J

ust under a year ago, Veritas Genetics announced it would be launching the firstwhole genome sequencing test with a price tag under $1,000. Now, the company isbringing on board a new vice president of clinical affairs to help lower the cost of that sequencing and improve the process of interpreting the results.

Birgit Funke has worked extensively on the genetic underpinnings of inherited heart diseases, including cardiomyopathies, and has also written about the racial disparities in genetic testing and research. As of February 1, Funke hassplit her time between theDanvers, Mass.-based spinoff of the non-profit Personal Genome Project and her work as an associate professor at Harvard Medical School and a researcher at Partners Personalized Medicines Laboratory of Molecular Medicine.

This is a STAT Plus article and is only available to STAT Plus subscribers. To read the full story, subscribe to STAT Plus or log in to your account. Good news: your first 30 days are on us.

Kate Sheridan can be reached at kate.sheridan@statnews.com Follow Kate on Twitter @sheridan_kate

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Startup Spotlight: Seeking to improve the $999 genome for consumers - STAT

Drawing on this wealth of content, NEJM Knowledge+ adapts to the learner's goals, pace, and knowledge gaps to deliver precisely the information s/he needs. This smart technology has already succeeded with physicians, and uses research-proven methods to accelerate proficiency, continuously sharpen skills, and promote true lifelong learning.

"Laboratory medicine professionals play a critical role in healthcare by ensuring that the right medical tests are ordered and that the results are interpreted correctly so that patients get effective care," said AACC CEO Janet B. Kreizman. "We are excited to partner with NEJM Group and Area9 to provide lab professionals with the educational content they need to grow in their careers and positively impact patient outcomes."

"Area9 Learning is thrilled to be a part of this unique alliance between three authorities: NEJM Group, AACCthe leading authority in laboratory medicine, and Area 9which has been spearheading adaptive learning for the past 10 years," said Dr. Ulrik Christensen, Chairman of the Board, Area9 Learning.

"NEJM Group is pleased to embark on this endeavor and work with AACC to support self-assessment, learning, and board certification for laboratory medicine professionals," said Chris Lynch, Vice President of Publishing, NEJM Group.

About AACCDedicated to achieving better health through laboratory medicine, AACC brings together more than 50,000 clinical laboratory professionals, physicians, research scientists, and business leaders from around the world focused on clinical chemistry, molecular diagnostics, mass spectrometry, translational medicine, lab management, and other areas of progressing laboratory science. Since 1948, AACC has worked to advance the common interests of the field, providing programs that advance scientific collaboration, knowledge, expertise, and innovation. For more information, visit http://www.aacc.org.

Christine DeLong AACC Manager, Communications & PR (p) 202.835.8722 cdelong@aacc.org

Molly Polen AACC Senior Director, Communications & PR (p) 202.420.7612 (c) 703.598.0472 mpolen@aacc.org

To view the original version on PR Newswire, visit:http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/aacc-partners-with-nejm-group-to-launch-aacc-learning-lab-300404328.html

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AACC Partners with NEJM Group to Launch AACC Learning Lab - PR Newswire (press release)

A protein called PERK may be a target for treating progressive supranuclear palsy Science Daily Scientists at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and the Technical University of Munich (TUM) have now discovered a molecular mechanism that may help in the search for effective treatments. Their study focusses on a protein called ...

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A protein called PERK may be a target for treating progressive supranuclear palsy - Science Daily

ASTANA A new building opened Jan. 25 at Nazarbayev University School of Medicine.

Nursultan Nazarbayev meets with students. Photo credit: akorda.kz

Designed by leading American architectural firm Perkins + Will, the 39,825-square metre institute includes research and teaching laboratories, a simulation centre, anatomical laboratory, lecture halls, group study rooms, library and dining room.

Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev met with faculty and students as part of the official opening.

The level of teaching and medical school equipment can be compared with the worlds top universities. I am expecting life-changing scientific discoveries from you. The research, laboratory capacity and scientific potential of teachers allow you to find new methods to treat the most difficult diseases and prolong life. This school is created as the main basic school which will lead the way for other universities, he said.

Photo credit: akorda.kz

The head of state noted the world is currently experiencing scientific progress in the fields of medicine and biology, subjects which play major roles in conjunction with information technology.

All subjects are interrelated and a lot of discoveries occur at their confluence. We should develop science and we need versatile scientists, he said.

The University of Pittsburgh will serve as the schools strategic academic partner.

We will cooperate as part of the Doctor of Medicine programme development. It is a four-year programme designed according to an American model. Students entering the programme must have a Bachelors degree. We will also cooperate with the School of Nursing to develop a programme for training nurses. We conducted a six-month course titled professional development programme for the nurses to work at the Universal Medical Centre clinics, which became part of our university in 2016. We plan to launch a two-year undergraduate programme for practicing nurses this year, School of Medicine Executive Director Nurlan Algashov told The Astana Times.

Photo credit: akorda.kz

The school has a diverse faculty, with local teachers and professors from the U.S., U.K., Italy, Singapore and Malaysia.

Our local teachers are mainly practitioners with knowledge of English. We pay special attention to teaching experience and research activities when we select teachers, he said.

Opened in 2015, the School of Medicine has a mission to train physicians to become highly qualified doctors with research skills and a fundamental understanding of medical science who are ready to contribute to the development of medicine and medical science in Kazakhstan.

The school has a current enrolment of 75 students for the Doctor of Medicine (MD) and Master of Public Health (MPH) programmes. A Masters course in molecular medicine is scheduled to launch in August.

The simulation centre enables students to learn and practice with mannequins and other medical simulators. The practice allows students the chance to master specific skills, then work with patients. The school is also teaching students using standardised patients, specially-trained individuals who pretend to be patients.

Students also have opportunity to participate in small research summer projects in collaboration with second year teachers and are required to participate in research projects with faculty members the next year.

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School of Medicine Building Opens at Nazarbayev University - Astana Times

Tumor cells may multiply quickly or slowly, and sow metastasis and dodge the immune system more or less strenuously. All this variability may be ascribed to genetic heterogeneitybut not always. Some cancers have low genetic complexity. For example, childhood cancers tend to harbor less genetic complexity than the cancers that afflict the elderly. And yet childhood cancers, like other cancers, manifest in diverse ways.

To what may the heterogeneity of childhood cancers be ascribed, if not genetic diversity? Epigenetic diversity, suggests a team of scientists based at the CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

The CeMM-led team recently completed a study of Ewing sarcoma, an aggressive bone cancer in children and adolescents. A single genetic defectthe EWS-ETS fusionis present in all tumors, initiating cancer development and defining Ewing sarcoma as a disease. But the tumors carry very few DNA mutations that could explain the observed differences in the disease course of Ewing sarcoma patients.

After profiling many Ewing tumors, the scientists found that the disease's clinical diversity is reflected by widespread epigenetic heterogeneity. The scientists presented their results January 30 in the journal Nature Medicine, in an article entitled DNA Methylation Heterogeneity Defines a Disease Spectrum in Ewing Sarcoma.

The article described how the scientists performed genome-scale DNA methylation sequencing for a large cohort of Ewing sarcoma tumors and analyzed epigenetic heterogeneity on three levelsbetween cancers, between tumors, and within tumors.

We observed consistent DNA hypomethylation at enhancers regulated by the disease-defining EWS-FLI1 fusion protein, thus establishing epigenomic enhancer reprogramming as a ubiquitous and characteristic feature of Ewing sarcoma, the authors of the Nature Medicine article wrote. DNA methylation differences between tumors identified a continuous disease spectrum underlying Ewing sarcoma, which reflected the strength of an EWS-FLI1 regulatory signature and a continuum between mesenchymal and stem cell signatures.

The scientists established that there is substantial epigenetic heterogeneity within Ewing sarcoma tumors, particularly in patients with metastatic disease. Moreover, the researchers found that Ewing sarcoma tumors appear to retain part of the characteristic DNA methylation patterns of their cell of origin.

The scientists suggest that the diverse clinical courses observed among Ewing sarcoma patients may be explained epigenetically: As DNA methylation influences gene activity, the combination of Ewing sarcoma specific and cell-of-origin specific patterns can lead to different outcomes. The epigenetic diversity also appears to correlate with the tumors' aggressiveness and metastatic state.

Regarding the future of Ewing sarcoma treatment, study co-director Heinrich Kovar, scientific director of St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, optimistically stated: "These new insights into the biology of Ewing sarcoma provide the basis for developing epigenetic biomarkers that can reliably predict disease course and therapy response. After two decades of stagnation in the therapy for patients with Ewing sarcoma, we expect new impulses for personalized therapy of this aggressive cancer."

"Our findings in Ewing sarcoma also provide an interesting concept for other cancer with low genetic complexity," added Christoph Bock, principal investigator at CeMM and a co-director and corresponding author of the current study. "In the era of precision medicine, understanding the causes and consequences of tumor heterogeneity will be crucial to develop personalized therapies. Only with precise knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying each tumor can we hope to treat in a targeted way and with far fewer side effects."

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Diversity of Kids' Cancer More Epigenetic Than Genetic - Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News

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2nd International Conference and Exhibition on Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics

Venue :Orlando, Florida, USA

Dates :September 26-28, 2016

Theme :Analysing the present execution and probes in the range of Molecular Medicine

Molecular Medicine 2016conference is a global platform where we can meet all the eminent personalities in Molecular medicine at on platform where OMICS organization is giving a platform to discuss and learn about components of physical, chemical, biological and medical techniques are used to describe molecular techniques, structures and mechanisms, identify fundamental molecular and genetics errors of disease, and to develop molecular interventions to correct them.

Molecular medicine

Molecular medicine (the applications of DNA knowledge to medical practice) has moved into the genomics era with the promise thatpersonalized medical carewill now be greatly enhanced, including the options for more effective prevention and the development of new therapies targeted to molecular defects. At the same time, the traditional health professional-patient interaction is being challenged by the growth of Internet-based direct-to-consumerDNA testingand counselling. The increasing internationalization of genomic research has led to the development of more effective approaches to studying complex multifactorialgenetic disorders, while at the same time highlighting new challenges in ethical, legal and social issues. In this complex environment, students and a wide range of health professionals need to keep abreast of new developments (often driven by the public, media or the Internet) while not necessarily having the opportunity or time to understand the basics and to have a more closer view on Molecular medicine conference.

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Clinical Aspect of Molecular Medicine

Epigenomicsis still a growing field and young in comparison to its counterparts. Investigators are facing many challenges in terms of immunotherapeutic research and instrumental analysis. This conference is for the scientists, researchers, laboratory leaders, and managers who are working in the field and allows these experts to share their findings and techniques in order to bridge technological and computational gaps that affect datasets, interpretation, and the clinical applications of Epigenomics. Centre forMolecular Medicineresearch in Europe (CeMM) is a young, international, independent and interdisciplinary Research Centre in Molecular Medicine, situated on the campus of the Medical University and the General Hospital in the heart of Vienna. From the clinic to the clinic: driven by medical needs, CeMM integrates basic research and clinical expertise to pursue innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The work of 13 research groups with about 150 scientists focuses on cancer, inflammation andimmune disorders. The goal of CeMM is to assist in preparing the predictive, preventive and personalized medicine of the future, and to be training and teaching centre for a new generation of researchers in molecular medicine. According to a survey from The Scientist CeMM is ranked as the best European place to work in Academia 2012.Molecular geneis the field of molecular biology and genetics that studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level. Molecular genetics employs the methods of hereditary and molecular biology to elucidate molecular function and interactions among genes. It is so called to differentiate it from other sub fields of genetics such as ecological genetics and population genetics.

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Molecular Biomarkers

Molecular Biomarker is a measurable indicator of the severity or presence of some disease state. More generally a biomarker is anything that can be used as an indicator of a particular disease state or some other physiological state of an organism. DNA marker is a term used to refer to a specific DNA variation between individuals that has been found to be associated with a certain characteristic (e.g., increased tenderness). These different DNA or genetic variants are known as alleles. Agenetic markeris a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species. It can be described as a variation (which may arise due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci) that can be observed and to be discussed in the Molecular Medicine Meetings. A genetic marker may be a short DNA sequence, such as a sequence surrounding a single base-pair change (single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP), or a long one, like mini satellites. A DNAmicroarray(also commonly known as DNA chip or biochip) is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface. Scientists use DNA microarrays to measure the expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously or to genotype multiple regions of a genome.

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Molecular Genomics

Genomics is a discipline in genetics that applies recombinant DNA, DNA sequencingmethods, and bioinformatics to sequence, assemble, and analyse the function and structure of genomes (thecompleteset of DNA within a single cell of an organism). Advances in genomics have triggered a revolution in discovery-based research to understand even the most complex biological systems such as the brain. The field includes efforts to determine the entire DNA sequence of organisms and fine-scale genetic mapping. The field also includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such asheterosis, epistasis,pleiotropyand other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome. In contrast, the investigation of the roles and functions of single genes is a primary focus of molecular biology or genetics and is a common topic of modern medical and biological research. Research of single genes does not fall into the definition of genomics unless the aim of this genetic, pathway, and functional information analysis is to elucidate its effect on, place in, and response to the entire genome's networks.

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Molecular Diagnostics

Molecular diagnostics is a technique used to analysesbiological markersin the genome and proteomethe individual's genetic code and how their cells express their genes as proteinsby applying molecular biology to medical testing. The technique is used to diagnose and monitor disease, detect risk, and decide which therapies will work best for individual patients. By analysing the specifics of the patient and their disease, molecular diagnostics offers the prospect of personalized medicine.Blotting Techniques- Blotting is the technique in which nucleic acids or proteins are immobilized onto a solid support generally nylon or nitrocellulose membranes. Blotting of nucleic acid is the central technique for hybridization studies. Nucleic acid labeling and hybridization on membranes have formed the basis for a range of experimental techniques involving understanding of gene expression, organization, etc.

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Cancer Immunology and Oncology

Cancer immunology is a branch of immunology that studies interactions between the immune system and cancer cells. It is a growing field of research that aims to discover innovativecancer immunotherapiesto treat and retard progression of the disease. The immune response, including the recognition of cancer-specific antigens, is of particular interest in the field as knowledge gained drives the development of targeted therapy and tumour marker-based diagnostic tests. One of the hottest ideas in science is that you can stimulate the immune system to fight cancer. There has been such a surge inpharmaceutical R&Din this field that someone has come up with a single place for investors interested in cancer immunotherapy stocks.

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Cancer Cell Therapy

Cell therapy (also called cellular therapy or cytotherapy) is therapy in which cellular material is injected into a patient; this generally means intact, living cells. For example, T cells capable of fighting cancer cells via cell-mediated immunity may be injected in the course ofimmunotherapy. Cell therapy originated in the nineteenth century when scientists experimented by injecting animal material in an attempt to prevent and treat illness. Although such attempts produced no positive benefit, further research found in the mid twentieth century that human cells could be used to help prevent the human body rejecting transplanted organs, leading in time to successfulbone marrow transplantation.

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Nanotechnology: Cancer and Stem Cells

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are cancer cells (found within tumours or haematological cancers) that possess characteristics associated with normal stem cells, specifically the ability to give rise to all cell types found in a particular cancer sample. CSCs are thereforetumorigenic(tumour-forming), perhaps in contrast to othernon-tumorigenic cancer cells. CSCs may generate tumours through the stem cell processes of self-renewal and differentiation into multiple cell types. Such cells are hypothesized to persist in tumours as a distinct population and cause relapse and metastasis by giving rise to new tumours. Therefore, development of specific therapies targeted at CSCs holds hope for improvement of survival and quality of life of cancer patients, especially for patients with metastatic disease.

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Stem Cell Treatment

Stem-cell treatment is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition.Bone marrow transplantis the most widely used stem-cell therapy, but some therapies derived from umbilical cord blood are also in use. Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells, and to apply stem-cell treatments for neurodegenerative diseasesand conditions, diabetes, heart disease, and other conditions. With the ability of scientists to isolate and culture embryonic stem cells, and with scientists' growing ability to create stem cells using somatic cell nuclear transfer and techniques to create inducedpluripotent stem cells, controversy has crept in, both related to abortion politics and to human cloning. Additionally, efforts to market treatments based on transplant of stored umbilical cord blood have been controversial.

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Stem Cell Biology

Stem Cell biology is a branch of biology that studies cells their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division, death and cell function. This is done both on a microscopic and molecular level. Cell biology research encompasses both the great diversity ofsingle-celled organismslike bacteria and protozoa, as well as the many specialized cells in multicellular organisms such as humans, plants, and sponges.

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Tumour Science

Tumour Science is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering research inOncology, which is monthly published by Wiley-Blackwellon behalf of the Japanese Cancer Association. First published in 1907, the journal continues to publish original articles, editorials, and letters to the editor, describing original research in the fields of basic, translational and clinical cancer research. The editor-in-chief is Yusuke Nakamura (University of Chicago)

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Venue :Orlando, Florida, USA

Dates :September 26-28, 2016

Theme :Analysing the present execution and probes in the range of Molecular Medicine

Molecular Medicine 2016conference is a global platform where we can meet all the eminent personalities in Molecular medicine at on platform where OMICS organization is giving a platform to discuss and learn about components of physical, chemical, biological and medical techniques are used to describe molecular techniques, structures and mechanisms, identify fundamental molecular and genetics errors of disease, and to develop molecular interventions to correct them.

Molecular medicine

Molecular medicine (the applications of DNA knowledge to medical practice) has moved into the genomics era with the promise thatpersonalized medical carewill now be greatly enhanced, including the options for more effective prevention and the development of new therapies targeted to molecular defects. At the same time, the traditional health professional-patient interaction is being challenged by the growth of Internet-based direct-to-consumerDNA testingand counselling. The increasing internationalization of genomic research has led to the development of more effective approaches to studying complex multifactorialgenetic disorders, while at the same time highlighting new challenges in ethical, legal and social issues. In this complex environment, students and a wide range of health professionals need to keep abreast of new developments (often driven by the public, media or the Internet) while not necessarily having the opportunity or time to understand the basics and to have a more closer view on Molecular medicine conference.

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Clinical Aspect of Molecular Medicine

Epigenomicsis still a growing field and young in comparison to its counterparts. Investigators are facing many challenges in terms of immunotherapeutic research and instrumental analysis. This conference is for the scientists, researchers, laboratory leaders, and managers who are working in the field and allows these experts to share their findings and techniques in order to bridge technological and computational gaps that affect datasets, interpretation, and the clinical applications of Epigenomics. Centre forMolecular Medicineresearch in Europe (CeMM) is a young, international, independent and interdisciplinary Research Centre in Molecular Medicine, situated on the campus of the Medical University and the General Hospital in the heart of Vienna. From the clinic to the clinic: driven by medical needs, CeMM integrates basic research and clinical expertise to pursue innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The work of 13 research groups with about 150 scientists focuses on cancer, inflammation andimmune disorders. The goal of CeMM is to assist in preparing the predictive, preventive and personalized medicine of the future, and to be training and teaching centre for a new generation of researchers in molecular medicine. According to a survey from The Scientist CeMM is ranked as the best European place to work in Academia 2012.Molecular geneis the field of molecular biology and genetics that studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level. Molecular genetics employs the methods of hereditary and molecular biology to elucidate molecular function and interactions among genes. It is so called to differentiate it from other sub fields of genetics such as ecological genetics and population genetics.

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6th International Conference onGenomics&Pharmacogenomicsfrom September 12-14, 2016 on Berlin, Germany, 5th International Conference onTissue ScienceandRegenerative Medicinefrom September 12-14, 2016 at Berlin, Germany, Annual Conference onStem CellandRegenerative MedicineAug 4-5 , 2016 Manchester , UK, 2nd International Conference and Exhibition onMolecular MedicineandDiagnosticsfrom September 26-28, 2016 at Miami, USA, 6th World Congress onCell&Stem Cell Researchfrom February 29-March 02, 2016 at Philadelphia, USA, 5-Days Hands-on Workshop onMolecular Biotechnologyand Bioinformatics at Pune, India, Yogyakarta International Conference on Medical, MedicineandHealth Sciences from December 30-31, 2015 at Yogyakarta , Indonesia, 2nd International Conference on Bio-Medical Engineeringand Environmental Technology from Jan. 2-3, 2016 at Pattaya (Thailand), ICBE International Conferencebio molecular Engineeringfrom January 05- 07 2016 at Singapore

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Molecular Biomarkers

Molecular Biomarker is a measurable indicator of the severity or presence of some disease state. More generally a biomarker is anything that can be used as an indicator of a particular disease state or some other physiological state of an organism. DNA marker is a term used to refer to a specific DNA variation between individuals that has been found to be associated with a certain characteristic (e.g., increased tenderness). These different DNA or genetic variants are known as alleles. Agenetic markeris a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species. It can be described as a variation (which may arise due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci) that can be observed and to be discussed in the Molecular Medicine Meetings. A genetic marker may be a short DNA sequence, such as a sequence surrounding a single base-pair change (single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP), or a long one, like mini satellites. A DNAmicroarray(also commonly known as DNA chip or biochip) is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface. Scientists use DNA microarrays to measure the expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously or to genotype multiple regions of a genome.

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Molecular Genomics

Genomics is a discipline in genetics that applies recombinant DNA, DNA sequencingmethods, and bioinformatics to sequence, assemble, and analyse the function and structure of genomes (thecompleteset of DNA within a single cell of an organism). Advances in genomics have triggered a revolution in discovery-based research to understand even the most complex biological systems such as the brain. The field includes efforts to determine the entire DNA sequence of organisms and fine-scale genetic mapping. The field also includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such asheterosis, epistasis,pleiotropyand other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome. In contrast, the investigation of the roles and functions of single genes is a primary focus of molecular biology or genetics and is a common topic of modern medical and biological research. Research of single genes does not fall into the definition of genomics unless the aim of this genetic, pathway, and functional information analysis is to elucidate its effect on, place in, and response to the entire genome's networks.

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5th International Conference onTissue ScienceandRegenerative Medicinefrom September 12-14, 2016 at Berlin, Germany, International Conference onMolecular Biologyfrom October 13-15, 2016 at Dubai, UAE, International Conference onIntegrative Medicine & Nutritionfrom Aug 11-12, 2016 at Las Vegas, USA, International Conference onClinicalandMolecular Geneticsfrom November 28-30, 2016 at Atlanta, USA, 6th World Congress onCell&Stem Cell Researchfrom February 29-March 02, 2016 at Philadelphia, USA, 5-Days Hands-on Workshop onMolecular Biotechnologyand Bioinformatics at Pune, India, Yogyakarta International Conference on Medical, MedicineandHealth Sciences from December 30-31, 2015 at Yogyakarta , Indonesia 2nd International Conference on Bio-Medical Engineeringand Environmental Technology from Jan. 2-3, 2016 at Pattaya (Thailand), ICBE International ConferenceBiomolecular Engineeringfrom January 05- 07 2016 at Singapore.

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Molecular Diagnostics

Molecular diagnostics is a technique used to analysesbiological markersin the genome and proteomethe individual's genetic code and how their cells express their genes as proteinsby applying molecular biology to medical testing. The technique is used to diagnose and monitor disease, detect risk, and decide which therapies will work best for individual patients. By analysing the specifics of the patient and their disease, molecular diagnostics offers the prospect of personalized medicine.Blotting Techniques- Blotting is the technique in which nucleic acids or proteins are immobilized onto a solid support generally nylon or nitrocellulose membranes. Blotting of nucleic acid is the central technique for hybridization studies. Nucleic acid labeling and hybridization on membranes have formed the basis for a range of experimental techniques involving understanding of gene expression, organization, etc.

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Cancer Immunology and Oncology

Cancer immunology is a branch of immunology that studies interactions between the immune system and cancer cells. It is a growing field of research that aims to discover innovativecancer immunotherapiesto treat and retard progression of the disease. The immune response, including the recognition of cancer-specific antigens, is of particular interest in the field as knowledge gained drives the development of targeted therapy and tumour marker-based diagnostic tests. One of the hottest ideas in science is that you can stimulate the immune system to fight cancer. There has been such a surge inpharmaceutical R&Din this field that someone has come up with a single place for investors interested in cancer immunotherapy stocks.

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Cancer Cell Therapy

Cell therapy (also called cellular therapy or cytotherapy) is therapy in which cellular material is injected into a patient; this generally means intact, living cells. For example, T cells capable of fighting cancer cells via cell-mediated immunity may be injected in the course ofimmunotherapy. Cell therapy originated in the nineteenth century when scientists experimented by injecting animal material in an attempt to prevent and treat illness. Although such attempts produced no positive benefit, further research found in the mid twentieth century that human cells could be used to help prevent the human body rejecting transplanted organs, leading in time to successfulbone marrow transplantation.

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Nanotechnology: Cancer and Stem Cells

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Molecular Medicine - Conferenceseries

Molecular medicine

Molecular medicine is a broad field, where physical, chemical, biological and medical techniques are used to describe molecular structures and mechanisms, identify fundamental molecular and genetic errors of disease, and to develop molecular interventions to correct them. The molecular medicine perspective emphasizes cellular and molecular phenomena and interventions rather than the previous conceptual and observational focus on patients and their organs. In November 1949, with the seminal paper, "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease", in Science magazine, Linus Pauling, Harvey Itano and their collaborators laid the groundwork for establishing the field of molecular medicine. In 1956, Roger J. Williams wrote Biochemical Individuality, a prescient book about genetics, prevention and treatment of disease on a molecular basis, and nutrition which is now variously referred to as individualized medicine and orthomolecular medicine. Another paper in Science by Pauling in 1968, introduced and defined this view of molecular medicine that focuses on natural and nutritional substances used for treatment and prevention. Published research and progress was slow until the 1970s' "biological revolution" that introduced many new techniques and commercial applications.

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What does molecular medicine mean? - Definitions.net

Required Courses

Students will be required to complete 15 units of graded courses, and to participate in training that distinguishes the Molecular Medicine Graduate Certificate Program from existing Ph.D. Graduate Certificate Programs at the UW. The defining elements of the curriculum are:

In addition, students will be required to complete graded elective credits, to bring the total number of credits for the certificate to 15. Up to 6 elective credits may overlap with electives that count toward the PhD program.

The faculty member who is the primary Thesis Advisor of a student in the MMTP must satisfy the criteria listed below, defined by the UW Graduate School and the National Institutes of Health:

Each Molecular Medicine trainee will be paired with a physician-scientist or translational research faculty member (or Clinical Mentor) to provide co-mentorship for his or her Ph.D. thesis, and to aid in preparation of the Year 4 Capstone presentation. The choice of Clinical Mentor will be determined by the student's thesis research goals and home laboratory. The role of the Clinical Mentor will be to provide a clinical perspective on the thesis research project, to facilitate interaction with patients, access to clinical samples or to translational research opportunities where appropriate, and to provide scientific and career guidance. In many cases, an appropriate Clinical Mentor will be readily identified by the Thesis Advisor. The Molecular Medicine Clinical Advisory Committee, headed by Dr. Conrad Liles and consisting of physicians who devote significant time to patient care and clinical investigation, will be available to work with trainees to identify a Clinical Mentor with expertise most appropriate to the trainee's interests and research.

Students will work with their two mentors to present thesis research and discuss implications of their ongoing and proposed research for understanding human disease and for informing or directing clinical and translational research. This presentation will typically take place a year or more before the thesis presentation; and unlike the thesis defense, it need not focus on research results but on background and context for the research. It will not be credit bearing.

Half-day capstone mini-symposia are held two or three times a year. Student presentations should be about half an hour (20-25 minutes, plus time for questions). Presenters will receive individual feedback from Molecular Medicine faculty, as well as anonymous feedback from their peers via a short evaluation form.

Award of the Molecular Medicine Graduate Certificate will recognize that a student:

Completion of the Molecular Medicine Training Certificate Program will require that students complete the course requirements listed above; receiving a cumulative GPA of 3.0 for courses required for the Certificate; complete the Capstone Presentation; and complete thesis research and submission of the Ph.D. thesis, as required by each student's home department or program.

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Requirements - Certificate Program - Molecular Medicine ...

Overview Conditions of admission Applications

Overview

The overall objective is an in-depth education of molecular and cellular basics in the operation of the human organ system as well as pathogenesis and therapy of human diseases. One focus of the education will be in the fields of drug research, cardiovascular research and oncology/immunology. Through broad professional education and teaching of different methodical and conceptional areas, students will learn to individually perform research in basic sciences as well as clinical-translational research (klinisch-translationale Forschung) in molecular medicine. The Masters program in molecular medicine will convey students the required knowledge and skills, train individual scientific thinking and lead to responsible behavior as a Scientist.

Information from the department Study regulations

Master of Science Molecular Medicine

The standard length of study for the Master of Science degree is 4 semesters.

German and English

The study programme starts at the beginning of the winter semester.

Dr. Simone Horst Tel.: 069-6301-87860 Email: simone.horst@kgu.de

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Conditions of admission

If the university entrance qualification for the consecutive Masters programme (namely the Bachelors degree) has not yet been completed, you can apply for the programme with a transcript of records on the basis of at least 144 credit points. This provisional certificate must be issued by an office authorised to award grades or issue certificates. If a student is admitted, this will be on a provisional basis.

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Applications

01.05. - 15.06.

Online applicationportal for Masters programmes

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Excerpt from:

Goethe-Universitt Molecular Medicine (Master of Science)

Genetics is the study of how biological traits and characteristics are transmitted through generations and families. Molecular medicine examines how illness and disease occurs or can be prevented at the cellular or molecular level. Both fields are experiencing exciting new developments in research and in practical applications, as well as confronting important legal, ethical andpolicy issues about their use.

The AMA is committed to providing extensive and up-to-date news and information about these new fields of medicine and law, whether discussing genetic testing and genetic discrimination, investigating gene patenting, or explaining the Human Genome Project.

Below are important announcements and personalized medicine topics.

AMA submits comments on FDA proposal to regulate laboratory developed testing services and procedures On Feb. 2, 2015, the AMA submitted comments to the FDA expressing concern that the agency's proposal to impose new regulatory requirements for laboratory developed testing services and procedures would hinder medical innovation and result in reduced patient access to essential care. Laboratory developed testing services and procedures are a critical part of the practice of medicine and represent the majority of the advanced laboratory tests used in patient care. In order to ensure physicians can continue to provide patients with the best care possible and to innovate and improve upon that care, the AMA urged the FDA to withdraw it proposal, collaborate with other federal entities to modernize existing laboratory oversight processes, conduct a comprehensive environmental scan to identify key concerns, and streamline and reform its regulation of manufacturers of commercial diagnostic testing kits.

AMA and others ask the FDA for notice and comment rulemaking for LDT regulatory framework On Nov. 18, 2014, the AMA and approximately 50 other groups representing a broad range of stakeholders in genomic medicine asked the FDA to withdraw its proposed guidance Framework for Regulatory Oversight of Laboratory Developed Tests and instead proceed using notice and comment rulemaking. Laboratory developed testing (LDT) services are a vital area of medical practice impacting the majority of patients across the country, and wholesale change in oversight and regulation should be done with full consideration of the clinical realities of health care delivery. Notice and comment rulemaking will increase the likelihood that the agency will be able to achieve regulatory goals without jeopardizing the current delivery of testing services to patients and the continued advancement in testing and patient care. View the letter to the FDA.

Guiding Principles on Personalized Medicine The AMA, in collaboration wth several medical specialty societies,has developed legislative principles on personalized medicine that guide its advocacy efforts. These principles are rooted in the belief that physicians are integral to the scientific inquiry and innovation processes that drive personalized medicine, and that they must have the discretion to utilizethe genetic tools that are most appropriate for patient care. Since regulation of genetic tests is integral to physician practice and patient care, the principle addressing oversight of laboratory-developed tests has been further elaborated upon.

Education and research Listing of several educational programs and initiatives in the fields of genetics and molecular medicine.

Family history Describes the importance of a family medical history and provides resources on how to collect information and generate a simple pedigree.

Current topics in genetics and medicine Background information on the areas of applied genetics that have the potential to affect medicine most profoundly.

Genetics and policy issues There is a vast body of evolving policy to guide physicians and researchers through the maze of ethical, legal and social issues surrounding genetics and molecular medicine. Highlights of some of the most pressing policy topics are described here. Topics include the stem cell research, genetic testing, genetic discrimination, gene patenting, and use of human participants in scientific research.

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Genetics and Molecular Medicine

Requirements Requirements for all Molecular Medicine PhD Students

The following table outlines the small number of requiried courses by research track.

GPLS 690 Advanced Cancer Biology (Spring, 3 cr)

*Physiology GPLS 645 Cell and Systems Physiology (Spring, 3 cr)

GPLS 716Genomics andBioinformatics (Spring,3 cr)

GPLS 665 Cancer Biology: From Basic Research to the Clinic (Fall, 3 cr)

*Physiology GPLS 750 Topics in Molecular Medicine (Fall, 2 cr)

GPLS 718Programming for Bioinformatics (Spring, 2 cr)

*Pharmacology GPLS 607 Fundamentals of Pharmacology (Spring, 2 cr)

GPLS 717 Molecular Genetics and Development of Model Systems (Fall, 2 cr)

*Pharmacology GPLS 624 Oncopharmacology (Spring, 3 cr) or GPLS 604 Neuropharmacology (Fall, 3 cr)

Students have maximum flexibility in selection of electives based on their interests, research needs and career goals. Elective credits may be used to fulfill course work required by Training Grants.

NOTE: Other Graduate School courses may qualify as electives, but are subject to approval, as they must be relevant coursework towards a PhD degree.

Disclaimer:This website is not a contract and all information is subject to change at any time at the sole discretion of the Program.

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Curriculum - Molecular Medicine: GPILS: University of Maryland

2nd International Conference and Exhibition on Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics-2016

Sep 26-28, 2016

Market Analysis

Summary of Molecular Medicine Conference

Molecular Medicine-2016 welcomes attendees, presenters, and exhibitors from all over the world to Miami, USA. We are delighted to invite you all to attend and register for the 2nd International Conference & Exhibition on Molecular Medicine & Diagnostics (Molecular Medicine workshops) which is going to be held during September 26-28, 2016 in Miami, USA. The organizing committee is gearing up for an exciting and informative conference program including plenary lectures, symposia, workshops, poster presentations on diverse topics, and business meetings interconnecting people all over the globe. We invite you to join us at the Molecular Medicine-2016 (systems medicine conferences), where you will be sure to have a meaningful experience with scholars around the world. We look forward to meeting you in Miami, USA.

For more details please visit: http://molecularmedicine.conferenceseries.com/

Conference Highlights

Scope & Importance

Molecular Medicine conferences mostly comprises of the topics like Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Bio-Engineering etc. which are certainly a key issue in the modern perspective and through this conference we will get all relevant information. Conference is the quite essential platform for sharing vivid knowledge. This will provide scientific advancements in their respective field. Though the internet surely provides a true platform to know about international researches, but understanding the research from the inventor has no replacement. International conferences provide that perfect platform. Conference on Molecular Medicine is a much celebrated conference which basically deals with the latest research and developments in the sphere of biological science. Molecular Medicine meetings will provide a perfect stage to all the Researchers, Students to present their Research work on the respective sphere by interacting with highly eminent personal like Professors, Doctors & Scientists etc. Thus, they will get more ideas & Suggestion.

Why Miami (USA)?

Miami is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County. The 44th most populated city proper in the United States, with a population of 417,650, it is the principal, central, and most populous city of the Miami metropolitan area, and the most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States after Washington, D.C. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Miami's metro area is the eighth most populous and fourth-largest urban area in the United States, with a population of around 5.5 million.

Miami is a major center and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. Miami was classified as an Alpha- World City in the World Cities Study Groups inventory. In 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked thirty-third among global cities. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami "America's Cleanest City", for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets and city-wide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, and the world's fifth-richest city in terms of purchasing power. Miami is nicknamed the "Capital of Latin America",[1] is the second largest U.S. city with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.

Topics to be mainly focused

Members Associated with Molecular Medicine Research

Hospitals Associated with Molecular Medicine Research

There are about 680 hospitals hospital and research Centre related to Molecular Medicine worldwide and 36 of them are Miami, USA.

Societies Associated with Molecular Medicine Research

Following are the some of the major societies associated with Molecular and gene therapy across the world:

Companies Associated with Molecular Medicine Research

Here are some of the companies associated with Molecular Medicine Research:

Universities Associated with Molecular Medicine Research

Here is the list for some of the top Universities related with Molecular Medicine in London, UK and worldwide.

Market Value on Molecular Medicine Research

The global Molecular Medicine market in USA is $ 11 billion where as it is $ 24 billion throughout the world.

Market Growth of Molecular Medicine Research in the last and upcoming ten years

Medical doctors, patients and health care providers consider the prevention of genetic diseases as an essential tool to improve the general health status of the population and the proportion of people suffering from genetics and genomics disease will increase by 65.2% by 2025. The top institutions researching in the related studies have been funded with 100 Billion Dollar worldwide. According to recent statistics genetic diseases worldwide will double between 2012 and 2025. The current market value of Molecular Medicine is $24 billion and is expected to reach more than $100 billion by 2025.

Fund Allotment to Molecular Medicine & Genetics

Statistics of Physicians, Researchers and Academicians working on Molecular Medicine

Molecular Medicine conference gathers renowned scientists, physicians, surgeons, young researchers, industrial delegates, Doctors, and talented student communities in the field of medicine under a single roof where networking and global partnering happens for the acceleration of future research. Following are the statistics percentage wise:

Physicians 35%

Researchers 30%

Academia 30%

Others 5%

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International Conference and Exhibition on Molecular ...

From its home within the Department of Internal Medicine Section on Molecular Medicine, the Molecular Medicine and Translational Science program trains PhD students in research to better understand human diseases at a molecular level and translate that knowledge to improved diagnostics, treatment, and disease prevention. The MMTS program includes scientists from all major basic science and clinical programs at Wake Forest University and was one of the first established molecular medicine programs nationwide. Beginning in 2011, MMTS joined four other complementary PhD programs in the Wake Forest University Graduate Schools Molecular and Cellular Biosciences track, where combined expertise will be utilized to enhance the depth of student learning and discovery.

To learn more about the MMTS degree programs and their requirements, or aboutthe program's accomplished faculty, please follow the links on the left.

Program Directors and Contacts

Director: John S. Parks, PhD,Professor Department of Internal Medicine Molecular Medicine Phone: 336-716-2145 Email:jparks@wakehealth.edu

Co-Director: Robert N. Taylor, MD, PhD, Professor Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Phone: 336-716-5451 Email: rtaylor@wakehealth.edu

Program Recruiter: Michael C. Seeds, PhD, Assistant Professor Department of Internal Medicine - Molecular Medicine Phone: 336-713-4259 E-mail: mseeds@wakehealth.edu

MMTS Policies and Procedures

MMTS Graduate Program Faculty

Molecular Medicine Journal Club

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Molecular Medicine Graduate Programs - Wake Forest School ...

Molecular Medicine Training Program

The Molecular Medicine Training Program (MMTP) at the University of Washington trains students to use advances in basic sciences to solve problems relevant to human disease; and to use insights from human disease processes to solve fundamental biological problems. Students may participate in the MMTP either via the interdisciplinary Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease (M3D) PhD Program, which provides a deep and relevant background for students committed to translational research; or via the Molecular Medicine Graduate Certificate Program, designed for students pursuing PhD training in departmental or interdisciplinary programs who wish to obtain foundational understanding of questions relevant to human health and disease. All MMTP students participate in courses that emphasize the significance of research to human disease. Thesis research is supervised by two mentors, one a basic scientist and the other a clinician scientist, enabling students to complement their experimental work with exposure to relevant problems in the clinic.

Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease (M3D) PhD Program

Molecular Medicine Certificate Program

Training incorporates three key elements: a case-based course emphasing application of basic science to human disease; a clinical interface course, and dual mentorship of Ph.D. research by a basic scientist and clinical mentor. It is open to students pursuing PhD training in the Departments of Biochemistry, Bioengineering, Genome Sciences, Immunology, Microbiology, Pathology, Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, and in the interdisciplinary Molecular and Cellular Biology Program. The Certificate is awarded at the time of the receipt of the PhD.

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Molecular Medicine University of Washington

In todays post-genomic world, researchers and scientists in the field of molecular medicine are transforming the way we understand, treat, and cure diseases. Germany is a prominent leader in this fast-moving field and is spearheading many of the latest innovations and cutting-edge approaches.

The Master in Molecular Medicine at Ulm University is the ideal postgraduate programme for students who have obtained a bachelor degree in a life science subject, such as biochemistry, biomedical science, human biology, molecular biology, molecular biotechnology, molecular life science, or molecular medicine. All of the programme's lectures, seminars, and practical courses are taught in English and all examinations are conducted in English.

This exciting degree programme enables students to expand and enhance their:

A master degree in molecular medicine equips students with the knowledge and skills necessary to undertake scientific projects in the field of molecular medicine and to review and critically discuss published data related to this research area.

Students in this programme benefit from our professors professional ties with nearby hospital partners, other researchers, healthcare providers, and industry specialists.

The Master in Molecular Medicine is studied over three semesters.

In the first two semesters, students focus mainly on the module entitled Specific Aspects of Molecular Medicine, which is taught via a mix of lectures, seminars, and practical work. The lectures and seminars concentrate on various aspects of haematology and oncology, regenerative medicine, infectious diseases and immune reactions, neurobiology, and human genetics. For the practical element, students select four research courses from a choice of 40, each of which lasts for four weeks.

The first year of the programme includes a lecture and seminar on clinical trials. Students will also look at aspects of management, such as project management and European patent law, and take soft skills courses, including good laboratory practice, bioethics, and the interpretation of scientific results.

An examination is held at the end of the first year. Depending on the grade achieved in this examination, highly-motivated and well-qualified students can move directly onto the PhD programme to undertake fast-track doctoral studies.

In the third semester, students concentrate on writing their dissertation. The Master in Molecular Medicine concludes with an oral examination (viva voce) at the end of the final semester.

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M.Sc. Molecular Medicine - at University of Ulm, Ulm ...

Recent Molecular Medicine Publications

Hainer SJ, GU W, Carone BR, Landry BD, Rando OJ, Mello CC, Fazzio TG. Genes Dev. 2015 Feb 15;29(4):362-78. doi: 10.1101/gad.253534.114 PMID: 25691467. (Paper)

Perry RJ, Camporez JP, Kursawe R, Titchenell PM, Zhang D, Perry CJ, Jurczak MJ, Abudukadier A, Han MS, Zhang XM, Ruan HB, Yang X, Caprio S, Kaech SM, Sul HS, Birnbaum MJ, Davis RJ, Cline GW, Petersen KF, Shulman GI. Cell. 2015 Feb 12;160(4):745-58. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.012. Epub 2015 Feb 5. PMID: 25662011. (Paper)

Kearns NA, Pham H, Tabak B, Genga RM, Silverstein NJ, Garber M, Maehr R. Nat Methods. 2015 Mar 16. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.3325. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 25775043 (Paper)

May-Simera HL, Petralia RS, Montcouquiol M, Wang YX, Szarama KB, Liu Y, Lin W, Deans MR, Pazour GJ, Kelley MW. Development 2015 Feb Feb 1;142(3):555-66. doi: 10.1242/dev.113696. PMID: 25605782 (Paper)

Sterling CH, Veksler-Lublinsky I, Ambros V. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Jan;43(1):e1. doi: 10.1093/nar/gku637. Epub 2014 Jul 23. PMID: 25056322 (Paper)

Illendula A, Pulikkan JA, Zong H, Grembecka J, Xue L, Sen S, Zhou Y, Boulton A, Kuntimaddi A, Gao Y, Rajewski RA, Guzman ML, Castilla LH, Bushweller JH. Science. 2015 Feb 13;347(6223):779-84. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa0314. PMID: 25678665 (Paper)

Schwarz EM, Hu Y, Antoshechkin I, Miller MM, Sternberg PW, Aroian RV. Nat Gent. 2015 Mar 2. doi: 10.1038/ng.3237 PMID: 25730766 (Paper)

Xue Y, Van C, Pradhan SK, Su T, Gehrke J, Kuryan BG, Kitada T, Vashisht A, Tran N, Wohlschlegel J, Peterson CL, Kurdistani SK, Carey MF. Genes Dev. 2015 Feb 15;29(4):350-5. doi: 10.1101/gad.256255.114. PMID: 25691465 (Paper)

Crouse JA, Lopes VS, Sanagustin JT, Keady BT, Williams DS, Pazour GJ. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken). 2014 May;71(5):302-10. doi: 10.1002/cm.21173. Epub 2014 Mar 25. PMID: 24619649 (Paper)

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Program in Molecular Medicine - UMass Medical School ...

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Newswise BOSTON Placebos have helped to ease symptoms of illness for centuries and have been a fundamental component of clinical research to test new drug therapies for more than 70 years. But why some people respond to placebos and others do not remains under debate.

With the advent of genomics, researchers are learning that placebo responses are modified by a persons genetics, a discovery that raises important new questions regarding the role of the placebo in patient care and in drug development: How many genetic biomarkers exist? Can the medical field harness the placebo response to enhance personalized medical treatment? What might be the impact of placebo-drug interactions? And what will this new information mean for randomized clinical trials, which depend on placebo controls to test the efficacy of new drug candidates? Should a no-treatment control be added to future trials?

Researchers from the Program in Placebo Studies (PiPS) at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and from the Department of Medicine at Brigham and Womens Hospital (BWH) explore these provocative issues in a review of evidence from placebo studies and randomized clinical trials. Published online today in Trends in Molecular Medicine, the article introduces the concept of the placebome,and identifies a network of genes that could significantly influence medicine and clinical trial design suggesting that placebos play a larger role in health care than previously recognized.

Genetic sequencing is revealing that the placebo response is, in fact, a complex phenotype with an unfolding physiology, says corresponding author Kathryn T. Hall, PhD, MPH, a PiPS Research Fellow in the Division of General Medicine and Primary Care at BIDMC and Harvard Medical School. The study of genomic effects on the placebo response what we call the placebome -- is in its infancy, but there is already ample evidence that genetic variations in the brains neurotransmitter pathways modify placebo effects. As a result, placebo responses are emerging as a legitimate series of biological reactions that must be rigorously characterized for efficient pharmaceutical development and optimal patient care.

The article focuses on several key concepts for future research and discussion regarding the role of the placebome in health care.

The Role of the Neurotransmitter in the Placebo Effect

The placebo effect occurs when patients show improvement from treatments that contain no active ingredients. Scientists initially used behavioral instruments, such as personality measures, to predict which patients would respond to placebos, but over the past decade, the development of sophisticated neuroimaging technologies illuminated the activation of the brains neurotransmitter pathways in response to placebos. Because they are the chemical messengers that either excite or inhibit nerve function in the brain, many neurotransmitters play key roles in reward and pain, explains Hall. We hypothesized that genetic variation in the genes that encode the proteins in these neurotransmitter pathways might also modify placebo responses.

In 2012, Hall identified the first placebo biomarker, the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene, reporting that genetic variations in COMT which influence the brains levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine -- also determined the extent of an individuals placebo response.

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The Placebome: Where Genetics and the Placebo Effect Meet

As HIV investigators work to control and eradicate the virus worldwide, certain myths or misconceptions about the disease have been embraced, whereas other concepts with merit have been left relatively unexplored, argues American HIV/AIDS researcher Jay Levy, MD, in a commentary publishing April 14 in the journal Trends in Molecular Medicine. He calls on fellow researchers to continue questioning and not to lose sight of alternative strategies that could ultimately lead to a sustainable, long-term solution to HIV infection.

"This paper may be controversial, but people need to know the other side of the story," says Levy, one of the first researchers to isolate the AIDS virus and Director of the Laboratory for Tumor and AIDS Virus Research at the University of California, San Francisco. "The train left the station and no one is stopping to see whether we did the right thing or not. I'm asking anyone who is involved with HIV/AIDS to pause and focus on some research and clinical areas that need more attention."

Levy presents six questions dealing with the science of HIV and with well-designed clinical trials that could offer new explanations and approaches for handling HIV/AIDS:

1. Is HIV infection a universally fatal diagnosis?

A small percentage of people with HIV infection have been observed to possess immune systems that keep the virus at bay for at least 10 years, and some for more than 35 years. Although an HIV diagnosis was once considered a "death sentence," this is evidence that such long-time survivors or non-progressors can live a normal, asymptomatic life without intervention. "Importantly, we can learn a great deal about prevention of disease and infection by studying these exceptional people who have survived without AIDS or have warded off infection," Levy writes.

2. Is the body's innate immune response as important as the adaptive immune response?

Researchers have observed that some people who have been infected for many years do not develop disease. Others have been exposed on many occasions to HIV but do not become infected. In these cases, the innate immune system, the first line of defense against viruses, appears to play an important role. If the innate immune response fails, then adaptive immune activity--reflected by T and B cells--comes into action. Levy calls for increased attention to the innate immune system and its variety of immune cells and secreted factors. By focusing on this early activity against HIV, researchers have a better chance of discovering ways to prevent infection and disease.

3. How do CD8+ T cells combat HIV?

The immune system is a complex collection of cells with multiple mechanisms for taking down a pathogen. Even with 30+ years of HIV research, how immune cells behave when the virus enters the body is not fully understood. One immune cell of long-time interest to HIV/AIDS scientists is the CD8+ T lymphocyte, which is primarily thought to control HIV infection by killing infected cells. Levy discusses how this cell can employ an alternative mechanism for controlling HIV infection: it can secrete factors that suppress the virus without killing the cell, and then the infected cell can continue to function but without virus production and cell death. Because this immune response handles all HIV types, it would be important in approaches aimed at enhancing immune antiviral responses and in the development of a vaccine. Importantly, both activities of the CD8+ T cell need to be appreciated.

4. When should antiretroviral therapy be given?

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Six questions about HIV/AIDS that deserve more attention

Researchers are beginning to explore whether the genetics of patients who experience a placebo effect are different from those of patients who don't. It's well known that people can feel better if they believe they are receiving treatment, but the biological pathways involved are relatively unexplored. In a new review, publishing April 13 in Trends in Molecular Medicine, scientists at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center discuss what we know as well as possible ethical issues related to conducting genetic tests to determine whether a patient is a placebo responder.

"Understanding the placebome--the collection of genes related to placebo responses--opens possibilities to improving patients' responses to clinical care and pharmaceuticals and to refining research designs for detecting drug-placebo differences," says lead author Kathryn Hall, PhD, a member of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center's Program in Placebo Studies.

Past studies have revealed that certain signaling pathways in the brain--especially the dopamine, opioid, endocannabinoid, and serotonin pathways--help mediate the placebo effect. Hall and her colleagues examined evidence that genetic variations in these pathways can modify the placebo effect; their findings raise the possibility of using genetic screens to identify placebo responders. Such information could lead to better patient selection for clinical trials--for example by pointing to those who should be excluded because they are likely to experience a benefit no matter what treatment they receive or by ensuring that potential placebo responders are evenly allocated across treatment arms.

Hall notes that if the placebo response is influenced by certain brain signaling pathways, then it might also affect patients' responses to drugs that target those same pathways, and the magnitude of the drug effect might differ from one patient to another as a result of their genotype.

"These are novel hypotheses that, to our knowledge, have not yet been discussed in the scientific literature," she says. "This broader conception that points to more personalized medicine calls for additional research." Her group proposes including no-treatment controls in addition to placebo controls in some future clinical trials. "Our proposal to incorporate a formal placebo study into future clinical trials is innovative and could represent significant cost savings, leading to rapid access to knowledge of mechanisms involved in the placebo response across a wide variety of disease and drug regimens," Hall says.

A number of ethical issues must be considered if genetic profiles of placebo responders can be established. If high placebo responders are not included in clinical trials, this raises several important questions. For example, how will the drugs be labeled, and which patients will be approved for treatment in light of the fact that the drugs will have only been tested in placebo non-responders? Should physicians test for genetic placebo-response propensities and should patients be allowed to refuse permission to be tested? Should patients be told about their propensity to respond to placebos, and could patients refuse to know or refuse to have this designation in their medical records? Would physicians be able to ethically use this information and, if so, how? And of course, what if knowing one is a placebo responder affects one's placebo response?

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This study was funded by the National Institutes of Health and the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.

Trends in Molecular Medicine, Hall et al.: "Genetics and the Placebo Effect: the Placebome" http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2015.02.009

Trends in Molecular Medicine (TMM), published by Cell Press, is a monthly review journal that facilitates communication between groups of highly trained professionals who share the common goal of understanding and explaining the molecular basis of disease as it relates to new clinical practice. For more information, please visit http://www.cell.com/trends/molecular-medicine. To receive media alerts for TMM or other Cell Press journals, please contact press@cell.com.

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Certain genes might make some people more prone to experience the placebo effect