Are Genetically Modified Foods Safe to Eat? (Science of Genetic Engineering)
Presented by Anastasia Bodnar PhD. In a recent Pew poll, 88% of AAAS scientists said that genetically engineered crops were safe to eat. In contrast, only 37% of non-scientists surveyed said...
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Here's the classic, if overly simplistic, example: Children inherit sets of chromosomes from each of their parents, with each chromosome containing the genes for various traits. A blue-eyed child has to inherit the blue-eyed gene from both the mother and the father. Otherwise, the dominant brown-eyed gene trumps the recessive blue-eyed gene.
In reality, eye color is determined by more than one gene. But the same principle applies to genetic defects such as muscular dystrophy: Even if you inherit the mutated gene for muscular dystrophy from one parent, the normal gene from the other parent can compensate and keep you from getting the disease.
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The downside for genetic engineers is that the mechanism makes it harder to introduce desired mutations. Mutagenic chain reaction, or MCR, makes the job easier. The researchers behind the Science study tweaked the CRISPR genome-editing procedure in fruit flies to make a mutation that's generated on one copy of a chromosome spread automatically to the other copy. Thus, both copies of the gene carry the mutation.
"MCR is remarkably active in all cells of the body, with one result being that such mutations are transmitted to offspring via the germline with 95 percent efficiency," study lead author Valentino Gantz, a graduate student at the University of California at San Diego, said in a news release.
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Planet Bizzaro Ep Seventeen Genetic Gas
Zoomer and his pals find out Zargon has plagued their food supply with genetically engineered bugs, so Zoomer uses his own genetic engineering to create a super fruit that ends up creating...
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International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
ICGEB: A brief overview and introduction by Mauro Giacca, Director-General, and Researchers in Trieste, Italy.
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BERKELEY
A group of 18 scientists and ethicists today warned that a revolutionary new tool to cut and splice DNA should be used cautiously when attempting to fix human genetic disease, and strongly discouraged any attempts at making changes to the human genome that could be passed on to offspring.
Among the authors of this warning is Jennifer Doudna, the co-inventor of the technology, called CRISPR-Cas9, which is driving a new interest in gene therapy, or genome engineering. She and colleagues co-authored a perspective piece that appears in the March 20 issue of Science, based on discussions at a meeting that took place in Napa on Jan. 24. The same issue ofSciencefeatures a collection of recent research papers, commentary and news articles on CRISPR and its implications.
Given the speed with which the genome engineering field is evolving, our group concluded that there is an urgent need for open discussion of the merits and risks of human genome modification by a broad cohort of scientists, clinicians, social scientists, the general public and relevant public entities and interest groups, the authors wrote.
Doudna, director of UC Berkeleys Innovative Genomics Initiative, was joined by five current and two former UC Berkeley scientists, plus David Baltimore, a Nobel laureate and president emeritus of the California Institute of Technology, Stanford Nobelist Paul Berg and eminent scientists from UC San Francisco, Stanford, Harvard and the universities of Wisconsin and Utah. Several of these scientists are currently involved in gene therapy to cure inherited diseases.
Such warnings have been issued numerous times since the dawn of genetic engineering in 1975, but until now the technology to actually fix genetic defects was hard to use.
However, this limitation has been upended recently by the rapid development and widespread adoption of a simple, inexpensive and remarkably effective genome engineering method known as CRISPR-Cas9, the scientists wrote. The simplicity of the CRISPR-Cas9 system enables any researcher with knowledge of molecular biology to modify genomes, making feasible many experiments that were previously difficult or impossible to conduct.
Correcting genetic defects
Scientists today are changing DNA sequences to correct genetic defects in animals as well as cultured tissues generated from stem cells, strategies that could eventually be used to treat human disease. The technology can also be used to engineer animals with genetic diseases mimicking human disease, which could lead to new insights into previously enigmatic disorders.
The CRISPR-Cas9 tool is still being refined to ensure that genetic changes are precisely targeted, Doudna said. Nevertheless, the authors met to initiate an informed discussion of the uses of genome engineering technology, and to identify proactively those areas where current action is essential to prepare for future developments. We recommend taking immediate steps toward ensuring that the application of genome engineering technology is performed safely and ethically.
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Scientists urge caution in using new CRISPR technology to treat human genetic disease
A new technology called CRISPR could allow scientists to alter the human genetic code for generations. That's causing some leading biologists and bioethicists to sound an alarm. They're calling for a worldwide moratorium on any attempts to alter the code, at least until there's been time for far more research and discussion.
It's not new that scientists can manipulate human DNA genetic engineering, or gene editing, has been around for decades. But it's been hard, slow and very expensive. And only highly skilled geneticists could do it.
Recently that's changed. Scientists have developed new techniques that have sped up the process and, at the same time, made it a lot cheaper to make very precise changes in DNA.
There are a couple of different techniques, but the one most often talked about is CRISPR, which stands for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats. My colleague Joe Palca described the technique for Shots readers last June.
Why scientists are nervous
On the one hand, scientists are excited about these techniques because they may let them do good things, such as discovering important principles about biology. It might even lead to cures for diseases.
The big worry is that CRISPR and other techniques will be used to perform germline genetic modification.
Basically, that means making genetic changes in a human egg, sperm or embryo.
Those kinds of changes would be passed down for generations. And that's something that's always been considered taboo in science.
One major reason that it's considered off limits, ethically, is that the technology is still so new that scientists really don't know how well it works.
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While it holds promise for eradicating genetic diseases, the technology also has big implications for the human genome: A person whose DNA is edited would pass the altered genes on to his or her future children.
There's also a fear the technology could be used in unethical ways, such as "engineering" a baby to look a certain way, or to be athletic or intelligent.
"One of the concerns is that some people may want to use the technology to make trivial or cosmetic changes, rather than using it to prevent devastating diseases," said Carroll, distinguished professor of biochemistry at the University of Utah School of Medicine.
The paper Carroll co-signed is expected to amplify discussion in the scientific community, which last week heard from another group of researchers who recommend that the new technology never be used on human embryos.
Changing the genome could have unpredictable effects on future humans, and that's unacceptable, the group says.
Instead, that group, led by Edward Lanphier, chief executive of the biotechnology company Sangamo Biosciences, suggests research focus on somatic, or non-reproductive cells.
CRISPR-Cas9, was developed in the lab of Jennifer Doudna, the University of California-Berkeley scientist who organized the Napa meeting.
Hundreds of papers in the past two years have proven the usefulness of the new tool in research involving mammals.
"The applications to humans are potentially just around the corner," Carroll said.
CRISPR-Cas9 allows more subtle, precise changes in DNA than was possible with technologies used in genetically modified organisms (GMOs), he added. Such genetic engineering typically involves introducing new genes into an organism.
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Using a technique that cuts out unwanted copies of a genome to improve the beneficial properties of a compound, researchers working at the University of Illinois College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Services (ACES) claim to have produced a yeast that could vastly increase the quality of wine while also reducing its hangover-inducing properties.
"Fermented foods such as beer, wine, and bread are made with polyploid strains of yeast, which means they contain multiple copies of genes in the genome," said Associate Professor of microbial genomics at the University of Illinois, Yong-Su Jin. "Until now, its been very difficult to do genetic engineering in polyploid strains because if you altered a gene in one copy of the genome, an unaltered copy would correct the one that had been changed,"
So the researchers developed what they call a "genome knife," which allowed them to slice across multiple copies of a target gene until all the copies were cut, thereby making it impossible for any remaining genomes to correct any altered ones.
After being completely cut, the enzyme RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease was then employed to carry out precise metabolic engineering on strains of polyploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a species of common yeast instrumental in winemaking, bread baking, and beer brewing.
This newly-modified strain, the team believes, is a breakthrough of "staggering" proportions. The applications of this compound possibly range in the thousands, given the ubiquity of the species of yeast and its use in a myriad different industries.
"Wine, for instance, contains the healthful component resveratrol, said Associate Professor Jin. "With engineered yeast, we could increase the amount of resveratrol in a variety of wine by 10 times or more. But we could also add metabolic pathways to introduce bioactive compounds from other foods, such as ginseng, into the wine yeast. Or we could put resveratrol-producing pathways into yeast strains used for beer, kefir, cheese, kimchee, or pickles any food that uses yeast fermentation in its production."
But more than this, if winemakers were to clone this new enzyme, then they could use it to improve malolactic fermentation (the conversion of bitter malic acid, naturally present in freshly pressed grapes, into softer-tasting lactic acid) to produce a consistently smoother wine while also removing the toxic byproducts that can cause hangovers.
The scientists see the capability of their genome knife in this situation as an absolute must in engineering the extremely precise engineered mutations required to achieve this improvement in wine fermentation.
"Scientists need to create designed mutations to determine the function of specific genes," said Jin. "Say we have a yeast that produces a wine with great flavor and we want to know why. We delete one gene, then another, until the distinctive flavor is gone, and we know weve isolated the gene responsible for that characteristic."
Optimistically, the researchers also believe that their nascent technology could make genetic engineering and genetically modified organisms more palatable to the wider community.
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Engineered yeast could increase nutritional value of wine while reducing hangovers
IMAGE:Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking is an authoritative peer-reviewed journal published monthly online with Open Access options and in print that explores the psychological and social issues surrounding... view more
Credit: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers
New Rochelle, NY, March 18, 2015--Job recruiters may review hundreds of online resumes for a position, often screening them quickly and discarding those that are not appropriate. An applicant's email address can greatly impact first impressions and affect one's chances of getting hired according to a new study published in Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, a peer-reviewed journal from Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers . The article is available free on the Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking website until April 18, 2015.
Marlies van Toorenburg, Janneke Oostrom, and Thomas Pollet, VU University, Amsterdam, designed a study to determine whether the use of an informal rather than a more formal email address by a job applicant when sending an online resume affects how hirable the person would seem to a professional recruiter. An informal email address includes slang, cute, or made-up names instead of the applicant's real name.
In the article "What a Difference Your Email Makes: Effects of Informal Email Addresses in Online Rsum Screening," the authors describe how the formal or informal nature of an applicant's email address impacts a recruiter's hirability perceptions. The researchers also compare the importance of the email address to spelling errors and the typeface used in the email in passing judgment on an online resume.
"We all have unconscious biases, and first impressions, as we know, are often difficult to change," says Editor-in-Chief Brenda K. Wiederhold, PhD, MBA, BCB, BCN, Interactive Media Institute, San Diego, California and Virtual Reality Medical Institute, Brussels, Belgium. "This study may assist recruiters in becoming more conscious of their biases, as well as aiding job applicants in understanding the importance of their electronic identities."
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Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking is an authoritative peer-reviewed journal published monthly online with Open Access options and in print that explores the psychological and social issues surrounding the Internet and interactive technologies, plus cybertherapy and rehabilitation. Complete tables of content and a sample issue may be viewed on the Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking website.
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Could your email address keep job recruiters from reading your online resume?
IMAGE:Violence and Gender is the only peer-reviewed journal focusing on the understanding, prediction, and prevention of acts of violence. Through research papers, roundtable discussions, case studies, and other... view more
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New Rochelle, NY, March 18, 2015-Who intentionally seeks to kill a policeman and why? In 2014 the rate of policemen purposely killed in the line of duty in the U.S. was nearly 1.5 times greater than in 2013. These incidents and what may have motivated the killers is the focus of an in-depth article in the peer-reviewed journal Violence and Gender, from Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers. The article is available free on the Violence and Gender website until April 18, 2015.
In the article "Men Who Kill Policemen," Michael Stone, MD, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons (New York, NY) and Mid-Hudson Forensic Psychiatric Hospital (Goshen, NY), reviews details of the intentional killings of police in the line of duty in 2013-2014. All the killers were male, and most used a gun. Dr. Stone describes whether the perpetrators were killed or committed suicide during the incidents, or were actively involved in a crime at the time of the killing. He examines a variety of possible motivations for intentional killing of a policeman, including belonging to a "cop-hating" group, mental illness, or intoxication. He also discusses societal factors that may lead to higher or lower rates of policemen killing in different social or minority groups.
"This unique study by Dr. Michael Stone, an Associate Editor of Violence and Gender, could not be more timely and relevant," says Editor-in-Chief Mary Ellen O'Toole, PhD, Director, Forensic Science Program, George Mason University; Forensic Behavioral Consultant; and Senior FBI Profiler/Criminal Investigative Analyst (ret.).
"Dr. Stone looked at all the police officers intentionally killed in the line of duty in the United States between 2013 and 2014," Dr. O'Toole continues. "He found that all of the 66 cop-killers were males, and their choice of weapon was a firearm. Dr. Stone identifies factors that led up to and contributed to these murders, and based on his experience and expertise as a world-renowned psychiatrist he offers the opinion that only a minority of these men likely suffered from a mental illness at the time of these murders. In the study of violence it is quite rare that research is so quickly available on contemporary issues, and this study exemplifies Dr. Stone's and the Journal's commitment to bring headline topics to our readers in scholarly and insightful ways."
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Violence and Gender is the only peer-reviewed journal focusing on the understanding, prediction, and prevention of acts of violence. Through research papers, roundtable discussions, case studies, and other original content, the Journal critically examines biological, genetic, behavioral, psychological, racial, ethnic, and cultural factors as they relate to the gender of perpetrators of violence. Led by Editor-in-Chief Mary Ellen O'Toole, PhD, Forensic Behavioral Consultant and Senior FBI Profiler/Criminal Investigative Analyst (ret.), Violence and Gender explores the difficult issues that are vital to threat assessment and prevention of the epidemic of violence. Violence and Gender is published quarterly online with Open Access options and in print, and is the official journal of The Avielle Foundation. Tables of content and a sample issue may be viewed on the Violence and Gender website.
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If wine tends to give you a hangover, science may have a solution, and it starts with a "genome knife." The phrase refers to an enzyme called RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease that's able to knock down a longstanding hurdle to genetic engineering in fermented foods, a researcher at the University of Illinois explains in a press release.
It's a little complicated, but the strains of yeast that ferment wine (along with beer and bread) are "polyploid" strains. Those strains "contain multiple copies of genes in the genome," says Yong-Su Jin, whose study was published in Applied and Environmental Microbiology.
The difficulty comes into play when you try to alter a gene in one copy of the genome. Essentially, you can't: "An unaltered copy would correct the one that had been changed." The enzyme fixes that problem.
It allows the genetic engineering of polyploid strains, specifically Saccharomyces cerevisiaewhich you're more likely to know as baker's yeast, Jove notes. Researchers are calling the engineered result a "jailbreaking" yeast.
Engineered yeast could make wine healthier by boosting the amount of a nutrient called resveratrol "by 10 times or more," Jin notes. As for post-booze headaches, the "genome knife" could act on what's known as malolactic fermentation, which can result in hangover-inducing toxic substances.
That's good news, though Medical Daily reports that the variety of factors leading to hangovers likely means such a product wouldn't get rid of them completely.
(It's not just the genetics involved in winemaking that affect your hangover risk: Your own genes do, too, according to research last year.)
This article originally appeared on Newser: Scientists Find a Way to Cut Wine Hangovers
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Genetic Engineering: Advantages Disadvantages
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Numbers Don #39;t Lie - Vaccines Big Pharma
From the Documentary Bought - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pOCGqks-tW0 TAGS - vaccine, shot, vaccines, pandemic, flu, influenza, bird flu, swine flu, measles, mumps, ebola, hpv, bought,...
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DALLAS, March 17, 2015 /PRNewswire/ --
According to a new market research report"Global Animal Genetics Market, By Product (Canine, Equine, Poultry, Porcine, Bovine, and Genetic Material), by testing services (DNA Sexing, DNA Typing, Genetic Disease Test, and Others) - Global Forecast to 2020", published by MarketsandMarkets, The global Animal Genetics Market is estimated to be worth around $2.5 Billion in 2014 and $4 Billion in 2020, to grow at a CAGR of 8-9% during the forecast period of 2014 to 2020.
Browse96market data Tables and27Figures spread through200Pages and in-depth TOC on "Global Animal Genetics Market" http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/animal-genetic-market-12462093.html
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The Animal Genetics Market witnessed healthy growth during the last decade, primarily attributed to the increasing animal protein consumption by and increasingly urban global population. To cater the rising demand of animal proteins, farmers are increasingly adopting advanced genetic technologies for larger-scale production and quality breeds. In addition, growing awareness about veterinary genetic diseases and disorders; increase in the population of livestock animals, especially in emerging markets; implementation of animal welfare acts in developed countries; and development of cutting-edge technologies in animal genetic testing are further driving this market. However, stringent regulations regarding animal genetic engineering, expensive and time-consuming R&D activities, high cost of animal testing, and insufficient number of skilled professionals in animal genetics are restraining the growth of animal genetics market during the forecast period of 2014 to 2020.
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In this report, the animal genetics market is segmented by products, testing services, and region. Based on type of product, the market is mainly segmented into live animals and genetic materials. The live animal segment is further subsegmented into canine, equine, poultry, porcine, bovine, and others. On the other hand, the genetic material segment is subsegmented into semen and embryo. Animal genetics market is segmented into various testing services such as DNA sexing, DNA typing, genetic disease tests, and others in the report.
In 2014, the live segment accounted for the largest share of the market. Growing population, increasing urbanization, and rising demand of animal derived products have contributed to the growth of the live animal market. In addition, increase in the population of livestock animals especially in emerging markets and implementation of animal welfare acts are further fueling the growth of live animal market.
North America represented the largest regional market in 2014, followed by Europe, Asia-Pacific, and ROW. The Asia-Pacific region represents the fastest-growing market for the animal genetics market, primarily due to the increasing population, rapid urbanization, and rising demand of animal products in this region. In addition, increased awareness towards animal welfare in developing countries and development of cutting-edge technologies in animal genetic testing are further driving the market in this region.
Major players in the global animal genetics market are Animal Genetics, Inc. (U.S.), Genus Plc (U.K.), Topigs (Netherlands), Harlan Laboratories, Inc. (U.S.), Hendrix Genetics BV (Netherlands), Aviagen Group (U.S.), Neogen Corporation (U.S.), Alta Genetics (Canada), VetGen (U.S.), and Zoetis, Inc.(U.S.) among others.
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Global Animal Genetics Market Worth Around $4 Billion by 2020
University of Illinois College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences
URBANA - University of Illinois scientists have engineered a "jailbreaking" yeast that could greatly increase the health benefits of wine while reducing the toxic byproducts that cause your morning-after headache.
"Fermented foods--such as beer, wine, and bread--are made with polyploid strains of yeast, which means they contain multiple copies of genes in the genome. Until now, it's been very difficult to do genetic engineering in polyploid strains because if you altered a gene in one copy of the genome, an unaltered copy would correct the one that had been changed," said Yong-Su Jin, a U of I associate professor of microbial genomics and principal investigator in the Energy Biosciences Institute.
Recently scientists have developed a "genome knife" that cuts across multiple copies of a target gene in the genome very precisely--until all copies are cut. Jin's group has now used this enzyme, RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease, to do precise metabolic engineering of polyploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that have been widely used in the wine, beer, and fermentation industries.
The possibilities for improved nutritive value in foods are staggering, he said. "Wine, for instance, contains the healthful component resveratrol. With engineered yeast, we could increase the amount of resveratrol in a variety of wine by 10 times or more. But we could also add metabolic pathways to introduce bioactive compounds from other foods, such as ginseng, into the wine yeast. Or we could put resveratrol-producing pathways into yeast strains used for beer, kefir, cheese, kimchee, or pickles--any food that uses yeast fermentation in its production."
Another benefit is that winemakers can clone the enzyme to enhance malolactic fermentation, a secondary fermentation process that makes wine smooth. Improper malolactic fermentation generates the toxic byproducts that may cause hangover symptoms, he said.
Jin stressed the genome knife's importance as a tool that allows genetic engineers to make these extremely precise mutations.
"Scientists need to create designed mutations to determine the function of specific genes," he explained. "Say we have a yeast that produces a wine with great flavor and we want to know why. We delete one gene, then another, until the distinctive flavor is gone, and we know we've isolated the gene responsible for that characteristic."
The new technology also makes genetically modified organisms less objectionable, he said. "In the past, scientists have had to use antibiotic markers to indicate the spot of genetic alteration in an organism, and many persons objected to their use in foods because of the danger of developing antibiotic resistance. With the genome knife, we can cut the genome very precisely and efficiently so we don't have to use antibiotic markers to confirm a genetic event."
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Jailbreaking yeast could amp up wine's health benefits, reduce morning-after headaches
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CytoGene Research Development ,Lucknow provides several modules of training as well as dissertation/project in Genetic Engineering http://cytogene.in/r-DNA...
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Genetic Engineering - AIIMS AIPMT State CET Botany Video Lecture
AIIMS AIPMT State CET Botany Video Lectures and Study Material developed by highly experienced and dedicated faculty team of Rao IIT Academy. Visit http://www.raoiit.com or email ...
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