Scientists discover why some proteins are speedier than others

(Phys.org) Scientists from our Department of Biology & Biochemistry have solved a problem that has frustrated biologists for years why different parts of proteins are made at different rates.

Their discovery, published in the online journal PLOS Biology, should help scientists make proteins that would be otherwise tricky to produce in the lab.

Proteins are made in the cell by machines called ribosomes, which read gene transcripts (called mRNA) and 'translate' the genetic code into strands of protein.

The researchers looked at yeast proteins that were made at different rates. They found that the parts of proteins that took the longest to make were composed of mostly positively charged amino acids.

Co-author Laurence Hurst, Professor of Evolutionary Genetics at the University, explained: "If you imagine the ribosome as a doughnut with a hole in it, the mRNA strand is fed through the hole in the centre, translating the genetic code to give the corresponding amino acid chain, which comes out of a tunnel in the side of the doughnut.

"If the protein being created is positively charged, it gums up the negatively charged tunnel and slows down the protein production."

Lead author Katie Charneski, added: "This was a real surprise as most people before had assumed that it was something about the mRNA that caused slowing or speeding of the ribosome."

"Many organisms, including humans, have 'tails' on the ends of their mRNAs that normally the ribosome does not translate. But if mistakes occur in protein production, the tail may be erroneously translated, always producing a string of positively charged amino acids.

"These charges might act as a tagging signal for the cell to destroy the potentially toxic protein."

The speed at which proteins are made has consequences for the cell and has been puzzled over by biologists for years. Changes in this speed can affect how well proteins fold and where they end up in the cell, and hence their eventual function.

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Scientists discover why some proteins are speedier than others

Families of SMA and Nationwide Children’s Announce Multi-Million Dollar Award From NINDS to Advance CNS Gene Therapy …

ELK GROVE VILLAGE, Ill., March 13, 2013 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Nationwide Children's Hospital (Columbus, OH) and Families of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (Elk Grove Village, IL) announce the award of a multi-million dollar cooperative agreement from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) to advance a gene therapy development program for Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA).

This three-year multi-million dollar cooperative agreement to Brian Kaspar, PhD, principal investigator in the Center for Gene Therapy at The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital in the amount of $3,752,462, funds pre-clinical drug development up to the filing of an Investigational New Drug Application (IND) to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This agreement represents an innovative collaboration between Government, Advocacy and Academic groups to advance a promising new therapy for SMA.

In May 2012, Families of SMA (FSMA) announced the award of up to $750,000 to Dr. Kaspar. This ongoing award supports the preclinical development of a Central Nervous System (CNS)-delivered gene therapy for SMA. Direct CNS delivery likely allows for less virus to be used, which significantly increases the likelihood that older and larger SMA patients can be treated with gene therapy. With the funding from FSMA, Dr. Kaspar's team initiated studies to jumpstart the research prior to obtaining government and later commercial involvement. This cooperative award from the NINDS will now support advancing the program to the point of human clinical trials. The program will be evaluated using quantitative go/no-go milestones, determined by Nationwide Children's and NINDS.

SMA is an often-fatal genetic disorder resulting from the loss of both copies of the Survival Motor Neuron (SMN1) gene. This causes a chronic deficiency in the production of the SMN protein, which is essential to the proper functioning of the motor neurons in the spinal cord to the control of muscles in the limbs, neck and chest. SMA is typically marked by the deterioration of the muscles that control crawling, walking, swallowing or breathing. There are no approved therapies for the treatment of SMA. Approximately 1 in 6,000 babies born is affected. One in 40 people, or approximately 8 million in the United States, are genetic carriers of the disease.

Gene therapy is an approach to treating diseases by replacing faulty genes. In the case of SMA, the most direct approach for a gene therapy is to replace the mutated SMN1 gene. In the past, the challenge with gene therapy for SMA has been to find a way to deliver the genetic material efficiently to motor neurons. In recent years, Dr. Kaspar's group was the first to demonstrate Adeno-Associated Virus 9 (AAV9) targeted motor neurons effectively. Administration of AAV9-SMN into one day-old SMA mice resulted in increased SMN protein levels in motor neurons, correction of synaptic function, and a significant extension of life span.

"At Families of SMA we are extremely pleased that our initial investment at an early stage of this program has provided the preliminary data to leverage larger funding from the NIH. We feel this grant award is positive validation of the Families of SMA research funding and partnering strategy, as well as for this approach for gene therapy in SMA," said Jill Jarecki PhD, Research Director at Families of SMA. "The Families of SMA funding strategy for preclinical drug development is to invest seed funds to begin early-stage programs for SMA. As programs advance, we look for funding to transition from non-profit to government and commercial sources."

"My research team at Nationwide Children's Hospital is excited to advance this promising cerebrospinal fluid delivery approach of AAV9-SMN to the clinic for SMA patients and we are extremely grateful to FSMA and NINDS for the support of this important work," said Dr. Kaspar, also a faculty member at The Ohio State University College of Medicine. "We stand committed to bring SMA experimental therapeutics to the clinic in the most rapid and safe manner."

"Development of therapies requires collaboration of academics, advocacy, industry, and government--no single party has the resources to do this alone. The collaboration between Dr. Brian Kaspar, Families of SMA, and the NIH is an exciting model in leveraging resources and expertise in the hope of accelerating therapy development for SMA," said Dr. John Porter, PhD, Program Director at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.

About Families of SMA:

Families of SMA is the world's leader focused on funding SMA research to develop a treatment and cure for the disease. The successful results and progress that the organization has delivered, from basic research to drug discovery to clinical trials, provide real hope for families and patients impacted by the disease. The charity has invested over $55 million in research and has been involved in funding half of all the ongoing novel drug programs for SMA. Families of SMA is a nonprofit 501(c)3 organization, with 31 Chapters and 90,000 members and supporters throughout the United States. The organization's work has produced major discoveries, including identification of the underlying cause and a back-up gene for the disease, which provides a clearly defined target for disease altering therapies. The organization is also dedicated to supporting SMA families through networking, information and services and to improving care for all SMA patients. http://www.curesma.org.

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Families of SMA and Nationwide Children's Announce Multi-Million Dollar Award From NINDS to Advance CNS Gene Therapy ...

Gene Therapy Could Prevent Arthritis

By Lisa Raffensperger | March 13, 2013 1:22 pm

Most people who live to old age will suffer from arthritis. The conditions prevalence is growing alongside a graying world population.

However the only treatments at the moment address the symptoms rather than the causethe loss of cartilage in joints. Joint replacement is a last-ditch solution for some sufferers. Now a gene therapy approach has demonstrated promise in staving off arthritis in mice, opening the door to human testing.

The inspiration for the research came from studying children with a genetic form of arthritis that strikes early. These children are deficient in the gene for a protein called lubricin. Lubricin is thought to act as a lubricant between the bones in a joint.

Since a lack of lubricin caused arthritis, researchers thought perhaps additional lubricin could stave it off.

They tested this hypothesis by creating a strain of mice with an additional lubricin gene in their DNA. When these mice suffered an injury to their knees they didnt develop injury-induced arthritis. Inspection of the mices joints found that their cartilage resembled mice whod never been injured in the first place. Non-modified mice, on the other hand, had symptoms of arthritis just a month after injury.

Whats more, as the mice that made extra lubricin aged, their cartilage stayed youthful. That suggests the protein may protect against both common forms of arthritis: injury-related and age-related.

The treatment also works if the replacement genes are injected right into the joint itself, the researchers report in Science Translational Medicine today. Its delivery to human patients, then, could be similar to the injection of joint lubricants that some arthritis sufferers currently rely on.

However no gene therapies are currently approved by the FDA for human treatment, so this research will likely stay in the lab for some time yet.

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Gene Therapy Could Prevent Arthritis

Futurist Gerd Leonhard interviewed at Systematic Paris event 2012: Future of Technology – Video


Futurist Gerd Leonhard interviewed at Systematic Paris event 2012: Future of Technology
Futurist Gerd Leonhard interviewed at Systematic Paris event 2012 Future of Technology. Uploaded by Gerd Leonhard on Mar 11 2013. A short interview shot at a recent speaking engagement in Paris for Systematic see httpwwwmediafuturistcom201208newvideohtml for more details Thanks for your interest in my work Gerd Leonhard Futurist Author and Keynote Speaker Basel Switzerland httpwwwfuturistgerdcom CEO of wwwthefuturesagencycom httpaboutmemediafuturist Mobile apps ...

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USS Freedom Makes Port Visit In Hawaii (Video)

Video Reporter Interviews USS Freedom Crew In Hawaii

Crew members from the San Diego-based USS Freedom are getting a chance to stretch their sea legs during a port visit to Hawaii that began March 11.

Honolulu television station KITV4 sent journalist Ryan Kalei Tsuji to report live from both the deck and inside the Freedom yesterday morning. He interviewed several members of the crew. I've posted that video up top.

The Freedom is the Navy's first littoral combat ship, and she's on her maiden deployment. Cmdr. Timothy Wilke, USS Freedom commanding officer, explained to Public Affairs Support Element West exactly what makes a littoral combat ship so unique:

"This vessel, the littoral combat ship, is really designed for operating in the littoral shores of the land, what we commonly refer to as brown water. It does have a capability to operate in blue water, but it's mainly focused on bridging that gap of what we have in our ship class right now."

After her stop in Hawaii, the Freedom will continue on to an eight-month deployment in the Asia-Pacific region.

The Military Times reports:

The Navy plans to keep the Freedom in the region for eight months, though its San Diego-based crew will rotate out after four. Another crew will serve the rest of the deployment and take the ship back home to California.

Safe journey!

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USS Freedom Makes Port Visit In Hawaii (Video)

Navy sends Freedom to Singapore amid cuts

http://www.navytimes.com/news/2013/03/ap-navy-sends-lcs-freedom-singapore-amid-cuts-031213/

By Audrey McAvoy - The Associated Press Posted : Tuesday Mar 12, 2013 7:50:30 EDT

ABOARD THE FREEDOM The U.S. Navys hottest new ship and the centerpiece of its renewed focus on Asia isnt its largest vessel, or its most technologically advanced. But it has advantages that its bigger siblings lack.

The 388-foot Freedom is small enough to move among the many islands and shallow waters of Southeast Asia, a trait that allows the Navy to train alongside similar-sized vessels in the regions navies and build relationships with them.

All this, the Navy believes, will help it make sure the regions critical waterways stay open to the trillions of dollars in oil and other trade that passes through each year. Its an objective so important the Navy is sending the Freedom to Singapore this month even as automatic federal spending cuts carve into its budget.

We hold our commitment to them, to our area, our theater, so highly that this deployment has not been affected, said Rear Adm. Hugh Wetherald, the U.S. Pacific Fleet deputy chief of staff for plans, policies and requirements.

The Navy and the Pacific Fleet are still on watch, he said.

Freedom on Monday sailed to Pearl Harbor, into the prime mooring spot the Navy often reserves for ships it wants to show off. The blue and gray camouflage painted on its sides designed to confuse hostile small boats and make it less visible from shore stood out amid the plain gray hulls of the other surface vessels in port.

Until now, most U.S. ships visiting Southeast Asia have been aircraft carriers, destroyers, cruisers and other large boats well equipped for jobs such as firing cruise missiles or defending against fighter jets.

But they dwarf smaller ships U.S. partner navies from other countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei and Thailand use for missions such as patrolling the seas, catching pirates, and stopping human and drug trafficking.

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Navy sends Freedom to Singapore amid cuts

Freedom Awards banquet is April 2

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Posted: Wednesday, March 13, 2013 11:00 am | Updated: 11:37 am, Wed Mar 13, 2013.

Freedom Awards banquet is April 2 By MIKE KONZ Hub Managing Editor Kearney Hub |

KEARNEY Tickets now are on sale for the April 2 Freedom Awards banquet, which will honor outstanding volunteers from south-central Nebraska.

The banquet marks the 23rd year for Freedom Awards, which have recognized almost 230 individuals and organizations since the Kearney Hub launched the program.

The 2013 recipients were selected from a group of almost 80 nominations submitted by Hub readers.

Guest speaker at the April 2 banquet will be Nebraska first lady Sally Ganem. A retired school principal, Ganem is a leader among several volunteer efforts in Nebraska.

As honorary chair since 2005 of the Nebraska Volunteer Service Commission, Ganem has focused on the committees mission, leading local service opportunities, spreading the importance of service in public addresses, and identifying ways to expand service opportunities to address some of Nebraskas challenges.

Tickets to the 6:30 p.m. banquet on April 2 at the Younes Conference Center are $25. They can be obtained at the Hubs customer service desk or by sending a self-addressed, stamped envelope along with payment to Kearney Hub Freedom Awards, P.O. Box 1988, Kearney, NE 68848.

Ticket deadline is March 22.

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Freedom Awards banquet is April 2

Freedom -loving motorcyclists renew fight against NC helmet law

RALEIGH Motorcyclists who love the wind in their hair are pushing again for the freedom to ride without safety helmets in North Carolina, and they found support Tuesday from members of a state House committee.

North Carolina is one of 19 states where safety helmets are mandatory for all motorcyclists. Studies credit helmets with reducing deaths and serious brain injury in crashes, and a recent survey by the Governors Highway Safety Program found that 78 percent of motorcycle riders support the state law.

But opponents have tried to weaken or repeal the helmet rule in nearly every legislative session since the mid-1990s. This year their cause is led by a motorcycle-riding Republican from Gaston County.

Rep. John Torbett of Stanley enjoys the chance to ride across the state line into South Carolina, where helmets are required only for bikers 20 and younger. He parks his motorcycle and pulls off his full-face helmet.

Thats my choice, Torbett said Tuesday at a House Transportation Committee meeting. Thats what I choose to do. South Carolina provides that opportunity.

Torbetts bill would require helmets only for the youngest riders. He proposed to let motorcyclists ride bareheaded when they turned 18, but he accepted a committee amendment that would match the South Carolina standard: helmets mandatory until age 21.

Personal freedom is the chief argument for opponents of the helmet law.

Torbett warned legislators that they would hear arguments about lives saved and insurance costs reduced by helmets, but the only safety statistics considered by the committee Tuesday came from Torbett himself.

Using data he attributed to the U.S. Department of Transportation, Torbett distributed a chart that depicted slightly higher death rates for motorcyclists in states with mandatory helmet laws, when compared with those in other states. That was welcome news for a couple of committee members who wanted to support his proposal for relaxed regulation.

I agree with the bill sponsor on the freedom aspects, said Rep. Frank Iler, a Republican from Oak Island, the committee co-chairman. I had some safety concerns, but, apparently statistically, that may not be a problem.

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Freedom -loving motorcyclists renew fight against NC helmet law

Global mobile operators issue joint principles on freedom of expression and privacy

Fornebu - March 12, 2013 - Telenor Group, as a member of the Telecommunications Industry Dialogue on Freedom of Expression and Privacy, today announces collaboration with the Global Network Initiative (GNI) to advance freedom of expression and privacy rights in the information and communications technology sector. In addition, the Industry Dialogue is now launching the first version of its set of Guiding Principles, as a starting point for deeper dialogue with stakeholders.

"Today`s launch of our collaboration with GNI as well as our Guiding Principles is a great first step. By working with other major telecoms, seeking support from the GNI as a common platform, and engaging with relevant stakeholders we are making progress on this important journey. Together we are better able to raise the issues and find a common approach to important human rights like freedom of expression and privacy rights on a global level," said Jon Fredrik Baksaas, President and CEO, Telenor Group.

The Telecommunications Industry Dialogue is a group of global companies that are collaborating to exchange best practices, learnings and tools. Together they created the first set of Guiding Principles, and now with support from GNI, they plan to continue to advance issues of privacy and freedom of expression and engage more extensively with key stakeholders.

"Telecommunications play an essential role facilitating the free flow of information, and today the human rights and economic impacts of the sector are in the global spotlight," said GNI Executive Director Susan Morgan. "The GNI believes that strength lies in numbers and this is an important opportunity to pursue shared goals and a common approach to human rights."

The members of the Industry Dialogue are not joining GNI as a part of this collaboration, and the group remains open to other telecommunications companies. There is a review process built into the work that will assess progress during the two years.

Read GNI`s press release

The guiding principles can be found on http://www.telenor.com: http://www.telenor.com/corporate-responsibility/human-rights/privacy-and-freedom-of-expression/

About GNI GNI is a multi-stakeholder group of companies, civil society organizations (including human rights and press freedom groups), investors and academics, who have created a collaborative approach to protect and advance freedom of expression and privacy in the ICT sector. GNI provides resources for ICT companies to help them address difficult issues related to freedom of expression and privacy that they may face anywhere in the world. GNI has created a framework of principles and a confidential, collaborative approach to working through challenges of corporate responsibility in the ICT sector. Read more: http://www.globalnetworkinitiative.org

The Telecommunications Industry Dialogue was formed in 2011 to jointly address freedom of expression and privacy risks within the sector. The Industry Dialogue Guiding Principles are available in English, French, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, Russian and Turkish. Companies currently participating in the Industry Dialogue are:

Contact:

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Global mobile operators issue joint principles on freedom of expression and privacy

Independent Indian Politician Rajeev Chandrasekhar Nominated for the Index Freedom of Expression Awards

LONDON, March 13, 2013 /PRNewswire/ --

Rajeev Chandrasekhar, Independent member of the Indian Parliament in the Upper House, is one of two Indians nominated for an award at the Index Freedom of Expression Awards which will take place in London on the 21st March.

(Photo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20130313/601256 )

Mr Chandrasekhar has been recognized for his tireless efforts to promote the freedom of expression in India, opposing legislation that limits digital freedom and stifles the freedom of expression.

TheIndex Awards commented: "Rajeev Chandrasekhar has battled tirelessly against growing internet censorship inIndia, using his position in the upper house of parliament to challenge legislation that chokes digital freedom. Through numerous articles and speeches he has urged the government to revise the 2011 Information Technology Rules and repeal part of the 2008 act on which it is based. He has described both (pieces of legislation) as a serious risk to democracy."

In response to news of his nomination, Mr Chandrasekhar commented: "I'm greatly honored to be nominated for this prestigious reward."

These awards take place annually in recognition of journalists, bloggers, digital activists, campaigners and others around the world who fight vigorously against censorship to protect the freedom of speech.Other nominees for the Award include Pakistani school girl Malala, Pussy Riot - Russian punk group, Greek investigative journalist Kostas Vaxevanis, and Imprisoned Vietnamese blogger Ta Phong Tan.

In an announcement, CEO Kirsty Hughes said "All of this year's nominees have shown great courage in speaking out, and fighting censorship and injustice often in very challenging conditions. Many of them come from established or emerging democracies, reflecting the disturbing fact that censorship is not just the preserve of authoritarian states, and that freedom of expression is an issue that affects us all, wherever we live."

Notes to Editors:

For further information: Michael Farrant, Project Associates +44-(0)207-321-0773

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Independent Indian Politician Rajeev Chandrasekhar Nominated for the Index Freedom of Expression Awards

Donald Dunn, Former Clinton White House Political Affairs Official, Joins Fuel Freedom Foundation

IRVINE, CA--(Marketwire - Mar 12, 2013) - Fuel Freedom Foundation, a nonpartisan, nonprofit campaign dedicated to breaking America's oil addiction, announced today that Donald Dunn, fundraiser and political campaign strategist, has been appointed as Executive Vice President of Development. Dunn will lead the development and fundraising efforts for the foundation.

Fuel Freedom Foundation advocates for an open fuel market that will enable cheaper, cleaner, American-made replacement fuels to compete fairly with gasoline at the pump.

Dunn has been extensively involved in fundraising and political campaigns at the local, state and federal level. Prior to joining Fuel Freedom Foundation, Dunn, a Utah native, was development director for the University of Utah's Department of Medicine. He has also served as chairman of the Utah Democratic Party and was a candidate for Congress in 2000 and 2002. Dunn served in the Clinton White House Office of Political Affairs, where he helped oversee the Southern United States. Currently, Dunn serves as a member of the Secretary of State's Advisory Committee on International Economic Policy. Dunn graduated from the University of Utah with a B.S. in political science and earned a master's degree from the London School of Economics.

"Fuel Freedom Foundation is a perfect place for me to continue serving my community and the public. High gas prices and the repercussions of our oil addiction are far-reaching. They are killing the American economy and making the financial lives of American families more difficult," said Dunn. "Fuel Freedom Foundation is creating change that will improve our economy and every American's well-being in general. I am honored and excited to help change the world by taking part in a movement that offers viable solutions to our oil addiction and promotes competition, innovation and entrepreneurship in the transportation fuels market."

Simple, inexpensive modifications to vehicles on the road today would enable cars to use replacement fuels like natural gas, methanol and ethanol. Removing regulations and commercial barriers to competition in the transportation fuels market would enable cars to be flex-fuel with minimal upgrades. By commercializing cheaper, cleaner and domestically produced replacement fuels, America would strengthen its economy, relieve families from the burden of high gas prices, secure the nation from oil-producing adversarial countries and significantly reduce harmful air toxins.

"I am pleased to welcome Donald to our team at Fuel Freedom Foundation. Our oil addiction is a nonpartisan issue threatening our way of life, our security, our economy and our health. Foreign oil drains over $330 billion a year from our economy, money that, if kept at home, could add $1 trillion to our GDP and create up to 3 million new jobs," said Joe Cannon, CEO of Fuel Freedom Foundation."Donald is a proven leader with over 23 years of experience successfully executing campaign and fundraising initiatives, and we fully expect the same successful results that always follow Donald and his pursuits."

Please visit http://www.fuelfreedom.org to learn more about how you can join the Fuel Freedom team, get involved, and help end America's addiction to oil.

About Fuel FreedomFuel Freedom Foundation is a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization dedicated to breaking the U.S. economy's oil addiction by paving the way for vehicles to be powered with cheaper, cleaner, healthier American replacement fuels. Consumers could easily convert their cars to run on replacement fuels for gasoline, but outdated regulations and entrenched commercial interests stand in the way. The Fuel Freedom campaign works to remove barriers to competition so that natural gas, methanol, ethanol and electricity can compete on equal footing with gasoline at the pump and the dealership. Achieving Fuel Freedom will lower fuel prices, create jobs, spur economic growth, reduce pollution, and improve national and global security. For more information go to the Foundation's website at http://www.fuelfreedom.org; Facebook: FuelFreedomFoundation; and Twitter: @FuelFreedomNow.

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Donald Dunn, Former Clinton White House Political Affairs Official, Joins Fuel Freedom Foundation

GM Food, a Soft Kill Weapon for Eugenics Against Africa and the World — Aaron Dykes. – Video


GM Food, a Soft Kill Weapon for Eugenics Against Africa and the World -- Aaron Dykes.
http://www.infowars.com/ Here #39;s the link to "Genetic Armageddon": http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kCFP_Unf6zA GM GE food genetically modified engineered maze ...

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GM Food, a Soft Kill Weapon for Eugenics Against Africa and the World -- Aaron Dykes. - Video

Gates Foundation Implementing New World Order’s Vaccines, GMO, Eugenics Agenda – Video


Gates Foundation Implementing New World Order #39;s Vaccines, GMO, Eugenics Agenda
Gates Foundation Implementing New World Order #39;s Vaccines GMO Eugenics Agenda. Uploaded by infoplanetwars on Mar 11 2013. Guest host Aaron Dykes breaks down the detailed history behind the robber baron foundations that have captured our nation and manage the global agenda from offshore taxfree bases all while the likes of Bill Gates and David Rockefeller are hailed as supposedheroes for their population control management Then Bill Gates really didnt want to be confronted on how a ...

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Gates Foundation Implementing New World Order's Vaccines, GMO, Eugenics Agenda - Video

Clearwater Miracle Mud Eco System @ 39 months Powder Blue Tank Introduced – Video


Clearwater Miracle Mud Eco System @ 39 months Powder Blue Tank Introduced
Clearwater Miracle Mud Eco System 39 months Powder Blue Tank Introduced. Uploaded by Clearwater2011 on Mar 11 2013. Introducing my all time favourite fish a Powder Blue Tang from the Indian Ocean. Clearwater 2011.

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Clearwater Miracle Mud Eco System @ 39 months Powder Blue Tank Introduced - Video