Distinguished FSU chemistry professor named fellow of Royal Society of Chemistry – Florida State News

Naresh Dalal, Robert O. Lawton Professor of Chemistry

A Florida State University chemistry professor has been named a fellow of the prestigious Royal Society of Chemistry in the United Kingdom.

Professor Naresh Dalal, a 22-year veteran of the FSU Department of Chemistry and former department chair, was named a fellow of the society in recognition of his accomplishments in the field of information storage and materials science.

Its just an honor, and Im humbled by this, Dalal said. This honor recognizes our contributions on an international level. And it obviously has a lot to do with my students over the last 35 years who have helped execute much of this work.

Dalal came to Florida State in 1995 from West Virginia University, drawn partly to the university because of the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. Dalal used the MagLab to develop new magnetic materials that can be used for electronic information storage. Notably, he led a team that synthesized a material called Fe8 a molecule made of eight iron ions that form a high magnetic field. That substance led to new kinds of medical imaging.

In 2012, he was named a Robert O. Lawton Professor, the highest honor given by Florida State University faculty members to one of their own.

His current research involves the development of novel materials for information storage both electronically and magnetically, leading potentially to more compact and sophisticated components for future technology.

Professor Dalals recent research is notable in two respects, said Robert O. Lawton Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry Alan Marshall.First, unlike most senior scientists, he is moving in directions quite different from his earlier work, and second, his recent research is among his best. In other words, he is still peaking.

Dalal said his selection as a fellow is also a tribute to his former colleague and friend, the late Sir Harold Kroto. Kroto was a Nobel Prize winner in chemistry who came to FSU in 2004 as the Francis Eppes Professor of Chemistry. He died last year.

Dalal was chair of the Department of Chemistry when FSU recruited Kroto, and Kroto, who was a former president of the Royal Society of Chemistry, had urged Dalal to become a member and seek nomination as a fellow.

Being a part of this organization in a way is me being thankful to him, Dalal said.

Dalal received his doctorate from the University of British Columbia. He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Chemical Society and American Physical Society.

Tim Logan, chair of the FSU Department of Chemistry, said Dalal being named a fellow is a fitting tribute to his career.

Being elected as a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemists is a well-deserved recognition of Nareshs outstanding career, Logan said. We are very fortunate to have scientists of his caliber here at FSU.

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Distinguished FSU chemistry professor named fellow of Royal Society of Chemistry - Florida State News

Trump: ‘Good Chemistry’ With Japan’s Leader – ABC News

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iitropar-chemistry – Google Sites

News and Event

Prof. Pratim K Chattaraj, Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical Studies, IIT Kharagpur, will give a seminar on, "All-metal aromaticity and conceptual DFT", on 29 June 2015 at 3:00 pm conference room 2

The DSC meeting to review the progress of Ph. D. students in the department is scheduled at 9:30 am on 26 and 30 June 2015 in conference room 1

The comprehensive and scholarship enhancement seminar of Hrishikesh Mukherjee, Ph. D. student, is scheduled on 30 June 2015 at 2:30 pm in conference room 2

Welcome to the website of Department of Chemistry at IIT Ropar!

The department is actively engaged in cutting-edge research in emerging areas like Biomaterials, Biosensors, Catalysis, Drug Delivery, Materials, Organometallic Chemistry, Renewable Energy, Supramolecular Syntheses, Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Theoretical Chemistry, etc. The research activities at the department are supported by a large number of sponsored research projects and state-of-the-art research facilities that exist at the department and institute levels. The department is served by nine faculty and an INSPIRE fellow, and more than thirty PhD students and project fellows. The department is visited by a large number of experts and short-term students from India and abroad. Learn more about the research activities of the department by visiting links to "Research", "Publications", "Facilities", and individual "Faculty" pages provided on the top.

The department offers Dual M. Sc. - Ph. D. and Ph. D. degrees. Learn more about the academic programs of the department by visiting the link to "Programs" provided on the top.

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iitropar-chemistry - Google Sites

2016 Chemistry Internships in New Jersey | Internships.com

Are you looking for a Chemistry internship in New Jersey? Chemistry internships are the best way to bridge the gap between going to school and landing great job. Internships can help provide valuable work experience by learning the ropes from more experienced professionals. At the end of your internship, youll have relevant experience to help you decide if starting your career in the field of your internship is the right choice for you. It also helps that 7 out of 10 internships result in a full time job offer, which means interning in New Jersey can also serve as the foundation to landing a full time job in that city after graduation.

Chemistry summer internships in New Jersey are pretty common, but don't expect to be in charge at the end of your internship! Usually, youll have to work from the bottom up, but interns are much more likely to get a job offer from the employer theyre interning with. If you decide to intern at a smaller company, youll sacrifice the name prestige for other benefits, such as having an opportunity to see your projects go from start to finish. Simply gaining Chemistry experience is essential in order to provide value and creativity to the team.

Ready to get started? Search for Chemistry internships in New Jersey below.

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2016 Chemistry Internships in New Jersey | Internships.com

Lady Buffs’ chemistry is clicking on all cylinders during win streak … – Amarillo.com

The West Texas A&M Lady Buffs are clicking at the right time. Since turning the page onto the second half of the Lone Star Conference schedule, the Lady Buffs are red hot with five straight wins.

WT wants to make it six straight when they close out a three-game homestand with Midwestern State at 2 p.m. today at the First United Bank Center.

WT head coach Kristen Mattio has said all season its about doing the little things correctly. Since back-to-back losses against Tarleton State and Texas A&M-Commerce on Jan. 19 and 21 , Mattios Lady Buffs seem to finally be getting the message.

WT has limited its miques, averaging 12 turnovers a game over the last five games, while holding opponents to 36 percent shooting on the season.

WT has proving why theyre second in the nation in shooting 49.4 percent. During the current five-game win streak, WT is shooting 54 percent from the perimeter.

We have really focused on being stronger with the ball and doing a better job of executing under pressure, Mattio said. We have players stepping up every night and are making an impact in the game. That along with defending in the half court is allowing us to create separation in games. I do believe that when we keep the game simple and just play within our structure great things will happen for us on the court.

In Thursdays home win WT (18-6 overall) showed laser focus. The Lady Buffs shot 66 percent in the first quarter, and 62.3 percent for the game. The Lady Buffs were able to spread the ball around with five players scoring in double digits led by Sasha Watsons 16 points with nine assists. Guard Alie Decker was lights out from downtown, going 5-of-7 for 15 points of her own.

At 11-4 overall, WT trails conference leading Eastern New Mexico (18-5, 14-2) by two games. In order for Mattios team to clinch a fourth straight regular season league title, they cant afford any slip ups.

With that said, WT must keep that fierce intensity and edge against an MSU team that on paper doesnt look intimidating at 7-14 overall and 4-11 in the LSC. However, Nazareth graduate and ninth year MSU head coach Noel Johnson has her team playing well. The Lady Mustangs have won two of their last three games, including a 86-65 victory at UT Permian Basin on Thursday.

Midwestern is playing its best basketball of the year, Mattio said. They are playing with focus, determination and a heightened sense of urgency. They are executing better from the offensive end. Noel always does a great job of preparation and getting her kids ready for the battle. This will be a very important conference game for us.

Lady Buff stuff: With 11 points in a win against Cameron on Thursday, WT center Maddison Wild has now reached double-digits in six straight games. During that stretch, Wild had a career-high 23 points a week ago against Texas Womans. Point guard Sasha Watson not only leads the Lady Buffs averaging 14 points a game, but shes closing in on another milestone. Watson has 205 career steals, and needs five to surpass Canyon graduate Casey Land (2010-2014) for ninth all-time. Watson is fourth in school history with 433 assists.

Todays probable starters

Midwestern State Lady Mustangs

Overall Record: 7-14

LSC Record: 4-11

Head coach: Noel Johnson (9th Year)

Player Pos.Ht.Yr.RPGPPG

Whitney TaylorG5-11Jr.4.313.6

Kristin RydellG.5-7Jr.2.79.0

Avery QueenP.6-2Jr.3.37.1

Jennifer ArbuckleP.6-1Sr.4.36.1

Leanna JamesG.5-7Fr.2.93.1

West Texas A&M Lady Buffs

Overall Record: 18-6

LSC Record: 11-4

Head coach: Kristen Mattio (2nd year)

Player Pos. Ht. Yr. RPG PPG

Sasha WatsonG.5-7Sr.3.514.0

Maddison WildF.6-2Sr.6.010.7

Alie DeckerG.5-11Sr.3.210.3

Lexy HightowerG.5-8Fr.2.29.4

Lilley Vander ZeeC.6-4Sr.4.86.4

LSC standings

TeamLSCOverall

Eastern New Mexico14-218-5

Angelo State12-318-3

West Texas A&M11-418-6

Texas A&M-Commerce11-417-6

Tarleton State10-511-10

Texas Womans7-814-9

Cameron6-98-13

Texas A&M-Kingsville5-1010-11

Midwestern State4-117-14

UT Permian Basin3-127-15

Western New Mexico0-154-18

Tuesdays results

Eastern New Mexico 76, Western New Mexico 71

Thursdays results

West Texas A&M 86, Cameron 69

Midwestern State 86, UT Permian Basin 65

Tarleton State 67, Texas A&M-Kingsville 53

Texas A&M-Commerce 83, Angelo State 80

Eastern New Mexico 84, Texas Womans 81

Saturdays games

Midwestern State at West Texas A&M, 2 p.m.

Cameron at UT Permian Basin, 2 p.m.

Angelo State at Tarleton State, 2 p.m.

Texas A&M-Kingsville at Texas A&M-Commerce, 2 p.m.

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Lady Buffs' chemistry is clicking on all cylinders during win streak ... - Amarillo.com

Adrian man combines wine with chemistry – The Daily Telegram

Lonnie Huhman Daily Telegram Staff Writer @lenaweehuhman

ADRIAN Paul Rupert is taking his twin passions wine and chemistry to another level.

The Adrian man does so at his home-based laboratory, Cool Climate Analytical, which recently was recognized as one of 10 newly certified wine labs in the U.S. The certification comes from the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) of the U.S. Department of the Treasury.

Were very pleased to have received this certification, Rupert said in a statement. The presence of an independent TTB-certified wine lab in southern Michigan provides wineries located throughout the Midwest with analytical and diagnostic information critical to the winemaking process.

In addition, we now can facilitate the process for Midwest wineries as they develop opportunities for their wines in the international marketplace.

He said the certification allows his labs results to be accepted by the TTB, whose mission is to ensure that beverages containing alcohol are produced, labeled, advertised and marketed in accordance with federal law. The criteria for lab certification are based upon academic credentials, experience and the demonstration of accuracy and precision in the analysis of red and white wines across the nine chemical and physical parameters generally required for the export of wines. The analytical methodology is consistent with that developed by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC).

Rupert started the full-service laboratory in 2006 with Jon Treloar, who was an instructor in the AgTech Enology and Viticulture Program at Michigan State University and has since started his own vineyard and winery, J. Trees Cellars Tasting Room in Tecumseh. The goal of the lab was to support the analytical and diagnostic needs of the wine industry in Michigan and around the Midwest. It helps wineries with chemical analyses and diagnostics critical throughout the winemaking process.

Cool Climate is one of 42 TTB-certified wine laboratories in the U.S., of these, 33 of which are in the wine-producing regions of California and Washington, according to Rupert. Most are the internal wine labs of very large wine producers, he said. His lab works with many small- to medium-size wineries around the midwest. Leighs Garden Winery in Escanaba is one of the wineries hes worked with the longest.

Ruperts lab will do analytical services for samples from a winery wanting to know the content of such things as sugar, acids, carbohydrates and alcohol.

Rupert grew up in Pittsburgh. His love for chemistry was refined through his undergraduate studies at Carnegie Mellon University and doctorate studies at the University of Pittsburgh. His career began with an oil company in Texas, but later brought him to Adrian and the Anderson Development Co., where he was president and CEO.

During that time his passion for chemistry remained intact, while his love for wine and its makeup grew. This led him to seek out further education in wine through the enology and viticulture program at MSU. One part of the program required putting together a business proposal. While many students were interested in vineyards and wineries, Rupert was interested in a wine lab.

I get to have my cake and eat it to, he said of combining wine and chemistry.

The labs growth slowed a bit in 2007 as Rupert took on a teaching role at Adrian College and the later as dean of graduate studies. His full attention turned back to the lab when he stepped down from his role at the college to devote himself fully to his passions.

Now, with the wine industry booming, Rupert said the lab is once again at the forefront. When he created his lab, he said, there were around 40 wineries in Michigan, but now that total has increased by at least 100.

Although devoted to the lab, Rupert hasnt turned his back on teaching. Next month he will teach wine-making classes through the Adrian Center for the Arts. He said there is still room for students. For those interested, contact the ACA at 517-902-8383.

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Adrian man combines wine with chemistry - The Daily Telegram

Periodic Table – About.com Chemistry

This is an online interactive periodic table of the elements. Click on an element symbol in the periodic table to get facts for that element. Printable periodic tables and a list of elements by increasing atomic number are also available. 1 IA 1A 18 VIIIA 8A 1 H 1.008 2 IIA 2A 13 IIIA 3A 14 IVA 4A 15 VA 5A 16 VIA 6A 17 VIIA 7A 2 He 4.003 3 Li 6.941 4 Be 9.012 5 B 10.81 6 C 12.01 7 N 14.01 8 O 16.00 9 F 19.00 10 Ne 20.18 11 Na 22.99 12 Mg 24.31 3 IIIB 3B 4 IVB 4B 5 VB 5B 6 VIB 6B 7 VIIB 7B 8 9 VIII 8 10 11 IB 1B 12 IIB 2B 13 Al 26.98 14 Si 28.09 15 P 30.97 16 S 32.07 17 Cl 35.45 18 Ar 39.95 19 K 39.10 20 Ca 40.08 21 Sc 44.96 22 Ti 47.88 23 V 50.94 24 Cr 52.00 25 Mn 54.94 26 Fe 55.85 27 Co 58.47 28 Ni 58.69 29 Cu 63.55 30 Zn 65.39 31 Ga 69.72 32 Ge 72.59 33 As 74.92 34 Se 78.96 35 Br 79.90 36 Kr 83.80 37 Rb 85.47 38 Sr 87.62 39 Y 88.91 40 Zr 91.22 41 Nb 92.91 42 Mo 95.94 43 Tc (98) 44 Ru 101.1 45 Rh 102.9 46 Pd 106.4 47 Ag 107.9 48 Cd 112.4 49 In 114.8 50 Sn 118.7 51 Sb 121.8 52 Te 127.6 53 I 126.9 54 Xe 131.3 55 Cs 132.9 56 Ba 137.3 * 72 Hf 178.5 73 Ta 180.9 74 W 183.9 75 Re 186.2 76 Os 190.2 77 Ir 190.2 78 Pt 195.1 79 Au 197.0 80 Hg 200.5 81 Tl 204.4 82 Pb 207.2 83 Bi 209.0 84 Po (210) 85 At (210) 86 Rn (222) 87 Fr (223) 88 Ra (226) ** 104 Rf (257) 105 Db (260) 106 Sg (263) 107 Bh (265) 108 Hs (265) 109 Mt (266) 110 Ds (271) 111 Rg (272) 112Cn (277) 113 Uut -- 114 Fl (296) 115 Uup -- 116 Lv (298) 117 Uus -- 118 Uuo -- * Lanthanide Series 57 La 138.9 58 Ce 140.1 59 Pr 140.9 60 Nd 144.2 61 Pm (147) 62 Sm 150.4 63 Eu 152.0 64 Gd 157.3 65 Tb 158.9 66 Dy 162.5 67 Ho 164.9 68 Er 167.3 69 Tm 168.9 70 Yb 173.0 71 Lu 175.0 ** Actinide Series 89 Ac (227) 90 Th 232.0 91 Pa (231) 92 U (238) 93 Np (237) 94 Pu (242) 95 Am (243) 96 Cm (247) 97 Bk (247) 98 Cf (249) 99 Es (254) 100 Fm (253) 101 Md (256) 102 No (254) 103 Lr (257)

Introduction to the Periodic Table

People have known about elements like carbon and gold since ancient time. The elements couldn't be changed using any chemical method. If you examine samples of iron and silver, you can't tell how many protons the atoms have. However, you can tell the elements apart because they have different properties. You might notice there are more similarities between iron and silver than between iron and oxygen. This is where the periodic table becomes useful. It organizes elements according to trends so that you can see the relationships between them.

What is the Periodic Table?

Dmitri Mendeleev was the first scientist to create a periodic table of the elements similar to the one we use today. You can see Mendeleev's original table (1869). This table showed that when the elements were ordered by increasing atomic weight, a pattern appeared where properties of the elements repeated periodically. This periodic table is a chart that groups the elements according to their similar properties. Mendeleev's table didn't have many elements. He had question marks and spaces between elements where he predicted undiscovered elements would fit.

Why was the Periodic Table Created?

Many elements remained to be discovered in Mendeleev's time. The periodic table helped predict the properties of new elements. The modern periodic table is used to predict properties and reactions of the elements.

Discovering Elements

The number of protons determines the atomic number of an element, which is its number on the periodic table. There aren't any skipped atomicnumbers on the modern periodic table because new elements are synthesized rather than discovered. The placement of these new elements on the periodic table can be used to help predict the element's properties.

Element Properties and Trends

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Periodic Table - About.com Chemistry

Chemistry 101 – What Is Chemistry?

Chemistry studies matter and the interactions between chemicals. Ryan McVay, Getty Images

Updated April 07, 2015.

Chemistry is the study of matter and energy and the interactions between them. This is also the definition for physics, by the way. Chemistry and physics are specializations of physical science. Chemistry tends to focus on the properties of substances and the interactions between different types of matter, particularly reactions that involve electrons. Physics tends to focus more on the nuclear part of the atom, as well as the subatomic realm.

Really, they are two sides of the same coin.

The formal definition of chemistry is probably what you want to use if you're asked this question on a test.

Because understanding chemistry helps you to understand the world around you. Cooking is chemistry. Everything you can touch or taste or smell is a chemical. When you study chemistry, you come to understand a bit about how things work. Chemistry isn't secret knowledge, useless to anyone but a scientist. It's the explanation for everyday things, like why laundry detergent works better in hot water or how baking soda works or why not all pain relievers work equally well on a headache. If you know some chemistry, you can make educated choices about everyday products that you use.

You could use chemistry in most fields, but it's commonly seen in the sciences and in medicine. Chemists, physicists, biologists, and engineers study chemistry. Doctors, nurses, dentists, pharmacists, physical therapists, and veterinarians all take chemistry courses.

Science teachers study chemistry. Fire fighters and people who make fireworks learn about chemistry. So do truck drivers, plumbers, artists, hairdressers, chefs... the list is extensive.

Whatever they want. Some chemists work in a lab, in a research environment, asking questions and testing hypotheses with experiments. Other chemists may work on a computer developing theories or models or predicting reactions. Some chemists do field work. Others contribute advice on chemistry for projects. Some chemists write. Some chemists teach. The career options are extensive.

There are several sources for help. A good starting point is the Science Fair Index on this website. Another excellent resource is your local library. Also, do a search for a topic that interests you using a search engine, such as Google.

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Chemistry 101 - What Is Chemistry?

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Chemistry.com | An Online Dating Site for Singles

chemguide: helping you to understand Chemistry – Main Menu

Keyword searching I have removed the Google search box because it was giving problems. Follow this link to find out how you can still search Chemguide using keywords. Edexcel Chemistry book Support pages for my Edexcel International GCSE Chemistry book. This will soon be retitled as Edexcel International GCSE Chemistry, Edexcel Certificate in Chemistry. CIE syllabus support Support pages for CIE (Cambridge International) A level students and teachers. Atomic Structure and Bonding Covers basic atomic properties (electronic structures, ionisation energies, electron affinities, atomic and ionic radii, and the atomic hydrogen emission spectrum), bonding (including intermolecular bonding) and structures (ionic, molecular, giant covalent and metallic). Inorganic Chemistry Includes essential ideas about redox reactions, and covers the trends in Period 3 and Groups 1, 2, 4 and 7 of the Periodic Table. Plus: lengthy sections on the chemistry of some important complex ions, and of common transition metals. Extraction and uses of aluminium, copper, iron, titanium and tungsten. Physical Chemistry Covers simple kinetic theory, ideal and real gases, chemical energetics, rates of reaction including catalysis, an introduction to chemical equilibria, redox equilibria, acid-base equilibria (pH, buffer solutions, indicators, etc), solubility products, and phase equilibria (including Raoult's Law and the use of various phase diagrams). Instrumental analysis Explains how you can analyse substances using machines - mass spectrometry, infra-red spectroscopy, NMR, UV-visible absorption spectrometry and chromatography. Basic Organic Chemistry Includes help on bonding, naming and isomerism, and a discussion of organic acids and bases. Properties of organic compounds Covers the physical and chemical properties of compounds on UK A level chemistry syllabuses, and includes a limited amount of biochemistry. Organic Reaction Mechanisms Covers all the mechanisms required by the current UK A level chemistry syllabuses. About this site Includes a contact address if you have found any difficulties with the site. Questions and comments A selection of questions that I have been asked lots of times about Chemguide together with a few general comments. There are also a number of chemistry questions that I have been asked and which I haven't been able to find good answers for! Chemistry Calculations A description of the author's book on calculations at UK A level chemistry standard. Textbook suggestions Suggestions for textbooks and revision guides covering the UK AS and A level chemistry syllabuses, with links to Amazon.co.uk if you want to follow them up. Download syllabuses For UK students and international students using UK exams (e.g. Cambridge International). Download a copy of your current syllabus from your examiners. Links A random collection of links to sites that I have found interesting or useful. You will find it is a fairly quirky collection - that's deliberate.

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NIST Chemistry WebBook

View: Search Options, Models and Tools, Special Data Collections, Documentation, Changes, Notes

General Editor P.J. Linstrom Editor Emeritus W.G. Mallard

NIST reserves the right to charge for access to this database in the future.

Last major update to the site: February 9, 2015.

Recent changes:

This site provides thermochemical, thermophysical, and ion energetics data compiled by NIST under the Standard Reference Data Program.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Database and to verify that the data contained therein have been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST shall not be liable for any damage that may result from errors or omissions in the Database.

NIST is an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

The NIST Chemistry WebBook was developed in part with funds from the Systems Integration for Manufacturing Applications (SIMA) program at NIST.

Rate our products and services. Take the NIST Measurement Services Customer Satisfaction Survey.

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NIST Chemistry WebBook

Rader’s CHEM4KIDS.COM – Chemistry basics for everyone!

So you're asking, what is chemistry? Well... Here's our best definition: Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes that take place with that matter.

Don't ask us why that matters. It just does. It matters a lot. Everything on Earth, everything in the Solar System, everything in our galaxy, and everything in the Universe is made of matter. Matter is the name that scientists have given to everything that you can touch, see, feel, or smell. Click to take a look!

That's it for the introduction. Now its up to you to click and have fun! CHEM4KIDS.COM is one of many free science sites developed by our team. You may have also used Biology4Kids, Geography4Kids, Cosmos4Kids, or Physics4Kids. We even have a math site called NumberNut.com.

If you're not into graphics like home page image above, use the search tool (powered by Google) that will check our sites for the chemistry information you need. Type in a keyword or phrase and click the search button to get started.

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Rader's CHEM4KIDS.COM - Chemistry basics for everyone!

Chemistry – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change of matter.[1][2] Chemistry is chiefly concerned with atoms and molecules and their interactions and transformations, for example, the properties of the chemical bonds formed between atoms to create chemical compounds. As such, chemistry studies the involvement of electrons and various forms of energy in photochemical reactions, oxidation-reduction reactions, changes in phases of matter, and separation of mixtures. Preparation and properties of complex substances, such as alloys, polymers, biological molecules, and pharmaceutical agents are considered in specialized fields of chemistry.

Chemistry is sometimes called the central science because it bridges other natural sciences like physics, geology and biology.[3][4] Chemistry is a branch of physical science but distinct from physics.[5]

The etymology of the word chemistry has been much disputed. The history of chemistry can be traced to certain practices, known as alchemy, which had been practiced for several millennia in various parts of the world.

The word chemistry comes from the word alchemy, an earlier set of practices that encompassed elements of chemistry, metallurgy, philosophy, astrology, astronomy, mysticism and medicine; it is commonly thought of[by whom?] as the quest to turn lead or another common starting material into gold.[6] Alchemy, which was practiced around 330, is the study of the composition of waters, movement, growth, embodying, disembodying, drawing the spirits from bodies and bonding the spirits within bodies (Zosimos).[7] An alchemist was called a 'chemist' in popular speech, and later the suffix "-ry" was added to this to describe the art of the chemist as "chemistry".

The word alchemy in turn is derived from the Arabic word al-km (). In origin, the term is borrowed from the Greek or .[8][9] This may have Egyptian origins. Many[quantify] believe that al-km is derived from the Greek , which is in turn derived from the word Chemi or Kimi, which is the ancient name of Egypt in Egyptian.[8] Alternately, al-km may derive from , meaning "cast together".[10]

In retrospect, the definition of chemistry has changed over time, as new discoveries and theories add to the functionality of the science. The term "chymistry", in the view of noted scientist Robert Boyle in 1661, meant the subject of the material principles of mixed bodies.[11] In 1663 the chemist Christopher Glaser described "chymistry" as a scientific art, by which one learns to dissolve bodies, and draw from them the different substances on their composition, and how to unite them again, and exalt them to a higher perfection.[12]

The 1730 definition of the word "chemistry", as used by Georg Ernst Stahl, meant the art of resolving mixed, compound, or aggregate bodies into their principles; and of composing such bodies from those principles.[13] In 1837, Jean-Baptiste Dumas considered the word "chemistry" to refer to the science concerned with the laws and effects of molecular forces.[14] This definition further evolved until, in 1947, it came to mean the science of substances: their structure, their properties, and the reactions that change them into other substances - a characterization accepted by Linus Pauling.[15] More recently, in 1998, Professor Raymond Chang broadened the definition of "chemistry" to mean the study of matter and the changes it undergoes.[16]

Early civilizations, such as the Egyptians[17]Babylonians, Indians[18] amassed practical knowledge concerning the arts of metallurgy, pottery and dyes, but didn't develop a systematic theory.

A basic chemical hypothesis first emerged in Classical Greece with the theory of four elements as propounded definitively by Aristotle stating that that fire, air, earth and water were the fundamental elements from which everything is formed as a combination. Greek atomism dates back to 440 BC, arising in works by philosophers such as Democritus and Epicurus. In 50 BC, the Roman philosopher Lucretius expanded upon the theory in his book De rerum natura (On The Nature of Things).[19][20] Unlike modern concepts of science, Greek atomism was purely philosophical in nature, with little concern for empirical observations and no concern for chemical experiments.[21]

In the Hellenistic world the art of alchemy first proliferated, mingling magic and occultism into the study of natural substances with the ultimate goal of transmuting elements into gold and discovering the elixir of eternal life.[22] Alchemy was discovered and practised widely throughout the Arab world after the Muslim conquests,[23] and from there, diffused into medieval and Renaissance Europe through Latin translations.[24]

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Chemistry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Organic chemistry – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Organic chemistry is a chemistry subdiscipline involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.[1][2] Study of structure includes using spectroscopy (e.g., NMR), mass spectrometry, and other physical and chemical methods to determine the chemical composition and constitution of organic compounds and materials. Study of properties includes both physical properties and chemical properties, and uses similar methods as well as methods to evaluate chemical reactivity, with the aim to understand the behavior of the organic matter in its pure form (when possible), but also in solutions, mixtures, and fabricated forms. The study of organic reactions includes probing their scope through use in preparation of target compounds (e.g., natural products, drugs, polymers, etc.) by chemical synthesis, as well as the focused study of the reactivities of individual organic molecules, both in the laboratory and via theoretical (in silico) study.

The range of chemicals studied in organic chemistry include hydrocarbons (compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen), as well as myriad compositions based always on carbon, but also containing other elements,[1][3][4] especially:

In the modern era, the range extends further into the periodic table, with main group elements, including:

In addition, much modern research focuses on organic chemistry involving further organometallics, including the lanthanides, but especially the:

Line-angle representation

Ball-and-stick representation

Space-filling representation

Finally, organic compounds form the basis of all earthly life and constitute a significant part of human endeavors in chemistry. The bonding patterns open to carbon, with its valence of fourformal single, double, and triple bonds, as well as various structures with delocalized electronsmake the array of organic compounds structurally diverse, and their range of applications enormous. They either form the basis of, or are important constituents of, many commercial products including pharmaceuticals; petrochemicals and products made from them (including lubricants, solvents, etc.); plastics; fuels and explosives; etc. As indicated, the study of organic chemistry overlaps with organometallic chemistry and biochemistry, but also with medicinal chemistry, polymer chemistry, as well as many aspects of materials science.[1]

Before the nineteenth century, chemists generally believed that compounds obtained from living organisms were endowed with a vital force that distinguished them from inorganic compounds. According to the concept of vitalism (vital force theory), organic matter was endowed with a "vital force".[5] During the first half of the nineteenth century, some of the first systematic studies of organic compounds were reported. Around 1816 Michel Chevreul started a study of soaps made from various fats and alkalis. He separated the different acids that, in combination with the alkali, produced the soap. Since these were all individual compounds, he demonstrated that it was possible to make a chemical change in various fats (which traditionally come from organic sources), producing new compounds, without "vital force". In 1828 Friedrich Whler produced the organic chemical urea (carbamide), a constituent of urine, from the inorganic ammonium cyanate NH4CNO, in what is now called the Whler synthesis. Although Whler was always cautious about claiming that he had disproved the theory of vital force, this event has often been thought of as a turning point.[5]

In 1856 William Henry Perkin, while trying to manufacture quinine, accidentally manufactured the organic dye now known as Perkin's mauve. Through its great financial success, this discovery greatly increased interest in organic chemistry.[6]

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Organic chemistry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia