Forbes | How The New Evolution Items Work In 'Pokmon GO' Forbes Evolution got a bit more complicated in Pokmon GO last night. Originally it was a pretty straightforward affair: you got candy for catching, walking and transferring Pokmon, which you then used to turn your Squirtles into Warturtles, your Bellsprouts ... |
Continued here:
New with the release of the Johto Pokemon Update, many new and old Pokemon can evolve into advanced form Pokemon - but only through the use of specific Evolution Items. These items have a rare chance of being found at any Pokestop, and can be used along with specific Pokemon Candy to evolve a Pokemon.
This even works with Pokemon who have different evolution paths, as an additional evolution button will let you choose which path you'd like to take if you meet the requirements. Dragon Scale
There are currently 5 new Evolution Items introduced with the latest update:
The Dragon Scale is one of the new Evolution Items that can be used in conjunction with Pokemon Candy to evolve some of the Gen 1 Pokemon to new Gen 2 evolutions.
Currently, the applicable Pokemon for this item is Seadra, who can be evolved into Kingdra using a Dragon Scale and 100 Horsea Pokemon Candy.
The Kings Rock is another of the new Evolution Items that can be used in conjunction with Pokemon Candy to evolve some of the Gen 1 Pokemon to new Gen 2 evolutions.
Currently, there are 2 applicable Pokemon who can use this item: Slowpoke can use the Kings Rock and 50 Slowpoke Candy to evolve into Slowking - or just the candy to evolve into Slowbro. Poliwhirl can also use the Kings Rock and 100 Politwag Candy to evolve into Politoed - or just the candy to evolve into Poliwrath.
The Sun Stone is another of the new Evolution Items that can be used in conjunction with Pokemon Candy to evolve some of the Gen 1 Pokemon to new Gen 2 evolutions.
Currently, the applicable Pokemon for this item is Gloom, who can evolve into Bellossom using the Sun Stone as well as 100 Oddish Candy, or into Vileplume using just candy.
The Metal Coat is another of the new Evolution Items that can be used in conjunction with Pokemon Candy to evolve some of the Gen 1 Pokemon to new Gen 2 evolutions.
Currently, there are twp applicable Pokemon for this item: Onix, who can now be evolved into Steelix using 1 Metal Coat and 50 Onix Candy. Scyther can also use 1 Metal Coat and 50 Scyther Candy to evolve into Scizor.
The Upgrade is another of the new Evolution Items that can be used in conjunction with Pokemon Candy to evolve some of the Gen 1 Pokemon to new Gen 2 evolutions.
Currently, the applicable Pokemon for this item is Porygon, who can use an Upgrade along with 50 Porygon Candy to evolve inyo Porygon2.
Read more:
Congo River fish evolution shaped by intense rapids: Genomic study ... Science Daily New research provides compelling evidence that a group of strange-looking fish living near the mouth of the Congo River are evolving due to the intense ... |
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Congo River fish evolution shaped by intense rapids: Genomic study ... - Science Daily
Forbes | How To Choose Your Eevee Evolution In 'Pokmon GO:' Umbreon And Espeon Edition Forbes Of all the Pokmon in the Pokworld, Eevee remains something of a rarity. The evolutionary wildcard has always featured random evolutions, and now that Gen 2 has hit Pokmon GO, the potential forms have increased from three to five. People have long ... 'Pokmon Go' Latest News & Update: Discovering the Evolution of Eevee Into Umbreon, Jolteon, Flareon, & Vaporeon Pokemon Go trick: How to make Eevee evolve into Espeon and Umbreon Guide: Pokemon Go has a new Eevee evolution trick for Umbreon and Espeon |
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How To Choose Your Eevee Evolution In 'Pokmon GO:' Umbreon And Espeon Edition - Forbes
The Bering land bridge plays a central role in our picture of how humans reached the Americas. When much more of the worlds water was locked up in ice, and the land between Asia and North America was exposed, people followedthe bridge to migrate out of Asia, into Alaska, and from there into the rest of the Americas.
This picture tends to portray thebridge as purely a route to the new continents. In fact, the word bridge definitely conjures up the wrong image. It was a geographic region, often called Beringia, and people lived there for so long that it probably would have been ludicrous to them that we could think of their homeas transient. Current estimates suggest that people lived there for between 5,000 and 8,000years, starting about23,000 years ago.
That is a long enough time for natural selection to have had an effect on the genome of people who lived there, according to a paper in PNAS this week. The Beringians would have faced distinctdiseases, food constraints, and climate conditions, and natural selection would have helped those with the right genetic adaptationsto thrive in that environment. According to the new paper, we can see evidence of that natural selection in modern Native American populations.
Recently, a genetic survey of 191 Greenlandic Inuit people found some genetic patterns that are so common that the best explanation for them is natural selection. Specifically, theres evidence to suggest that three genes involved in metabolizing fatty acids (called the fatty acid desaturases, or FADS, genes) show changes that might be the result of adaptation to a diet high in protein and fats.That sort of diettends to be one of the side-effects of living in the Arctic.
But these conditions arent really particular toGreenland; they were probably similar in Beringia. It's possiblethat the adaptations tookplace on Beringia itselfin which case they would predate the peopling of all the Americas.
To test this hypothesis, a group of researchers compared the genomes of Native Americans to people from Africa, Europe, and East Asia. In line with earlier evidence, they found variants in the FADS genes that were much more common in the Native American genomes. This is true even though diets among Native American populations became quite diverse over their history.
Theres a growing pile of evidence that the FADS genes are pretty important, says Rasmus Nielsen, who wasnt involved with this paper, but was one of the authors on the paper about the Greenlandic Inuit genome. The same genes seem to show signs of natural selection in lots of different human populations, and it all seems to have something to do with the histories of what those populations have eaten. These are genes that seem to be really, really important when the diet changes, he says.
One tricky thing is that natural selection isnt the only thing that brings about differences between genomes. When you have a large population of people, they have quite a bit of variation in their genomesfor instance, apopulation might have some people with brown eyes, some with green, and some with blue.
If a small part of this group breaks away and moves off, they take only part of that total variation with them. Because of random chance, 80 percent of that group of migrants might have brown eyes. If their descendants tend to have brown eyes, that doesnt mean that natural selection made it that way.
So, if Native American genomes tend to show a lot of differences on the FADS genes, its important to check that the result isnt because of this founder effect. Testing this means looking at the rest of the genome, estimating how strong the founder effect is, and seeing whether the variants in question are more common than you would expect based on afounder effect. When the researchers did this, they found a number of variants that were common enough that natural selection seemed like the best explanation.
Beringia was inhabited by a population, not individuals. So, as you might imagine, not all of the Native American genomes were uniform in terms of which FADS variants they had. Some regions showed more of the variants, and some showed less. The high frequencies occur despite marked differences in lifestyles and diets of the different indigenous populations, the authors write. However, there hasnt been a huge amount of time for natural selection to operate. Future studies could test whether there are any differences amongNative American groups that could be connected totheir historical diets.
If the evidence keeps piling up that the FADS genes affect how we process our food, they could ultimately be important in medical research, says Nielsen. Theres so muchdebate about what dietis the most healthy, he says, but we could be looking at the reason why that question doesnt have a simple answer: the best diet might be different for different people, depending on their genetics.
PNAS, 2016. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620541114 (About DOIs).
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Migration to America took long enough for evolution to happen on the way - Ars Technica
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*This is an older article that originates from Collective Evolution, a couple of updates have been made.
Science works best when in harmony with nature. If we put these two together, we can discover great technologies that can only come about when the consciousness of the planet is ready to embrace them. One example is free energy, also known as zero-point energy, which utilizes the substance that exists all around us and converts it into usable energy. This would give us a limitless source of energy, and would practically wipe out all poverty on the planet. (more on this later in the article)
The properties of space have been postulated by many, from ancient Vedic philosophy, Eastern Mystics, various ancient civilizations throughout human history all the way to Descartes, Einstein, Newton and more. Humans are curious beings, and our quest to discover what is will never end.
And they allowed Apollonius to ask questions; and he asked them of what they thought the cosmos was composed; butthey replied; Of elements. Are there then four? he asked. Not four, said Larchas, but five. And how can there be afifth, said Apollonius, alongside of water and air and earth and fire? There is the ether, replied the other, which we must regard as the stuff of which gods are made; for just as all mortal creatures inhale thewire, so do immortal and divine natures inhale the ether. Am I,said Appollonius, to regard the universe as a living creature? Yes,said the other. The Life of Apollonius of Tyana, Philostratus, 220AD (source)
Science now knows that a material universe as the foundation of what we perceive to be our physical material world isnt quite the case. Today, physicists recognize that physical atoms are actually made up of vortices of energy that are constantly spinning and vibrating. At its smallest observable level, matter is energy, and this energy that exists all around us can be tapped into and possibly used to generate power.
Quantum physics has left many scientists baffled, again, the discovery that our physical material reality isnt really physical at all can be quite confusing. Scientists began to explore the relationship between energy and the structure of matter at the turn of the 19th century, this is approximately the time when the idea of a Newtonian material universe was dropped from the heart of scientific knowing, and replaced by the fact that matter is nothing but an illusion, that everything in the universe is made out of energy.
If quantum mechanics hasnt profoundly shocked you, you havent understood it yet. Everything we call real is made of things that cannot be regarded as real. Niels Bohr, a Danish Physicist
Again, if you observed the composition of an atom with a microscope, you would see a small, invisible tornado like vortex, with a number of infinitely small energy vortices called quarks and photons. These are what make up the structure of the atom. As you focused in closer and closer on the structure of the atom, you would see nothing, you would observe a physical void. The atom has no physical structure, we have no physical structure, physical things really dont have any physical structure. Atoms are made out of invisible energy, not tangible matter.
Despite theunrivalled empirical success of quantum theory, the very suggestion that it may be literally true as a description of nature is still greeted with cynicism, incomprehension and even anger.(T. Folger, Quantum Shmantum; Discover 22:37-43, 2001)
Get over it, and accept the inarguable conclusion. The universe is immaterial-mental and spiritual. R.C. Henry, Professor of physics and Astronomy at Johns Hopkins University. (source)
Weve seen a very interesting trend (especially within the past decade) of modern-day science catching up to an ancient understanding about the true nature of reality, its make-up, how it functions and how we can work with it to bring about change on our planet. For anybody to label the merging of spirituality and science as pseudoscience means they have not properly investigated it. Spiritual concepts of our ancient world are directly intertwined with modern-day science, more so quantum physics, and Nikola Tesla was well aware of this.
All perceptible matter comes from a primarysubstance, or tenuity beyond conception, filling all space, theakasha or luminiferousether, which is acted upon by the lifegiving Prana orcreative force, calling into existence, in never-ending cycles all things and phenomena. Nikola Tesla, Mans Greatest Achievement, 1907 (1)(2)
As you can see, Tesla was aware of ancient concepts and the correlation it had with the science he was working on -using sanskrit worlds like akasha, and prana to describe the force and matter that exists all around us. These words come from the Upanishads (a collection of Vedic texts)
The aakaash is not destructible, it is the primordial absolute substratum that creates cosmic matter and hence the properties of aakaash are not found in the material properties that are in a sense relative. The aakaash is the eternally existent, superfluid reality, for which creation and destruction are inapplicable. (Idham thadhakshare parame vyoman. Parame vyoman) Paramahamsa Tewari, Engineer, Physicist and Inventor. (source)
Nikola Tesla had correlations with Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902), who was one of the most famous and influential spiritual leaders of the philosophies of Vedanta (one of the six schools of Hindu philosophy, the term originally referred to the upanishads, a collection of philosophical texts in Hinduism) and Yoga. He was the chief disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and the founder of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission. He is a giant figure in the history of the hindu reform movements.
Vivekananda wrote a later to Tesla in the late 1800s stating:
Mr. Tesla thinks he can demonstrate mathematically that force and matter are reducible to potential energy. I am to go and see him next week to get this new mathematical demonstration. In that case the Vedantic cosmology will be placed on the surest of foundations. I am working a good deal now upon the cosmology and eschatology of the Vedanta. I clearly see their perfect union with modern science, and the elucidation of the one will be followed by that of the other. Swami Vivekananda (Complete Works, VOL. V, Fifth Edition, 1347, p. 77). (1)
Tesla began using the Sanskrit words after meeting with Swami, and after studying the Eastern view of the true nature of reality, about the mechanisms that drive the material world. Eventually, it led him to the basis for the wireless transmission of electrical power, what is known as the Tesla Coil Transformer. During this year he made the following comments during a speech before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. (Given before he familiarized himself with the the Vedic sincere of the easter nations of India, Tibet, and Nepal.)
Ere many generations pass, our machinery will be driven by a power obtainable at any point in the universe. This idea is not novelWe find it in the delightful myth of Antheus, who derives power from the earth; we find it among subtle speculations of one of your splendid mathematicians.Throughout space there is energy. Is this energy static, or kinetic? If static our hopes are in vain; if kinetic and this we know it is, for certain then it is a mere question of time when men will succeed in attaching their machinery to the verywheel work of nature. Nikola Tesla (source)
The Vedas are a group of writings that consist of hymns, prayers, myths, historical accounting, science and the nature of reality. They date back at least 5000 years, and are not so different from other ancient texts that dive into the same matters from all across the globe. The language used is Sanskrit and its origins are unknown.
Swami Vivekananda was hopeful that Tesla would be able to show that what we call matter is simply potential energybecause that wouldreconcile the teachings of the Vedas with modern science. The Swami realized that in that case, the Vedantic cosmology (would) be placed onthe surest of foundations. Tesla understood the Sanskrit terminology and philosophy and found that it was a good means to describe the physical mechanisms of theuniverse as seen through his eyes. It would behoove those who would attempt to understand the science behind the inventions of Nikola Tesla to study Sanskrit and Vedic philosophy. Toby Grotz, President, Wireless Engineering (source)
Apparently, Tesla was unable to show the identity of energy and matter, this did not come until Albert Einstein published his paper on relativity, which was known in the East for the last 5000 years.
All the powers in the universe are already ours. It is we who have put our hands before our eyes and cry that it is dark. Swami Vivekananda
Teslas vision of the wireless transmission of electricity and free energy has been postponed for almost one hundred years now. Which brings us to our next topic.
These concepts have been proven in hundreds oflaboratories throughout the world and yet they have not really seen the light of day. If thesetechnologies were to be set free worldwide, the change would be profound, it would be applicable everywhere. These technologies are absolutely the most important thing that havehappened in the history of the world. Brian Oleary, Former NASA Astronaut and Princeton Physics Professor. (source)
Here is a video of world renowned Physicist Harold E. Puthoff. An American physicist who earned his Ph.D from Stanford University. I am best familiar with his work through the declassification of the remote viewing program conducted by the CIA and NSA in conjunction with Stanford University. (source 1)(source 2)(source 3). He is the director of the Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin, and has served various government agencies throughout his years.
These are not just fringe scientists with science fiction ideas. They are mainstream ideas being published in mainstream physics journals and being taken seriously by mainstream military and NASA type funders. Ive been taken out on aircraft carriers by the Navy and shown what it is we have toreplace if we have new energy sources to provide new fuel methods. Dr. Harold E. Puthoff
Back in about 1964 a researcher at the Hughes Laboratory by the name of Robert L. Forward showed that there was a particular effect, called the Casimir Effect, which demonstrated that this energy could betaped. Dr. Harold E. Puthoff
This is what Tesla was talking about when he said that man would attach their machinery to the very wheel work of nature.
Related CE Article:
A Film About An Over-Unity Generator Just Premiered In India
More information about this generator at Tewari.org, who is also aware of the spiritual foundations dealing with this technology. Below is the link to some footage from that film, titled Out of The Void.
Our current methods for extracting energy are destroying Earth. Its destroying the environment, its people and creates conflict. We are rapidly approaching a time (if not already in that time) where we need to implement systems to eliminate the use of fossil fuels. I hope that this article, and the ones linked within it, show you that this is possible. If you are further interested in this subject, you can check out Michael Faraday, Bruce DePalma, Paramahamsa Tewari and more.
Energy source transitions do not happen over night. It took us 100 years to transfer from wood to coal, and another 100 years to move from coal to oil. But the next energy transition must happen quicker than previous ones, and it must include free energy.
No pessimist ever discovered the secret of the stars or sailed an uncharted land, or opened a new doorway from the human spirit. Helen Keller
The day science begins to study non-physical phenomena, it will make more progress in one decade than in all the previous centuries of its existence. Nikola Tesla
Related CE Articles:
10 Scientific Studies That Prove Consciousness Can Alter Our Physical Material World
The Illusion of Matter: Our Physical Reality Isnt Really Physical At All
Sources:
(1)http://www.teslasociety.com/tesla_and_swami.htm
(2) Hunt, Inez and Draper. Wanetta, W., Lightning In His Hand, The Life Story Of Nikola Tesla, Omni Publications, Hawthorne, CA, 1981.
(2) ONeal, John, J., Prodigal Genius, The Life Of Nikola Tesla, Ives Washington, Inc., 1944. Anderson, Leland, personal communication. See also Anderson, L.I., and Ratzlaff, J.T., Dr. Nikola Tesla Bibliography, Ragusan Press, 936 Industrial Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94303, 1979.
http://www.tewari.org/Books/SpititualFoundations/SF%20R12702.htm
Sources used from another article embedded in this article: All other sources are highlighted throughout the article.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v457/n7226/edsumm/e090108-01.html
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1012369318404
http://www.disclosureproject.org/docs/pdf/OutsideTheBox-TedLoderPaper.pdf
http://pra.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v39/i5/p2333_1
http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_10_1_puthoff.pdf
http://pre.aps.org/abstract/PRE/v48/i2/p1562_1
http://pra.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v40/i9/p4857_1
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=darpa-casimir-effect-research
http://physics.aps.org/story/v2/st28
Your life path number can tell you A LOT about you.
With the ancient science of Numerology you can find out accurate and revealing information just from your name and birth date.
Get your free numerology reading and learn more about how you can use numerology in your life to find out more about your path and journey. Get Your free reading.
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How Vedic Philosophy Influenced Nikola Tesla's Idea of 'Free Energy' - Collective Evolution
(Niantic)
Pokemon Gos latest update has opened up an entirely new playing field for trainers. Now you can find new special items, including evolution items, and use them to help evolve Pokemon. But just how rare are these items? What are their drop rates and where can you find them? Evolution itemsare used to evolve certain Generation 1 Pokemon into Generation 2. They can be used with candy or on their own. (See Heavys story on how to use the evolution items here.) In addition to the evolution items, players can also find new types of berries to help them catch Pokemon.
Heres what we know so far about the drop rates of these special items. Well update this story as more information is available.
The evolution items are: Metal Coat (to evolve Onix into Steelix and Scyther into Scizor), Dragon Scale (to evolve Seadra into Kingdra), Kings Rock (to evolve Poliwhirl into Politoed and Slowbrow into Slowking), Sun Stone (to evolve Gloom into Bellossom and Sunkern into Sunflora), and Up-Grade (to evolve Porygon into Porygon 2.)
In addition to the evolution items, we also now have two new berries: Nanab and Pinap. Nanab can slow the movement of a Pokemon and make it easier to catch. Pinap doubles the amount of candy you get from catching a Pokemon.Remember, with berries you can only useonetype of berry on a Pokemon when catching it.
So how do you get these new special items?
All special items, including the evolution items and the berries, can be obtained at Pokestops. But the drop rate for the evolution items appears to be pretty low when compared to the drop rate for the new berries. If youve been visiting Pokestops and havent received any special items yet (especially evolution ones), dont despair. As sometrainers are pointing out, the evolution items appear particularly rare. One trainer on Reddit, smokinapplepie, said he visited 20 different Pokestops and didnt get even one evolution item. And CosmicPrankster said he spun 50 Pokestops and got 10 new berries but no evolution items. However, a few lucky trainersare saying they only stopped at one Pokestop and got an evolution item on their first daily Pokestop spin.
The exact drop rates arent known yet, but it appears you are much more likely to get the new berries from Pokestops than the evolution items, which appear to be prettyrare in most cases. Some trainers have reported having better luck finding evolution items once they hit their seven-day Pokestop streak. So you might pay attention to whether you get a special item when you hit this pointorwhen you do your first daily spin of the day. Let us known in the comments below if you notice a pattern.
Pokestops arent the only way to get special items, however. Some level-up rewards also include Pinap and Nanab berries. It remains to be seen if evolution items will also come from other locations.
We will update this story if drop rates become known for specific evolution items.
Trainers are reporting finding Unown in Pokemon Go and are sharing photos. Are their finds authentic?
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'Pokemon Go' Special Items: Drop Rates for Evolution Items & Berries at Pokestops - Heavy.com
A hidden reference to the TV show allows you choose the way Eevee evolves, Gen 2 included!
By Matthew Reynolds Published 16/02/2017
How to evolve Eevee has proven to be one of the bigger talking points in Pokmon Go so far.
In the classic Pokmon games, Eevee can evolve into different typing varieties based on the use of special items, its happiness level, moves it has available and even the time of day.
With the addition of Candy in Pokmon Go, the way you evolve Pokmon is much simpler, and as such, you cannot use the tried-and-tested method of using one of three elemental stones to turn Eevee into Flareon, Jolteon and Vaporeon. (Some are better than others depending on the situation - find out which you should get first with our Best Pokmon in Pokmon Go page, and our Pokmon Go Type Chart for their relative strengths and weaknesses.)
Once you have caught enough Eevees to evolve one - our pages on finding Pokemon by location, finding which Pokemon hatch from which eggs and locating Pokmon nests near you can help - a neat trick discovered by fans of the game on Reddit will get you the evolution you need.
Worth checking, too, is our page on the best Pokmon in Pokmon Go, seeing as Umbreon and Espeon in particular are pretty strong new additions with Gen 2!
If you choose to evolve Eevee without any meddling - by feeding it 25 Eevee candy - then it'll turn to one of the above five types at random. However, users have discovered a trick that allows you to target any of Espeon, Umbreon, Flareon, Jolteon or Vaporeon, by renaming it in one of the following ways:
Why Sakura, Tamao, Sparky, Rainer and Pyro? The original three are the names of the Eevee brothers from the Pokmon television show, who meet with Ash and the gang in episode 40 to show off their respective Eevee evolutions, with Sakura and Tamao appearing later on in the series:
Once you have called your Eevee into one of the above names, you should quit and reload the app to double check the name change has taken place, which is important considering the servers can lean to be on the unreliable side.
Once you've double checked the new name is indeed in place, then evolve the Eevee as you would any other Pokmon by feeding it Candy, and it should take the form of your chosen type.
You can see the trick in action below - and once you're done, you might be interested in reading about other secrets and Easter eggs in Pokemon Go too:
Note that while plenty of users have had success with this method - and that it's been confirmed by developer Niantic itself at this year's San Diego Comic Con - there are a handful of cases where it hasn't worked every time. Some say the trick will only work on the first time you evolve the creature, while others might have caught fowl of server issues not renaming their successfully first time, so be sure to check before you try.
Want more help with Pokmon Go? Read our Pokmon Go tips, tricks, cheats and guides for insights on how to improve your skills, including triggering the Eevee evolution with names for Umbreon, Espeon, Vaporeon, Jolteon and Flareon, distances for both hatching Eggs at 2km, 5km and 10km and for the Buddy system, where to find Pokmon Go nests in London and beyond, as well as recent updates including new baby Pokmon, finding Ditto and the the seasonal Valentine's Day event update. Finally, there are pages on Gen 2 additions like the new Pinap and Nanab Berries and how to use them, all of the new evolution items: the Metal Coat for Steelix and Scizor, the King's Rock for Politoed and Slowking, the Dragon Scale for Kingdra, the Sun Stone for Bellossom, and the Up-Grade for Porygon2.
If you want to get your hands on one of Eevee's many other evolution in Pokmon Go, you can't just yet.
Unfortunately you can't get all of these evolutions in Pokmon Go right now.
Pokmon Go has added 80 new Johto Pokmon, but that's still only Gen 1 and Gen 2 - in other words, the original creatures from Red, Blue, Yellow, Gold, Silver, and Crystal - which means Eevee can only evolve into Umbreon, Espeon, Flareon, Jolteon and Vaporeon for now.
It'll be interesting to see how game expands to cover more creatures in time, and if so, if there are any tricks required to access these other types.
More here:
In the Life Science Building, Martin Turcotte, University of Pittsburgh evolutionary ecology assistant professor, explained how many contemporary theories and literature focus on ecology affecting evolution or evolution affecting ecology. Turcotte has set out to prove that both affect each other reciprocally instead of independently.
This research can have a financial impact on the farming industry as well as implications throughout other scientific fields.
Turcotte focuses on evolution in a smaller period of time, which is much less focused on by the scientific community. He defines these shorter time periods as 12 generations of organisms or less.
There are several examples of rapid evolution that many long-term evolution-based models dont effectively explain, he said. For 100 years, the Atlantic Cod became much smaller in size because of fishing. Rapid evolution can happen outside of human interaction, such as the lynx population and evolution in America changing between 1850 and 1950 based on hare population.
Turcotte tried to answer three questions with his research: Does rapid evolution drive population dynamics in nature?, Do ecological and evolutionary processes influence each other? and How does rapid evolution affect species interaction?
Turcotte answered his first question by using an insect called the green peach aphid. This creature is a sap-sucking parasite that feeds on more than 130 types of plants.
The green peach aphid reproduces both clonally and sexually over a short time, making it ideal for testing evolutionary change in an experiment, he said.
He put 20 cloned aphids on one plant versus 10 aphids from one clone group and 10 from another.
I spent a whole summer in 100-degree weather lifting leaves and clicking a clicker, he said.
In the first experiment, Turcotte found the mixed group of aphids evolved about 35 percent faster than those that cloned themselves.
This result changed when he put bags over the plants, eliminating outside factors. In this experiment, both groups evolved at the same rate.
What Turcotte hypothesized was some herbivore ate part of the plant, causing a higher population density. Under these conditions, he predicted the mixed group would fare better than the single clone group.
His findings seemed to prove this in both caged experiments and experiments in greenhouses, he said.
These findings also answered his second question as a smaller plant affected evolution.
For his third question, he set up an experiment in a greenhouse. He tested evolution for 20 aphids in one clone group versus 60 in another group. He found the group of 60 evolved faster because of increased competition due to population density.
Turcotte also found different clone groups become dominant based on certain conditions. On a farm-raised crop, a certain group may be dominant while another group may be dominant on the wild counterpart of that plant.
Biology senior Nafi Dewan attended the colloquium for his class and explained the class gets visits from weekly speakers from different parts of America. He is intrigued by the different research that speakers are doing and how they are applying their findings.
Biology graduate student Asad Rizwan also attends the event for one of his classes. He now has a better understanding of his classes and how the content he learned in class is applied to the field.
@FornariLoL
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University of Pittsburgh guest speaker discloses evolution findings - UTA The Shorthorn
Pokemon Go is available for iOS and Android devices. (Niantic)
With the latest update toPokemon Go,Gloom can now be evolved intoBellossom, a second generation Pokemon.
This comes as Niantic has added over 80 new Pokemon to the free-to-play mobile game. In addition to being able to catch new creatures in the wild, you can also evolve some existing first generation creatures into new types of Pokemon.
In order to evolve Gloom intoBellossom, you will need 100 Oddish candy. You will also need a special evolution item called a Sun Stone; these evolution items have been added toPokemon Goas of the February 16th update, and they are required to evolve some generation one Pokemon into generation two Pokemon.
Like all of the evolution items, Sun Stones can only be obtained by visiting PokeStops. They arent given out too often, so youll just have to keep visiting PokeStops and hope youre lucky enough to get a Sun Stone.
Once you have the Candy and the Sun Stone necessary, head on over to your Gloom and click the pink evolve button. Youll notice that there are two evolve buttons here: the top one evolves Gloom into Vileplume, while the second evolves it intoBellossom.
More:
'Pokemon Go': How to Evolve Gloom Into Bellossom - Heavy.com
Evolution method for the new Gen II Pokmon Kingdra, and how to get the Dragon Scale.
By Chris Tapsell Published 16/02/2017
Gen 2 is finally here and with it come not just new Pokmon, like Kingdra, but new items like the Dragon Scale, too.
That, in turn, means new methods for evolution: the Dragon Scale was used for evolving Kingdra in the main Pokmon games by having it hold the item when being traded - a mechanic that's not in Pokmon Go at all as things stand.
So with that in mind, how do you evolve Seadra into Kingdra, and likewise how do you get the Dragon Scale in Pokmon Go? The answers to all that can be found below.
Seadra's evolution into Kingra back in the main series of Pokmon involved a somewhat convoluted process. Not only did you need to find yourself a Dragon Scale for the evolution, you also needed to find yourself a trading partner, because Seadra had to be traded whilst holding the item in order to evolve.
Now, in Pokmon Go, things are a tad easier. You'll still need a decent chunk of Candy to evolve Seadra, but there's no need for the trading partner - you simply need to get your hands on a Dragon Scale and evolve your Seadra from the same in-game menu as you would any other Candy-based evolution.
Want more help with Pokmon Go? Read our Pokmon Go tips, tricks, cheats and guides for insights on how to improve your skills, including triggering the Eevee evolution with names for Umbreon, Espeon Vaporeon, Jolteon and Flareon, distances for both hatching Eggs at 2km, 5km and 10km and for the Buddy system, where to find Pokmon Go nests in London and beyond, as well as recent updates including new baby Pokmon, finding Ditto and the the seasonal Valentine's Day event update. Finally, there are pages on Gen 2 additions like the new Pinap and Nanab Berries and how to use them, all of the new evolution items: the Metal Coat for Steelix and Scizor, the King's Rock for Politoed and Slowking, the Sun Stone for Bellossom, and Up-Grade for Porygon2.
With the evolution method itself relatively simple, the only other question is where to find yourself a Dragon Scale in Pokmon Go.
Well, it's mostly down to chance: Dragon Scales are found from Pokstops, and as things stand there's no way to increase your chances of earning one from them.
That means your only option is to don the walking boots and get out there, spinning as many Pokstops as possible. Head for the more densely-popualted areas like cities and towns if you can, as Pokstops will be more frequent there, but otherwise there's little more too it than getting stuck into the grind!
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Pokemon Go is available for iOS and Android devices. (Niantic)
With the newPokemon Goupdate, bothSlowbroandSlowkingare now available.
In a massive February 16th update to the free-to-play mobile game from Niantic, players can catch generation two Pokemon out in the wild, but they can also evolve their existing generation one Pokemon into generation two Pokemon.
One of those generation one Pokemon that has a new evolution isSlowpoke; in fact,Slowpoke can now evolve into eitherSlowbro or Slowking.
To evolveSlowpoke intoSlowbro, all that is required is 50Slowpoke Candy. To evolveSlowpoke intoSlowking, however, you both need50Slowpoke Candy and an item called aKings Rock.
AKings Rock is one of several new evolution items added to Pokemon Goon February 16th, and you can only obtain it by visiting a PokeStop. Its one of many possible items you can get from a PokeStop, so youll just have to keep visiting more and more of them until youre lucky enough to come across aKings Rock.
OneKings Rock is needed for each Slowpoke evolution;the evolution item is discarded immediately after you use it.
You may be wondering how you can decide whichSlowpoke evolution you want to get. Well, the game gives you two separate evolution buttons, as you can see in the screenshot below via Reddit. The button on top is Slowbro, and the button on bottom isSlowking, so simply obtain the necessary items, press the evolution button, and youll get your desired second generation Pokemon.
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'Pokemon Go': How to Evolve Slowpoke Into Slowbro or Slowking - Heavy.com
Pokemon Go is available for iOS and Android devices. (Niantic)
With the latest update toPokemon Go,Politoed is now available.
Politoed is, of course, a second generation Pokemon that evolves from Poliwhirl. Getting your hands on aPolitoed wont be an easy process, though, as you first have to rack up 100Poliwhirl Candies.
As you can see in the screenshot below, theres one other item you need in addition to the candy:
That item there is called a Kings Rock, and its one of several evolution items that have been added to the game in the February 16th update. In order to evolvePoliwhirl intoPolitoed, you need both the 100Poliwhirl Candy and the one Kings Rock.
Kings Rock can only be obtained through visiting PokeStops. The evolution items dont appear to be given out too frequently, so youll have to just keep visiting PokeStops and collecting items in hopes of being lucky enough to come across a Kings Rock.
The Kings Rock can also only be used for a single use, and so once you evolve aPoliwhirl, the Kings Rock you utilized will be gone forever, and youll have to go back to PokeStop spinning if you want another one. Kings Rock can also be utilized to evolve Slowpoke.
As you can see in the screenshot above, from thePoliwhirl screen, there are two separate evolution buttons: one to evolve into Poliwrath, and one to evolve into Politoed. The former only requires 100Poliwhirl Candy, but the latter requires both the candy and the Kings Rock.
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'Pokemon Go': How to Evolve Poliwhirl Into Politoed - Heavy.com
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A remarkable 250 million-year-old Chinese fossilis already changing scientists understanding of evolution.
The fossil is of a long-necked marine animal called an archosauromorph, and shows anembryo inside its mother, which is clear evidence for live birth.This is thefirst evidence for live birth in an animal group previously thought to have exclusively laid eggs.
This new specimen from China rewrites our understanding of the evolution of reproductive systems,Chris Organ, a professor from Montana State University, said in a press statement.We identified that Dinocephalosaurus, a distant ancestor of crocodiles, determined the sex of its babies genetically, like mammals and birds.
Archosautomorphs lived around 247to 237 million years agoandatefishin shallow seas in what is now southern China.The discovery suggests that much of what scientists knew about how sexual reproduction and birth evolvedcould be incorrect.
The small embryo reptile inside the mother is an example of the same species and does not appear to have been swallowed.
This combination of live birth and genotypic sex determination seems to have been necessary for animals such as Dinocephalosaurus to become aquatic,Dr. Mike Benton, a professor from the University of Bristol involved in the research, said in a press statement.Its great to see such an important step forward in our understanding of the evolution of a major group coming from a chance fossil find in a Chinese field.
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This 'Live Birth' Fossil Could Change Humanity's Understanding Of Evolution - Daily Caller
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The Amazon rainforest is one of the worlds greatest natural resources, with its incredible vegetation continuously recycling carbon dioxide into oxygen. Having been referred to as the Lungs of our Planet, about 20% of Earths oxygen is produced here.
The impenetrable lushness of this revered rainforest lends to both its ominous reputation and the misconception that it was an untouched wilderness prior to Europeanexploration.As discoveries continue to show, indigenous people altered the land far before then.
Now, researchers have found that theAmazonian rainforest was transformed over two thousand years ago by ancient people who constructed hundreds of massive, mysterious earthworks.
Brazilian and U.K. researchers found the more than 450 massive geoglyphs that had been hiddenfor centuries by trees by way of deforestation in the Brazilian rainforest. The earthworks span an area of about 5,000 square miles.
It is unknown what function the sitesserved. Archaeologists say it is unlikely they were villages, since they recovered very few artifacts during excavation, and the layout doesnt appear defensive, either. Experts believe the sites were used on occasion, potentially as ritual gathering places.
The research, carried out by Jennifer Watling, a post-doctoral researcher at the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography, University of So Paulo, is yet another challenge to the overwhelming assumption that the rainforest ecosystem was untouched by humans.
The fact that these sites lay hidden for centuries beneath mature rainforest really challenges the idea that Amazonian forests are pristine ecosystems, statedDr. Watling.We immediately wanted to know whether the region was already forested when the geoglyphs were built, and to what extent people impacted the landscape to build these earthworks.
The researchers used state-of-the-art methods to reconstruct 6,000 years of vegetation and fire history around twogeoglyph sites. They discovered that humans heavily changed bamboo forests for millennia, and small temporary clearings were created to construct thegeoglyphs.
Perhaps one of the most useful pieces of information the experts discoveredwas that, rather than burning large tracts of forest to farm or constructgeoglyphs, people altered their environment by way of focusingon economically valuable tree species like palms, which created a sort of prehistoric supermarket of useful forest products.
The team also found evidence suggesting that the biodiversity of some of the remaining forestsin Acre state in the western Brazilian Amazon, where the ditched enclosures were found, may have a strong history of the ancient agroforestry practices.
Despite the huge number and density of geoglyph sites in the region, we can be certain that Acres forests were never cleared as extensively, or for as long, as they have been in recent years, said Dr. Watling.Our evidence that Amazonian forests have been managed by indigenous peoples long before European Contact should not be cited as justification for the destructive, unsustainable land-use practiced today. It should instead serve to highlight the ingenuity of past subsistence regimes that did not lead to forest degradation, and the importance of indigenous knowledge for finding more sustainable land-use alternatives.
The team extracted soil samples from a series of pits dug both within and outside of the geoglyphs to conduct the study. They then used the soils to analyzephytoliths, which are a type of microscopic plant fossil made of silica, in order to recreate ancient vegetation. Charcoal analysis revealed the amount of ancient forest burning, and carbon stable isotopes revealed just how open the vegetation had been in the past.
The early edition of the study has now been published in the journalThe Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
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Mysterious Ancient Stonehenge-Like Circles Found in Amazon Rainforest - Collective Evolution
Kanye West has been killing the sneaker game for over a decade, but it was only when he began partnering with Nike that his influence became household knowledge. Beginning with the extraordinarily chunky Nike Air Yeezy Zen Grey, we take a chronological look at every single Yeezy sneaker that has released; 21 sneakers in total.
One of the most marked changes in Kanye Wests Yeezy sneaker line is that the silhouettes has gotten significantly less chunky. The original Nike Air Yeezy is huge, the Nike Air Yeezy 2 was much slimmer, and his Yeezy line for Adidas is a full on runner (at least the low tops). Part of this is due to new material trends in shoes (ie. Primeknit-styel fabrics), but the singular focus on growth and progression in the Yeezy designs reflects Kanyes growth as a musician.
As Kanye continues to invest in his fashion line, do you think his focus on the originator of it all the Yeezy shoe will wane? Which one of the Yeezys shown in the video is your favorite?
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Prebiotic evolution: Hairpins help each other out Science Daily The evolution of cells and organisms is thought to have been preceded by a phase in which informational molecules like DNA could be replicated selectively. New work shows that hairpin structures make particularly effective DNA replicators. |
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Prebiotic evolution: Hairpins help each other out - Science Daily
Without calling it a series, I've written several articles recently that followed a logical path. In the first, I described the distinction between incremental innovation and radical innovation. I also outlined the commonalities and differences between intelligent design and theistic evolution (TE) as approaches to biology. In a follow-up, I applied the concepts from the first article to the proposed evolution of the vertebrate eye, demonstrating that it could not have occurred without intelligent direction. That's mainly because the majority of steps required for the addition of a lens are disadvantageous in isolation, so selective pressures would have operated in opposition to the evolutionary process.
Let's now consider the challenge of waiting times -- the minimum time required for hypothesized evolutionary transformations, such as the development of the camera eye, to occur through undirected processes. Even if the selective pressures were favorable, the required timescales are far longer for sufficient numbers of coordinated mutations to accumulate than the maximum time available, as determined by the fossil record. Of special interest is the proposed cooption of crystallin proteins, which give the lens its refractive properties. Seemingly, one of the easiest evolutionary steps should be producing these proteins in the lens, for some of them are already used for other purposes. The main hurdle would simply be altering the regulatory regions of the first borrowed crystallin gene and other related genes, so they bind to the correct set of transcription factors (TFs). The lens protein could then be overexpressed in the fiber cells in sufficient quantities at the right time in development.
However, the cooption process is far more challenging than it might at first appear. It requires specific regulatory regions to bind to at least four new transcription factors. This alteration would involve numerous mutations creating over four corresponding DNA binding sites known as transcription factor binding sites (TFBS). As I mentioned in the previous article, the earliest lens should have closely resembled lenses of vertebrates today, so this lower estimate is almost certainly accurate.
A typical binding site involved in lens construction consists of a DNA sequence ranging from roughly 7 (e.g., SOX2) to 15 (e.g., Pax6) base pairs, so four TFBS would likely correspond to over 30 base pairs. One could think of these DNA sequences like the launch codes to a missile; they must be correct before the protein can be properly manufactured. The lower bound of 30 base pairs can be divided by a factor of 3 to compensate for sequence redundancies, flexibility in where in the DNA sequences start, and the fact that roughly one quarter of the bases would be correct purely by chance. This extremely conservative estimate indicates that over 10 mutations would be required to generate a proper sequence. All but the final mutation would be neutral.
We can now calculate the likelihood of sufficient mutations occurring in 10 million generations. The mutation rate for a specific base par is typically estimated for complex animals to correspond to a probability around 1 in 100 million. The chance of a mutation occurring in 10 million generations is then 1 in 10. Therefore, the chance of 10 coordinated mutations appearing on the same DNA strand works out to much less than 1 in 10 billion. No potential precursor to a vertebrate with a lens would have had an effective population large enough to acquire the needed mutations. For comparison, the effective population size estimate used for Drosophila melanogaster can be in the low millions. If the generation time were even as low as one year, a crystallin could not be coopted even in 10 million years, which is the time required for the appearance of most known phyla in the Cambrian explosion.
Moreover, this step is only one of hundreds required to produce a lens. Researchers have identified numerous TFs essential to lens development in vertebrates, and each has its own set of TFBS, which integrate into a complex developmental regulatory gene network. If only one connection were wired incorrectly, the eye in the vast majority of cases would not form properly, resulting in impaired vision. In addition, the lens is only one component of the eye, which is only one part of the visual system. The obvious conclusion is that, in the timeframe allowed by the fossil record, the reengineering to produce the vertebrate visual system would require foresight and deliberate coordination. Those are the hallmarks of design.
Biologists have claimed to produce viable scenarios for the evolution of several other complex systems. What all these stories share is that they ignore crucial details and lack careful analysis of feasibility. When we examine these issues in detail, the stories collapse for the same reasons that the one about the eye does: First, the selective pressures oppose transitions between key proposed stages. Second, the required timescales are vastly longer than what is available.
For biologists, rigorously evaluating evolutionary narratives has become fully possible only in the past several decades due to advances in molecular and developmental biology. Meanwhile, with breakthroughs in computer engineering, information theory, and nanotechnology, parallels between biological and human engineered systems are increasingly evident. These developments are making the intelligent design framework essential for scientific advancement. They also create new opportunities for ID proponents and theistic evolutionists to collaborate.
Proponents of TE want to push materialistic explanations for biological systems as far as possible, as science demands. ID advocates would not disagree with them on that. No one wants to trigger the design filter prematurely. So theistic evolutionists should join us in considering what the modern evolutionary synthesis with its auxiliary hypotheses, such as niche construction and epigenetic inheritance, can explain. We should all continue to examine how insights from evolution may benefit research on cancer, in epidemiology, and other fields.
ID researchers, meanwhile, can examine the limits of purely materialistic processes, and we invite theistic evolutionists to do likewise These combined efforts will help to define in greater detail what Michael Behe calls the edge of evolution. This understanding would also help advance research on cancer treatments, antibiotic protocols, and more. At the same time, ID proponents can help identify how principles and insights from engineering may advance biological research and related applications.
Many theistic evolutionists recognize that the appearance of design is real (but then, so does Richard Dawkins). This insight, at least, should inform their research. In contrast, anti-theistic evolutionists are biased against recognizing the benefits of design thinking. As a result, in studying life they have stumbled upon close parallels to human engineering, which, however, they recognized only begrudgingly. On the other hand, ID expects these parallel and is unsurprised to find them. A classic example is how researchers, misled by evolutionary thinking, dismissed a large portion of the human genome as "junk" DNA instead of anticipating that it would function as a genomic operating system.
TE researchers do not need to immediately agree with ID researchers on whether any particular feature of life is the result of primary design or secondary causes. They can still work together to best serve the cause of genuine science, and I hope they will do so more in the future.
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Eye Evolution: The Waiting Is the Hardest Part - Discovery Institute
A cultural catch: Evolution of wooden halibut hooks carved by native ... Science Daily Date: February 15, 2017; Source: University of California - Santa Barbara; Summary: A scholar has examined the evolution of wooden halibut hooks carved by ... |
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A cultural catch: Evolution of wooden halibut hooks carved by native ... - Science Daily
Members workout int he cardio area at Fitness Evolution in Bremerton.(Photo: File photo)
An East Bremerton fitness club offering $10-a-month membership has been taken over by another fitness club chain offering $10-a-month membership.
Planet Fitness took over operation of the former Fitness Evolution on Wheaton Way on Thursday, according to a notice sent to members this week. Some programs offered by Fitness Evolution, includinggroup fitness, a kids club, and personal training were being discontinued in the transition.
A message left for a manager was not immediately returned Thursday.
Fitness Evolution opened in a vacant strip mall south of Riddell Road in 2015. Business license records show the newPlanet Fitness in Bremerton is owned by a Maryland-based group that owns several Planet Fitness locations in Western Washington.
Founded in New Hampshire in 1992, Planet Fitness has more than 1,200 gyms in 47 states, according to its website. More than 90 percent are independently-owned franchises.
This was the full message sent to Fitness Evolution members:
Dear Valued Member,
We are excited to announce that as of Thursday, February 16th,Planet Fitnesswill be taking over club and facility operations. With this change: the current offerings including Group Fitness, Kids Club, and Personal Training will not continue under thePlanet Fitnessbrand.
We will work diligently to make this transition as easy as possible for you and are pleased to welcome you to thePlanet Fitnessfamily!
Welcome to theJudgement Free Zone.
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Bremerton's Fitness Evolution now Planet Fitness - Kitsap Sun (blog)