop an understanding of dispute resolution and recent legal developments.

You'll have the opportunity to participate in additional studies including Honours in Laws, subjects from our Global Business Law program at the Master's level, and clinical practice in a law firm.

The science component of this degree can be tailored to your interests. Choose from a range of specialisations including botany, computer science, psychology, chemistry and physics, and get hands-on experience through lab studies and field trips.

Only the first two years of this course are offered in Bendigo. While it is possible to arrange long-distance learning, we recommend transferring to the Melbourne Campus to complete your degree with a wider selection of subjects. Law electives are also available in intensive delivery at Melbourne in summer and winter schools.

TOEFL Paper-based Test: minimum score of 575 (minimum score of 5 in the Test of Written English).

TOEFL Internet-based Test: minimum score of 80 with minimum overall for SLR 18; W 22.

La Trobe Melbourne (ELICOS): completion of English for Further Studies Advanced Stage 5B Certificate at postgraduate (EFS5 (70 per cent) PG1) level. For more information please visit the La Trobe Melbourne website.

La Trobe Melbourne Foundation Studies: 70 per cent final result in a course.

English as the language of instruction in tertiary studies may be accepted. Please note: English as the language of instruction in previous study will not be accepted as a basis of admission (English) for courses where the approved test score requirement is above an IELTS 6.5 with no band score lower than 6.0.

Pearson Test of English (Academic) (PTE): minimum score of 64 with no communicative skill score less than 59.

Cambridge Certificate of Advanced English (CAE): a grade of B or higher.

Cambridge Certificate of Proficiency in English (CPE): a grade of C or higher.

or approved international equivalent.

If you do not meet these entry requirements you might be interested in La Trobe's Foundation Studies and Diploma Programs, which provide an alternative pathway to La Trobe's undergraduate program. For more information please visit the La Trobe Melbourne website. NB: The scores above are indicative only and may change based on the number of applications received and places available. Achieving the above listed scores does not guarantee an offer of a place.

Go here to see the original:
Biochemistry and molecular biology - La Trobe University

Postgraduate Biochemistry & Molecular Biology | Degrees …

Why study Biochemistry and molecular biology?

Our postgraduate biochemistry and molecular biology program has options for a variety of career paths and study interests. We offer advanced training in biotechnology and molecular biology at Masters-level. We also provide laboratory-based training including data management and a research-based component that is a pathway to PhD studies. We have an extensive PhD program where students are supervised by world leading research staff in state-of- the art laboratories.

The strength in research in this area is demonstrated by the 2012 Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA) ratings. In Biochemistry and Cell Biology, La Trobe was one of only two universities whose research output was rated well above world standard (achieving the maximum score of 5).

Students have access to some of the best teaching and research facilities in the world with the La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS) building. LIMS focuses on training researchers to turn molecular science, biotechnology and nanotechnology research into medical solutions.

See the Research tab for information about Master's by research, or PhD.

As a La Trobe graduate you may be eligible for our 10% Alumni Advantage when you apply for a full-fee postgraduate coursework program.

Graduates are prepared for careers in many aspects related to biomedical research, molecular cell biology and biotechnology.

NB: The ATARs published here are a guide, based on the most recent intake, and can change from year to year. These are Clearly-in ATARs, meaning applicants with scores equivalent to, or higher than the quoted ATAR, were made an offer.

To find out more about this course and studying at La Trobe: - ask us a question - book a one-on-one consultation - chat online - visit our FAQ page - connect with us on Facebook, Twitter or Instagram - call us on 1300 135 045.

A limited number of La Trobe College Excellence Scholarships are available, offering up to 25% reduction on your postgraduate course fees. Learn More

The delivery of this course can vary between campuses. For detailed information please select the relevant campus:

Our highly-regarded course offers hands-on, technique-intensive learning, with a strong research focus aimed to equip you with the skills necessary to work in the sector. The curriculum covers key elements of biotechnology and the manipulation of molecular biological data.

The course offers you the opportunity to carry out a full year of laboratory-based research and participate in multiple weekly practicals. You'll spend between 25 and 30 hours in the lab each week during your second year.

Biotechnology is becoming increasingly central to a variety of industries, including medicine, diagnostics, agriculture, environmental protection, food technology and renewable resources technology. When you graduate you'll be prepared for work in molecular biology, biochemistry, bioinformatics and biotechnology, in business and research throughout the world.

Our graduates are working as biotechnologists and technicians at DTS Food Laboratories and Clonal Solutions Australia. They're also working as R and D scientists at biopharmaceutical company CSL Biotherapies and CSIRO. Many of our graduates go on to do further research and work as academics.

You'll also have the flexibility to exit with a Graduate Diploma in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics after completing the first year. If you are an international student and decide to go on to complete a PhD you may be eligible for a scholarship that covers your course fee.

To find out more about this course and studying at La Trobe: - ask us a question - book a one-on-one consultation - chat online - visit our FAQ page - connect with us on Facebook, Twitter or Instagram - call us on 1300 135 045.

A limited number of La Trobe College Excellence Scholarships are available, offering up to 25% reduction on your postgraduate course fees. Learn More

The delivery of this course can vary between campuses. For detailed information please select the relevant campus:

Methods of application vary from course to course. Please see the course entry above for details of how to apply for the course you are interested in.

Some postgraduate courses are fee-paying which means that you pay the full cost of the course (FEE-HELP is available). Others offer Commonwealth Supported Places (CSP) where the Commonwealth Government subsidises the cost of your course and you pay a contribution (HECS-HELP is available).

Students enrolled for certain postgraduate coursework programs may be eligible for student income support.

TOEFL Paper-based Test: minimum score of 575 (minimum score of 5 in the Test of Written English).

TOEFL Internet-based Test: minimum score of 80 with minimum overall for SLR 18; W 22.

La Trobe Melbourne (ELICOS): Completion of the English for Further Studies Advanced Stage 6B at La Trobe Melbourne with minimum 60 per cent overall and 60 per cent in final exam. For more information please visit the La Trobe Melbourne website.

English as the language of instruction in tertiary studies may be accepted. Please note: English as the language of instruction in previous study will not be accepted as a basis of admission (English) for courses where the approved test score requirement is above an IELTS 6.5 with no band score lower than 6.0.

Pearson Test of English (Academic) (PTE): minimum score of 64 with no communicative skill score less than 59.

Cambridge Certificate of Advanced English (CAE): a grade of B or higher.

Cambridge Certificate of Proficiency in English (CPE): a grade of C or higher.

Or approved international equivalent.

A limited number of La Trobe College Excellence Scholarships are available, offering up to 25% reduction on your postgraduate course fees. Learn More

The delivery of this course can vary between campuses. For detailed information please select the relevant campus:

Our highly-regarded course offers hands-on, technique-intensive learning, with a strong research focus aimed to equip you with the skills necessary to work in the sector. The curriculum covers key elements of biotechnology and the manipulation of molecular biological data.

The course offers you the opportunity to carry out a full year of laboratory-based research and participate in multiple weekly practicals. You'll spend between 25 and 30 hours in the lab each week during your second year.

Biotechnology is becoming increasingly central to a variety of industries, including medicine, diagnostics, agriculture, environmental protection, food technology and renewable resources technology. When you graduate you'll be prepared for work in molecular biology, biochemistry, bioinformatics and biotechnology, in business and research throughout the world.

Our graduates are working as biotechnologists and technicians at DTS Food Laboratories and Clonal Solutions Australia. They're also working as R and D scientists at biopharmaceutical company CSL Biotherapies and CSIRO. Many of our graduates go on to do further research and work as academics.

You'll also have the flexibility to exit with a Graduate Diploma in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics after completing the first year. If you are an international student and decide to go on to complete a PhD you may be eligible for a scholarship that covers your course fee.

TOEFL Paper-based Test: minimum score of 575 (minimum score of 5 in the Test of Written English).

TOEFL Internet-based Test: minimum score of 80 with minimum overall for SLR 18; W 22.

La Trobe Melbourne (ELICOS): Completion of the English for Further Studies Advanced Stage 6B at La Trobe Melbourne with minimum 60 per cent overall and 60 per cent in final exam. For more information please visit the La Trobe Melbourne website.

English as the language of instruction in tertiary studies may be accepted. Please note: English as the language of instruction in previous study will not be accepted as a basis of admission (English) for courses where the approved test score requirement is above an IELTS 6.5 with no band score lower than 6.0.

Pearson Test of English (Academic) (PTE): minimum score of 64 with no communicative skill score less than 59.

Cambridge Certificate of Advanced English (CAE): a grade of B or higher.

Cambridge Certificate of Proficiency in English (CPE): a grade of C or higher.

Or approved international equivalent.

A limited number of La Trobe College Excellence Scholarships are available, offering up to 25% reduction on your postgraduate course fees. Learn More

The delivery of this course can vary between campuses. For detailed information please select the relevant campus:

Enquire now about any course for international students or find out how to apply.

Estimated fees for international students are indicated for each course above. Fees are indicative only and set at 120 credit points per course, unless otherwise stated, and may vary depending on the number of credit points in which students enrol. Some courses may vary in credit point load and fees will be adjusted accordingly.

There is also a range of scholarships available for international students to assist students.

As a La Trobe student, you can broaden your horizons by studying overseas with one of our global exchange partners. We have partnerships with more than 100 universities in over 30 countries throughout Asia, Europe and North and South America.

You'll get to meet a large number of academic staff during your studies, from tutors through to lecturers and supervisors. View staff in Biochemistry and molecular biology.

Originally posted here:
Postgraduate Biochemistry & Molecular Biology | Degrees ...

Laboratory Assistant – Biochemistry (Bowen Hills Laboratory)

Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology is one of the largest pathology practices in Australia, providing comprehensive services to patients and doctors over a geographic area throughout Queensland and New South Wales and employing more than 2000 people.

Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology services the Brisbane metropolitan area and regional areas extending as far north as Cairns and south to Coffs Harbour.

Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology has an exciting opportunity for a permanent full-time Laboratory Assistant - Biochemistry to work from their new Bowen Hills laboratory in Brisbane.

The work will involve sample sorting and processing in the pre-analytical area of the laboratory.

Some of the more specific responsibilities of the position will include:

To be successful in this role, you'll have excellent communication and organisational skills as well as a high attention to detail to enable maximum accuracy of processing. Previous relevant laboratory experience highly regarded, but not essential.

This is a perfect role for an enthusiastic individual who has a flexible approach to their work as you will be required to work rostered shifts. The rotating roster involves shifts over a 24 hour period, along with weekend shifts and public holidays when fully trained.

You will also require good keyboard skills and the ability to work as a team member in this busy department.

The high level of service provided by Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology is delivered by a dedicated staff comprising of pathologists, scientists, technicians, laboratory assistants, collection personnel, couriers, computer personnel, pathology services assistants and other support staff.

The Bowen Hills laboratory is well-situated for access to nearby public transport.

The successful candidate will enjoy a competitive remuneration packageranging from $19.40 - $24.74 per hour.

In addition, permanent employees enjoy the following benefits:

Please note: Applications close Friday, 18th November.

More:
Laboratory Assistant - Biochemistry (Bowen Hills Laboratory)

GRE biochemistry, practice test for gre subject test in …

GRE is a registered trademark of the Educational Testing Service (ETS), which is not affiliated with or endorsing this websites or contents of this sites.

Who takes GRE(R) Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology: GRE biochemistry is designed for all students who wish to enter a graduate program in biology major and related majors such as biochemistry (includes environmental biochemistry), molecular biology, genetics, neuroscience, biotechnology, etc.

What is GRE(R) biochemistry: - Examines 1)biochemistry, 2) cell & molec. biology, & 3) genetics. - Paper-based test, composed of 180 multiple choice questions. - 119 multiple choice questrions, 26 matching questions and 35 lab questions. - 1/4 of your wrong answers will be subtracted from your score (no subtraction for unanswered ones).

Average score: 518 points

Prep e-materials:

Test taking strategy for GRE(R) biochemistry:

You don't have to study and memorize all the topics covered in biochemistry, cell bio., and genetics. For example, the test will not ask you to answer the name of diseases caused by a mutation of specific genes. There are major hot topics that are always asked in the test whereas some topics are asked only rarely.

You don't have to read through thousands of pages over months. Just study what you need to study for the exam. We teach you what you need to study. All the necessary information included in this 'GRE Bichemistry Strategy.' (This 'GRE biochemistry Strategy' is included in the GRE biochemistry studying package!)

GRE(R) Biochemistry Practice Tests:

The level of the practice questions is finely designed to be equivalent or slightly more difficult than that of the real test. So you will find the real test easy after you complete these sample tests. Probably, you have already seen several other similar materials and the sample test provided by ETS.

Unfortunately, the most frequent comments given by those who used these materials is that the real exam is a lot harder than these materials. This does not happen if you use the GRE biochemistry practice tests provided by GREniochemistry.org. All the questions are designed by real experts on biochemistry, and that's why we can assure the quality of our materials. (all of these 4 e-booklets are included in the GRE Biochemistry studying package!)

GRE Biochemistry

Read this article:
GRE biochemistry, practice test for gre subject test in ...

Molecular biology – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Molecular biology concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between biomolecules in the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA and proteins and their biosynthesis, as well as the regulation of these interactions.[1][2] Writing in Nature in 1961, William Astbury described molecular biology as:

"...not so much a technique as an approach, an approach from the viewpoint of the so-called basic sciences with the leading idea of searching below the large-scale manifestations of classical biology for the corresponding molecular plan. It is concerned particularly with the forms of biological molecules and [...] is predominantly three-dimensional and structuralwhich does not mean, however, that it is merely a refinement of morphology. It must at the same time inquire into genesis and function."[3]

Researchers in molecular biology use specific techniques native to molecular biology but increasingly combine these with techniques and ideas from genetics and biochemistry. There is not a defined line between these disciplines. The figure to the right is a schematic that depicts one possible view of the relationship between the fields:

Much of the work in molecular biology is quantitative, and recently much work has been done at the interface of molecular biology and computer science in bioinformatics and computational biology. As of the early 2000s, the study of gene structure and function, molecular genetics, has been among the most prominent sub-field of molecular biology.Increasingly many other loops of biology focus on molecules, either directly studying their interactions in their own right such as in cell biology and developmental biology, or indirectly, where the techniques of molecular biology are used to infer historical attributes of populations or species, as in fields in evolutionary biology such as population genetics and phylogenetics. There is also a long tradition of studying biomolecules "from the ground up" in biophysics.[citation needed]

Since the late 1950s and early 1960s, molecular biologists have learned to characterize, isolate, and manipulate the molecular components of cells and organisms.

These components include DNA, the repository of genetic information; RNA, a close relative of DNA whose functions range from serving as a temporary working copy of DNA to actual structural and enzymatic functions as well as a functional and structural part of the translational apparatus, the ribosome; and proteins, the major structural and enzymatic type of molecule in cells.[citation needed]

One of the most basic techniques of molecular biology to study protein function is molecular cloning. In this technique, DNA coding for a protein of interest is cloned (using PCR and/or restriction enzymes) into a plasmid (known as an expression vector). A vector has 3 distinctive features: an origin of replication, a multiple cloning site (MCS), and a selective marker (usually antibiotic resistance). The origin of replication will have promoter regions upstream from the replication/transcription start site.

This plasmid can be inserted into either bacterial or animal cells. Introducing DNA into bacterial cells can be done by transformation (via uptake of naked DNA), conjugation (via cell-cell contact) or by transduction (via viral vector). Introducing DNA into eukaryotic cells, such as animal cells, by physical or chemical means is called transfection. Several different transfection techniques are available, such as calcium phosphate transfection, electroporation, microinjection and liposome transfection. DNA can also be introduced into eukaryotic cells using viruses or bacteria as carriers, the latter is sometimes called bactofection and in particular uses Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The plasmid may be integrated into the genome, resulting in a stable transfection, or may remain independent of the genome, called transient transfection.

In either case, DNA coding for a protein of interest is now inside a cell, and the protein can now be expressed. A variety of systems, such as inducible promoters and specific cell-signaling factors, are available to help express the protein of interest at high levels. Large quantities of a protein can then be extracted from the bacterial or eukaryotic cell. The protein can be tested for enzymatic activity under a variety of situations, the protein may be crystallized so its tertiary structure can be studied, or, in the pharmaceutical industry, the activity of new drugs against the protein can be studied.

Polymerase chain reaction is an extremely versatile technique for copying DNA. In brief, PCR allows a specific DNA sequence to be copied or modified in predetermined ways. The reaction is extremely powerful and under perfect conditions could amplify 1 DNA molecule to become 1.07 Billion molecules in less than 2 hours. The PCR technique can be used to introduce restriction enzyme sites to ends of DNA molecules, or to mutate (change) particular bases of DNA, the latter is a method referred to as site-directed mutagenesis. PCR can also be used to determine whether a particular DNA fragment is found in a cDNA library. PCR has many variations, like reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) for amplification of RNA, and, more recently, quantitative PCR which allow for quantitative measurement of DNA or RNA molecules.

Gel electrophoresis is one of the principal tools of molecular biology. The basic principle is that DNA, RNA, and proteins can all be separated by means of an electric field and size. In agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA and RNA can be separated on the basis of size by running the DNA through an electrically charged agarose gel. Proteins can be separated on the basis of size by using an SDS-PAGE gel, or on the basis of size and their electric charge by using what is known as a 2D gel electrophoresis.

The terms northern, western and eastern blotting are derived from what initially was a molecular biology joke that played on the term Southern blotting, after the technique described by Edwin Southern for the hybridisation of blotted DNA. Patricia Thomas, developer of the RNA blot which then became known as the northern blot, actually didn't use the term.[4] Further combinations of these techniques produced such terms as southwesterns (protein-DNA hybridizations), northwesterns (to detect protein-RNA interactions) and farwesterns (protein-protein interactions), all of which are presently found in the literature.

Named after its inventor, biologist Edwin Southern, the Southern blot is a method for probing for the presence of a specific DNA sequence within a DNA sample. DNA samples before or after restriction enzyme (restriction endonuclease) digestion are separated by gel electrophoresis and then transferred to a membrane by blotting via capillary action. The membrane is then exposed to a labeled DNA probe that has a complement base sequence to the sequence on the DNA of interest. Most original protocols used radioactive labels; however, non-radioactive alternatives are now available. Southern blotting is less commonly used in laboratory science due to the capacity of other techniques, such as PCR, to detect specific DNA sequences from DNA samples. These blots are still used for some applications, however, such as measuring transgene copy number in transgenic mice, or in the engineering of gene knockout embryonic stem cell lines.

The northern blot is used to study the expression patterns of a specific type of RNA molecule as relative comparison among a set of different samples of RNA. It is essentially a combination of denaturing RNA gel electrophoresis, and a blot. In this process RNA is separated based on size and is then transferred to a membrane that is then probed with a labeled complement of a sequence of interest. The results may be visualized through a variety of ways depending on the label used; however, most result in the revelation of bands representing the sizes of the RNA detected in sample. The intensity of these bands is related to the amount of the target RNA in the samples analyzed. The procedure is commonly used to study when and how much gene expression is occurring by measuring how much of that RNA is present in different samples. It is one of the most basic tools for determining at what time, and under what conditions, certain genes are expressed in living tissues.

Antibodies to most proteins can be created by injecting small amounts of the protein into an animal such as a mouse, rabbit, sheep, or donkey (polyclonal antibodies) or produced in cell culture (monoclonal antibodies). These antibodies can be used for a variety of analytical and preparative techniques.

In western blotting, proteins are first separated by size, in a thin gel sandwiched between two glass plates in a technique known as SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). The proteins in the gel are then transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), nitrocellulose, nylon, or other support membrane. This membrane can then be probed with solutions of antibodies. Antibodies that specifically bind to the protein of interest can then be visualized by a variety of techniques, including colored products, chemiluminescence, or autoradiography. Often, the antibodies are labeled with enzymes. When a chemiluminescent substrate is exposed to the enzyme it allows detection. Using western blotting techniques allows not only detection but also quantitative analysis. Analogous methods to western blotting can be used to directly stain specific proteins in live cells or tissue sections. However, these immunostaining methods, such as FISH, are used more often in cell biology research.

The Eastern blotting technique is used to detect post-translational modification of proteins.[5] Proteins blotted on to the PVDF or nitrocellulose membrane are probed for modifications using specific substrates.

A DNA microarray is a collection of spots attached to a solid support such as a microscope slide where each spot contains one or more single-stranded DNA oligonucleotide fragment. Arrays make it possible to put down large quantities of very small (100 micrometre diameter) spots on a single slide. Each spot has a DNA fragment molecule that is complementary to a single DNA sequence (similar to Southern blotting). A variation of this technique allows the gene expression of an organism at a particular stage in development to be qualified (expression profiling). In this technique the RNA in a tissue is isolated and converted to labeled cDNA. This cDNA is then hybridized to the fragments on the array and visualization of the hybridization can be done. Since multiple arrays can be made with exactly the same position of fragments they are particularly useful for comparing the gene expression of two different tissues, such as a healthy and cancerous tissue. Also, one can measure what genes are expressed and how that expression changes with time or with other factors. For instance, the common baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, contains about 7000 genes; with a microarray, one can measure qualitatively how each gene is expressed, and how that expression changes, for example, with a change in temperature. There are many different ways to fabricate microarrays; the most common are silicon chips, microscope slides with spots of ~ 100 micrometre diameter, custom arrays, and arrays with larger spots on porous membranes (macroarrays). There can be anywhere from 100 spots to more than 10,000 on a given array. Arrays can also be made with molecules other than DNA. For example, an antibody array can be used to determine what proteins or bacteria are present in a blood sample.

Allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) is a technique that allows detection of single base mutations without the need for PCR or gel electrophoresis. Short (20-25 nucleotides in length), labeled probes are exposed to the non-fragmented target DNA. Hybridization occurs with high specificity due to the short length of the probes and even a single base change will hinder hybridization. The target DNA is then washed and the labeled probes that didn't hybridize are removed. The target DNA is then analyzed for the presence of the probe via radioactivity or fluorescence. In this experiment, as in most molecular biology techniques, a control must be used to ensure successful experimentation. The Illumina Methylation Assay is an example of a method that takes advantage of the ASO technique to measure one base pair differences in sequence.[citation needed]

In molecular biology, procedures and technologies are continually being developed and older technologies abandoned. For example, before the advent of DNA gel electrophoresis (agarose or polyacrylamide), the size of DNA molecules was typically determined by rate sedimentation in sucrose gradients, a slow and labor-intensive technique requiring expensive instrumentation; prior to sucrose gradients, viscometry was used. Aside from their historical interest, it is often worth knowing about older technology, as it is occasionally useful to solve another new problem for which the newer technique is inappropriate.

While molecular biology was established in the 1930s, the term was coined by Warren Weaver in 1938. Weaver was the director of Natural Sciences for the Rockefeller Foundation at the time and believed that biology was about to undergo a period of significant change given recent advances in fields such as X-ray crystallography. He therefore channeled significant amounts of (Rockefeller Institute) money into biological fields.

Clinical research and medical therapies arising from molecular biology are partly covered under gene therapy[citation needed]. The use of molecular biology or molecular cell biology approaches in medicine is now called molecular medicine. Molecular biology also plays important role in understanding formations, actions, and regulations of various parts of cells which can be used to efficiently target new drugs, diagnosis disease, and understand the physiology of the cell.

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Molecular biology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Chem4Kids.com: Biochemistry: Enzymes

We have a whole section where we tell you about reactions and the molecules that change in those reactions. Chemical bonds are being created and destroyed over a series of many intermediate reactions. Those changes rarely happen on their own when you look at biological systems.

Will a blob of protein in a Petri dish simply break down into amino acids? No. To break a protein down into its amino acids you will need enzymes. Enzymes are biological molecules (proteins) that act as catalysts and help complex reactions occur everywhere in life. Lets say you ate a piece of meat. Proteases would go to work and help break down the peptide bonds between the amino acids.

Will all enzymes break down all substances? No. Enzymes are very specific catalysts and usually work to complete one task. An enzyme that helps digest proteins will not be useful to break down carbohydrates. Also, you will not find all enzymes everywhere in the body. That would be inefficient. There are unique enzymes in neural cells, intestinal cells, and your saliva.

The robot that was designed to move a car door can't put brakes on the car. The specialized robot arms just can't do the job. Enzymes are the same. They can only work with specific molecules and only do specific tasks. Because they are so specific, their structure is very important. If only one amino acid of the enzyme is messed up, the enzyme might not work. It would be as if someone unplugged one of the cords in a robot.

For example, some herbicides are used to block plant enzyme activity. A tiny herbicide molecule can attach to the active site of an enzyme and stop it from working. Plants have adapted by changing one or two amino acids in their enzymes. They adjust their structure, are able to continue working, and the herbicide can no longer limit the enzyme.

2. The enzyme grabs on to the substrate at a special area called the active site. The combination is called the enzyme/substrate complex. Enzymes are very, very specific and don't just grab on to any molecule. The active site is a specially shaped area of the enzyme that fits around the substrate. The active site is like the grasping claw of the robot on the assembly line. It can only pick up one or two parts.

3. A process called catalysis happens. Catalysis is when the substrate is changed. It could be broken down or combined with another molecule to make something new. It will break or build chemical bonds. When done, you will have the enzyme/products complex.

4. The enzyme releases the product. When the enzyme lets go, it returns to its original shape. It is then ready to work on another molecule of substrate.

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Chem4Kids.com: Biochemistry: Enzymes

Biochemistry Graduate Programs & Schools

Biochemistry Graduate Programs analyze what happens at the molecular levels. With so many advances in the field, students might take part in, or learn about, innovative research in dynamic areas such as genetic engineering, agriculture, pharmacology, veterinary medicine, and biotechnology.

Biochemistry graduate programs offer a rigorous and broad-based curriculum of research and coursework that could lead to a Master of Science (MS) or Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree.

Most programs include a set of core topics that provide a great foundation in biomedical sciences. These may serve as a framework for advanced study in more focused areas.

A diverse and dynamic array of faculty mentors might take part in a given program to represent research areas such as drug discovery, cancer biology, HIV and more. Classes might be taught in a lecture format that could be followed by interactive group discussions on selected topics.

Conference sessions might also be held at intervals. These could provide a chance for students to integrate lecture material. Also, to apply knowledge to solve problems, generate hypotheses, design experiments, and interpret experimental data.

Graduate biochemistry students often spend time in the laboratory to supplement advanced courses. This blend of theory and practice allows students to explore areas such as cell development, growth, heredity, and disease more deeply. Lab work could help students learn to design and conduct experiments that test out theories or lead to discoveries.

A variety of program emphases could help students to zero in on a professionally meaningful topic to anchor their research interests. Also, through intensive science courses and experimentation, students might gain key skills as problem solvers, critical

thinkers, and effective communicators.i

Each biochemistry graduate school has its own set of standards and required components of a completed application. Below are a few things to look for, though individual schools should be the ultimate reference point.

The word biochemistry is the sum of two parts: (1) biology and (2) chemistry. Biochemistry is an active and laboratory-based branch of science that explores the chemical processes within and related to living organisms. Biochemists actually use their knowledge of chemistry and its techniques to solve problems in biology.

Biochemistrys focus is on what is going on inside our cells and therefore, puts under a microscope, components like proteins, lipids and organelles. It also looks at how cells communicate with each other, for example during growth or when we fight an illness.

Biochemists need to understand how the structure of a molecule relates to its function, so as to allow them to predict how molecules will interact. While course lists vary, graduate biochemistry curriculums could draw from many fascinating topics. See below for a few examples.ii

DID YOU KNOW?Nobel Laureate, Sydney Brenners work made it possible to link genetic analysis to cell division and organ formation.iii

Masters in Biochemistry programs could provide an integrated course plan. Students typically work at the interface between chemistry and biology to probe the ways biomolecules interact and direct cellular function.

The first year of a two-year MS program could involve a rigorous coursework that provides a broad foundation in biomedical sciences. Through a hub of core courses, students commonly build proficiency in key areas such as Chemical Thermodynamics and Molecular Genetics.

This base often serves as a framework for advanced biochemical studies that may be scheduled for the second year. In tandem, course plans are often designed to help learners more broadly apply chemistry and biology to exciting and modern areas. Forensic Chemistry, Biochemistry of Cancer and Biochemistry of Obesity and Diabetes are a few examples.

Some programs may allow students to culminate their degree with either a thesis or non-thesis option, each of which results in 30 to 36 graduate-level credits (depending on the university) and a Master of Science degree.

Within the umbrella of Masters in Biochemistry programs, there may be an array of related programs and degrees to consider. A few examples from partner schools are listed below to give you a sense of just how much there is to explore in this field of study.

A Master of Science in Green Chemistry bridges elements of sustainability and environmental studies with chemistry courses from all five sub-disciplines.

The program could also leverage business courses to strengthen students' management and communication skills. A course in Global Environmental Regulation could cover trends and basic policies in legislation both nationally and internationally.

A relatively new concept, green chemistry evolved in the business and regulatory communities as a natural evolution of pollution prevention initiatives.

Per the American Chemical Society, Green chemistry takes the EPA's mandate a step further and creates a new reality for chemistry and engineering. It asks chemists and engineers to design chemicals, chemical processes, and commercial products in a way that, at the very least, avoids the creation of toxics and waste.v

A Master of Science in Biochemical Engineering (MSBChE) program could highlight the study of new technology and modeling tactics for bio-pharmaceutical production and development. Oriented to applicants with an undergrad degree in Chemical Engineering, coursework could aim to foster real-world skills.

MS students may be exposed to upstream and downstream bioprocess basics. Curriculums could also provide the tools to design and optimize pharmaceutical facilities, processes and products, through the use of contemporary analysis and technology.

A Master of Science in Chemistry could meld research, courses in all five branches of chemistry and lab work. Research opportunities, which could differ between schools, might be available inanalytical, inorganic, organic, physical and computational chemistry, as well as in biochemistry.

Students may be able to choose various options with this degree at partner school, Seton University. These are aresearch-based MSwith thesis (30 credits); a coursework-based MS without thesis; a MS with a minor in business administration (34 credits); and a research-based MS that could lead to PhD candidacy (30 credits).

A PhD in Biochemistry is a terminal research degree. Biochemistry PhD programs could provide much the same rigorous course work as a MS program, but with more intensive research components. For instance, classes in biostatistics, ethical conduct and research methods.

On average, the duration of study for a PhD degree is five years. The PhD program trains individuals to become independent researchers and educators in related research fields. Graduates might pursue opportunities to lead scientific investigations in industrial and/or academic settings.v

Courses and research opportunities are often school-dependent and may invite applicants to really look into the faculty on hand to see whether there is a symbiosis with their active projects or theories.

For instance, at partner school, NYMC, research areas in the Graduate School of Basic Medical Sciences might span molecular biology of the cancer process, molecular neurobiology, genetics and biochemistry of bacterial and viral pathogens and many others.

The first year of a PhD program could have students take General Biochemistry classes. Topics such as Biochemistry of Gene Expression Protein Structure and Function may also be required in the first two years. Students might also take several research rotations in the first year. The number of required rotations is often based on previous Masters-level research experience.

Second-year Biochemistry PhD students may need to take a Qualifying Exam. Success on the exam, coupled with completion of required courses and recommendation from faculty, usually means the student is accepted into candidacy. From there, studies and research typically turn to dissertation work.

A PhD in Chemical Engineering is a terminal degree program that stresses research and innovation. At the same time, a full spectrum of courses is meant to help students learn and apply knowledge.

For instance, a class in biochemical engineering could introduce students to the basics of biochemistry, microbiology, cell biology and molecular biology, as applied to several areasamong them, bio-product formation, enzyme kinetics, cell growth kinetics, and sterilization.

Interested students often look to see what active research projects a universitys department offers. For instance, at partner school, Villanova, students could choose from several areas. Some of these might include the following.

A PhD in Chemistry is a terminal degree where students might complete a dissertation and a range of between 40 to 70 credits spread across research, course work and seminars. Students may be able to tailor their studies through their course selection.

In some programs, students might choose from courses in analytical, organic, physical, inorganic and biochemistry. A curriculum might also enable students to take courses in Chemical Kinetics, Quantum Chemistry and Proteins. In the final year, participants might present a full seminar on their research contributions.

A Graduate Certificate in Biochemistry is often structured around just a few courses. While it is not a degree, a certificate could either help students prepare for one, or just provide graduate-level instruction.

As an example, a Certificate in Biochemical Engineering could be a set of courses that introduce the essentials of Biochemical Engineering. In addition, it may allow students to choose a few electives in topics related to Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical industries.

Students who want to earn a Masters in Chemical Engineering, but with an emphasis in Biochemical Engineering, might study to earn a Biochemical Engineering Certificate.

Too busy to earn a graduate degree in biochemistry on campus? Online Biochemistry Graduate Programs may enable students to learn the same material and earn the same degree through a flexible format.

In some programs, all lectures are pre-recorded, and students could log in anytime, from any internet-connected device. Assignments might be scanned and emailed to the professor or faxed in.

Biochemists and biophysicists need a PhD to work in independent research-and-development positions. PhD graduates might begin their careers in temporary postdoctoral research positions that could last several years. ii

The time it takes to complete a PhD in Biochemistry varies. It depends on whether a student commits to a full-time or part-time program, whether they smoothly pass exams, and complete research in a timely manner.

Also, some students might enter a PhD program right from college, which could add more courses than for students who enter with an earned masters degree. Bachelors and masters degree holders might pursue some entry-level positions in biochemistry and biophysics. ii

First off, biochemists might conduct basic and applied research in areas such as metabolism, reproduction, DNA, hormones and so on. Some may manage teams or labs, present findings at conferences, teach what they know, and/or develop new methods, drugs, cures.

Basic research is conducted with the aim to expand human knowledge. This type of research usually asks students to write grant proposals to fund their projects.

Applied research is directed toward solving a particular problem. Drug discovery, biofuels and genetically-engineered crops are examples of applied research.

Based on the May 2016 data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average annual salary for Biochemists and Biophysicists was $82,180.vi

Easily compare more Biochemistry graduate programs from partner schools. Set filters such as degree level and program format. Or, look for Biochemistry graduate schools in a specific city, state or country. From there, the next step is simple. Fill out the on-page form to contact the programs on your list.

[i] onetonline.org/link/summary/19-1021.00 | [ii] bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/biochemists-and-biophysicists.htm#tab-4 |[iii]nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/brenner-facts.html | [iv] acs.org/content/acs/en/greenchemistry/what-is-green-chemistry.html | [v] bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/biochemists-and-biophysicists.htm#tab-2 | [vi] bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/biochemists-and-biophysicists.htm#tab-5

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Biochemistry Graduate Programs & Schools

Innovative CBD system balancing with Dr Meletis – Chiropractic Economics

All cannabidiol (CBD) is not created equal in clinical practice in terms of implementation. The most frustrating thing for clinicians and also for patients is when an intended protocol doesnt work. As I discuss later under the With treatment, start low section of this article, there are ways to use CBD most effectively.

You probably werent taught this in medical school, but CBD works on the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The ECS contains CB1 and CB2 receptors, in addition to other receptors that are activated by the naturally occurring endocannabinoids made in our bodies, called anandamide and 2-AG. We all have CB1 or CB2 receptors within our body if you have a cat or dog, they have these receptors too. All mammals do. How could it be that we did not even know of the predominance of the ECS until 1992?

Patients coming in worn out can be a sign of endocannabinoid deficiency and the inability to support their pathways optimally, much like adrenal fatigue. Phytocannabinoids like CBD obtained from hemp products can act on the same receptors as endocannabinoids made in the body. CBD receptors, much like opioid receptors, control pain, but via a different mechanism.

Patients arrive at our clinical practices fatigued, anxious, in pain, inflamed, and lots reach a point of adrenal burnout, adrenal fatigue. Indeed, that is often the case because they are suffering from an endocannabinoid deficiency. We see people who have low adrenal function at noon, and in the evening, they are tired, dragging, eat lunch, get a little spike, and then they start free falling again. Theyre flat-lining. How is it that we wake up each morning anticipating with trepidation and run with go, go, go pace and finish the day glad to have survived another day? Life is meant for more than that; it is time to shift our goals from merely surviving to thriving mode!

Researchers observed approximately six years ago that people were more anxious and depressed in the middle of the summer than ever before, a new phenomenon. This goes against what we previously believed, that depression spiked mostly in the holiday season and Thanksgiving and after the winter solstice. But now were seeing people are worn out even in summer. Indeed, the endocannabinoid system plays a role here.

Anandamide is one of our endocannabinoids. When it becomes lower, patients are more anxious. There is less healing of the brain, less neurogenesis, and the hypothalamic-pituitary axis is triggered, causing a whole cascade of events to occur. What we now know is that the endocannabinoid system naturally, or with the use of CBD, alters our microbiome in our gut, beneficially affecting the gut-brain axis. The GI tract is the site of many receptors. We make about 70% of our serotonin, the happy-brain chemical, in the GI tract. About 70-80% of our immune system is in our GI tract, so is it any surprise that we have CB1, CB2 regulatory pathways in our GI tract that work via the endocannabinoid system to control inflammation? These same pathways can be regulated using an innovative CBD strategy.

With endocannabinoid deficiency symptoms patients can get migraines. We thought migraines were just triggered by tyramine-rich foods, such as cheese, fermented foods, and salami and other such foods; along with other triggers as well.

However, the endocannabinoid pathway is designed to control pain and inflammation and also regulate the immune system to a large degree. I have found in my clinical practice that innovative CBD strategies can be useful in supporting the health of migraine sufferers.

The body is designed with innate intelligence to sustain optimal performance. People ask, Well, how is CBD metabolized? Its primarily metabolized through the liver, and as a result, it goes through the cytochrome 450 and other pathways.Wellness is ultimately about homeostasis. We all know the term entropy, the tendency for the universe to move toward chaos. But our body exerts a phenomenal amount of energy to maintain order and wellness. However, if the endocannabinoid system becomes deficient, this will adversely affect wellness. This endocannabinoid deficiency, in turn, affects the microbiome, contributing to a less healthy endocannabinoidome.

CBD can conserve anandamide that is made by the body, and CBD can support anandamide conservation in an attempt to bring the body back into homeostasis. The endocannabinoid system supports brain health. By treating the brain, it addresses the pain, because if we didnt have a brain, we wouldnt feel the pain from a perception perspective.

Anxiety also is a biochemical process. Its real. A lot of people say, Its all in my head. No, stress is real because its a physiological effect. There is biochemistry involved in anxiety. We want to use innovative CBD strategies to support calming pathways and bring peace and harmony into the brain.

If a patient has brain inflammation, neuroplasticity is not going to be as healthy or robust. And the fact is, on a typical day, we lose about 86,400 brain cells. CBD is an anti-inflammatory application. And from a neuropathic perspective, activation of cannabinoid receptors is essential. Ive looked at research involving the endocannabinoid system relative to cancer medications and so forth. Not being an oncologist, I am not suggesting this is a treatment for cancer, but there are pain, stress and immune challenges that often need to be associated with this disease state, so visiting with ones provider in this arena is vital.

We can start manifesting symptoms of migraines, fatigue, irritable bowel, whatever it might be, as a result of being subpar, insufficient or deficient of endocannabinoids. An endocannabinoid deficiency manifests itself as simply that the body has gotten worn down, much like low adrenal function, often called adrenal fatigue. So we need to support that pathway to bring it back on track like we would any other functional biochemistry, which our body is designed to do. And since were designed to make endocannabinoids, we need to bring those levels back up to par.

The goal is to start low and go slow, as a little bit can go a long way for many patients. More is not always better, as each person responds differently based on genetics, biochemistry and individual need.

Just like if youre performing an adjustment, a little bit of a movement might get the job done. Work with gentle modulation of the endocannabinoid system. Youre working within the innate ability of the body.

Fifteen to 25 milligrams per day is what I start my patients on. In a week or two, if I need to move them up to 25 mg two to three times a day, I will. Once again, if a little bit gets the job done, why more? It is of paramount importance to respect the innate delicate balance physiology of the body. Some patients will need much higher doses because of their endocannabinoid insufficiency or potential genetic polymorphisms. Youre going to encounter genetic polymorphisms, or what I termed mutations of the CBD receptors and the CBD pathway.

I never go to high-milligram doses, especially on patients taking pharmaceutical drugs, without working with their pharmacists, because CBD can affect similar liver detoxification, as well as other biochemical pathways of how drugs are metabolized, much like grapefruit juice, can impact many of the same medications. We want to also support those drug-metabolizing pathways with diet and lifestyle.

CBD, when dosed properly, can positively supplement a health-promoting diet and lifestyle. Its not a substitute for these things. So, we want to ensure were taking steps to support the body at a foundational level. Additionally, we always want to ensure the THC levels in the CBD you are using are less than 0.3%, or that the CBD contains no THC, when targeting hemp-derived CBD.

Endocannabinoid deficiency is associated with low cortisol, stress and adrenal fatigue. Were all getting older. Our mitochondria are wearing down. Our nitric oxide levels arent as robust as they used to be, and we need support at a fundamental level. In regards to the 65 potential molecular targets that are currently known for CBD, there is a lot of untapped potential here relative to stress and aging. Innovative CBD use is a new area; it can be a scary area, but remember, our bodies have been producing endocannabinoids for millennia. All were doing is supporting a natural pathway.

CHRIS D. MELETIS, ND, is an educator, international author and lecturer. His mission is Changing Worlds Health, One Person at a Time. He believes that when people become educated about their bodies is the moment positive change begins. He is widely recognized as a world-renowned expert on the science of CBD and has authored 16 books and over 200 national scientific articles in such journals and magazines as Natural Health, Alternative and Complementary Therapies, Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients, Life Extension and The Journal of Restorative Medicine. He served as dean of naturopathic medicine and chief medical officer for seven years at NUNM, the oldest naturopathic medical school in North America. He has received numerous awards, including the prestigious Physician of the Year Award by the American Association of Naturopathic Physicians; Excellence Award for his work in treating and advocating for the medically underserved; and most recently, the NUNM Hall of Fame Award. He represents TruGen3 and can be contacted at DrMeletis.com.

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Innovative CBD system balancing with Dr Meletis - Chiropractic Economics

Dundalk-born scientist awarded St Patrick’s Day medal in Washington – Dundalk Democrat

Dundalk-born scientist Dr Pearse Lyons has been awarded a St Patricks Day medal by the Taoiseach to recognise his contribution to science.

Dr Lyons was honoured by Taoiseach Enda Kenny in a ceremony in Washington. The Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) awards, now in their fourth year, mark the achievements of experts living and working in the US who have strong links to Ireland.

Born and raised in Dundalk, Dr Lyons graduated with a first class honours degree in Biochemistry. While at college, he worked in Harp Lager in Dundalk and later graduated with a Master of Science in Brewing Science, from the British School of Malting and Brewing (now the School of Biochemistry), University of Birmingham in 1968. He received a PhD in Biochemistry in 1971.

Dr Lyons' work led him to Kentucky in 1976, where in 1980 he founded scientific research company Alltech with the aim of improving the health and performance of people, animals and plants.

Dr Lyons was honoured along with Dublin born statistician, Professor Adrian Raftery, at the United States Institute of Peace in Washington. Mr Kenny said: "I am delighted to present the SFI St Patrick's Day Science Medal on behalf of Science Foundation Ireland, to these two exceptional leaders.

"Dr Lyons and Prof Raftery have both had a huge impact in their own areas of expertise and played pivotal roles in the development of researchers in Ireland.

"They have demonstrated how academic and industry based scientific research can create jobs, tackle global problems and impact positively on people and society. These distinguished medal recipients are driving globally significant innovation in the areas of agriculture, food production, health, and population and weather forecasting, to name just a few."

Dr Lyons said he was "so proud" to accept the medal.

"While my business is global, my passion for biochemistry and entrepreneurship started at home in Ireland.

"As a company, we still have very close links to Ireland with one of our three biosciences research centres based in Dunboyne, Co Meath. Science and technology play a very important part in my company's success and all of the Alltech team work to innovate every day.

"We strive to put scientific research at the core of our business and to use that research to drive our success at home and abroad."

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Dundalk-born scientist awarded St Patrick's Day medal in Washington - Dundalk Democrat

Cork University Hospital crisis due to lack of biochemists – Irish Examiner

A shortage of consultant clinical biochemists is causing recruitment difficulties for Cork University Hospital, where the biochemistry laboratory has advised GPs it cannot provide clinical advice or interpretation of test results because of lack of clinical governance.

Dr John O'Mullane: Retired last September.

The hospitals biochemistry department has also advised GPs it has sought to voluntarily suspend its accreditation as efforts continue to recruit a consultant clinical biochemist following the retirement, last September, of department chief Dr John OMullane.

Asked how many staff vacancies were in the department, the hospital said: At any given time, allowing that there are a great number of personnel employed in the laboratory, there can be several or no vacancies.

In terms of the current situation, the hospital said there was one consultant clinical biochemist vacancy and that its medical manpower department is actively recruiting both a locum replacement and a permanent replacement.

The hospital said as available candidates are not plentiful, it is difficult to put a timeframe on either competition.

GPs have been advised that, since March 31, the department has not been in a position to provide a clinical advisory service.

Asked what reassurance it could provide in the absence of this advisory, the hospital said the same scientists will process patient specimens to a high-quality standard, as before, and within the same timeframe.

While we can advise service users to seek appropriate advice from other sources, we cannot directly provide that advice at this time. Specific clinical advice of this nature is not generally required for the majority of results, CUH said.

Asked what loss of accreditation would mean for the hospital, the response was that CUH biochemistry will continue to maintain the existing Quality Management System...designed to ensure the safe processing of laboratory tests, but will not be able to provide clinical advice for the interpretation of results.

The hospital said accreditation an independent verification of the extent to which an organisation meets pre-determined standards is not mandatory for biochemistry laboratories but that most, including CUH, achieve it as confirmation of maintaining the system.

The biochemistry department processed approximately 8m tests last year, including for liver function, cardiac function, , and general chemistries.

Irish Examiner Ltd. All rights reserved

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Cork University Hospital crisis due to lack of biochemists - Irish Examiner

Biology – Biochemistry

Photosynthesis - an important biochemical reaction

Photosynthesis and the Web: 2008 - photosynthesis-related web sites grouped into several categories, e.g Subject Sites, Educational etc.- from Arizona State University

Milestones in Photosynthesis Research - Govindjee - a 32 page .pdf document (611 KB)

The Photosynthetic Process - from the Photosynthesis Research Unit, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, includes history of photosynthesis

A Primer on Photosynthesis and the Functioning of Cells - from the University of Michigan, Global Change I

The Nutrient requirements of Cells - from Kimball's Biology Pages

Photosynthesis- from the On-line Biology Book, Estrella Mountain Community College

Photosynthesis Study Guide - from Modern Biology textbook site

Photosynthesis in providing a source of energy

Vehicle Technologies Program from Office of Fuels Development US Dept of Energy -

Biodiesel, from US Dept of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

Just the basics: Biodiesel -.pdf (283 KB), U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

Carbon currency the credits and debits of carbon emissions trading - from Australian Academy of Sciences

Solar to Fuel: Catalyzing the Science - a paper from the Berkeley National Laboratory

Making Packaging Greener - Biodegradable Plastics, Reading list - from Australian Academy of Sciences

ABCs of Biopower - from the US Dept of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

The development of the theory of photosynthesis

Photosynthesis - including the contributions of key botanists, from Botany Online (The Internet Hypertextbook), University of Hamburg

Highlights in photosynthesis research - from the Nobel e-Museum

Research into Photosynthesis - from University of California, Berkeley

Chlorophyll - from Bristol University, UK

The people who contributed to the theory of photosynthesis

Analyzing van Helmont's Experiment - a student exercise

Hales, Stephen 1671-1761 - from History of Horticulture, the Ohio-State University

Nicolas-Theodore de SAUSSURE - from CYBERLIPID CENTER

Photosynthesis - from Botany Online, Hamburg University, details Blackman and Mathei's findings

Sachs, Julius Von 1832-1897 - from History pf Horticulture, the Ohio-State University

Julius v. SACHS (1832-1897) - from Botany Online, University of Hamburg

Mikhail Tswett (1872-1919) - from Le Moyne College

History of Development of Chromatography - from Wiley Publishing (pdf 1.28 MB)

Mikhail Tsvet - from Chemistry Daily

The Light Reactions of Photosynthesis - from Botany On-line, University of Hamburg

Robert HILL FRS (1899-1991) - brief memoir by a student (pdf, 550 KB)

Martin Kamen, Who Discovered Carbon-14 Here, Wins Fermi Award

Nobel Prize Awarded to Nine Berkeley Lab Scientists - from Science Beat at The Berkeley Labs

MELVIN CALVIN - from Nobel e-Museum

Melvin Calvin, 1961 Nobelist and UC Berkeley professor, dies at age 85 - from University of California, Berkeley

Photosynthesis - a light dependent reaction

Why study photosynthesis? - from Arizona State University

An Introduction to Photosynthesis and Its Applications - from Arizona State University

Johnsons's Photosynthesis Simulation - requires Shockwave - investigate the effects of light intensity and wavelength on Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis Simulation - laboratory activity based on the above simulation

Photosynthetic Pictures Are Worth More Than a Thousand Words - from Access Excellence

Photosynthesis: The Role of Light - Biology Pages are produced by John Kimball formerly a professor at Harvard University

Photosynthesis - Light Reactions. from Old Dominion University

Photosynthesis Problem Set 1 - from The Biology Project, University of Arizona, set of multiple choice questions with detailed feedback

Photosynthesis Problem Set 2 - from The Biology Project, University of Arizona, set of multiple choice questions with detailed feedback

Without pigments we're nothing - from University of Arizona

Chloroplasts and chlorophyll

Chloroplasts - from Kimball's Biology Pages

What the Heck is a Chloroplast? from Bugs in the News, Kansas University

Photosynthesis and Chromatography of its Pigments - from Science Projects

An Introduction to Chromatography - from Access Excellence

Chromatography - from Rensselaer Polytchnic Institute

Paper Chromatography - from Kimball's Biology pages

Chromatography - from Chemistry Daily

Lab 5 Green Plant I - Kean University, scroll down to SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF LEAF PIGMENTS

Use of radioisotopes in tracing biochemical reactions

Photosynthesis: Pathway of Carbon Fixation - Biology Pages are produced by John Kimball formerly a professor at Harvard University

Biosynthesis of Carbohydrates - from The Biology Project, The University of Arizona

The Dark Reactions of Photosynthesis, Assimilation of Carbon Dioxide and The CALVIN Cycle - from Botany Online, University of Hamburg

Photosynthesis Study Guide - for Modern Biology, Holt, Reinhart and Winston

ATP - energy currency

The Energy Relationships in Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis: the Balance Sheet - Biology Pages are produced by John Kimball formerly a professor at Harvard University

Energy: Making ATP - a detailed overview from University of Connecticut

Adenosine Triphosphate - ATP - from Molecule of the Month, Bristol University

Peter Mitchell (1920 - 1992) - and the chemiosmotic hypothesis from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997 - Walker, Boyer and Skou, from the Nobel e-Museum

Electron microscope and visualising plant organelles

Chloroplast - from Cells Alive

Chloroplasts - from Kimball's Biology Pages

Cell Structure and Function - Studyguide -see Question 27 (pdf, 300 KB)

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) - from The University of Nebraska

An Introduction to Microscopy - including The History of the Microscope

Virtual Microscopy - Interactive Java Tutorials, from Molecular Expressions

Page Maintained By: uniserve@usyd.edu.au Last Update: Monday, 30-Apr-2012 14:29:02 AEST URL: http://science.uniserve.edu.au/school/curric/stage6/biol/biolchem.html

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Biology - Biochemistry