Engineering | The Seasteading Institute

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Medical Offshore Research Facility: Feasibility and Conceptual Design Study

(University of Houston Extreme Environment Design Team, with guidance from George Petrie) -These storyboards (#1,#2,#3,#4,#5) lay out a concept for a three-phase project, intended to culminate in the creation of a purpose-built semi-submersible floating community, offering an innovative cancer treatment not yet approved by United States regulators, along with a broad range of other facilities for researchers, staff, patients, full-time residents and vacationers. The students also produced a video with 3D renderings of what such a platform might look like, which can be viewed on YouTube.

(Lina Suarez, Engineering Intern) 3D renderingswere produced to conceptualize a modular, adaptable seastead, complete with a top-side crane mechanism for rearranging modules or residential units. The ability to easily enter or exit such a seastead configuration (i.e., voting with your house) is expected to enable greater freedom of choice and amplify the competitive pressures needed to spur governmental innovation. Lina Suarez, a student of Naval Architecture, produced the renderings under the guidance of our Director of Engineering, George Petrie.

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Seasteading Energy Study:Evaluation of Sustainable Energy Options for a Small City-on-the-Sea

(Melissa Roth, George Petrie, and Dr. Ronald Willey) -The purpose of this document is to estimate and compare the energy costs in USD/kW and installation cost for ocean thermal energy conversion, solar, wind, and wave systems. Diesel generators were used as a baseline comparison. While it is not yet possible to design a specific seastead, the goal is to determine the feasibility of utilizing the aforementioned renewable energy sources on a seastead housing up to 1,000 people.

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Parametric Analysis of Candidate Configurations for Early Seastead Platforms: Parts 1 & 2

(George L. Petrie, Director of Engineering, The Seasteading Institute, retired Professor of Naval Architecture) This engineering analysis systematically evaluates several different seastead configurations (in a range of sizes) and to quantify their cost, capacity and performance, with emphasis on early seastead communities (as opposed to large future cities at sea).

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Engineering | The Seasteading Institute

Seasteading – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Seasteading is the concept of creating permanent dwellings at sea, called seasteads, outside the territory claimed by the government of any standing nation. Most proposed seasteads have been modified cruising vessels. Other proposed structures have included a refitted oil platform, a decommissioned anti-aircraft platform, and custom-built floating islands.[1] No one has created a state on the high seas that has been recognized as a sovereign nation, although the Principality of Sealand is a disputed micronation formed on a discarded sea fort near Suffolk, England.[2]

The closest things to a seastead that have been built so far are large ocean-going ships sometimes called "floating cities", and smaller floating islands.

At least two people independently began using the term, which is a portmanteau of sea and homesteading: Ken Neumeyer in his book Sailing the Farm (1981) and Wayne Gramlich in his article "Seasteading Homesteading on the High Seas" (1998).

Outside the Exclusive Economic Zone of 200 nautical miles (370km), which countries can claim according to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the high seas are not subject to the laws of any sovereign nation other than the flag under which a ship sails. Examples of organizations using this possibility are Women on Waves, enabling abortions for women in countries where abortions are subject to strict laws, and offshore radio stations which were anchored in international waters. Like these organizations, a seastead might be able to take advantage of the looser laws and regulations that exist outside the sovereignty of nations, and be largely self-governing.

"When Seasteading becomes a viable alternative, switching from one government to another would be a matter of sailing to the other without even leaving your house," said Patri Friedman at the first annual Seasteading conference.[3][4][5]

The Seasteading Institute (TSI), founded by Wayne Gramlich and Patri Friedman on April 15, 2008, is an organization formed to facilitate the establishment of autonomous, mobile communities on seaborne platforms operating in international waters.[3][6][7] Gramlichs 1998 article "SeaSteading Homesteading on the High Seas" outlined the notion of affordable steading, and attracted the attention of Friedman with his proposal for a small-scale project.[8] The two began working together and posted their first collaborative book online in 2001, which explored aspects of seasteading from waste disposal to flags of convenience.

The project picked up mainstream exposure in 2008 after having been brought to the attention of PayPal cofounder Peter Thiel, who invested $500,000 in the institute and has since spoken out on behalf of its viability, most recently in his essay "The Education of a Libertarian",[9] published online by Cato Unbound. TSI has received widespread media attention from sources such as CNN, Wired,[3]Prospect,[10] and The Economist.[7] American journalist John Stossel wrote an article about seasteading in February 2011 and hosted Patri Friedman on his show on the Fox Business Network.[11]

On July 31, 2011, Friedman stepped down from the role of executive director, and became chairman of the board. The institute's president is currently Michael Keenan. Concomitantly, the institute's directors of business strategy and legal strategy went on to start Blueseed, the first commercial seasteading venture.[12]

Between May 31 and June 2, 2012, The Seasteading Institute held its third annual conference.[13]

In July 2012, the institute was transferred ownership of the vessel Opus Casino by a donor.[14] Plans are underway to lease or sell the vessel to a business that would further the research on long-term ocean habitation.[15]

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Seasteading - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Billionaire King of Techtopia: Critical Eye : Details

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When Peter Thiel ventures outside for a run, typically in the early-early morning, when the fog drifts low and slow into the San Francisco Bay, he's often drawn to what the poet Lawrence Ferlinghetti called "the end of land and land of beginning." That means the San Francisco waterfrontespecially the one-and-a-half-mile stretch of pathway hugging the marshy shoreline from Crissy Field to the base of the Golden Gate Bridge. Aesthetically, the appeal is obviousa postcard view of the bridge and the bay, the lapping tidal rhythm, that sort of thingbut for Thiel, a 43-year-old investor and entrepreneur whose knack for anticipating the next big thing has yielded him a $1.5 billion fortune and an iconic, even delphic status in Silicon Valley, there's a symbolic angle as well. This waterline is precisely where the Western frontier ended, where unlimited opportunity finally hit its limit. It's also where, if Thiel is betting correctly, the nextand most audaciousfrontier begins.

Thiel spends a lot of time thinking about frontiers. "Way more than is healthy," he admits. Not just financial frontiers, though that's his day job: He cofounded PayPal, the online money-transfer service, and, most famously, was the angel investor whose half-million-dollar loan catapulted Facebook out of Harvard's dormitories and into the lives of its 750 million users. (In The Social Network, Thiel was portrayed as the crisp venture capitalist whose investment, and dark questioning, widen the rift between Facebook's cofounders.) He manages a hedge fund, Clarium Capital, and is a founding partner in a venture-capital firm called the Founders Fund, both of them housed in an airy brick building on the campuslike grounds of the Presidio, not far from Thiel's jogging path. Yet his frontier obsession extends much further than spreadsheets, further than even technology. Political frontiers, social frontiers, scientific frontiers: All these and more crowd Thiel's head as he navigates the shoreline.

"We're at this pretty important point in society," he says during a brisk walk toward the Golden Gate Bridge, "where we can either find a way to rediscover a frontier, or we're going to be forced to change in a way that's really tough." Thiel is a medium-size man with a compact and blocky frame, close-trimmed reddish-brown hair, and eyes the limpid-blue color of Windex; he has a small, nasal voice and tends to exert himself as he speaks, frequently circling back to amend or reconfigure or soften what he's saying. Discussing the concept of frontiers, however, animates him to an almost uninterruptible degree; concepts, more than anything else, seem to do that.

"One of the things that's endlessly dazzling and mesmerizing is this question about the futurewhat the world is going to be like in 20 years, and what can or should we do to make it better than the default track that it's on," he says, gesturing with his hands while maintaining a fixed stare on the pathway. "But it's a question you can never quite master. I played a lot of chess when I was growing up, and it's similar to some elements of chess, where you can see some moves but you can't see to the end of the game. Even a computer the size of the universe couldn't actually analyze it. There's, like, 10 to the 117th power possible games and something like 10 to the 80th atoms in the observable universe, so it's off by something like 37 orders of magnitude. And chess is something much simpler than realityit's 32 pieces on an eight-by-eight board. Figuring out the complete future of a chess game is a problem more complicated than anything that can be solved in our universe, so figuring out this planet or just our society in the next 10 or 15 years is just not a solvable problem."

Despite the innovations of the past quarter century, some of which have made him very, very wealthy, Thiel is unimpressed by how far we've cometechnologically, politically, socially, financially, the works. The last successful American car company, he likes to note, was Jeep, founded in 1941. "And our cars aren't moving any faster," he says. The space-age future, as giddily envisioned in the fifties and sixties, has yet to arrive. Perhaps on the micro levelas in microprocessorsbut not in the macro realm of big, audacious, and outlandish ideas where Thiel prefers to operate. He gets less satisfaction out of conventional investments in "cloud music" (Spotify) and Hollywood films (Thank You for Smoking) than he does in pursuing big ideas, which is why Thielalong with an all-star cast of venture capitalists, including former PayPal cohorts Ken Howery and Luke Nosek, and Sean Parker, the Napster cofounder and onetime Facebook presidentestablished the Founders Fund. Among its quixotic but potentially highly profitable investments are SpaceX, a space-transport company, and Halcyon Molecular, which aspires to use DNA sequencing to extend human life. Privately, however, Thiel is the primary backer for an idea that takes big, audacious, and outlandish to a whole other level. Two hundred miles west of the Golden Gate Bridge, past that hazy-blue horizon where the Pacific meets the sky, is where Thiel foresees his boldest venture of all. Forget start-up companies. The next frontier is start-up countries.

"Big ideas start as weird ideas." That's Patri Friedman, a former Google engineer, the grandson of the Nobel Prize-winning economist Milton Friedman, and, as of 2008, when Thiel seeded him with the same initial investment sum he'd given Mark Zuckerberg four years earlier, the world's most prominent micro-nation entrepreneur. Friedman, a short, kinetic 35-year-old with a wife and two children, maintains an energetic online presence that ranges from blogging about libertarian theory to tweeted dispatches such as "Explored BDSM in SF w/big group of friends tonight." Four years ago, a Clarium Capital employee came across a piece Friedman had written about an idea he called "seasteading." Friedman was soon pitching to Thiel, a staunch libertarian himself, the big, weird idea.

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The Billionaire King of Techtopia: Critical Eye : Details

Red hair – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Red hair occurs naturally on approximately 12% of the human population.[1] It occurs more frequently (26%) in people of northern or western European ancestry, and less frequently in other populations. Red hair appears in people with two copies of a recessive gene on chromosome 16 which causes a mutation in the MC1R protein.

Red hair varies from a deep burgundy through burnt orange to bright copper. It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin. The term redhead (originally redd hede) has been in use since at least 1510.[2] It is associated with fair skin color, lighter eye colors (gray, blue, green, and hazel), freckles, and sensitivity to ultraviolet light.[3]

Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered.

Several accounts by Greek writers mention redheaded people. A fragment by the poet Xenophanes describes the Thracians as blue-eyed and red haired.[5]Herodotus described the Budini people as being predominantly red haired. Dio Cassius described Boudica, Queen of the Iceni, of the ancient Britons, to be "tall and terrifying in appearance... a great mass of red hair... over her shoulders."

The Roman historian Tacitus commented on the "red hair and large limbs of the inhabitants of Caledonia",[6] which he connected with some red haired Gaulish tribes of Germanic and Belgic relation.

In Asia, red hair has been found among the ancient Tocharians, who occupied the Tarim Basin in what is now the northwesternmost province of China. Caucasian Tarim mummies have been found with red hair dating to the 2nd millennium BC.[7]

Red hair is also found amongst Polynesians, and is especially common in some tribes and family groups. In Polynesian culture red hair has traditionally been seen as a sign of descent from high ranking ancestors and a mark of rulership.[8][9]

Today, red hair is most commonly found at the northern and western fringes of Europe; it is associated particularly with the people located in the British Isles (although Victorian era ethnographers claimed that the Udmurt people of the Volga were "the most red-headed men in the world").[10] Redheads are common among Germanic and Celtic peoples.

Redheads constitute approximately 4% of the European population.[11]Scotland has the highest proportion of redheads; 13% of the population has red hair and approximately 40% carries the recessive redhead gene.[12]Ireland has the second highest percentage; as many as 10% of the Irish population has red, auburn, or strawberry blond hair.[13] It is thought that up to 46% of the Irish population carries the recessive redhead gene.[citation needed] A 1956 study of hair color amongst British army recruits also found high levels of red hair in Wales and the English Border counties.[14]

Red hair is also fairly common amongst the Ashkenazi Jewish populations, possibly because of the influx of European DNA over a period of centuries.[15] In European culture, prior to the 20th century, red hair was often seen as a stereotypically Jewish trait: during the Spanish Inquisition, all those with red hair were identified as Jewish.[16] In Italy, red hair was associated with Italian Jews, and Judas was traditionally depicted as red-haired in Italian and Spanish art.[17] Writers from Shakespeare to Dickens would identify Jewish characters by giving them red hair.[18] The stereotype that red hair is Jewish remains in parts of Eastern Europe and Russia.[19]

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Red hair - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Nude Natural Redheads at Eros Porn Links

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Top 25 Famous Redheads – Listverse

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Mysteries 10 Amazing Stories Of Australian Paranormal Phenomena December 20, 2013 Religion 10 Mythological Origins Of Day And Night December 20, 2013 History 10 Expeditions That Went Horribly Wrong December 20, 2013 Movies and TV 10 Behind-The-Scenes Facts You Didnt Know About The Simpsons December 19, 2013 Politics 10 Disgusting Non-Stories The Media Shamelessly Flogged December 19, 2013 History 10 Extraordinary Acts Of Compassion In Wartime December 19, 2013 Gaming 10 Times Video Game Fans Outdid Game Companies December 18, 2013 Food 10 Fascinating Facts About Cookies December 18, 2013 Humans 10 Fascinating Experiments That Happened By Accident December 18, 2013 Religion 10 Things You Didnt Know About Greek Mythology December 17, 2013 Mysteries 10 Amazing Stories Of Australian Paranormal Phenomena December 20, 2013 Religion 10 Mythological Origins Of Day And Night December 20, 2013 History 10 Expeditions That Went Horribly Wrong December 20, 2013 Movies and TV 10 Behind-The-Scenes Facts You Didnt Know About The Simpsons December 19, 2013 Politics 10 Disgusting Non-Stories The Media Shamelessly Flogged December 19, 2013 History 10 Extraordinary Acts Of Compassion In Wartime December 19, 2013 Gaming 10 Times Video Game Fans Outdid Game Companies December 18, 2013 Food 10 Fascinating Facts About Cookies December 18, 2013 Humans 10 Fascinating Experiments That Happened By Accident December 18, 2013 Religion 10 Things You Didnt Know About Greek Mythology December 17, 2013 Pop Culture

warrrreagl October 12, 2008

Gentlemen prefer blondes (or so the saying goes) but from time to time they prefer brunettes (take the 90s for example). In earlier history they preferred redheads. These days redheads get a bad wrap being referred to as gingers and other unpleasant names. This list is their redemption! A focus entirely on redheads. So, here are the 25 most significant redheads in history. This list is in no particular order.

1. Carol Burnett (b. 1933) American comedienne and actress most famous for her own variety show, The Carol Burnett Show (1967-1978). She also appeared on Mamas Family in a few episodes reprising the role of Eunice that she created with co-star Vickie Lawrence, and as Jamies mother on Mad About You. In addition, shes done several films and voice-overs. However, she will most likely be remembered most for her ear-tugging salute to her grandmother, her hilarious Tarzan call, and her parody of Gone with the Wind called Went with the Wind.

2. Lucille Ball (1911 1989) American comedienne and actress most famous for the historic early sitcom she created with real-life husband Desi Arnaz called I Love Lucy (1951-1957). I Love Lucy was memorable for being the first American TV show to star a female and one of the first American TV shows to present a pregnant woman, although they werent allowed to say the word pregnant. The most watched episode in American TV history during that time was when Lucy gave birth to Little Ricky during the shows second season. Many of the famous situations on the show are old vaudeville routines, and one of the most memorable is the Chocolate Factory. [Pictured above]

3. Margaret Sanger (1879 1966) She ushered in the modern age of womens liberation by fostering birth control. She successfully mobilized American women to take an active role in the decision to have or not have children. One of her organizations would eventually become Planned Parenthood, and she lived long enough to actively campaign for the legalization of the birth control pill.

4. Judas Iscariot (d. 29-33) One of the twelve disciples of Jesus Christ who betrayed Him and identified Christ for Roman soldiers with a kiss in the Garden of Gethsemane for 30 pieces of silver. According to most biblical accounts, Judas was later overcome with guilt and returned the silver and hanged himself, although some accounts have him living several years longer before dying.

5. Lynette Squeaky Fromme (b. 1948) One of Charles Mansons family members who had a passive role in the Tate-LaBianca murders in 1969 and an active role in the attempted assassination of US President Gerald Ford in 1975. For the latter, she received a life sentence which she is serving in Texas despite a two-day escape in 1987.

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Top 25 Famous Redheads - Listverse

Red Hat shares jump as Q3 earnings, revenue beat estimates

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Summary: The open source software provider posted a solid third quarter report as revenue climbed 15 percent, year-over-year.

Just before everyone heads home for the holidays, Red Hat piped out its third quarter earnings report after the bell on Thursday.

The open source giant reported a net income of $52 million, or 27 cents per share (statement). Non-GAAP earnings were 42 cents per share on a revenue of $397 million, up 15 percent annually.

Wall Street was looking for earnings of 35 cents per share on a revenue of $383.11 million.

Almost immediately after the report was published, Red Hat shares jumped by roughly 10 percent in after-hours trading.

With subscription revenues up 17 percent year-over-year to $343 million for the quarter, CEO James Whitehurst highlighted the key products that delivered last quarter:

Strong demand in Q3 for our core Red Hat Enterprise Linux and JBoss Middleware technologies led to results that exceeded guidance across several key financial metrics. Red Hat's technologies address the high growth opportunities in the data center to modernize and move away from legacy proprietary software in order to deploy open hybrid cloud technologies that drive IT velocity, efficiency and scalability.

Chief financial officer Charlie Peters also credited "the strengthening of our European and U.S. federal government businesses" as major revenue contributions over the last three months.

Looking forward, Wall Street is expecting Red Hat to return with a fourth quarter revenue of $394.05 million and non-GAAP earnings around 36 cents per share.

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Red Hat shares jump as Q3 earnings, revenue beat estimates

Right-on-red postings: Right or wrong?

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Q: I am perplexed by how the 'right turn on red' prohibition is applied at different intersections. In East Allen Township, Snowdrift Road joins Airport Road at an oblique angle, opposite Hanoverville Road. Drivers on Snowdrift stopped at the light at Airport routinely turn right on red. I think right on red should be prohibited.

Edwin Kay, Bethlehem

Q: Why aren't right turns on red allowed from Dauphin Street onto Union Boulevard in Allentown? There's plenty of sight-distance. I think it would be perfectly safe, and traffic would move along more efficiently.

Paul Kershner, South Whitehall Township

A: Traffic engineers determine whether right turns on red are allowed at signalized intersections. Guidelines apply, but conditions at no two intersections are exactly alike, and interpretation plays a main-road role in deciding where to post "no turn on red" signs, and where to let traffic flow more freely. In cases where the ban is in effect and the reasons for that seem unclear, engineers likely decided to err on the side of caution, theoretically favoring motorist and pedestrian safety. On the other side of the road, the demands of efficient traffic flow should get due consideration.

According to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, a kind of road map for U.S. traffic engineers, "no turn on red' should be considered when one or more of the following conditions exists:

"Inadequate sight distance to vehicles approaching from the left (or right, if applicable); geometrics or operational characteristics of the intersection that might result in unexpected conflicts; an exclusive pedestrian phase; an unacceptable number of pedestrian conflicts with right-turn-on-red maneuvers, especially involving children, older pedestrians, or persons with disabilities; more than three right-turn-on-red accidents reported in a 12-month period for the articular approach, or the skew angle of the intersecting roadways creates difficulty for drivers to see traffic approaching from their left."

Some of these are wide-open highways to interpretation ("unacceptable" number of pedestrian conflicts), and note that the manual says the ban "should be considered," not "shall be imposed." At the end of the road, it's largely a judgment call.

Properly executed right turns on red are allowed in Pennsylvania in the absence of "no turn on red" or "no turns" signs. The law first requires a complete stop, and yielding to conflicting vehicular or pedestrian traffic. Left-on-red is allowed if both streets are one-way streets. And it's strictly optional: Drivers can refuse to make the turn for any reason, including merely to aggravate the impatient motorists behind them. (That may not be polite, but it is perfectly legal.)

The intersection of Airport Road with Snowdrift and Hanoverville roads is a model so rare it's suitable for collectors. As you pointed out in your email, Edwin, it features traffic-signal heads mounted on the same cross-member but facing in different directions to control different streams of traffic. For motorists on Snowdrift facing Airport, the signal heads on the arm to the right, but angled toward Snowdrift, work in concert with those across Airport; the angled heads are auxiliaries, more easily viewed by right-turners. Motorists crossing to Hanover tend to maneuver their vehicles to face Hanover, and thus face the signals across the way. It's unusual.

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Right-on-red postings: Right or wrong?

Detroit Red Wings: 5 Storylines That Won’t Go Away During 2013-14 Season

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The Detroit Red Wings have uncharacteristically struggled at home this season, but they have been road warriors with an amazing record away from Joe Louis Arena.

Detroit's dominance on the road can be summed up by their strong five-on-five play and dominant penalty kill. Detroit is giving up just 2.125 goals per road game, meaning that it is much easier to win on a consistent basis away from The Joe.

Keep in mind that Detroit has played just 16 road games this season, so it will be interesting to see if Detroit can keep this play up all season.

If that can happen, they should go into any playoff series as a favorite, having learned to play well away from home and potentially opening a playoff series on the road.The Wings are in the wild-card spot right now.

For now though, this disparity in records remains something to shake one's head at than anything else.

If Detroit can become more consistent at home and tone down on the exorbitant amount of goals that they are giving up there (second worst only to the Ottawa Senators in terms of total number), then the Red Wings can improve in the standings.

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Detroit Red Wings: 5 Storylines That Won't Go Away During 2013-14 Season

Dvorak: Santa’s skin color flies right over kids’ heads

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The color of Santas skin though a hotly debated topic among adults this week pretty much means bupkis to the kids mobbing Kris Kringle at a Hyattsville mall.

That red suit means loot. And it basically ends right there.

Im just excited to see him, and I want him to bring me some doll babies, DaeLese, 6, said as she waited in line at the Mall at Prince Georges, which features one of the regions few African American Santas. But his race wasnt what brought DaeLese and her mom, Masche Williams, 26, to the mall.

I dont care if hes yellow, black, green. And she doesnt care shes so excited to see him because he brings toys, Williams said.

I took my two blond-haired, pink-cheeked children to this mall Santa, a light-complexioned black man with the requisite white beard and hearty laugh. Would they notice his race?

Nope. They didnt hesitate or comment. They climbed on his knees, smiled for the camera elves and ticked off their wish lists. Their voluminous wish lists.

Okay, their pure, naked greed was embarrassing. But I felt a sense of relief that, unlike Megyn Kelly of Fox News, my children and the other kids in line werent fixated on Santas skin color. In our amazingly diverse region, they dont feel any need to declare Santa white. Or any other race or ethnicity.

But the debate does raise an interesting question: Should we rotate Santas on that mall throne to fit our increasingly colorful world? Latino Santa a las dos, Korean Santa until four, then the Senegalese Santa comes.

I spent days trying to find out if these versions of Santa exist. At casting agencies, Santa sourcers said they rarely get ethnically or racially specific requests. I called Latino and Hispanic associations all over the region to see where the best Spanish-speaking Santa could be found.

Huh. I dont know of any. But thats a good business opportunity, said Michel Zajur, chief executive of the Virginia Hispanic Chamber of Commerce.

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Dvorak: Santa’s skin color flies right over kids’ heads

Planetary science – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Planetary science (rarely planetology) is the scientific study of planets (including Earth), moons, and planetary systems, in particular those of the Solar System and the processes that form them. It studies objects ranging in size from micrometeoroids to gas giants, aiming to determine their composition, dynamics, formation, interrelations and history. It is a strongly interdisciplinary field, originally growing from astronomy and earth science,[1] but which now incorporates many disciplines, including planetary astronomy, planetary geology (together with geochemistry and geophysics), atmospheric science, oceanography, hydrology, theoretical planetary science, glaciology, and the study of extrasolar planets.[1] Allied disciplines include space physics, when concerned with the effects of the Sun on the bodies of the Solar System, and astrobiology.

There are interrelated observational and theoretical branches of planetary science. Observational research can involve a combination of space exploration, predominantly with robotic spacecraft missions using remote sensing, and comparative, experimental work in Earth-based laboratories. The theoretical component involves considerable computer simulation and mathematical modelling.

Planetary scientists are generally located in the astronomy and physics or earth sciences departments of universities or research centres, though there are several purely planetary science institutes worldwide. There are several major conferences each year, and a wide range of peer-reviewed journals.

The history of planetary science may be said to have begun with the Ancient Greek philosopher Democritus, who is reported by Hippolytus as saying

The ordered worlds are boundless and differ in size, and that in some there is neither sun nor moon, but that in others, both are greater than with us, and yet with others more in number. And that the intervals between the ordered worlds are unequal, here more and there less, and that some increase, others flourish and others decay, and here they come into being and there they are eclipsed. But that they are destroyed by colliding with one another. And that some ordered worlds are bare of animals and plants and all water.[2]

In more modern times, planetary science began in astronomy, from studies of the unresolved planets. In this sense, the original planetary astronomer would be Galileo, who discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter, the mountains on the Moon, and first observed the rings of Saturn, all objects of intense later study. Galileo's study of the lunar mountains in 1609 also began the study of extraterrestrial landscapes: his observation "that the Moon certainly does not possess a smooth and polished surface" suggested that it and other worlds might appear "just like the face of the Earth itself".[3]

Advances in telescope construction and instrumental resolution gradually allowed increased identification of the atmospheric and surface details of the planets. The Moon was initially the most heavily studied, as it always exhibited details on its surface, due to its proximity to the Earth, and the technological improvements gradually produced more detailed lunar geological knowledge. In this scientific process, the main instruments were astronomical optical telescopes (and later radio telescopes) and finally robotic exploratory spacecraft.

The Solar System has now been relatively well-studied, and a good overall understanding of the formation and evolution of this planetary system exists. However, there are large numbers of unsolved questions,[4] and the rate of new discoveries is very high, partly due to the large number of interplanetary spacecraft currently exploring the Solar System.

This is both an observational and a theoretical science. Observational researchers are predominantly concerned with the study of the small bodies of the solar system: those that are observed by telescopes, both optical and radio, so that characteristics of these bodies such as shape, spin, surface materials and weathering are determined, and the history of their formation and evolution can be understood.

Theoretical planetary astronomy is concerned with dynamics: the application of the principles of celestial mechanics to the Solar System and extrasolar planetary systems.

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Planetology – National Geographic Store

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In a stunning and completely new view of the solar system, an astronaut and a geologist team up to investigate, through parallel views made possible by cutting-edge space technology, how the earth can help science unravel the mysteries of the heavens.

Noted planetary geologist Ellen Stofan and veteran astronaut Tom Jones pair images of Earthmany captured by space shuttle and space station crewmemberswith astonishing scenes of alien surfaces beamed home by NASA's far-ranging robotic probes.

This comprehensive new portrait of the solar system brings to light an array of important features never seen until todayand it highlights, for the first time, the similarities and contrasts between Earth and its neighbors in space.

Anecdotal stories from space flights and exploratory missions make Planetology an absorbing read and an informative resource. The book's unique concept draws intriguing comparisons across multiple physical processes, and its dynamic design offers a fresh approach to the study of space.

"Jones provided a preview of his forthcoming book...which blends imagery of Earth and other celestial bodies to show the similarities and contrasts in climate and geology."msnbc Cosmic Blog

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Planetology - National Geographic Store

Theoretical planetology – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Theoretical planetology, also known as theoretical planetary science[3] is a branch of planetary sciences that developed in the 20th century.[4]

Theoretical planetologists, also known as theoretical planetary scientists, use modelling techniques to develop an understanding of the internal structure of planets by making assumptions about their chemical composition and the state of their materials, then calculating the radial distribution of various properties such as temperature, pressure, or density of material across the planet's internals.[4]

Theoretical planetologists also use numerical models to understand how the Solar System planets were formed and develop in the future, their thermal evolution, their tectonics, how magnetic fields are formed in planetary interiors, how convection processes work in the cores and mantles of terrestrial planets and in the interiors of gas giants, how their lithospheres deform, the orbital dynamics of planetary satellites, how dust and ice is transported on the surface of some planets (such as Mars), and how the atmospheric circulation takes place over a planet.[5]

Theoretical planetologists may use laboratory experiments to understand various phenomena analogous to planetary processes, such as convection in rotating fluids.[5]

Theoretical planetologists make extensive use of basic physics, particularly fluid dynamics and condensed matter physics, and much of their work involves interpretation of data returned by space missions, although they rarely get actively involved in them.[7]

Typically a theoretical planetologist will have to have had higher education in physics and theoretical physics, at PhD doctorate level.[9][10]

Because of the use of scientific visualisation animation, theoretical planetology has a relationship with computer graphics. Example movies exhibiting this relation are the 4-minute "The Origin of the Moon"[8]

One of the major successes of theoretical planetology is the prediction and subsequent confirmation of volcanism on Io.[1][2]

The prediction was made by Stanton Peale who wrote a scientific paper claiming that Io must be volcanically active that was published one week before Voyager 1 encountered Jupiter. When Voyager 1 photographed Io in 1979, his theory was confirmed.[2] Later photographs of Io by the Hubble Space Telescope and from the ground also showed volcanoes on Io's surface, and they were extensively studied and photographed by the Galileo orbiter of Jupiter from 1995-2003.

D. C. Tozer of University of Newcastle upon Tyne,[11] writing in 1974, expressed the opinion that "it could and will be said that theoretical planetary science is a waste of time" until problems related to "sampling and scaling" are resolved, even though these problems cannot be solved by simply collecting further laboratory data.[12]

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Theoretical planetology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

New study points to possibility of ‘extreme’ tsunami in Hawaii

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HONOLULU (HawaiiNewsNow) -

Scientists have found evidence that strong earthquakes in the Aleutian Islands could send an extreme tsunami that could bring huge waves through Waikiki and cripple Oahu's main electrical power plant.

The study from the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology at the University of Hawaii and the National Tropical Botanical Garden on Kauai stemmed from the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami that devastated Japan and caused damage in Hawaii.

Cameras caught the devastation as tsunami waves pushed miles inland from the magnitude 9.0 quake off Japan. Now scientists have found evidence that it could happen here.

Archaeobotanist David Burney found it in the Makauwahi Sinkhole on Kauai near Poipu. A cave in the sinkhole had a huge deposit of marine sediment, including shells, gravel and coral, dating back to the 1500s.

Scientists believed the only way they could have gotten there would be by a wave that carried them over the top of the cave, or about 24 feet above sea level.

"There's a spot in the Aleutians that if you have an event there and it is actually capable of doing it, it provides a fairly strong circumstantial case," said Dr. Rhett Butler, interim director of the Institute of Geophysics.

Butler and his team ran computer models, which concluded that such a tsunami could be generated from a 9.2 magnitude quake in a certain spot in the Eastern Aleutians.

"There was a series of very large events that have happened up there about 300, 400 years, and that one in particular had a date that was basically in the same data uncertainty that this Kauai deposit had been dated as," said Butler.

Such a quake would devastate much of Hawaii, but in particular, the study theorizes that it would send a four-story high tsunami through Waikiki.

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New study points to possibility of 'extreme' tsunami in Hawaii

Baird: Finish Arctic mapping

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Its all the rage this week: a mountain range along the bottom of the Arctic Ocean.

The Lomonosov Ridge could determine how much Arctic seabed Canada could one day claim as its own. It could even settle the question of Santas citizenship at the North Pole.

Unlocking the ridges secrets may not be the magic bullet that Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird described this week, after he sent the scientists back to look at it again.

But there are still things left to learn, especially whether and how it is even attached to Canadas continental shelf.

In their submission to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf last week, government scientists stopped short of the North Pole, which lies along the ridge.

Baird didnt explain why they made the choice to stop where they did, but he said he wasnt happy with it.

The reality is the Lomonosov Ridge wasnt fully mapped in the submissions that my department did, Baird said.

And frankly, we think its important when you do this extensive mapping; we wanted to get the entire Arctic map, including on the ridge.

According to geologists, the ridges shape and history are largely understood.

And mapping the whole thing would take Canadians all the way to Russia.

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Baird: Finish Arctic mapping

News at Nine, December 20

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UH study points to possibility of extreme tsunami

Scientists have found evidence that strong earthquakes in the Aleutian Islands could send an extreme tsunami to Oahu, crippling the island's main electrical power plant.

The study by the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology at the University of Hawaii and the National Tropical Botanical Garden on Kauai stemmed from the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami that devastated Japan and caused damage in Hawaii.

According to Archaeobotanist David Burney, there's a spot in the Aleutian Islands that is capable of producing an extreme tsunami. He said the study theorizes the tsunami would send a four-story wave through Waikk as well as wash out the Kahe Power Plant in Leeward Oahu.

Source: Hawaii News Now

UH Hawaiian law program to train state, county personnel

The university law school's Ka Huli Ao Center for Excellence in Native Hawaiian Law will provide a free law training course to state and county lawmakers, decision-makers, staff and members of various boards, commissions and councils on Jan. 11.

The training course will focus on state and county governments trust obligations, particularly in relation to Native Hawaiian cultural and natural resources. Subjects include the public land trust, traditional and customary rights, water and the public trust doctrine, and the law relating to Native Hawaiian ancestral remains.

Associate Professor of Law and Ka Huli Ao Director Melody Kapilialoha MacKenzie said the feedback from last year's training was positive and attendees found the training invaluable.

The training will be held on the law school's campus at UH Mnoa.

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News at Nine, December 20