Alan Watt: The President’s Council on Bioethics Camouflages Eugenics (Part 2) – Video

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Alan Watt: The President #39;s Council on Bioethics Camouflages Eugenics (Part 2)
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Alan Watt: The President's Council on Bioethics Camouflages Eugenics (Part 2) - Video

Ecosystem – Encyclopedia of Earth

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An ecosystem is a community of organisms interacting with each other and with their environment such that energy is exchanged and system-level processes, such as the cycling of elements, emerge.

Levels of organization of Ecology, highlighting ecosystems. (Credit: Erle Ellis)

The ecosystem is a core concept in Biology and Ecology, serving as the level of biological organization in which organisms interact simultaneously with each other and with their environment. As such, ecosystems are a level above that of the ecological community (organisms of different species interacting with each other) but are at a level below, or equal to, biomes and the biosphere. Essentially, biomes are regional ecosystems, and the biosphere is the largest of all possible ecosystems.

Ecosystems include living organisms, the dead organic matter produced by them, the abiotic environment within which the organisms live and exchange elements (soils, water, atmosphere), and the interactions between these components. Ecosystems embody the concept that living organisms continually interact with each other and with the environment to produce complex systems with emergent properties, such that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" and "everything is connected".

The spatial boundaries, component organisms and the matter and energy content and flux within ecosystems may be defined and measured. However, unlike organisms or energy, ecosystems are inherently conceptual, in that different observers may legitimately define their boundaries and components differently. For example, a single patch of trees together with the soil, organisms and atmosphere interacting with them may define a forest ecosystem, yet the entirety of all organisms, their environment, and their interactions across an entire forested region in the Amazon might also be defined as a single forest ecosystem. Some have even called the interacting system of organisms that live within the guts of most animals as an ecosystem, despite their residence within a single organism, which violates the levels of organization definition of ecosystems. Moreover, interactions between ecosystem components are as much a part of the definition of ecosystems as their constituent organisms, matter and energy. Despite the apparent contradictions that result from the flexibility of the ecosystem concept, it is just this flexibility that has made it such a useful and enduring concept.

The term "ecosystem" was first coined by Roy Clapham in 1930, but it was ecologist Arthur Tansley who fully defined the ecosystem concept. In his classic article of 1935, Tansley defined ecosystems as "The whole system, including not only the organism-complex, but also the whole complex of physical factors forming what we call the environment". The ecosystem concept marked a critical advance in the science of ecology, as Tansely specifically used the term to replace the "superorganism" concept, which implied that communities of organisms formed something akin to a higher-level, more complex organisma mistaken conception that formed a theoretical barrier to scientific research in ecology. Though Tansely and other ecologists also used the ecosystem concept in conjunction with the now defunct concept of the ecological "climax" (a "final", or "equilibrium" type of community or ecosystem arising under specific environmental conditions), the concept of ecosystem dynamics has now replaced this. Eugene Odum, a major figure in advancing the science of ecology, deployed the ecosystem concept in a central role in his seminal textbook on ecology, defining ecosystems as: "Any unit that includes all of the organisms (ie: the "community") in a given area interacting with the physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to clearly defined trophic structure, biotic diversity, and material cycles (ie: exchange of materials between living and nonliving parts) within the system is an ecosystem."

Ecosystems may be observed in many possible ways, so there is no one set of components that make up ecosystems. However, all ecosystems must include both biotic and abiotic components, their interactions, and some source of energy. The simplest (and least representative) of ecosystems might therefore contain just a single living plant (biotic component) within a small terrarium exposed to light to which a water solution containing essential nutrients for plant growth has been added (abiotic environment). The other extreme would be the biosphere, which comprises the totality of Earth's organisms and their interactions with each other and the earth systems (abiotic environment). And of course, most ecosystems fall somewhere in between these extremes of complexity.

At a basic functional level, ecosystems generally contain primary producers capable of harvesting energy from the sun by photosynthesis and of using this energy to convert carbon dioxide and other inorganic chemicals into the organic building blocks of life. Consumers feed on this captured energy, and decomposers not only feed on this energy, but also break organic matter back into its inorganic constituents, which can be used again by producers. These interactions among producers and the organisms that consume and decompose them are called trophic interactions, and are composed of trophic levels in an energy pyramid, with most energy and mass in the primary producers at the base, and higher levels of feeding on top of this, starting with primary consumers feeding on primary producers, secondary consumers feeding on these, and so on. Trophic interactions are also described in more detailed form as a food chain, which organizes specific organisms by their trophic distance from primary producers, and by food webs, which detail the feeding interactions among all organisms in an ecosystem. Together, these processes of energy transfer and matter cycling are essential in determining ecosystem structure and function and in defining the types of interactions between organisms and their environment. It must also be noted that most ecosystems contain a wide diversity of species, and that this diversity should be considered part of ecosystem structure.

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Ecosystem - Encyclopedia of Earth

Shark Cull Protests Underway At Beaches Across Western Australia And The Nation – Video

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Shark Cull Protests Underway At Beaches Across Western Australia And The Nation
Shark Cull Protests Underway At Beaches Across Western Australia And The Nation Shark Cull Protests Underway At Beaches Across Western Australia And The Nati...

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Shark Cull Protests Underway At Beaches Across Western Australia And The Nation - Video

Battle over beaches heats up in Rye

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Members of the surfing community listen to lengthy debate about commercial activity on Rye town beaches at the town's deliberative session on Saturday.Joey Cresta photo

February 01, 2014 5:43 PM

RYE Debates about public beach access dominated the town deliberative session on Saturday.

The nearly 7-hour meeting gave residents a chance to debate and alter warrant articles that will appear on the ballot next month. There are 28 articles on the warrant, but most of the attention focused on three dealing with commercial beach activities.

Townspeople have grappled with the growing popularity of Rye's beaches and the problems that come with it: congestion, noise, lack of parking, alcohol consumption and disorderly or disruptive behavior. In particular, some residents are concerned that commercial activities like surf camps are taking over the beach.

It's been obvious to me that the frequency and the types of commercial activities occurring on our beaches have been increasing, said Michael Labrie, a longtime beach commissioner and the chairman of the Beach Use Ordinance Committee.

The committee spent the bulk of last year studying the issue and crafting an ordinance that would give the town some semblance of control over a potential explosion in commercial endeavors on the beach. The result of the committee's efforts is Article 23, which proposes a permitting process that beach businesses must go through before they can lawfully operate in Rye.

We forged a compromise that is very reasonable and was very sensitive to the interests of both sides, as well as protecting our town from the liability associated with some of these activities, Labrie said.

However, it was clear several members of the committee on both sides of the issue were not satisfied with the end result. Committee member Tyler McGill, who co-owns Summer Sessions Surf Shop with his brother Ryan, proposed a pair of amendments to the ordinance.

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Battle over beaches heats up in Rye

Shark alert closes beach

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Liam Croy, Grace Millimaci and Dan Mercer The West Australian February 2, 2014, 10:50 am

Leighton and Port beaches were closed this morning and Fisheries Department officers set more drum lines after a 4m shark was spotted a few hundred metres off Leighton beach.

Surf Life Saving WA reported that a 4m shark was swimming south about 100m off North Leighton about 8.30am, as hoards of people began arriving for surf club.

The alert prompted the fisheries vessel, which had been returning from Mullaloo after inspecting Perth drum-lines, to rush south.

Swimmers and surfers were still in the water despite the warning.

After arriving at Leighton, officers set extra drum-lines at the southern corner of the beach in a bid to catch the shark, the species of which is unknown.

The beaches were later re-opened after no further sightings of the shark.

All 10 drum lines were checked earlier this morning but all were clear.

On Friday the lines were deployed for the first time off the metropolitan coast under the Barnett Government's shark catch-and-kill policy.

Fisheries officers at work early this morning. Picture: Iain Gillespie/The West Australian

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Shark alert closes beach