How to Pronounce Xanthines – Video


How to Pronounce Xanthines
Learn how to say Xanthines correctly with EmmaSaying #39;s "how do you pronounce" free tutorials. Definition of xanthine (oxford dictionary): noun [mass noun] Biochemistry a crystalline compound found in blood and urine which is an intermediate in the metabolic breakdown of nucleic acids to uric acid. A purine derivative; chemical formula: C5H4N4O2 [count noun] any of the derivatives of this, including caffeine and related alkaloids. Origin: mid 19th century: from xanthic + -ine4 http://www.emmasaying.comFrom:Emma SayingViews:0 0ratingsTime:00:11More inHowto Style

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Hydrophobic vs Hydrophilic – Video


Hydrophobic vs Hydrophilic
http://www.SalmonellaPlace.com This is a tutorial/lecture comparing and explaining the meaning of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic. We cover some topics important for classes such as Biology, Biochemistry, Organic Chemistry, etc. If you have any questions, don #39;t be shy!! We hope we are able to clarify this topic. Enjoy! Plus, don #39;t forget to SUBSCRIBE for more! Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/salmonellaplace Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/thesalmonella Tumblr: http://www.salmonellaplace.tumblr.comFrom:TheSalmonellaPlaceViews:0 0ratingsTime:03:18More inEducation

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Dr Suzanne Humphries: The Truth Treatment – Truth Connections Radio – 29th November 2012 – Video


Dr Suzanne Humphries: The Truth Treatment - Truth Connections Radio - 29th November 2012
Dr Suzanne Humphries (drsuzanne.net Homeopath, Internist, Nephrologist, and Holistic Health Consultant, is a conventionally (allopathically) educated medical doctor with a Bachelor #39;s Degree in Physics from Rutgers University. After spending two years as the head technician in a research biochemistry lab, she went to medical school, graduating from Temple University School of Medicine. She soon became increasingly aware of the failures of the medical profession over her 13 year career. Unsatisfied with the fact that doctors are largely trained to prescribe drugs and hunt down disease while their patients continue to get sicker, she sought out alternative treatments that help to heal, rather than hinder illness. http://www.youtube.com http://www.truthconnections.wordpress.com http http://www.facebook.com Another word for conventional (mainstream) medical treatment is allopathy, described as the form of treatment used to supress the symptoms of illness using the principle of opposites, while homeopathy encourages, rather than suppresses, the body #39;s reaction to an illness. After learning about homeopathy and other healing modalities while practicing allopathic kidney medicine, Dr Suzanne watched first hand through a new lens, the truth that allopathic medicine, while sometimes necessary, is an overused system that never restores true and lasting health; that when implemented as first line treatment across-the-board for mild illnesses and symptoms, will mostly just drive chronic illnesses deeper ...From:truthconnectionsViews:29 3ratingsTime:01:53:51More inEducation

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Dr Suzanne Humphries: The Truth Treatment - Truth Connections Radio - 29th November 2012 - Video

How Italian Violins Were Made – Joseph Nagyvary – Video


How Italian Violins Were Made - Joseph Nagyvary
Joseph Nagyvary, born in April 18, 1934, is a Professor Emeritus at Texas A M University and has spent years studying and analyzing violins made by Antonio Stradivari and Giuseppe Guarneri. From 1952-1956 he attended at Eötvös Loránd University of Budapest and in 1957 he went to Zurich to study under Paul Karrer. There he became fascinated by the violin when he had the opportunity to take lessons on an instrument once owned by one of his heroes, Albert Einstein. In 1963 he went to Cambridge to study under Alexander Todd at the laboratory there. He moved to America in 1964 and in 1968 he moved to Texas where he became a professor of biochemistry and biophysics at Texas A M University. In 1983 he devoted his research entirely to the study of recreating the legendary tone of violins made by the old masters. While working at Texas A M University as a biochemist Nagyvary succeeded in making a violin which he described as being somewhere near the quality of a Stradivari. Texas A M University biochemist Joseph Nagyvary succeeded in making a violin which he described as being somewhere near the quality of a Stradivari by leaving the wood to soak in brine.[1] Because of the lack of land in Venice, during that period imported wood(*) was often stored in the seawater of the Venetian Lagoon, where a type of decomposition had a slight effect on the wood. Nagyvary managed to acquire wood shavings from a Stradivarius violin, and under a microscope he found the natural filter plates in ...From:gillepspyViews:0 0ratingsTime:10:48More inMusic

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How to Pronounce Bilayer – Video


How to Pronounce Bilayer
Learn how to say Bilayer correctly with EmmaSaying #39;s "how do you pronounce" free tutorials. Definition of bilayer (oxford dictionary): noun Biochemistry a film two molecules thick (formed eg by lipids), in which each molecule is arranged with its hydrophobic end directed inwards towards the opposite side of the film and its hydrophilic end directed outwards. http://www.emmasaying.comFrom:Emma SayingViews:0 0ratingsTime:00:11More inHowto Style

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How to Pronounce Bilayer - Video

How to Pronounce Bilayers – Video


How to Pronounce Bilayers
Learn how to say Bilayers correctly with EmmaSaying #39;s "how do you pronounce" free tutorials. Definition of bilayer (oxford dictionary): noun Biochemistry a film two molecules thick (formed eg by lipids), in which each molecule is arranged with its hydrophobic end directed inwards towards the opposite side of the film and its hydrophilic end directed outwards. http://www.emmasaying.comFrom:Emma SayingViews:0 0ratingsTime:00:11More inHowto Style

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How to Pronounce Flavoprotein – Video


How to Pronounce Flavoprotein
Learn how to say Flavoprotein correctly with EmmaSaying #39;s "how do you pronounce" free tutorials. Definition of flavoprotein (oxford dictionary): noun Biochemistry any of a class of conjugated proteins that contain flavins and are involved in oxidation reactions in cells. Origin: 1930s: blend of flavin and protein http://www.emmasaying.comFrom:Emma SayingViews:0 0ratingsTime:00:11More inHowto Style

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Prescription Writing, Drug Compendia


Prescription Writing, Drug Compendia Drug Names
http://www.SalmonellaPlace.com This is a tutorial/lecture on Prescription Writing, Drug Compendia Drug Names. We cover some topics important for classes such as Biochemistry and Pharmacology. If you have any questions, don #39;t be shy!! We hope we are able to clarify this topic. Enjoy! Plus, don #39;t forget to SUBSCRIBE for more! Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/salmonellaplace Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/thesalmonella Tumblr: http://www.salmonellaplace.tumblr.com Images used on this Video: "Medicine Drugs" by ernes commons.wikimedia.org "Resperine Prescription" by Linda Bartlett visualsonline.cancer.gov "Walgreens Prescription Bottle" by JCRules commons.wikimedia.orgFrom:TheSalmonellaPlaceViews:0 0ratingsTime:05:46More inEducation

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Prescription Writing, Drug Compendia

Drug Formulations – Video


Drug Formulations
http://www.SalmonellaPlace.com This is a tutorial/lecture on Drug Formulations. We cover some topics important for classes such as Biochemistry and Pharmacology. If you have any questions, don #39;t be shy!! We hope we are able to clarify this topic. Enjoy! Plus, don #39;t forget to SUBSCRIBE for more! Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/salmonellaplace Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/thesalmonella Tumblr: http://www.salmonellaplace.tumblr.com Images used on this Video: "Man Taking Eyedrops" by Lars Andreas from Oslo, Norway This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license. "Anatomy of the Human Ear" by Chittka L, Brockmann This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Generic license. "Coughsyrup-promethcode" by Stickpen commons.wikimedia.org "Ear" commons.wikimedia.org "Foam soap" commons.wikimedia.org "Shampoo" by #1512; #1504; #1491; #1493; #1501; This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. "Intravenous Therapy" by Michaelberry at en.wikipedia This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license. "My eye" commons.wikimedia.org "Orange pills" by Candy This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license. "Nicoderm Patch" commons.wikimedia.org "US Navy 091019-M-7747B-001 Lt. Brandon Van Noord, from Lansing, Mich., assigned to the 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit shows a girl how to use an inhaler" commons.wikimedia.org "Nose" by Jeremie63 This file is licensed under the ...From:TheSalmonellaPlaceViews:0 0ratingsTime:15:20More inEducation

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Drug Formulations - Video

What Research Shows about How Yoga Affects Health: Interview with Sat Bir Khalsa, PhD – Video


What Research Shows about How Yoga Affects Health: Interview with Sat Bir Khalsa, PhD
Research demonstrates that yoga can have healthful effects on blood pressure, blood sugar control, weight, sleep, anxiety and more. In this portion of my interview with Sat Bir Khalsa, PhD, of Harvard Medical School, he discusses findings of how yoga may work: beyond greater mind-body awareness, there are changes in brain structure, activity and biochemistry with continued regular yoga practice.From:KarenCollinsRDViews:0 0ratingsTime:07:26More inEducation

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What Research Shows about How Yoga Affects Health: Interview with Sat Bir Khalsa, PhD - Video

Stanford Seminar – Rhiju Das on RNA Nanoengineering through Crowd Science – Video


Stanford Seminar - Rhiju Das on RNA Nanoengineering through Crowd Science
"EteRNE: RNA Nanoengineering through Crowd Science" - Rhiju Das, of the biochemistry and physics departments at Stanford, discusses the RNA design problem and how video game players may be able to create designs that work. Colloquium on Computer Systems Seminar Series (E380) presents the current research in design, implementation, analysis, and use of computer systems. Topics range from integrated circuits to operating systems and programming languages. It is free and open to the public, with new lectures each week. Learn more: bit.lyFrom:stanfordonlineViews:0 0ratingsTime:55:04More inEducation

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Basic Mechanisms of Drug Actions – Video


Basic Mechanisms of Drug Actions
http://www.SalmonellaPlace.com This is a tutorial/lecture on the Basic Mechanisms of Drug Actions. We cover some topics important for classes such as Biochemistry and Pharmacology. If you have any questions, don #39;t be shy!! We hope we are able to clarify this topic. Enjoy! Plus, don #39;t forget to SUBSCRIBE for more! Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/salmonellaplace Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/thesalmonella Tumblr: http://www.salmonellaplace.tumblr.com Images used on this Video: "NACh receptor" by #1050; #1086; #1088; #1080; #1089; #1090; #1091; #1074; #1072; #1095;:Shao This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. commons.wikimedia.org "Healthy Human T Cell" by NIAID Flickr #39;s photostream commons.wikimedia.org "Channel Transporter" by PLoS Biology. Original uploader was Smartass2006 at ru.wikipedia This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Generic license. "Enzyme Mechanism" by Aejahnke This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. "Ion Channel" by Original uploader was Outslider (Pawe #322; Tokarz) at pl.wikipedia commons.wikimedia.orgFrom:TheSalmonellaPlaceViews:0 0ratingsTime:08:17More inEducation

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Serotonin


Serotonin Serotonin Receptor Antagonists
http://www.SalmonellaPlace.com This is a tutorial/lecture on the Serotonin Serotonin Receptor Antagonists. We cover some topics important for classes such as Biochemistry and Pharmacology. If you have any questions, don #39;t be shy!! We hope we are able to clarify this topic. Enjoy! Plus, don #39;t forget to SUBSCRIBE for more! Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/salmonellaplace Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/thesalmonella Tumblr: http://www.salmonellaplace.tumblr.com Images sources: "Serotonin 3D" commons.wikimedia.org "Serotonin-3D-vdW" commons.wikimedia.org "Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation" by Elizabeth2424 This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.From:TheSalmonellaPlaceViews:0 0ratingsTime:09:07More inEducation

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Serotonin

Drugs Affecting Haematopoiesis – Video


Drugs Affecting Haematopoiesis
http://www.SalmonellaPlace.com This is a tutorial/lecture on the Drugs Affecting Haematopoiesis. We cover some topics important for classes such as Biochemistry and Pharmacology. If you have any questions, don #39;t be shy!! We hope we are able to clarify this topic. Enjoy! Plus, don #39;t forget to SUBSCRIBE for more! Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/salmonellaplace Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/thesalmonella Tumblr: http://www.salmonellaplace.tumblr.comFrom:TheSalmonellaPlaceViews:0 0ratingsTime:10:37More inEducation

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Researcher to explore science behind beer brewing

A University of Canterbury (UC) researcher will spend her summer months exploring the science behind brewing to meet the needs of the booming craft beer market.

UC summer scholarship student Jennifer Crowther said her research was an opportunity to explore the science behind brewing in an effort to improve the taste and quality of beer.

The taste of beer characteristics are influenced by a range of factors including the variety of hops and the types of yeast used. Research will be conducted into the biochemistry and genetics of yeast towards manipulating the flavour profile of beers.

This is a really exciting time to be studying beer with the rapidly growing craft beer market shifting emphasis towards brewing flavoursome, distinctive beers.

Crowther will be working alongside the Christchurch company Three Boys Brewery which has been operating out of Christchurch for more than eight years and is one of the premium microbreweries in New Zealand. Three Boys is run by former UC academic plant biochemist Dr Ralph Bungard.

The craft beer market is booming in New Zealand and in many traditional beer drinking countries around the world. Our overall beer consumption has been in decline for many years. In contrast, the craft beer sector, although small in terms of volume, has been rapidly increasing, both in terms of the number of breweries and the volume of beer produced.

This increase in popularity can be attributed to the more interesting flavours and styles of beer that the craft sector offers and the desire of consumers for choice and variation. The UC research project pulls together two of my favourite subjects in biochemistry and beer making.

The huge range of beer styles worldwide is a result of the almost endless combinations of many varieties of malt, hops and yeast strains. NZ has traditionally had an innovative hop and malt producing industry which has allowed craft brewers in NZ to produce beer with very unique, NZ-style flavours.

The biological modification of these malt and hop flavours and aroma in beer is driven by yeast in the fermentation. However, in the past, brewers have been less innovative in terms of the yeast use, sticking with traditional strains that have been used over many decades and even centuries of brewing.

The UC project will look more closely at the role of yeast in the biological modification of the flavour profile in beer. We want to particularly focus on how yeasts alter the end-product flavours that are derived from malt and hops.

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Extreme makeover: Galaxy edition

By Taylor Langston Posted on November 29, 2012 | News | No comment

This time of the the year for many club members represents tacky sweater parties and Christmas socials but Luke Sorrell, senior biochemistry major from Coppell, has a greater vision for the men of Galaxy.

This Saturday, members of the social club will be teaming up with Habitat for Humanity to help build a home for a deserving Abilene family.

For me specifically, community service and service is one of my passions and what I enjoy doing, Sorrell said. But I really want to see Galaxy more involved in the community.

That desire for community involvement is shared by Galaxy President Hutton Brown, senior English major from Midland.

Our motto is In all things let us keep God first, others second and ourself last and we wanted to implement Gods purpose however we can, Brown said. As college students, we may not have money we can spend but we do have time we can spend.

The day will be broken up into two different shifts, with one group working from 9:30 a.m-12:30 p.m, then handing off their progress to a second round of workers from 12:30-4:30 p.m.

Though this is the first year in recent years that Galaxy is partnering with Habitat for Humanity, Sorrell, along with many other Moonies, has high hopes for the tradition to endure.

I approached Keith Carroll about it after he started [as Social Service Director] about doing more service projects and he really wanted to get that started and implemented too. Sorrell said.

Although Sorrell believes that any form of service is beneficial, he said that there is a something special about working with the Habitat for Humanity organization.

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Extreme makeover: Galaxy edition

Arizona State University Awarded DOE Grant to Advance Carbon Capture Technology

Newswise The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has awarded Arizona State University (ASU) a grant for alternative energy research that is part of a special DOE program to pursue high-risk, high-reward advances with the potential to change the way the nation generates and consumes energy.

ASUs grant, led by Dan Buttry, professor and chair of ASUs Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, is to develop an efficient and cost-effective carbon capture technology using an innovative electrochemical technique. ASU will separate carbon dioxide from other emissions coming from power plants with the real possibility of reducing energy and cost requirements by more than half. This could be an economically enabling breakthrough in the drive to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

Through this type of venture we are working to advance research and spur economic development in the areas of renewable energy and energy security to create solutions that address societys grand challenges, said Sethuraman Panch Panchanathan, senior vice president for ASUs Office of Knowledge Enterprise Development. This innovative project is a collaborative effort of faculty at ASU from multiple disciplines who are developing a new carbon capture technology.

DOEs Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) program has the goal of developing clever and creative approaches to transform the global energy landscape, while advancing Americas technology leadership. ASUs grant is for $612,000 for one year.

In announcing the awards, U.S. Energy Secretary Steven Chu said, With ARPA-E and all of the Department of Energys research and development efforts, we are determined to attract the best and brightest minds at our countrys top universities, labs and businesses to help solve the energy challenges of this generation. The 66 projects selected today represent the true mission of ARPA-E: swinging for the fences and trying to hit home runs to support development of the most innovative technologies and change whats possible for Americas energy future.

Inspired by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, ARPA-E was created to support high-risk, high-reward research that can provide transformative new solutions for climate change and energy security. The projects were selected through a merit-based process from thousands of concept papers and hundreds of full applications. The projects are based in 24 states, with approximately 47 percent of the projects led by universities, 29 percent by small businesses, 15 percent by large businesses, 7.5 percent by national labs, and 1.5 percent by non-profits, according to the DOE in a release announcing the awards.

ASU has been building up its portfolio in alternative energy research for several years and currently includes, among its capabilities, a center for research into electrochemistry for renewable energy applications; several advanced programs on solar energy research; one of the leading testing and certification centers for solar energy; and research into solar-generated biofuels including advanced work on algae-based biofuels.

The potential this project has in advancing a viable solution to mitigating the significant carbon dioxide emissions into the environment is exciting and we look forward to the teams progress in this area, said Gary Dirks, director of ASU LightWorks. ASU is a place where the convergence of laboratory research and real-world application creates a unique environment where imaginative energy-related projects are fostered and encouraged.

The carbon capture program was initially supported by ASU LightWorks, which brings together the intellectual expertise across the university centered on leveraging the power of the sun to create solutions in the areas of renewable energy, including generating electricity, alternative fuels, and preparing future energy leaders.

We are extremely excited about this new grant from the Department of Energy ARPA-E program. The effort is focused on a key issue in fossil fuel-based energy production - how to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions without consuming too much of the energy content of the fuel, explained lead ASU researcher Dan Buttry. We have recently developed a new approach to carbon dioxide capture that uses an electrochemical process with some design features similar to those in a fuel cell.

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Arizona State University Awarded DOE Grant to Advance Carbon Capture Technology

Heptares Chief Scientific Officer and Founder Fiona Marshall Receives Prestigious UK “Women of Outstanding Achievement …

WELWYN GARDEN CITY, England and BOSTON, November 30, 2012 /PRNewswire/ --

Heptares Therapeutics, the leading GPCR drug discovery company, is delighted to announce that its Chief Scientific Officer and founder, Fiona Marshall, has received a 2012 Women of Outstanding Achievement Award from WISE, a UK national campaign to promote female talent in science, engineering, technology and the built environment. Dr Marshall received the award in the Innovation and Entrepreneurship category in recognition of her academic and industry achievements as well as her positive contributions in attracting women to the life sciences area.

Dr Marshall received her award from Her Royal Highness, The Princess Royal at the prestigious WISE Awards held yesterday at The Institution of Technology and Engineering in London, UK.

"I'm very grateful to receive this award. I have seen Heptares grow from just two of us in a portacabin to a world-leading biotech company with more than 60 scientists, including women from around the world, working in chemistry, crystallography, biochemistry and pharmacology. It has been wonderful to work with so many talented young scientists." commented Dr Marshall. "This team is central to Heptares' leadership in the GPCR field, solving the structures of clinically important GPCRs and leveraging this structural insight to discover and design exciting new drug candidates. Heptares today has a substantial pipeline of unique agents in development for treating serious diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, chronic insomnia, addiction disorders, migraine and diabetes, as well as partnerships with multiple leading pharmaceutical companies."

Malcolm Weir, Heptares' CEO, added: "Fiona is an exceptional scientist and on behalf of all of us at Heptares, we congratulate her on receiving this award in recognition of her work; it is very well deserved."

Biography

Dr Marshall received a BSc in biochemistry from Bath University and a PhD in neuroscience from Cambridge University. She has more than 20 years' experience in drug discovery with particular expertise on GPCRs, is inventor of seven patents and author of over 60 peer-reviewed scientific papers in the area of GPCRs. Her work has contributed to the development of drugs for asthma, schizophrenia, heart disease and Parkinson's disease.

Dr Marshall set up Heptares Therapeutics, one of the UK's leading biotechnology companies, with Malcolm Weir in 2006. She now leads a team of 60 scientists at Heptares, which is pioneering a structure-based drug design approach to GPCRs and building a broad pipeline of novel medicines to transform the treatment of serious diseases. Heptares has established drug R&D collaborations with Shire, Takeda, AstraZeneca and Medimmune.

Before Heptares, Dr Marshall spent 12 years at GlaxoWellcome/GlaxoSmithKline where she held a number of senior positions including Head of the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Head of GPCR research. She was Director of Discovery Pharmacology, Europe for Millennium Pharmaceuticals and then spent several years as an independent consultant to a variety of venture capital and biotech companies. She was chair of the BBSRC biochemistry and cell biology committee for three years and is currently Chair of the CRUK Drug Discovery Committee and Vice-chair of the Wellcome Trust Seeding Drug Discovery Committee.

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Heptares Chief Scientific Officer and Founder Fiona Marshall Receives Prestigious UK "Women of Outstanding Achievement ...

Battling bacteria: Research shows iron’s importance in infection, suggests new therapies

(Phys.org)A Kansas State University research team has resolved a 40-year-old debate on the role of iron acquisition in bacterial invasion of animal tissues.

The collaborative researchled by Phillip Klebba, professor and head of the department of biochemistryclarifies how microorganisms colonize animal hosts and how scientists may block them from doing so. The findings suggest new approaches against bacterial disease and new strategies for antibiotic development.

The studyin collaboration with Tyrrell Conway, director of the Microarray and Bioinformatics Core Facilities at the University of Oklahoma, and Salete M. Newton, Kansas State University research professor of biochemistryrecently appeared in PLOS ONE. It shows how iron acquisition affects the ability of bacteria to colonize animals, which is the first stage of microbial disease.

"This paper establishes that iron uptake in the host is a crucial parameter in bacterial infection of animals," said Klebba, the senior author on the publication. "The paper explains why discrepancies exist about the role of iron, and it resolves them."

Iron plays a key role in metabolism, leading bacteria and animals to battle each other to obtain it. Klebba's team found that E. coli must acquire iron from the host to establish a foothold and colonize the guta concept that was often debated by scientists.

"For years it was theorized that iron is a focal point of bacterial pathogenesis and infectious disease because animals constantly defend the iron in their bodies," Klebba said. "Animal proteins bind iron and prevent microorganisms from obtaining it. This is called nutritional immunity, and it's a strategy of the host defense system to minimize bacterial growth. But successful pathogens overcome nutritional immunity and get the iron."

Little was known about what forms of iron enteric bacteriawhich are bacteria of the intestinesuse when growing in the host, but this study shows that the native Gram-negative bacterial iron uptake systems are highly effective. Scientists questioned whether prevention of iron uptake could block bacterial pathogenesis. This article leaves no doubt about the importance of iron when E. coli colonizes animals because bacteria that were systematically deprived of iron became 10,000-fold less able to grow in host tissues, Klebba said.

"This is the first time our experiments unambiguously verified the indispensability of iron in infection, because here we created the correct combination of mutations to study the problem," Klebba said.

Enteric bacteria have so many iron transport systems that it's difficult to eliminate them all. For example, E. coli has at least eight iron acquisition systems.

"These transporters are redundant because iron is essential," Klebba said. "Bacteria are resilient. If one system is blocked, then another one takes over."

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Battling bacteria: Research shows iron's importance in infection, suggests new therapies