How the Bitcoin Blockchain Is Being Used to Safeguard Nuclear Power Stations – CoinDesk – CoinDesk

Nuclearis, a manufacturer of precision mechanical components for the nuclear industry, is using the Bitcoin blockchain to verify the manufacturing blueprints of parts that make up nuclear power reactors.

Announced Tuesday, Nuclearis, which is headquartered in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and has offices in the U.S. and China, is using the Bitcoin-powered RSK blockchain as an immutable anchor, keeping tabs on critical documents. The firm has open-sourced the framework so other players in the nuclear industry can use it.

Its not the first time blockchain tech has been leveraged within the nuclear industry. Estonias Guardtime has been using its own version of DLT for some time to distribute data as a way to prevent cyberattacks on nuclear infrastructure. There have also been projects using blockchain to track the uranium fuel supply chain and also track what happens to nuclear waste.

Safety is everything when it comes to nuclear. The track and trace use case for manufacturing documents is important because there have been forgeries in the past, where antiquated nuclear reactors have opted for shortcuts to revamp equipment (a high-profile case of this sort went through the courts in France in 2016.)

Some 150 new reactors are set to be built over the next 30 years and the NuclearTech space is all about instilling trust within the operators of nuclear power plants, said Nuclearis CTO Sebastian Martinez.

Part of the problem is that there are many intermediaries in this supply chain and parts of it are still paper-based, said Martinez. We hash the manufacturing documents and upload to the blockchain at the point of creation of the steel part. Months or even years later, when we deliver the part, the power plant can check if everything digitally matches.

Nuclearis, which is working with Argentinas three power plants Atucha I, Atucha II and Embalse said the Argentine government and the countrys main operator of nuclear power plants, Nucleoelctrica Argentina, are looking to adopt its blockchain system.

The RSK blockchain developed with consultancy IOV Labs uses a process called merged mining to run a sidechain on the Bitcoin blockchain and harvest the hash power of the largest cryptocurrency.

The immutability and security that blockchain provides are of the most importance for the nuclear industry, IOV Labs CEO Diego Gutierrez Zaldivar said in a statement. We are very excited about Nuclearis solution in that industry and thrilled they have chosen RSK blockchain and RSK Infrastructure Framework (RIF) technologies for its development.

The RSK-based platform now in use is only for tracking the provenance of new parts, but there are lots of interesting use cases going forward around areas like decommissioning of parts, Nuclearis said.

If you replace something like a pump from a primary circuit that has been radioactive for the last 50 years, you have to decommission it, get it out of the reactor and dismantle it, said Martinez. Traceability of that stuff is very important so it doesnt turn up on some black market, or worse, finds its way into a dirty bomb.

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How the Bitcoin Blockchain Is Being Used to Safeguard Nuclear Power Stations - CoinDesk - CoinDesk

Nanomedicine Market 2020 Global Share, Growth, Size, Opportunities, Trends, Regional Overview, Leading Company Analysis And Forecast To 2026 |…

Nanomedicine Market

DataIntelo, 03092020: The research report on the Nanomedicine Market is a deep analysis of the market. This is a latest report, covering the current COVID-19 impact on the market. The pandemic of Coronavirus (COVID-19) has affected every aspect of life globally. This has brought along several changes in market conditions. The rapidly changing market scenario and initial and future assessment of the impact is covered in the report. Experts have studied the historical data and compared it with the changing market situations. The report covers all the necessary information required by new entrants as well as the existing players to gain deeper insight.

Furthermore, the statistical survey in the report focuses on product specifications, costs, production capacities, marketing channels, and market players. Upstream raw materials, downstream demand analysis, and a list of end-user industries have been studied systematically, along with the suppliers in this market. The product flow and distribution channel have also been presented in this research report.

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The Major Manufacturers Covered in this Report:CombimatrixAblynxAbraxis BioscienceCelgeneMallinckrodtArrowhead ResearchGE HealthcareMerckPfizerNanosphereEpeius BiotechnologiesCytimmune SciencesNanospectra Biosciences

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By Types:Quantum dotsNanoparticlesNanoshellsNanotubesNanodevices

By Applications:Segmentation encompasses oncologyInfectious diseasesCardiologyOrthopedicsOthers

By Regions:

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In conclusion, the Nanomedicine Market report is a reliable source for accessing the research data that is projected to exponentially accelerate your business. The report provides information such as economic scenarios, benefits, limits, trends, market growth rate, and figures. SWOT analysis is also incorporated in the report along with speculation attainability investigation and venture return investigation.

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Nanomedicine Market 2020 Global Share, Growth, Size, Opportunities, Trends, Regional Overview, Leading Company Analysis And Forecast To 2026 |...

Nanomedicine Market Segmentation By Qualitative And Quantitative Research Incorporating Impact Of Economic And Non-Economic Aspects By 2027 – Reports…

The report on the Global Nanomedicine Market provides a panoramic view of the current developments and progresses within the Nanomedicine market. The report further analyzes the impact of the novel COVID-19 pandemic on the Nanomedicine market and provides an accurate insight into the current and future market fluctuations. Factors likely to influence the growth of the market, current trends, opportunities, restraining factors, and business landscape are discussed in-depth in the market study.

The Nanomedicine market report further discusses the definitions, classifications, types, applications, market overview, manufacturing processes and costing, raw materials, among other key points. The report additionally provides SWOT analysis, investment feasibility, and investment return analysis.

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The major players profiled in the global Nanomedicine market report include:

Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals Inc. AMAG Pharmaceuticals, Bio-Gate AG, Celgene Corporation, and Johnson & Johnson.

Market Segment by Regions:

Product Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion; 2017-2027)

Drug Delivery System Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion; 2017-2027)

Application Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion; 2017-2027)

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Impressive Trends and Future Scope of Nanocapsules Market – StartupNG

Nanopharmacology is a new branch of pharmacology which deals with the application of nanotechnology in the field of nanomedicine. This is a potential step towards curing and prevention of disease by using molecular knowledge about human body and molecular tools. Nanopharmacology studies the interaction between nanoscale drugs and proteins such as DNA, RNA and cells & tissues. It also studies the interaction between physiological systems and traditional drugs at nanoscale level.

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Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles that include both nanospheres and nanocapsules. Nanocapsule is any nanoparticles that consist of a shell and a space in which desired substances may be placed. It is made up of a nontoxic polymer. They are also known to be drug delivery agents in the size range of 10-1000 nm. These capsules are made up of molecules called as phospholipids such as liposomes. Now-a-days many other materials such as variety of polymers have been used to make nanocapsules by self assembly process. Polymeric capsules are studied extensively as particulate carriers in the medical and pharmaceutical fields as they act as good drug delivery systems as a result of their sustained and control release property and subcellular size.

The ultrafine size of nanocapsules itself is one of the useful function as the finer drug are suitable to be absorbed easily through biological systems. The special features and functions of nanoparticles include slow release: the capsules releases drugs molecules slower over a long period of time, quick release: the capsule shell breaks and comes in contact with a surface, specific release: the shell is designed to break open when a molecule receptor binds to a specific chemical and moisture release: the shell breaks down and releases drug in the presence of water among other features. The state of the art nanocapsulation medications include drugs deliver to specific locations within the body, cuts down on the amount of drug per dose and reduces the risk of side effects. The only limitation is that it is designed to target pre-determined areas.

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Cancer, neutraceuticals, ethyl alcohol absorption, food usage and self healing materials are the major applications of nanocapsules. Water soluble polymer shells are manufactured to deliver a protein known as apoptin into cancer cells. Neutraceuticals are substances which are placed into food to enhance nutrition. The smaller the nanocarrier, the better the delivery particles and solubility of neutraceuticals. Nanocapsulation in foods includes the changing of texture, coloring, flavoring and stability in shelf life. Nanocapsules are known to reduce damage that is caused by high loads for components in microelectronics, polymeric coatings and adhesives.

Growing pharmaceutical industry along with the rising demand for nanocapsules are expected to be the major factor driving the global nanocapsules industry. The growing demand from the end user industry is also expected to boost demand for nanocapsules in the near future.

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Asia Pacific is expected to be the largest consumer of nanocapsules due to growing pharmaceutical industries in the region. North America and Europe are also expected to boost demand for nanocapsules owing to the growing demand from the end-user industries for various applications.

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Some of the major players profiled for global nanocapsules market include: Capsulation, Sanzyme Ltd, PlasmaChem GmbH, NoCamels, Indian Instruments Manufacturing Company, Encap, Sintef, and Carlina Technologies among others.

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Impressive Trends and Future Scope of Nanocapsules Market - StartupNG

NanoViricides is Developing Drugs Against SARS-CoV-2 with an Integrated Approach to Combat COVID-19, as Reported at The LD 500 Virtual Conference -…

SHELTON, CT / ACCESSWIRE / September 4, 2020 / NanoViricides, Inc. (NYSE American: NNVC) (the "Company") a global leader in the development of highly effective antiviral therapies based on a novel nanomedicines platform, today reported on the Presentation by Anil R. Diwan, Ph.D., its President and Executive Chairman, at the LD 500 investor conference yesterday, Thursday, September 3rd at 11:20 AM EDT.

Dr. Diwan presented the Company's rapid progress in developing a drug to attack the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 spectrum of diseases.

He summarized the Company's progress since embarking into this endeavor with very limited resources since about January, 2020, and boot-strapping on its past work against coronaviruses. Dr. Diwan stated that the Company is close to declaring a clinical candidate for treating patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. The Company has previously reported that its development candidates have shown to be effective against multiple coronaviruses in the Company's own BSL2 Virology Lab, and have also shown to be highly effective in an animal study to combat infection by a related coronavirus that uses the same ACE2 receptor as does SARS-CoV-2.

Dr. Diwan stated that this broad-spectrum effectiveness against coronaviruses provides scientific reasoning that even as a field coronavirus strain mutates, our drug candidates would continue to remain effective, unlike antibodies and vaccines.

In addition, our current development candidates against COVID-19 have also been shown to be extremely safe in animal studies. Their effectiveness in cell culture and animal models has led us to believe that they are worthy of human clinical development.

Subsequently, the Company has completed CMC ("Chemistry, Manufacture, and Controls") studies that would be required for an IND ("Investigational New Drug) application to the U.S. FDA. The Company is also in the process of drafting sections of an IND for COVID-19 drug candidate. The Company is currently conducting studies to finalize its clinical candidate.

Dr. Diwan further stated the Company's intent of developing an integrated approach to combat SARS-CoV-2 that could potentially result in a cure for the virus. The virus lifecycle is a convolution of two parts: (a) re-infection of a host cell by external virus (after primary infection from outside the host body), and (b) replication (i.e. production of new virus particles) in infected cells and egress of the newly produced virus particles to feed back into the (a) re-infection cycle, completing the loop.

Dr. Diwan explained that if both parts of the virus lifecycle are blocked, then a virus infection would be cured, except in the case of latent viruses.

A nanoviricide® is uniquely capable of accomplishing this task of integrated attack against both the re-infection and replication mechanisms, as the Company has previously stated. The nanoviricide is already designed to block the re-infection cycle part. In addition, it can carry in its "belly", a payload that can block the replication cycle part.

NanoViricides has accelerated its anti-coronavirus program to develop a "second generation" nanoviricide against coronaviruses that is designed to block both re-infection and replication cycles, in addition to the current development of the "first generation" anti-coronavirus drug intended to block the re-infection cycle part. The Company accelerated these efforts due to both the severity of the pandemic, and the difficulty of curing the SARS-CoV-2 infection as exemplified by several recent unsuccessful or partially successful clinical studies.

In particular, the Company has successfully encapsulated remdesivir inside its current development drug candidates. The resulting drug, which is expected to be superior to remdesivir alone, as well as many other drugs, is already in pre-clinical testing, Dr. Diwan disclosed.

Remdesivir inhibits replication cycle by blocking the RNA polymerase activity essential for virus genome duplication. It is highly effective in cell culture studies against many viruses. However, its success in reducing viral load and pathology has been limited in human clinical studies. This is probably substantially due to the extensive metabolism that the drug is subjected to as soon as it enters the bloodstream.

Encapsulation into a nanoviricide is anticipated to protect remdesivir from this extensive metabolism and thus improve its clinical effect profile. Additionally, the nanoviricide itself is expected to block the re-infection cycle part of the virus lifecycle. Thus the Company believes that this novel integrated nanomedicine approach could produce a highly effective drug against coronaviruses, and against SARS-CoV-2 in particular, possibly on the way to a cure.

The Company develops its class of drugs, that we call nanoviricides®, using a platform technology. This approach enables rapid development of new drugs against a number of different viruses. A nanoviricide is a "biomimetic" - it is designed to "look like" the cell surface to the virus. The nanoviricide® technology enables direct attacks at multiple points on a virus particle. It is believed that such attacks would lead to the virus particle becoming ineffective at infecting cells. Antibodies in contrast attack a virus particle at only a maximum of two attachment points per antibody.

Because of the worldwide urgency of the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, we have focused all our efforts recently on taking a drug against SARS-CoV-2 into human clinical trials for treatment of patients with COVID-19. An effective drug could potentially allow full-fledged opening of normal activities, including schools, businesses, and economies all over the world.

Soon after it files an IND for a COVID-19 drug candidate, the Company intends to re-engage its NV-HHV-101 shingles drug candidate clinical trials program towards IND filing. The Company has put the shingles program on hold due to perceived difficulties in conducting proposed shingles clinical trials during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Company is near finalizing the selection of clinical trial sites and finalizing clinical trial protocols for the shingles IND filing.

The NV-HHV-101 drug candidate is expected to open up a billion dollar market for the shingles treatment space, and also lead to further development of drugs against other herpesviruses such as HSV-1 that causes "cold sores" and HSV-2 that causes genital herpes. The multiple indications enabled by the HerpeCide program drug candidates may potentially address a several billion dollar marketspace.

For additional information about NanoViricides, please visit the company's website at http://www.nanoviricides.com .

About NanoViricides NanoViricides, Inc. (www.nanoviricides.com) is a development stage company that is creating special purpose nanomaterials for antiviral therapy. The Company's novel nanoviricide® class of drug candidates are designed to specifically attack enveloped virus particles and to dismantle them. Our lead drug candidate is NV-HHV-101 with its first indication as dermal topical cream for the treatment of shingles rash. The Company is in the process of completing an IND application to the US FDA for this drug candidate. The Company cannot project an exact date for filing an IND because of its dependence on a number of external collaborators and consultants, the effects of recent COVID-19 restrictions, and re-prioritization for COVID-19 drug development work.

The Company is also developing drugs against a number of viral diseases including oral and genital Herpes, viral diseases of the eye including EKC and herpes keratitis, H1N1 swine flu, H5N1 bird flu, seasonal Influenza, HIV, Hepatitis C, Rabies, Dengue fever, and Ebola virus, among others. NanoViricides' platform technology and programs are based on the TheraCour® nanomedicine technology of TheraCour, which TheraCour licenses from AllExcel. NanoViricides holds a worldwide exclusive perpetual license to this technology for several drugs with specific targeting mechanisms in perpetuity for the treatment of the following human viral diseases: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV/AIDS), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Rabies, Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2), Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV), Influenza and Asian Bird Flu Virus, Dengue viruses, Japanese Encephalitis virus, West Nile Virus and Ebola/Marburg viruses. The Company has executed a Memorandum of Understanding with TheraCour that provides a limited license for research and development for drugs against human coronaviruses. The Company intends to obtain a full license and has begun the process for the same. The Company's technology is based on broad, exclusive, sub-licensable, field licenses to drugs developed in these areas from TheraCour Pharma, Inc. The Company's business model is based on licensing technology from TheraCour Pharma Inc. for specific application verticals of specific viruses, as established at its foundation in 2005.

This press release contains forward-looking statements that reflect the Company's current expectation regarding future events. Actual events could differ materially and substantially from those projected herein and depend on a number of factors. Certain statements in this release, and other written or oral statements made by NanoViricides, Inc. are "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements since they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which are, in some cases, beyond the Company's control and which could, and likely will, materially affect actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. The Company assumes no obligation to publicly update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the company's expectations include, but are not limited to, those factors that are disclosed under the heading "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in documents filed by the company from time to time with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission and other regulatory authorities. Although it is not possible to predict or identify all such factors, they may include the following: demonstration and proof of principle in preclinical trials that a nanoviricide is safe and effective; successful development of our product candidates; our ability to seek and obtain regulatory approvals, including with respect to the indications we are seeking; the successful commercialization of our product candidates; and market acceptance of our products. FDA refers to US Food and Drug Administration. IND application refers to "Investigational New Drug" application. CMC refers to "Chemistry, Manufacture, and Controls".

Contact: NanoViricides, Inc. info@nanoviricides.com

Public Relations Contact: MJ Clyburn TraDigital IR clyburn@tradigitalir.com

SOURCE: NanoViricides, Inc.

View source version on accesswire.com: https://www.accesswire.com/604794/NanoViricides-is-Developing-Drugs-Against-SARS-CoV-2-with-an-Integrated-Approach-to-Combat-COVID-19-as-Reported-at-The-LD-500-Virtual-Conference

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NanoViricides is Developing Drugs Against SARS-CoV-2 with an Integrated Approach to Combat COVID-19, as Reported at The LD 500 Virtual Conference -...

Clene Nanomedicine, researching the use of gold atoms to slow ALS progression, nets $42.5M Series D – Endpoints News

A biopharma that uses gold to develop treatments for neurodegenerative diseases just got a little bit richer.

Clene Nanomedicine pulled in $42.5 million in a Series D financing round Wednesday, money which will go toward advancing its lead program through a Phase III platform trial in ALS and support Phase II trials in MS, Parkinsons disease and ALS. CEO Rob Etherington said that by the end of 2021, Clene will know whether or not the candidate, called CNM-Au8, will prove effective.

It will take us to the end of all these clinical endpoints, Etherington told Endpoints News. The exciting thing for us is that one asset could potentially be indicated to improve neurological function in MS, as well as ALS, and [though] Parkinsons is the slower program, this money is going to help us launch more completely that program.

CNM-Au8 is a liquid suspension of gold nanocrystals that catalyze intracellular biological reactions. Such catalyzation can lead to improvement in nerve cell survival, function, and communication. Chemically, the clean surfaces of the nanocrystals help normalize ATP production in cells, which is lacking in serious neurological diseases like ALS, CMO Robert Glanzman said.

Were providing bioenergy support to cells, Glanzman said. Theres a reason why we tend to get neurodegenerative diseases as we get older, and that is because as we age, theres a linear loss of bioenergetic capacity within neurons and what were doing is actually providing these neurons and other cells with free energy, essentially.

In terms of visible symptoms, Glanzman added that patients taking CNM-Au8 will see better strength, muscle mass and be able to speak, breathe and swallow more easily over a longer period of time.

Clenes Phase III study comes as it was selected to participate in the first-ever platform trial for ALS, which enrolled its first patients earlier this month. The trial compares three separate treatments for the disease, with UCBs zilucoplan and Biohavens verdiperstat joining CNM-Au8 at Harvard-backed Massachusetts General Hospital in testing 480 total patients.

Though delayed from a March start due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the platform trial aims to expedite the development of therapies for a disease that advances rapidly and that has few effective treatment options. Only riluzole, also known as Rilutek and OKed in 1995, shows any measurable effect on ALS patients, Etherington said.

Riluzole, which functionally is really the only drug that most people with ALS use, was originally approved to delay the need for tracheostomies to encourage breathing for an extra couple months, Etherington said. But it has a very modest effect generally. It is the standard of care, however, because its the only really markedly relevant drug thats been approved for ALS in this country. Theres a few others but most of them do very little.

Clene has two other programs in the pipeline, though neither have reached the clinic just yet. The first is a topical gel containing silver and zinc ions, with researchers looking at burn treatment, accelerated wound-healing and as an anti-infective. Theres also a gold-platinum therapeutic being studied for use in oncology, which is still in the initial in vitro stage.

The bottom line for Clene though is that finding a treatment option for the extremely difficult ALS indication becomes closer to reality, with a potentially huge impact on the field.

The way you and I move and can grasp things and can talk, all this fine motor movement we take for granted, Etherington said. An ALS patient loses these and this is exactly what we are studying.

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Clene Nanomedicine, researching the use of gold atoms to slow ALS progression, nets $42.5M Series D - Endpoints News

Amorphous Soft Magnetic Materials Market to Reach USD 728.5 Million by 2027; Need to Blend Amorphous & Nano-crystalline Alloys will Favor Growth,…

Pune, Sept. 02, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The global amorphous soft magnetic materials market is set to gain traction from the increasing research activities to develop new fabrication methods. Several researchers are striving to blend amorphous and nano-crystalline alloys for improving ductility & thermal stability. Fortune Business Insights presents this information in a new study, titled, Amorphous Soft Magnetic Materials Market Size, Share & COVID-19 Impact Analysis, By Application (Electronic Article Surveillance, Flexible Antenna, Magnetic Sensors, Magnetic Shielding, Transformers, and Others), and Regional Forecast, 2020-2027. The study further mentions that the market size was USD 522.4 million in 2019 and is projected to reach USD 728.5 million by 2027, exhibiting a CAGR of 4.7% during the forecast period.

COVID-19: High Demand for Medical Equipment to Affect Market Positively

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused severe economic losses for a wide range of industries. But, it has affected the field of amorphous soft magnetic materials positively. The main reason behind this is the high demand for medical equipment, such as ventilators, MRI machines, and CT-scanners worldwide. In March 2020, the Society of Critical Care Medicine mentioned that approximately 9, 60,000 patients would require ventilators amid this global pandemic in the U.S. alone. Hence, the need for global amorphous soft magnetic materials would grow rapidly as they help in manufacturing high-quality equipment.

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This Report Answers the Following Questions:

Drivers & Restraints

High Demand for Amorphous Alloys to Accelerate Growth

Amorphous alloys mainly contain cobalt, nickel, and iron with silicon or phosphorus, carbon, and boron. Industrial consumers are nowadays trying to reduce operating cost, save energy, and operate efficiently. Hence, they are looking for amorphous alloys which are helping them to fulfil their requirements. Apart from that, they have numerous significant properties, such as good mechanical strength and low coercive field. These factors are set to boost the amorphous soft magnetic materials market growth throughout the forthcoming years. However, the availability of several substitute soft magnetic materials may hamper growth.

Segment

Transformer Segment to Lead Backed by Presence of Amorphous Alloys in Magnetic Core

Based on application, the market is segregated into transformers, magnetic shielding, magnetic sensors, flexible antenna, electronic article surveillance, and others. Out of these, the transformers segment held 55.9% in terms of amorphous soft magnetic materials market share in 2019. This segment would lead the market in the near future as amorphous alloys are extensively used to develop the magnetic core of the transformers. This, in turn, provides improved efficiency and reduces the overall weight of the transformer.

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Regional Analysis

Asia Pacific to Dominate Stoked by Rising Development of Transformers in China

Regionally, Asia Pacific generated USD 286.1 million in terms of revenue in 2019. This growth is attributable to the major contributions of China. It is considered to be one of the largest manufacturers of amorphous metal transformers, thereby resulting in the surging demand for amorphous soft magnetic materials. Apart from that, the rising usage of electric vehicles (EVs) in this country is set to augment the market growth in Asia Pacific. Europe, on the other hand, is expected to remain in the second position stoked by the presence of a well-established electronics industry in Germany.

List of the Leading Companies Profiled in the Global Amorphous Soft Magnetic Materials Market are:

Competitive Landscape

Key Players Aim to Launch New Amorphous Soft Magnetic Materials to Intensify Competition

The market consists of a wide range of companies functioning from across the globe. They are trying to strengthen their positions and overtake their rivals by introducing state-of-the-art products in the market.

Below are two of the latest industry developments:

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5 Recent Tech Innovations Disrupting the Medical and Healthcare Industry – HealthTechZone

Technology is at our fingertips. Think of all the health monitors or wearable fitness trackers that people are using today. Virtual healthcare practices have changed our attitude towards the medical and healthcare industry. While there are loyalists as well as dissenters who rue the lack of personal connection with the doctor and quality care, tech innovations are breaking barriers meanwhile.

Technology in Healthcare

It could be as simple as information sharing between doctors and patients, or something as profound as robotic aid in a high-risk surgery. Better still, make it a remote surgery where the patient and doctor are separated by miles in between them! Clearly, recent tech advancements are disrupting the medical and healthcare industry with its dynamic applications.

It started with the online consultations and took off from there.

Telemedicine or virtual consultations are a thing of the past now. Even when they started, the dramatic impact it had on traditional healthcare roles has changed our collective attitude towards the industry. As these technologies develop further, more applications for professionals and patients stand to promote the overall wellness. Today, apps on the phone track our exercise and calorie intake, check obesity development, and monitor heart health.

Here are 5 recent tech innovations that have disrupted the industry for the long haul:

1. Virtual Reality or AR/MR/VR in Healthcare

Both medical professionals and patients stand to benefit from the multi-sensory, immersive experience that VR provides.

Think of realistic and low-risk simulated environment for training surgeons. On the other hand, in the arena of pain management or mental health, immersion in virtual worlds can produce better results. VRs therapeutic potential and rehabilitation chances in acute pain and anxiety disorder cases are far-reaching.

2. Nanomedicine

This is the stuff of sci-fi genres. Nanotechnology and nanodevices are arming the healthcare industry with control on the molecular level. Nanopharmaceuticals are aiming at smaller drugs and more precise delivery systems. For instance, delivering chemotherapy to targeted tumours rather than poisoning the whole body.

3. 3D Printing

Creating medical tools from buildable materials ranging from plastic to stem-cells, 3D printing has revolutionised the medical industry. Aided by the custom-friendly aspect of 3D printing, organ transplants and tissue repair, prosthetics and braces, even layered stem-cell organoids are possible today. Faster prototypes at a fraction of the traditional cost is a huge leg-up in the healthcare scene. The most dazzling innovation through this method is the poly-pill that holds several drugs for multiple illnesses with different release times!

4. Internet of Medical Things or IoT

Connected devices, cloud-computing, and the internet have allowed a larger the exchange of data, convenience, and automation. The IoT is significantly changing how healthcare professionals can manage patient records, control inventory, monitor and provide preventative care. In a way, this could be the most significant disruptive technology as a lot of other tech advancements have been possible only through this.

5. Precision Medicine

Diagnosis, treatment, and preventive care based on an individuals environment, lifestyle, and genetic makeup is a big shift from the all-purpose generic approach. Precision medicine is suggested based on diagnostic and molecular genetic testing processes such as genome sequencing and DNA mutation investigations. This will revolutionise preventive measures reducing treatment time and expenditure as well as healthcare requirement.

As healthcare and technological advancements grow together, the industry becomes more optimised providing quality care. It is evident in the cosmetic health industry where non-surgical procedures have advanced significantly. You can get Botox in Perth with breakthrough serums and great aftercare with minimal or no recovery time.

In fact, tech innovations have disrupted the healthcare industry so significantly, it is impossible to see it survive without them.

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5 Recent Tech Innovations Disrupting the Medical and Healthcare Industry - HealthTechZone

Mohali INST scientists develop new nano-particle-based treatment for kala azar – The Tribune India

Vijay Mohan

Tribune News Service

Chandigarh, August 21

Patients affected by kala azar, one of the most neglected tropical diseases, may soon find relief in an oral medicine from India. Scientists from the Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali, have developed a nano-medicine by combining different compounds for combating the disease.

Scientifically called Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), kala azar is a disease in which a parasite migrates to the internal organs such as the liver, spleen or bone marrow and, if left untreated, will almost always result in the death of the host, according to medical literature.

It is a major health problem in India with an estimated 1.5 lakh new cases per year and also a serious concern in many other developing countries. About 95 per cent VL cases in the world are reported from Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Nepal, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan.

While general symptoms of VL include fever, weight loss, fatigue, anaemia and substantial swelling of the liver and spleen, infliction of the disease can also be asymptomatic in some cases. Since it is spread by insects and parasites, VL is a community problem and requires individual and society participation in its control.

In their project, supported by the Department of Science and Technology - Science and Engineering Research Boards (DST-SERB) Early Career Research Award, INST scientists have developed an oral nano-medicine with the help of surface-modified solid lipid nano-particles-based combinational system for treating the disease.

According to the INST team, till date, there is no study reported where a combination of two anti-leishmanial drugs has been delivered through nano-modification as a potential therapeutic strategy against VL. This work suggests the superiority of the combination prepared by them as a promising approach towards the oral delivery of anti-leishmanial drugs, the Ministry of Science and Technology said on Friday.

The INST team was led by Dr Shyam Lal. Anti-leishmanial drugs Amphotericin-B and Paromomycin were encapsulated in solid lipid nano-particles and further modified with a Hydroxypropyl-Cyclodextrin compound. The nano-particle combinatorial drug delivery system developed by them enhanced the efficacy of the formulation by reducing intracellular amastigote growth in cells without causing any significant toxic side-effects.

This study by the INST team, published in the journals Scientific Reports and Materials Science and Engineering C, may lead to product and process patents, enhancing indigenous capability for developing innovative therapy against neglected diseases. The usage of lower therapeutic dose of the purified drugs through nano-modifications will greatly help in reducing toxicity, which has been a major hindrance in the existing conventional treatment, when administered orally.

Excerpt from:

Mohali INST scientists develop new nano-particle-based treatment for kala azar - The Tribune India

Book Review: What Can India’s Embrace of Nanotech Tell Us About India’s Science? – The Wire Science

A glass nanoparticle suspended in an optical cavity. Photo: uclmaps/Flickr, CC BY 2.0.

Nanotechnology may not be a familiar term to many although nanotechnology-based products are available in the market and many consumers use them. Thanks to Nano Mission, an initiative funded by the Government of India through the Department of Science and Technology from May 2007, India has made great strides in nanosciences and engineering.

In this regard, Nanoscale, a new book by Pankaj Sekhsaria, a policy researcher at the Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas, IIT Bombay, doesnt eulogise the technology and its achievements nor does it criticise them and their deployment and risks.

Instead, Sekhsaria takes an atypical tack to set out what is possible, offering us new ways to conceive of and evaluate research. Through four case studies, he attempts to understand the links between science, technology and society at different sites and at different scales as if to ensure we are aware of what all is possible before we embark on our respective critical journeys. They are:

1. Developing a cutting-edge microscope at a university in Pune, despite severe constraints

2. Using nanotechnology to validate some components of a traditional Ayurvedic preparation

3. The failure of an innovative product a nano-silver-coated ceramic candle used to purify water in households

4. Nanotechnology-based treatment protocols for retinoblastoma, a cancer that affects children

The first case study concerns the construction of a scanning tunnelling microscope by C.V. Dharmadhikari at the University of Pune, using a variety of materials, including nanoparticles. Sekhsaria describes how Dharmadhikari built this sophisticated device from scratch, indigenously, and which he and his team now use for their research.

With this in mind, Sekhsaria invokes the concept of jugaad and the culture of innovation in laboratories around India. However, Eric von Hippels user innovation theory offers a better explanation: that more innovation is driven by intermediate or end users, at the site of consumption, which is then integrated by suppliers. In this case, Dharmadhikari is both a user and an innovator: he first developed the instrument and then, in the course of using it, continued to make minor modifications to better suit his and his peers purposes.

In fact, this would be true of most scientific instruments which are constantly attended to by a community of user-innovators of PhD students, postdoctoral researchers and investigators. As a result, in an ecosystem where resources are scarce and grants and funds are constantly shadowed by uncertainty, such DIY endeavours contribute more innovation and help adapt sophisticated technologies for more local conditions including nanotechnology.

Sekhsaria subsequently describes the fate of Dharmadhikari et als scanning tunnelling microscope, and compares it to that of similar innovations elsewhere in India. However, he stops short of discussing the range, utility and novelty of such instruments and how they have enabled Indian scientists to pursue science despite their constraints. Nor is there mention of how common such solutions are common across disciplines and institutions. Of course, user innovation can occur even when new instruments are acquired but if building instruments from scratch is very widely practised, it deserves a fuller study, as an important dimension of doing science in India.

The second case study concerns the use of nanotechnological tools to validate the components of a traditional Ayurvedic preparation, called bhasmas, and related work at the Centre for Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune. Using the studies of Rinku D. Umrani, Sekhsaria highlights how the dialog between modern science (nanotechnology) and traditional medicine (Ayurveda) is necessary, although there are skeptics on both sides.

While the usefulness of traditional medicine is well known and accepted, it is often debunked as unscientific or considered to be scientifically unprovable. But a dialog could help better understand each system from the other systems perspective, paving the way for potentially fruitful collaborations.

With the specific example of bhasmas, Sekhsaria focuses the discussion onto the challenge of checking if Ayurveda can provide an alternative way to manage diabetes. Umranis work suggests that the mechanisms of action of some Ayurvedic preparations, including bhasmas, involve reactions involving nanoparticles. But instead of limiting himself to a yes/no answer, Sekhsaria argues that validation is necessary but a dialog as equals is more important to facilitate further research that, by extension, the introduction of radical new technologies brings with it radical new opportunities to improve the way we organise and conduct research.

Also read: Why Elon Musk Isnt Right About Nanotechnology Being BS

The third case study highlights how an innovation perceived to be locally useful to provide good quality drinking water at the household level using nanosilver-coated candles failed in the market. Researchers at the International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI), Hyderabad, had developed these devices, essentially ceramic candles coated with nanoparticles of silver that could filter out some bacterial species from water.

But for the fact that they were simple to use, required less maintenance and were locally produced, they flopped at the market because they rested on the products uniqueness instead of adjusting for consumer behaviour and aspirations. The ceramic candle platform itself was becoming obsolete as a water purification technology, and newer entrants, ranging from advanced filters to ultraviolet and reverse-osmosis systems, all of which trapped more than bacteria, heightened buyers expectations.

Nonetheless, the candles were still useful, especially in low-cost settings. So Sekhsaria contends that such products shouldnt have been left at the mercy of market forces and that the government should have stepped in with subsidies. In fact, he challenges the idea that nanosilver-coated candles are obsolete per se, and argues that obsolescence is linked to infinite demands and consumption and that ARCI might have had more success if it had involved end-users during the product development process. According to him, there is also scope to recalibrate, renegotiate and revive the product, especially if were willing to learn from our mistakes.

The fourth case study is on treating retinoblastoma in female children. While nanotechnology is expected to offer better solutions like using gold-based nanoparticles to destroy cancer cells in a photothermal process the grim reality is that in some cases, parents prefer not to treat the child and let her die. This is because when children afflicted with retinoblastoma are not treated on time, they may lose eyesight and sometimes even their lives. In this regard, Sekhsaria spotlights how clinicians often talk to these childrens parents as if they are activists, and attempt to educate parents.

There is hardly any categorised data on retinoblastoma in India and how different sections of society have responded to it. It is true that technology is no panacea and the social complexities have to be taken into account but the complexity cant be reduced to that of only discrimination.

Sekhsaria discusses how girls and women are discriminated against, and how some parents choose to ignore new technologies that offer better treatment in favour of letting them die. However, his foundation is almost entirely anecdotal, based on discussions he had in two institutions in Hyderabad and Chennai. His analysis would have been enriched by including examples from more institutions, even if only in these cities, and could have fortified Sekhsarias arguments.

As such, the reader is unable to generalise from his examples as to the fraction of parents in the country who decide thus and why, nor whether the parents of male children behave the same way. Moreover, Sekhsaria discusses only those cases where parents didnt treat the child even if they had the option to do so, or accessed treatment when the retinoblastoma had entered the later stages.

Instead, the discussion could have covered the class and access to treatment dimensions. Unless we know how different sections of society respond to all the options available to them, the books view remains one-dimensional and unable to help us understand the technology-society interface. Nanotechnological solutions are not yet in vogue and are years away from widespread adoption. And even if nanotechnology has to have a positive impact, its success depends on the solutions affordability, accessibility and the decisions of parents who need to decide what is best for their children and themselves.

In fact, overall, Nanoscale often doesnt go far enough to flesh out the stories it uses to make its point about the unique prevalence of nanotechnologies across four very different slices of society, as if the book is attempting to anticipate the nanos outsized impact on society, and even social relations, in future.

Currently, India publishes the third-highest number of research papers on nanotechnology in the world. Nanotechnologies themselves have applications in sectors ranging from agriculture to textiles, from medicine to construction materials. For example, nano-fertilisers can help increase the efficiency with which plants use nutrients in the soil and help reduce nutrient run-off. Researchers have also used precepts of nanotechnology to improve hydrogen-based renewable energy technologies.

Also read: Why India Needs Nanotechnology Regulation Before it is Too Late

In this regard, Nanoscale provides a new perspective on nanotechnology in India and asks important questions about the corresponding science, technology and policies of innovation. Sekhsaria also successfully subverts conventional wisdom on innovation and attempts to link jugaad with sophistication, calls for dialog between modern science and traditional medicine, and highlights how the market can destroy innovations even as it patronises more expensive technology.

As such, Sekhsarias reluctance to pronounce verdicts works to the books advantage because, by highlighting the gap between traditional ideas of innovation in laboratories and the ground reality, he is able to contend that we can utilise nanotechnologies to a fuller extent by applying them to areas where there is a contest of paradigms or worldviews.

Krishna Ravi Srinivas works at Research and Information Systems for Developing Countries, a policy research think-tank. The views expressed here are the authors own.

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Book Review: What Can India's Embrace of Nanotech Tell Us About India's Science? - The Wire Science

Healthcare Nanotechnology (Nanomedicine) Market Analysis, Key Players, Industry Segments And Forecast To 2026 – The News Brok

The Healthcare Nanotechnology (Nanomedicine) market report 2020-2026 provides in-depth study of market competitive situation, product scope, market overview, opportunities, driving force and market risks. Profile the Top Key Players of Healthcare Nanotechnology (Nanomedicine), with sales, revenue and global market share of Healthcare Nanotechnology (Nanomedicine) are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast and speak to info. Upstream raw materials and instrumentation and downstream demand analysis is additionally administrated. The Healthcare Nanotechnology (Nanomedicine) market business development trends and selling channels square measure analyzed. From a global perspective, It also represents overall industry size by analyzing qualitative insights and historical data.

Key players operating in the global Healthcare Nanotechnology (Nanomedicine) market includes : Amgen, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Abbott, UCB, Roche, Celgene, Sanofi, Merck & Co, Biogen, Stryker, Gilead Sciences, Pfizer, 3M Company, Johnson & Johnson, Smith&Nephew, Leadiant Biosciences, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Shire, Ipsen, Endo International, and among others.

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Scope of Healthcare Nanotechnology (Nanomedicine) Market:

The global Healthcare Nanotechnology (Nanomedicine) market is valued at million US$ in 2019 and will reach million US$ by the end of 2026, growing at a CAGR of during 2020-2026. The objectives of this study are to define, segment, and project the size of the Healthcare Nanotechnology (Nanomedicine) market based on company, product type, application and key regions.

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The report offers an exhaustive geographical analysis of the global Healthcare Nanotechnology (Nanomedicine) market, covering important regions, viz, North America, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia, India and Central & South America. It also covers key countries (regions), viz, U.S., Canada, Germany, France, U.K., Italy, Russia, China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Mexico, Brazil, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, etc.

The end users/applications and product categories analysis:

On the basis on the end users/applications,this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate foreach application.

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Healthcare Nanotechnology (Nanomedicine) Market The Regional analysis covers:

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Healthcare Nanotechnology (Nanomedicine) Market Analysis, Key Players, Industry Segments And Forecast To 2026 - The News Brok

Nanomedicine Market: Industry Analysis and forecast 2026: By Modality, Diseases, Application and Region – Good Night, Good Hockey

Nanomedicine Marketwas valued US$ XX Bn in 2018 and is expected to reach US$ XX Bn by 2026, at CAGR of XX% during forecast period of 2019 to 2026.

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Nanomedicine is an application of nanotechnology, which are used in diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, and control of biological systems. Nanomedicine usages nanoscale manipulation of materials to improve medicine delivery. Therefore, nanomedicine has facilitated the treatment against various diseases. The nanomedicine market includes products that are nanoformulations of the existing drugs and new drugs or are nanobiomaterials. The research and development of new devices as well as the diagnostics will become, more effective, enabling faster response and the ability to treat new diseases are likely to boost the market growth.

The nanomedicine markets are driven by factors such as developing new technologies for drug delivery, increase acceptance of nanomedicine across varied applications, rise in government support and funding, the growing need for therapies that have fewer side effects and cost-effective. However, long approval process and risks associated with nanomedicine (environmental impacts) are hampering the market growth at the global level. An increase in the out-licensing of nanodrugs and growth of healthcare facilities in emerging economies are likely to create lucrative opportunities in the nanomedicine market.

The report study has analyzed revenue impact of covid-19 pandemic on the sales revenue of market leaders, market followers and disrupters in the report and same is reflected in our analysis.

Nanomedicine Market Segmentation Analysis:Based on the application, the nanomedicine market has been segmented into cardiovascular, neurology, anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, and oncology. The oncology segment held the dominant market share in 2018 and is projected to maintain its leading position throughout the forecast period owing to the rising availability of patient information and technological advancements. However, the cardiovascular and neurology segment is projected to grow at the highest CAGR of XX% during the forecast period due to presence of opportunities such as demand for specific therapeutic nanovectors, nanostructured stents, and implants for tissue regeneration.

Nanomedicine Market Regional Analysis:Geographically, the Nanomedicine market has been segmented into North America, the Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. North America held the largest share of the Nanomedicine market in 2018 due to the rising presence of patented nanomedicine products, the availability of advanced healthcare infrastructure and the rapid acceptance of nanomedicine. The market in Asia Pacific is expected to expand at a high CAGR of XX% during the forecast period thanks to rise in number of research grants and increase in demand for prophylaxis of life-threatening diseases. Moreover, the rising investments in research and development activities for the introduction of advanced therapies and drugs are predicted to accelerate the growth of this region in the near future.

Nanomedicine Market Competitive landscapeMajor Key players operating in this market are Abbott Laboratories, CombiMatrix Corporation, General Electric Company, Sigma-Tau Pharmaceuticals, Inc, and Johnson & Johnson. Manufacturers in the nanomedicine are focusing on competitive pricing as the strategy to capture significant market share. Moreover, strategic mergers and acquisitions and technological innovations are also the key focus areas of the manufacturers.

The objective of the report is to present a comprehensive analysis of Nanomedicine Market including all the stakeholders of the industry. The past and current status of the industry with forecasted market size and trends are presented in the report with the analysis of complicated data in simple language. The report covers all aspects of the industry with a dedicated study of key players that includes market leaders, followers and new entrants by region. PORTER, SVOR, PESTEL analysis with the potential impact of micro-economic factors by region on the market are presented in the report. External as well as internal factors that are supposed to affect the business positively or negatively have been analyzed, which will give a clear futuristic view of the industry to the decision-makers. The report also helps in understanding Nanomedicine Market dynamics, structure by analyzing the market segments and project the Nanomedicine Market size. Clear representation of competitive analysis of key players By Type, Price, Financial position, Product portfolio, Growth strategies, and regional presence in the Nanomedicine Market make the report investors guide.Scope of the Nanomedicine Market:

Nanomedicine Market by Modality:

Diagnostics TreatmentsNanomedicine Market by Diseases:

Oncological Diseases Infectious Diseases Cardiovascular Diseases Orthopedic Disorders Neurological Diseases Urological Diseases Ophthalmological Diseases Immunological DiseasesNanomedicine Market by Application:

Neurology Cardiovascular Anti-Inflammatory Anti-Infectives OncologyNanomedicine Market by Region:

Asia Pacific North America Europe Latin America Middle East AfricaNanomedicine Market Major Players:

Abbott Laboratories CombiMatrix Corporation General Electric Company Sigma-Tau Pharmaceuticals, Inc Johnson & Johnson Mallinckrodt plc. Merck & Company, Inc. Nanosphere, Inc. Pfizer, Inc. Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Celgene Corporation UCB (Union Chimique Belge) S.A. AMAG Pharmaceuticals Nanospectra Biosciences, Inc. Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Leadiant Biosciences, Inc. Epeius Biotechnologies Corporation Cytimmune Sciences, Inc.

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Nanomedicine Market: Industry Analysis and forecast 2026: By Modality, Diseases, Application and Region - Good Night, Good Hockey

New ‘molecular computers’ find the right cells – UW Medicine Newsroom

Scientists have demonstrated a new way to precisely target cells by distinguishing them from neighboring cells that look quite similar.

Even cells that become cancerous may differ from their healthy neighbors in only a few subtle ways. A central challenge in the treatment of cancer and many other diseases is being able to spot the right cells while sparing all others.

In a paper published 20 August inScience FirstReleasea team of researchers at the University of Washington School of Medicine and theFred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centerin Seattle describe the design of new nanoscale devices made of synthetic proteins. These target a therapeutic agent only to cells with specific, predetermined combinations of cell surface markers.

Remarkably, these 'molecular computers' operate all on their own and can search out the cells that they were programmed to find.

"We were trying to solve a key problem in medicine, which is how to target specific cells in a complex environment," said Marc Lajoie, a lead author of the study and recent postdoctoral scholar at the UW MedicineInstitute for Protein Design. "Unfortunately, most cells lack a single surface marker that is unique to just them. So, to improve cell targeting, we created a way to direct almost any biological function to any cell by going after combinations of cell surface markers."

The tool they created is called Co-LOCKR, or Colocalization-dependant Latching Orthogonal Cage/Key pRoteins. It consists of multiple synthetic proteins that, when separated, do nothing. But when the pieces come together on the surface of a targeted cell, they change shape, thereby activating a sort of molecular beacon.

The presence of these beacons on a cell surface can guide a predetermined biological activity -- like cell killing -- to a specific, targeted cell.

The researchers demonstrated that Co-LOCKR can focus the cell-killing activity of CAR T cells. In the lab, they mixed Co-LOCKR proteins, CAR T cells, and a soup of potential target cells. Some of these had just one marker, others had two or three. Only the cells with the predetermined marker combination were killed by the T cells. If a cell also had a predetermined "healthy marker," then that cell was spared.

"T cells are extremely efficient killers, so the fact that we can limit their activity on cells with the wrong combination of antigens yet still rapidly eliminate cells with the correct combination is game-changing," said Alexander Salter, another lead author of the study and an M.D./Ph.D. student in the medical scientist program at the UW School of Medicine. He is training in Stanley Riddell's lab at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center.

This cell-targeting strategy relies entirely on proteins. This approach sets it apart from most other methods that rely on engineered cells and operate on slower timescales.

"We believe Co-LOCKR will be useful in many areas where precise cell targeting is needed, including immunotherapy and gene therapy," said David Baker, professor of biochemistry at the UW School of Medicine and director of the Institute for Protein Design.

Theresearch was conducted at the Institute for Protein Design, the Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and the UW Department of Bioengineering.

The co-lead authors of this work are Marc J. Lajoie (supported by a Washington Research Foundation Innovation Postdoctoral Fellowship and a Cancer Research Institute Irvington Fellowship from the Cancer Research Institute), Scott E. Boyken (supported by the Burroughs Wellcome Fund Career Award at the Scientific Interface), and Alexander I. Salter (supported by the Hearst Foundation and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Interdisciplinary Training Grant in Cancer Research).

This work was also supported by the National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Nordstrom Barrier Institute for Protein Design Directors Fund, Hearst Foundation, Washington Research Foundation and Translational Research Fund, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Open Philanthropy Project, and The Audacious Project organized by TED.

Several authors are inventors on patents related to this work. Some hold equity in Lyell Immunopharma. Some authors are now employees or consultants of Lyell Immunopharma.

This news release was written by Ian Haydon of the Institute for Protein Design.

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New 'molecular computers' find the right cells - UW Medicine Newsroom

How can nanomedicine be applied to cannabis? – Leafly

Imagine a world in which a tiny nanorobot could deliver a specific cannabinoid directly to your endocannabinoid (ECS) receptors. The nanorobot would be thousands of times smaller than the breadth of a human hair and could carry its small cargo inside a single droplet of liquid to deliver it directly to a target cell such as a cancer cell.

Sound far-fetched? It may be closer than you think, because researchers are making great strides in the fascinating field of nanomedicine.

The cannabis plant contains an amazing group of cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids, and scientists are only beginning to unlock the complex pharmacology and potential of these compounds. Combined with nanomedicine, cannabis has even more potential to treat disease and provide overall health benefits for people.

Scientists can manipulate substances on an atomic scale, in the range of 1-100 nanometers, or one thousand times thinner than a sheet of paper. According to the US Nanotechnology Initiative, substances on the nanoscale have very different properties than bulk substances dounique properties like better electrical conductance, higher strength, and different magnetic properties, light reflection, or chemical reactivity. Nanotechnology can be performed on solids, liquids, or gases to unlock these unique phenomena.

For these reason, nanotechnology applications in medicine offer exciting promise and possibilities, especially when applied to cannabis compounds. Many nanotechnology applications are already in usecomputer circuits made from carbon nanotubes allow for far greater computing power, and nanoparticles are already being used in pharmaceuticals to improve absorption.

Researchers work on all kinds of aspects of nanotechnology, such as finding the best substance for nanoparticles, the best shape for a nanoparticle for a specific delivery, and the best transfer mechanisms for specific drugs. Nanoparticles can generate heat, deliver stem cells, be radioactive or metallic, and so much more.

While many applications are still only imagined by scientists, at its full potential, nanotechnology could be the next medical revolution, vastly changing how diseases are detected and treated.

One of the best applications of nanomedicine is in the area of drug delivery, whereby nanoparticles deliver substances directly to specific cells, like diseased cancer cells. Researchers can engineer nanoparticles to be attracted to a diseased cell and limit the ability to bind with and therefore damage healthy cells.

Scientists at MIT and other institutions have successfully used specific nanoparticles to deliver drugs to tumors. Even more interesting is that nanoparticles are developed to work togetherwhile one locates a tumor, another can use the signal from the first to effectively carry the drug to its intended target.

In one interesting application, scientists have created a nanoparticle that looks for hydrogen peroxide present in inflamed tissue, then it releases a drug in that environment to target heart disease.

There is great promise that nanotechnology and cannabinoids can make an impact on diseases like cancer, multiple sclerosis, Parkinsons, diabetes, and a wide range of serious inflammatory diseases.

Nanotechnology can help identify a disease at an early stage, perhaps even when a single cell has gone awry, and then deliver a targeted cannabinoid to correct a cells behavior, thus stopping the disease in its tracks. It may even be possible for a nanorobot to target a specific endocannabinoid receptor to shut down the entire inflammatory process for the betterment of a patient.

Cannabinoid nanodelivery systems have entered the research mainstream, with scientists working on biologically engineered cannabinoids and other nanoparticles to be transported to cells, and by creating nanocarrier transport substances out of metallics or other substances.

Delivery system research also touches on improving bioavailabilitythe rate at which the active substance of a drug enters the bloodstreamas well as improving the physical stability of nanoparticles and optimizing routes of administration, including injection, pills, or sublingual drops.

A nanotechnology-based targeted drug delivery system can be formulated to deliver cannabinoids directly to endocannabinoid receptors, where the magic happens. Cannabinoids can be packed inside a nanoparticle and carried to its intended target without degradation and with a controlled release.

For example, nanoemulsions are already used in the food industry to deliver probiotics or other bioactive ingredients in a very controlled release. These nanoemulsions use a combination of two liquids that dont normally combinesuch as oil and waterto serve as a barrier to chemical degradation for the cannabinoid while on its journey through the body.

Other encapsulation methods can help with potency issues by increasing absorption, they can help decrease side effects, and they can help cover a substances bitter taste.

Specific cannabis strains could even have tailored therapeutic profiles, and cannabinoids could be bioengineered to produce enhanced effects.

Scientists envision a superclass of cannabinoid nanocarriers that have potential to treat a wide array of endocannabinoid insufficiency issues and thus a wide variety of diseases.

In one example, researchers are looking at novel ways to deliver substances across the difficult blood-brain barrier. This barrier is the bodys built-in defense mechanism to protect the brain, so the ability to transport substances across it directly affects a treatments efficacy.

To this end, scientists are engineering lipid nanocapsules decorated with minute cannabinoids like CBD as novel therapies for diseases of the central nervous system.

Nanotechnology has already transformed drug delivery in profound ways, and cannabinoid delivery is part of this exciting future. There are challenges, of course. Cannabinoids quickly degrade in water and are susceptible to other kinds of degradation, and that presents delivery issues.

More recent discoveries, including the decoding of the cannabis genome, discovery of the main CB1R and CB2R receptors within the human endocannabinoid system (ECS), and discovery of other receptors, are also foundational efforts that contribute to cannabinoid nanotechnology.

The latest research shows great progress in the formulation of targeted cannabinoid-nanocarrier delivery systems, and as such may provide key therapies particularly for central nervous system disorders. As scientists continue to make improvements in both bio-efficacy and bioavailability, cannabis nanotechnology represents an exciting and brave new world.

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How can nanomedicine be applied to cannabis? - Leafly

Global Healthcare Nanotechnology (Nanomedicine) Industry Outlook 2020-2027 with Profiles of 46 Players Including Abbott Labs, Celgene Corp, GE…

DUBLIN, Aug. 5, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- The "Healthcare Nanotechnology (Nanomedicine) - Global Market Trajectory & Analytics" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

The publisher brings years of research experience to this 9th edition of the report. The 190-page report presents concise insights into how the pandemic has impacted production and the buy side for 2020 and 2021. A short-term phased recovery by key geography is also addressed.

Global Healthcare Nanotechnology (Nanomedicine) Market to Reach $475.2 Billion by 2027

Amid the COVID-19 crisis, the global market for Healthcare Nanotechnology (Nanomedicine) estimated at US$183.9 Billion in the year 2020, is projected to reach a revised size of US$475.2 Billion by 2027, growing at a CAGR of 14.5% over the analysis period 2020-2027.

Therapeutics, one of the segments analyzed in the report, is projected to record a 14.1% CAGR and reach US$369.5 Billion by the end of the analysis period. After an early analysis of the business implications of the pandemic and its induced economic crisis, growth in the Regenerative medicine segment is readjusted to a revised 15.7% CAGR for the next 7-year period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $54.3 Billion, While China is Forecast to Grow at 14% CAGR

The Healthcare Nanotechnology (Nanomedicine) market in the U.S. is estimated at US$54.3 Billion in the year 2020. China, the world's second largest economy, is forecast to reach a projected market size of US$82.8 Billion by the year 2027 trailing a CAGR of 14% over the analysis period 2020 to 2027.

Among the other noteworthy geographic markets are Japan and Canada, each forecast to grow at 12.8% and 12.5% respectively over the 2020-2027 period. Within Europe, Germany is forecast to grow at approximately 10.7% CAGR.

In-vitro diagnostics Segment to Record 16.3% CAGR

In the global In-vitro diagnostics segment, USA, Canada, Japan, China and Europe will drive the 16.1% CAGR estimated for this segment. These regional markets accounting for a combined market size of US$5.7 Billion in the year 2020 will reach a projected size of US$16.2 Billion by the close of the analysis period.

China will remain among the fastest growing in this cluster of regional markets. Led by countries such as Australia, India, and South Korea, the market in Asia-Pacific is forecast to reach US$56.9 Billion by the year 2027.

Competitors identified in this market include, among others:

Total Companies Profiled: 46

For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/44bvip

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Global Healthcare Nanotechnology (Nanomedicine) Industry Outlook 2020-2027 with Profiles of 46 Players Including Abbott Labs, Celgene Corp, GE...

Global Projection 2020: Nanomedicine Market Exclusive Profitable Comprehensive Research Report with COVID-19 Impact Overview | Forecast 2029 – News…

An investigation ofNanomedicineMarket has been given in the most recent report launched by MarketResearch.Biz that essentially focuses on the market trends, demand spectrum, and future prospects of this industry over the conjecture time frame. Moreover, the report gives a point by point statistical review in terms of trends outlining the geographical opportunities and contributions by prominent industry share contenders.

In addition, the report centers on giving thorough comprehensive analytical data on the local fragments, which incorporate North America, Asia-Pacific, Middle East & Africa, and the Rest of the World. Other than this, improvement plans and strategies, marketing terminologies, manufacturing protocols, current trends, dynamics of the market, and characterization have been clarified in brief in this Nanomedicine market report. The group of specialists and investigators displays the readers exact measurements and logical information in the report in a simple manner by methods for graphs, outlines, pie graphs, and other pictorial delineations.

For all-inclusive information: Download a FREE sample copy of NanomedicineMarket Report Study 2020-2029 athttps://marketresearch.biz/report/nanomedicine-market/request-sample

Topmost Prime Key Manufacturers of Nanomedicine Market Report-Abbott Laboratories, Ablynx NV, Abraxis BioScience, Inc., Celgene Corporation, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Limited, GE Healthcare Limited, Merck & Co., Inc., Pfizer Inc., Nanosphere, Inc., Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc.

How Does This Nanomedicine Market Insights Help?

Nanomedicine Market share (regional, product, end-user, application) both in terms of volume and revenue alongside CAGR

Key parameters which are driving this market and restraining its development

What all challenges manufacturers will face as well as new opportunities and threats faced by them

Find out about the market strategies that are being adopted by your competitors and leading organizations

To gain insightful analyses of the market and have a extensive comprehension of the Nanomedicine Market and its commercial landscape

Impact of Covid-19 in Nanomedicine Market:The utility-possessed section is for the most part being driven by increasing financial incentives and regulatory supports from the governments globally. The current utility-owned Nanomedicine are affected primarily by the COVID-19 pandemic. Most of the projects in China, Germany, the US, and South Korea are delayed, and the companies are facing short-term operational issues due to supply chain constraints and lack of site access due to the COVID-19 outbreak. Asia-Pacific is anticipated is foreseen to get exceptionally influenced by the spread of the COVID-19 due to the effect of the pandemic in China, Japan, and India. China is the epic focus of this lethal disease.

Connect with our Analyst to understand the CORONA Virus/COVID-19 impact and be smart in redefining Business Strategies @https://marketresearch.biz/report/nanomedicine-market/covid-19-impact

Overview of Nanomedicine market:

The report begins with a market overview and moves on to cover the growth prospects of the Nanomedicine market. A detailed segmentation analysis of the Nanomedicine market is available in the report. Nanomedicine industry comprehensive analysis also covers upstream raw materials, marketing channels, downstream client surveys, equipment, industry development trend, and proposals. Furthermore, a business overview, revenue share, and SWOT analysis of the leading players in the Nanomedicine market are available in the report.

Click on- >To Inquiry And Customization of Nanomedicine Market Report

Segmentation Assessment By product, application, and region:

Global nanomedicine market segmentation by product:TherapeuticsRegenerative medicineIn-vitro diagnosticsIn-vivo diagnosticsVaccines

Global nanomedicine market segmentation by application:Clinical OncologyInfectious diseasesClinical CardiologyOrthopedicsOthers

The report offers an in-depth assessment of growth and other aspects of the market. Nanomedicine in major countries (regions), including:

> North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)

> Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia and Italy)

> Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, and Southeast Asia)

> South America (Brazil, Argentina, etc.)

> Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa)

In this study, the years considered to estimate the market size of the Nanomedicine Market are as follows:

Base Year: 2019 | Estimated Year: 2020 | Forecast Year: 2020 to 2029

Nanomedicine industrial report not only offers hard to find facts about the trends and innovation driving the current and future of Nanomedicine business, but also provides insights into competitive development such as acquisition and mergers, joint ventures, product launches, and technology advancements.

Table of Contents

Introduction: The report begins with an executive summary, which includes the highlights of the Nanomedicine Industry Research Study.

Market Segmentation: This section provides a detailed analysis of the type and application segments of the Nanomedicine market and shows the progress of each segment with the help of easy-to-understand statistics and graphical presentations.

Regional Analysis: All major regions and countries are covered in the Nanomedicine Industry Report.

Market Dynamics: The report provides an insight into the dynamics of the Nanomedicine industry, including challenges, constraints, trends, opportunities, and drivers.

Competition: Here, the report provides company profiles of the top players competing in the Nanomedicine market.

Forecasts: This section is filled with global and regional forecasts, CAGR, and size estimates for the Nanomedicine market and its segments, and production, revenue, consumption, sales, and other forecasts.

Recommendations: The authors of the report have provided practical suggestions and reliable recommendations to help players achieve a position of strength in the Nanomedicine market.

Research Methodology: The report provides clear information about the research approach, tools and methodology, and data sources used for the Nanomedicine Industry Research Study.

>>>Read Out Complete TOC of Nanomedicine Market@https://marketresearch.biz/report/nanomedicine-market/#toc<<<

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Global Projection 2020: Nanomedicine Market Exclusive Profitable Comprehensive Research Report with COVID-19 Impact Overview | Forecast 2029 - News...

Green One-Step Synthesis of Medical Nanoagents for Advanced Radiation | NSA – Dove Medical Press

Daniela Salado-Leza,1,2 Erika Porcel,1 Xiaomin Yang,1 Lenka tefankov,1 Marta Bolsa-Ferruz,1 Farah Savina,1 Diana Dragoe,3 Jean-Luc Guerquin-Kern,4 Ting-Di Wu,4 Ryoichi Hirayama,5 Hynd Remita,6 Sandrine Lacombe1

1Universit Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 8214, Institut des Sciences Molculaires dOrsay, 91405 Orsay, France; 2Ctedra CONACyT, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potos, 78210 San Luis Potos, Mexico; 3Universit Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 8182, Institut de Chimie Molculaire et des Matriaux dOrsay, 91405 Orsay, France; 4Paris-Saclay University, Multimodal Imaging Center (UMS 2016/US 43) CNRS, INSERM, Institut Curie, 91405 Orsay, France; 5Department of Charged Particle Therapy Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 263-8555 Chiba, Japan; 6Universit Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 8000, Institut de Chimie Physique, 91405 Orsay, France

Correspondence: Sandrine LacombeUniversit Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 8214, Institut des Sciences Molculaires dOrsay, Andr Rivire Street, Building 520, Orsay Cedex 91405, FranceTel +33 1 6915 8263Email sandrine.lacombe@universite-paris-saclay.fr

Purpose: Metal-based nanoparticles (M-NPs) have attracted great attention in nanomedicine due to their capacity to amplify and improve the tumor targeting of medical beams. However, their simple, efficient, high-yield and reproducible production remains a challenge. Currently, M-NPs are mainly synthesized by chemical methods or radiolysis using toxic reactants. The waste of time, loss of material and potential environmental hazards are major limitations.Materials and Methods: This work proposes a simple, fast and green strategy to synthesize small, non-toxic and stable NPs in water with a 100% production rate. Ionizing radiation is used to simultaneously synthesize and sterilize the containing NPs solutions. The synthesis of platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) coated with biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol) ligands (PEG) is presented as proof of concept. The physicochemical properties of NPs were studied by complementary specialized techniques. Their toxicity and radio-enhancing properties were evaluated in a cancerous in vitro model. Using plasmid nanoprobes, we investigated the elementary mechanisms underpinning radio-enhancement.Results and Discussion: Pt NPs showed nearly spherical-like shapes and an average hydrodynamic diameter of 9 nm. NPs are zero-valent platinum successfully coated with PEG. They were found non-toxic and have the singular property of amplifying cell killing induced by -rays (14%) and even more, the effects of carbon ions (44%) used in particle therapy. They induce nanosized-molecular damage, which is a major finding to potentially implement this protocol in treatment planning simulations.Conclusion: This new eco-friendly, fast and simple proposed method opens a new era of engineering water-soluble biocompatible NPs and boosts the development of NP-aided radiation therapies.

Keywords: platinum nanoparticles, radiolytic method, environmentally-friendly process, nanomedicine, radiotherapy

This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution - Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License.By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms.

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Green One-Step Synthesis of Medical Nanoagents for Advanced Radiation | NSA - Dove Medical Press

Nanomedicine | medicine | Britannica

Nanomedicine, branch of medicine that seeks to apply nanotechnologythat is, the manipulation and manufacture of materials and devices that are smaller than 1 nanometre [0.0000001 cm] in sizeto the prevention of disease and to imaging, diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, repair, and regeneration of biological systems.

Although nanomedicine remains in its early stages, a number of nanomedical applications have been developed. Research thus far has focused on the development of biosensors to aid in diagnostics and vehicles to administer vaccines, medications, and genetic therapy, including the development of nanocapsules to aid in cancer treatment.

An offshoot of nanotechnology, nanomedicine is an emerging field and had garnered interest as a site for global research and development, which gives the field academic and commercial legitimacy. Funding for nanomedicine research comes both from public and private sources, and the leading investors are the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Japan. In terms of the volume of nanomedicine research, these countries are joined by China, France, India, Brazil, Russia, and India.

Working at the molecular-size scale, nanomedicine is animated with promises of the seamless integration of biology and technology, the eradication of disease through personalized medicine, targeted drug delivery, regenerative medicine, as well as nanomachinery that can substitute portions of cells. Although many of these visions may not come to fruition, some nanomedicine applications have become reality, with the potential to radically transform the practice of medicine, as well as current understandings of the health, disease, and biologyissues that are of vital importance for contemporary societies. The fields global market share totalled some $78 billion dollars in 2012, driven by technological advancements. By the end of the decade, the market is expected to grow to nearly $200 billion.

Nanomedicine derives much of its rhetorical, technological, and scientific strength from the scale on which it operates (1 to 100 nanometers), the size of molecules and biochemical functions. The term nanomedicine emerged in 1999, the year when American scientist Robert A. Freitas Jr. published Nanomedicine: Basic Capabilities, the first of two volumes he dedicated to the subject.

Extending American scientist K. Eric Drexlers vision of molecular assemblers with respect to nanotechnology, nanomedicine was depicted as facilitating the creation of nanobot devices (nanoscale-sized automatons) that would navigate the human body searching for and clearing disease. Although much of this compelling imagery still remains unrealized, it underscores the underlying vision of doctors being able to search and destroy diseased cells, or of nanomachines that substitute biological parts, which still drives portrayals of the field. Such illustrations remain integral to the field, being used by scientists, funding agencies, and the media alike.

Attesting to the fields actuality are numerous dedicated scientific and industry-oriented conferences, peer-reviewed scientific journals, professional societies, and a growing number of companies. However, nanomedicines identity, scope, and goals are a matter of controversy. In 2006, for instance, the prestigious journal Nature Materials discussed the ongoing struggle of policy makers to understand if nanomedicine is a rhetorical issue or a solution to a real problem. This ambivalence is reflected in the numerous definitions of nanomedicine that can be found in scientific literature, that range from complicated drugs to the above mentioned nanobots. Despite the lack of a shared definition, there is a general agreement that nanomedicine entails the application of nanotechnology in medicine and that it will profoundly impact medical practice.

A further topic of debate is nanomedicines genealogy, in particular its connections to molecular medicine and nanotechnology. The case of nanotechnology is exemplary: on one hand, its potentialin terms of science but also in regard to funding and recognitionis often mobilized by nanomedicine proponents; on the other, there is an attempt to distance nanomedicine from nanotechnology, for fear of being damaged by the perceived hype that surrounds it. The push is then for nanomedicine to emerge not as a subdiscipline of nanotechnology but as a parallel field.

Although nanomedicine research and development is actively pursued in numerous countries, the United States, the EU (particularly Germany), and Japan have made significant contributions from the fields outset. This is reflected both in the number of articles published and in that of patents filed, both of which have grown exponentially since 2004. By 2012, however, nanomedicine research in China grew with respect to publications in the field, and the country ranked second only to the United States in the number of research articles published.

In 2004, two U.S. funding agenciesthe National Institutes of Health and the National Cancer Instituteidentified nanomedicine as a priority research area allocating $144 million and $80 million, respectively, to its study. In the EU meanwhile, public granting institutions did not formally recognize nanomedicine as a field, providing instead funding for research that falls under the headers of nanotechnology and health. Such lack of coordination had been the target of critiques by the European Science Foundation (ESF), warning that it would result in lost medical benefits. In spite of this, the EU ranked first in number of nanomedicine articles published and in 2007 the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) allocated 250 million to nanomedicine research. Such work has also been heavily funded by the private sector. A study led by the European Science and Technology Observatory found that over 200 European companies were researching and developing nanomedicine applications, many of which were coordinating their efforts.

Much of nanomedicine research is application oriented, emphasizing methods to transfer it from the laboratory to the bedside. In 2005 the ESF pointed to four main subfields in nanomedicine research: analytical tools and nanoimaging, nanomaterials and nanodevices, novel therapeutics and drug delivery systems, and clinical, regulatory, and toxicological issues. Research in analytical tools and nanoimaging seeks to develop noninvasive, reliable, cheap, and highly sensitive tools for in vivo diagnosis and visualization. The ultimate goal is to create fully functional mobile sensors that can be remotely controlled to conduct in vivo, real-time analysis. Research on nanomaterials and nanodevices aims to improve the biocompatibility and mechanical properties of biomaterials used in medicine, so as to create safer implants, substitute damaged cell parts, or stimulate cell growth for tissue engineering and regeneration, to name a few. Work in novel therapeutics and drug delivery systems strives to develop and design nanoparticles and nanostructures that are noninvasive and can target specific diseases, as well as cross biological barriers. Allied with very precise means for diagnosis, these drug delivery systems would enable equally precise site-specific therapeutics and fewer side effects. The area of drug delivery accounts for a large portion of nanomedicines scientific publications.

Finally, the subfield of clinical, regulatory, and toxicological issues lumps together research that examines the field as a whole. Questions of safety and toxicology are prevalent, an issue that is all the more important given that nanomedicine entails introducing newly engineered nanoscale particles, materials, and devices into the human body. Regulatory issues revolve around the management of this newness, with some defending the need for new regulation, and others the ability of systems to deal with it. This subfield should also include other research by social scientists and humanists, namely on the ethics of nanomedicine.

Combined, these subfields build a case for preventive medicine and personalized medicine. Building upon genomics, personalized medicine envisions the possibility of individually tailored diagnostics and therapeutics. Preventive medicine takes this notion further, conjuring the possibility of treating a disease before it manifests itself. If realized, such shifts would have radical impacts on understandings of health, embodiment, and personhood. Questions remain concerning the cost and accessibility of nanomedicine and also about the consequences of diagnostics based on risk propensity or that lack a cure.

medicine

Medicine, the practice concerned with the maintenance of health and the prevention, alleviation, or cure of disease. The

nanotechnology

Nanotechnology, the manipulation and manufacture of materials and devices on the scale of atoms or small groups of atoms. The nanoscale is typically measured in nanometres, or billionths of a metre (nanos, the Greek word for dwarf, being the source of the prefix), and materials built at this scale often

disease

Disease, any harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of an organism, generally associated with certain signs and symptoms and differing in nature from physical injury. A diseased organism commonly exhibits signs or symptoms indicative of its abnormal state. Thus, the normal condition of an organism must be

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Nanomedicine | medicine | Britannica

What is Nanomedicine? : Center for Nanomedicine

Nanomedicine is defined as the medical application of nanotechnology. Nanomedicine can include a wide range of applications, including biosensors, tissue engineering, diagnostic devices, and many others. In the Center for Nanomedicine at Johns Hopkins, we focus on harnessing nanotechnology to more effectively diagnose, treat, and prevent various diseases. Our entire bodies are exposed to the medicines that we take, which can lead to unpleasant side effects and minimize the amount of medicine that reaches the places where it is needed. Medications can be more efficiently delivered to the site of action using nanotechnology, resulting in improved outcomes with less medication.

For example, treating cancer with current chemotherapy delivery techniques is like spraying an entire rose garden with poison in order to kill a single weed. It would be far more effective to spray a small amount of poison, directly on the weed, and save the roses. In this analogy, a cancer patients hair follicles, immune cells, and epithelia are the roses being poisoned by the chemotherapy. Using nanotechnology, we can direct the chemotherapy to the tumor and minimize exposure to the rest of the body. In addition, our nanotechnologies are more capable of bypassing internal barriers (see Technologies), further improving upon conventional nanotechnologies. Not only is our approach more effective at eradicating tumors (see Cancer under Research), but it also results in much higher quality of life for the patient.

Nanotechnology can also reduce the frequency with which we have to take our medications. Typically, the human body can very quickly and effectively remove medications, reducing the duration of action. For example, the current treatment for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) requires monthly injections into the eye in a clinical setting. However, if the medication is slowly released from the inside of a nanoparticle, the frequency of injection can be reduced to once every 6 months (see Eye under Research). The nanoparticle itself also slowly biodegrades into components that naturally occur in the body, which are also removed from the body after the medication has done its job. This exciting technology is currently being commercialized and moved toward clinical trials (see Commercialization).

Nanomedicine will lead to many more exciting medical breakthroughs. Please explore our various nanotechnology platforms and the numerous areas in which we are pursuing nanomedicine-based medical solutions.

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What is Nanomedicine? : Center for Nanomedicine

Nanomedicine – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

17.8 Commentary on Hurdles in Clinical Translation of Various Nanotechnology Products

Research regarding nanoconstructs development in the cancer treatment field has witnessed a noticeable increase after discovery of the EPR effect. However, the number of anticancer drugs that actually reached the market was considered extremely low, as out of 200,000 anticancer drugs only 15 made it by 2017 (Greish et al., 2018). The reasons why most of the nanomedicines cannot even reach the market are the hardship or inability to maintain detailed characterization of these products, unsuccessful manufacturing on large scales, and issues in their safety and efficacy. These hurdles require many developmental processes to overcome them including a precise understanding of every component and all the possible interactions between them, determination of key characteristics to understand in which possible ways they affect performance, and the extent of it. If key characteristics can be replicated under manufacturing conditions (scaling up), the efficacy of targeting at the site of action and their stability and sterility can be enhanced and/or assessed (Desai, 2012). The majority of these hurdles are summarized in Table 17.5 (Tinkle et al., 2014).

Table 17.5. Major Hurdles That Face the Commercialization of Nanomedicine

Lack of standard nano nomenclature: imprecise definition for nanomedicines

Currently used compounds/components for nanodrug synthesis often pose problems for large-scale good manufacturing (cGMP) production

Lack of precise control over nanoparticle manufacturing parameters and control assays

Lack of quality control: issues pertaining to separation of undesired nanostructures (byproducts, catalysts, starting materials) during manufacturing

Reproducibility issues: control of particle size distribution and mass

Scalability complexities: enhancing the production rate to increase yield

High fabrication costs

Lack of rational preclinical characterization strategies via multiple techniques

Biocompatibility, biodistribution and toxicity issues: lack of knowledge regarding the interaction between nanoparticles and biosurfaces/tissues

Consumer confidence: the publics general reluctance to embrace innovative medical technologies without clearer safety or regulatory guidelines

The relative scarcity of venture funds

Ethical issues and societal issues are hyped up by the media

Big Pharmas continued reluctance to seriously invest in nanomedicine

Patent review delays, patent thickets, and issuance of invalid patents by the US Patent and Trademark Office

Regulatory uncertainty and confusion due to baby steps undertaken by US Food and Drug Administration: a lack of clear regulatory/safety guidelines

One of the major concerns related to NPs is their potential incompatibility and toxicity. Studies showed that inhaling NPs can cause pulmonary inflammation as well as inducing endothelial dysfunction that might lead to further complications in the cardiovascular system. A study for evaluation of iron oxide toxicity showed that monocyte-mediated dissolution and phagocytosis of the NPs have caused severe endothelial toxicity by initiating oxidative stress. Nanomaterials used in oral DDS have been shown to accumulate in hepatic cells, which might induce the immune response and eventually cause permanent damage to the liver. The accumulation of NPs in cells has been found to cause cancer by transforming cells into the tumorous state (Jain et al., 2018; Riehemann et al., 2009). Thus, handling these nanosystems requires special equipment and caution, which increases the cost of the production process and requires further investigations of the safety of nanomaterials to have a better understanding and optimize safety during manufacturing (Hammed et al., 2016). Production of NPs in the laboratory often requires complex, multistep synthesis processes to yield the nanomaterials with the required properties. Aside from the complexity of the process, controlling conditions such as temperature and concentrations precisely is significant to achieve homogeneity of NPs in terms of desired characteristics. However, retaining temperature and concentration in large systems is harder to achieve resulting in NPs with different characteristics (Gomez et al., 2014).

NPs tend to aggregate forming clusters with several microns in size. Aggregation of NPs alters their characteristics such as reactivity, transport, toxicity, and risk in the environment. Dissolution reduces when aggregation occurs due to the decrease in available surface area that will eventually reduce the activity of NPs. For example, dechlorination rate of CT (carbon tetrachloride) by magnetite NPs has shown to decrease when aggregation of the NPs increases resulting in an inverse relationship between dechlorination rate of carbon tetrachloride and aggregation of magnetite NPs (Hotze et al., 2010; Hou and Jafvert, 2009).

All these requirements are extremely important because the majority of the nanomedicines have failed to reach the commercialization step even though their efficacy in animal models was considerably high. Due consideration must be given regarding the several difficulties such as their low targeting, low safety, low efficacy, heterogeneity of disease between individuals, inability to scale-up successfully, and unavailability in determining a convenient characterization methods (Agrahari and Agrahari, 2018; Hare et al., 2017; Kaur et al., 2014). These hurdles that face the research process of accelerated translation are summarized in Fig. 17.8 (Satalkar et al., 2016).

Figure 17.8. Major issues that face accelerated translation process of nanoparticles.

Therefore, more understanding in all aspects of nanomedicine production, characterization, and clinical processes must be fulfilled to control and improve the development processes, and increase the efficacy of the translational methods. Other significant hurdles hindering clinical translation are the insignificant incentives regarding technology transfer, as well as socioeconomic uncertainties along with the safety problems faced. In the majority of cases, consideration of commercialization aspects in early stages of development is hardly even considered thus eliminating the market-oriented development (Rsslein et al., 2017).

Nanomedicines face tough, challenging concerns when it comes to determining the applicable analytical tests in terms of chemical, physical, or biological characterization. This is mainly achieved due to their complex nature in comparison with other pharmaceutical products. Hence, there is a need for more complex and advanced levels of testing to ensure a full accurate characterization of nanomedicine products. Quantification of each component of nanomedicine is considered essential alongside the identification and evaluation of interactions between them. For more possibility in achieving successful manufacturing processes with reproducibility, these products should be investigated and understood more during the early developmental stages to identify their key characteristics. The challenges for nanomedicine during scale-up and manufacturing are considered relatively unique because other pharmaceutical manufacturing processes systems are not three-dimensional multicomponent in nature on the nanometer scale. Therefore, a certain series of obstacles in the scale-up process is required. To reach the desired safety, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters to produce the therapeutic effect are needed. These are further determined by the proper selections of the essential components, determination of the critical manufacturing steps, and key characteristics identification. Several methods of orthogonal analysis are essential for in-process quality controls of nanoparticle products and any deviations from key parameters could result in a significant negative impact on both the safety and efficacy of nanomedicines (Desai, 2012).

Each step in the manufacturing process of NPs must be understood extensively with the need of experienced technicians. The development process also requires more enhancements in both complexity and cost. Inadequate data regarding scaling-up processes of nanomedicine products is a major concern in the commercialization step as there are only a few reports supporting scaling-up developments. Many formulation methods have been developed for manufacturing nanomedicine products. The most common methods are nanoprecipitation and emulsion-based approaches. Generally, formulations are prepared either by precipitating the dissolved molecules (bottom-up method) or by reducing the size of larger drug particles (top-down method). Removal of the solvent in the bottom-up method is not an easy process and it cannot be controlled well either, thus explaining why this method is less often applied in industrial manufacturing (Agrahari and Agrahari, 2018; Vauthier and Bouchemal, 2009). Investments in innovative projects face several issues with the major one being the knowledge that should be obtained from the innovation. Its confidentiality is easily breached when a company uses that knowledge as it cannot prevent other companies from using it. Thus, investors are not attracted to this type of project because the total return on the investment cannot be easily appropriated (Morigi et al., 2012).

The complexities in formulating nanoproducts on large scales are due to the inability of optimization of formulation processes and achieving reproducibility. Whereas formulation steps including size reduction, homogenization, centrifugation, sonication, solvent evaporation, lyophilization, extrusion, and sterilization can be easily optimized on small-scales, its still a challenging process on large-scales. Accordingly, variations between batches cannot be controlled sufficiently thereby limiting the possibility of nanomedicine to get through commercial translation (Anselmo et al., 2017; Desai, 2012).

Another problem is that even slight changes in either the formulation or the manufacturing process can have a significant effect on the nanomedicine physiochemical properties (crystallinity, size, surface charge, release profile), which will ultimately influence the therapeutic outcome. Most of the pharmaceutical industrial facilities cannot manufacture nanomedicines because of the lack of the right equipment for the process. As nanomedicine manufacturing usually involves the use of organic solvents, the ability to correctly process and handle nanoproducts is crucial to control their safety and sterility (Anselmo et al., 2017; Desai, 2012; Kaur et al., 2014). These steps require an expensive and complicated equipment, well-trained staff, and precise control to get the required product in the right quality (Desai, 2012; Kaur et al., 2014; Ragelle et al., 2017).

To date, only 58 nanoformulations are approved based on their clinical efficacy but only a quarter of them are meant for cancer treatment. Majority of the nanoformulations could not even be reproduced successfully due to several factors including the study design, overall analysis, protocols, data collection, and the quality and purity of materials used. Besides, the poor establishment of the correlation and prediction of safety and efficacy of the nanomedicine on patients hinders the successful DDS. Targeting and drug accumulation of anticancer drugs in the site of action is considered relatively poor in mouse models. Many nanoformulations were faced with failure in different clinical trial phases. Some of them got approved but then withdrawn from the market such as peginesatide. Unfortunately, the increased failures will most probably affect the development movement in the pharmaceutical industry (Greish et al., 2018).

At the present time, regulatory agencies such as the FDA and EMEA are examining every new nanomedicine on a product-by-product basis. They are considered a unique category due to the fact that there are no true standards in their examination process (Desai, 2012). Two of the major regulatory issues that emerged at the start of nanomedicine is the lack of scientific experts in the FDA and the difficulty in classifying the product (Morigi et al., 2012). The unique characteristics of nanomedicines are directly related to their regulation hurdles, which is the same as other pharmaceutical systems such as liposomes and polymeric systems (Sainz et al., 2015).

Researchers keep investigating nanomedicines when attached to prodrugs, drugs, tracking entities, and targeting molecules. Development of robust methods and assays in quality control of nanomedicines are required for more effective monitoring and characterizations. Also, estimation of their overall performance in releasing drugs, binding to proteins, and the specificity in cellular uptake must be considered (Sainz et al., 2015; Tinkle et al., 2014).

Nanomedicine products are both complex and diverse requiring explanation of challenges to have a clear definition and an effective regulation. The lack of regulatory guidelines for these products hinders their clinical potential. Drug regulatory authorities must keep up with the rapid pace of the knowledge and technological development as they play a major role translating nanomedicines towards the market. The European Medicines Agency (EMEA) and the FDA have different requirements in evaluating new nanomedicines as well as different definitions regarding nanomedicine. Agreeing on specific regulatory procedures internationally is very important to ease the translational researches of nanomedicines. Also, better long-term monitoring of toxicity should be achieved by prolonging postmarketing surveillance especially for a patient with chronic diseases (Sainz et al., 2015; Tinkle et al., 2014).

Nanomedicines just like any other pharmaceutical formulations must offer higher value to patients to become commercially successful, and have better efficacy and safety. New nanomedicine products follow the same steps in clinical trials as other drugs. It starts with preclinical tests, then be submitted to get the IND (investigational new drug) approval and following that it enters the three stages of clinical trials, one after another to evaluate safety and efficacy of the new drug (Agrahari and Agrahari, 2018).

In recent years, toxicities caused by nanomedicines have drawn attention and been recognized to be unique to nanoparticulate systems. Hence, a minimum set of measurements for the nanoparticle like surface charge, size, and solubility are monitored so as to predict the possible toxicity of NPs. Besides, NPs can stimulate the immune system by acting as an antigen. Immunogenicity is mainly affected by the size of the nanoparticle, its surface characteristics, hydrophobicity, charge, and solubility. Hematologic safety concerns have also been observed such as hemolysis and thrombogenicity (Desai, 2012).

In vivo and in vitro studies provide the proper characterization of the interactions between the product and the biological system. The problem is that the data attained from current toxicity tests are not from clinical trials and it cannot always be extrapolated to humans. Monolayers of cell cultures are currently used to characterize immunogenicity, drug release, cellular uptake, and toxicity. However, the cellular uptake process of nanoformulations is majorly influenced by physicochemical characteristics. Thus, 3D cell systems will probably provide better outcomes (Gupta et al., 2016). More caution should be given when handling any nanosized powder due to the ability of such particles to penetrate the skin and because it can also show pulmonary toxicity (Agrahari and Hiremath, 2017; Nel et al., 2006).

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