A radar survey finds glacial ice (shown in blue) at mid-latitudes on Mars. The colors are explained below. Image: MRO

The MRO radar spots what is apparently  glacial ice on Mars at the mid-latitudes.   The site doesn’t give the timeline for the radar survey, I’d like to know if the ice persists during the Martian summer, since they call it glacial I can only assume it does. Yeah, I know where assuming gets me.  Pretty interesting none-the-less.

From the MRO site:

A radar on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has detected widespread deposits of glacial ice in the mid-latitudes of Mars.

This map of a region known as Deuteronilus Mensae, in the northern hemisphere, shows locations of the detected ice deposits in blue. The yellow lines indicate ground tracks of the radar observations from multiple orbits of the spacecraft.

The ice, up to 1 kilometer (0.6 mile) thick, is found adjacent to steep cliffs and hillsides, where rocky debris from slopes covers and protects the ice from sublimation into the atmosphere.

The base map of this image is shaded relief topography obtained by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter on NASA’s Mars Global Surveyor. The image is centered at 42.2 degrees north latitude and 24.7 degrees east longitude. It covers an area 1050 kilometers by 775 kilometers (650 miles by 481 miles).

The Shallow Radar instrument on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter was provided by the Italian Space Agency. Its operations are led by the University of Rome and its data are analyzed by a joint U.S.-Italian science team. NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter for the NASA Science Mission Directorate, Washington. Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Denver, is the spacecraft development and integration contractor for the project and built the spacecraft.

I’ve just been checking out one of the oldest pieces of sculpture made by humans. The Smithsonian Institution has set up a major web site on human evolution. There’s lots of stuff worth exploring on the site, although there are still some bugs and some of the stuff is unnecessarily obscure for a site intended for us non-paleoanthropologists. I’m particularly fond at the moment of the 3-D scans of ancient artifacts that you can rotate around on your computer. Check out the lion-man, for starters.

[Image: Wikipedia]

Pluto’s declassification as a planet may have drawn some disappointed murmurs from the grown-ups, but the pain is apparently even more real for a bunch of little school kids.

In his book, “The Pluto Files,” celebrity astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson showcases his collection of hate mail from third graders who were disappointed at Pluto’s reclassification in 2006 to a dwarf planet. The little Pluto fans demanded the immediate reinstatement of their beloved chunk of rock back into the official roster of the solar system’s planets.

The letters start as far back as 2000, when Tyson, as director of the Hayden Planetarium at the American Museum of Natural History, New York, omitted Pluto from a new solar system exhibit because he didn’t consider it a planet.

Seven-year-old Will Gamot immediately noticed the missing exhibit and shot the director a letter with a helpful illustration (see below). Gamot wrote: “You are missing planet Pluto. Please make a model of it. This is what it looks like. It is a planet.”

In 2006, The International Astronomical Union endorsed Tyson’s position and yanked Pluto’s title as the solar system’s ninth planet. Scientists had realized that the distant Kuiper belt where Pluto resides probably has dozens of large icy objects, some of which may rival Pluto in size; rather than adding more and more planets to our list, researchers opted to create the dwarf planet category. This prompted howls of protest from other kids.

In her letter to Tyson, Madeline Trost of Plantation, Florida worried: “Do people live on Pluto? If there are people who live there they won’t exist.” She then demands a response from Tyson. “Please write back,” she implores. “But not in cursive because I can’t read in cursive.”

You can browse through an entire sideshow of what the kids had to say here; but here’s a sampling of their irritation at the whole affair.

Related Content:
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Image: The Pluto Files

Eleanor Maguire can’t read your mind. But she’s getting closer.

Two years ago the neuroscientist’s team used functional MRI scans of the brain to predict where in a virtual reality environment a person was “standing” just by looking at their brain activity. And now, in a study for Current Biology, she’s used fMRI scans, interpreted by a computer algorithm, to pick out the patterns of brain activity that indicate whether a person is remembering one movie versus another.

An fMRI scan measures the brain’s blood flow—associated with neuron activity—on the scale of voxels, three-dimensional “pixels” that each include roughly 10,000 neurons. The algorithm then interprets the changes voxel by voxel to learn the brain’s patterns of activity over time [ScienceNOW]. In this experiment, Maguire’s team showed their 10 participants three different movies. Each was short, only about seven seconds, but featured a different actress doing a different simple activity, like mailing a letter or drinking coffee. The scientists then asked the subjects remember the films while the team scanned their brains.

Maguire says they found a few striking things. In the first stage, the scientists asked the participants to remember the films one at a time so they could try to find a brain pattern for each of the three. Maguire says it was a success: “We’ve been able to look at brain activity for a specific episodic memory — to look at actual memory traces” [AFP]. In addition, she says, the traces of activity the researchers saw in the hippocampus for each memory remained consistent over the course of the study, and showed similarities from person to person.

While that’s impressive, it’s not foolproof “mind-reading”—yet. The computer program was not good enough to predict which film a person was thinking about every time. With three films to choose from, a blind guess would be right 33% of the time on average. The computer predicted the right film 40-45% of the time [The Guardian]. Also, Maguire says, they can’t be sure what they’re looking at in these brain patterns from their small sample—whether the people are remembering the setting of the movie, the action, or something else.

Even though the results are preliminary, experts say the rapidly advancing technology may soon raise ethical questions. Neuroscientist Marcel Just notes that the ability of machines to detect what someone is thinking is progressing with remarkable speed. “At the extreme, maybe we could decode somebody’s dream while they’re dreaming,” Just says. “Is that possible? Not this year. Not next year. But I think that’s doable.” Just says once the technology reaches that point it’s likely to touch off a societal discussion about who is allowed to see what’s in our brains [NPR].

Related Content:
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80beats: Researchers Can Find Out Where You Are by Scanning Your Brain
80beats: Mind-Reading Infrared Device Knows If You Want a Milkshake

Image: NASA

Well, isn’t this flattering? The Times Online science blog, called Eureka Zone, picked Bad Astronomy as one of its top 30 best science blogs. It’s always nice to get some recognition, even if it doesn’t come with a wheelbarrow full of money and a free trip to Tahiti.

You listening, Times Online? Just a suggestion.

Anyway, I don’t agree with every single blog on that list — I leave it as an exercise to you to figure out which ones — but almost everything else on there is worth your time checking out. If your feed reader is looking a little pale and thin, this should help beef it up. There’s always room for science!

The show with Andy Revkin just went up! Here’s a sample from the write-up:

In this conversation with host Chris Mooney, Revkin discusses the uncertain future of his field, the perils of the science blogosphere, his battles with climate blogger Joe Romm, and what it’s like (no joke) to have Rush Limbaugh suggest that you kill yourself. Moving on to the topics he’s covered for over a decade, Revkin also addresses the problem of population growth, the long-range risks that our minds just aren’t trained to think about, and the likely worsening of earthquake and other catastrophes as more people pack into in vulnerable places.

I will have much more to say about the show soon enough–I’m proud of this one–but for now, listen and download here.

Gather around all ye LOLcat lovers, YouTube watchers, rabid facebookers and diligent tweeters, for there is good news for you. Our beloved Internet is in the running for this year’s Nobel Peace Prize.

The Nobel committee’s decision last year to award the Peace Prize to the freshly elected President Obama was considered by many to be an unusual choice, but the committee could top itself this year. The list of potential winners contains 237 nominees, including human rights activists like Russian Svetlana Gannushkina and Chinese activist Liu Xiaobo, but also our very own Internet.

The effort to get the net nominated was spearheaded by the Italian edition of Wired magazine. The editors propose that apart from being a place for people to nurture their vanity and satisfy their need to look at kittens in costumes, the Internet is also a forum for peaceful dialogue and communication. Thus, they say, it plays a valuable role in building peace.

Riccardo Luna, editor-in-chief of the Italian edition of Wired magazine said:

“The internet can be considered the first weapon of mass construction, which we can deploy to destroy hate and conflict and to propagate peace and democracy….What happened in Iran after the latest election, and the role the web played in spreading information that would otherwise have been censored, are only the newest examples of how the internet can become a weapon of global hope.”

So far, the Internet has found a bunch of early backers, including the 2003 Nobel Peace Prize winner Shirin Ebadi and designer Giorgio Armani. You can support the net’s nomination by signing an online petition at Internet for Peace. The results will be announced on October 8th and the winner will walk away with 10 million Swedish kronor ($1.4 million). Which brings us to our next question–who picks up the award if the net wins? And who gets to pocket the cash? And most importantly, who gets to blab the acceptance speech?

While we work those out, here’s the video for the Internet for Peace campaign.

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Image: LOLcats

After six years of legal wrangling, a New York judge is set to approve a $657 million settlement package for thousands of rescue workers and volunteers who became sick after working on the cleanup of the World Trade Center site. The workers, who had sued the City of New York and other officials for their subsequent illness, can now settle their injury claims. Marc Bern, one of the lawyers representing the workers, said many of his clients were “first responders” at the site when the twin towers collapsed on September 11, 2001. After the work, some found their health deteriorated, with many suffering from asthma, other respiratory issues and blood cancer [CNN].

The money for the claims will come from a $1 billion federal grant to the WTC Captive Insurance Co., created to indemnify the city and its contractors against the flood of lawsuits [Daily News]. The workers have 90 days to look through the proposed settlement and decide if they like it. If 95 percent of the plaintiffs approve of the package, then the settlement will stand at $575 million. If 100% approve, the settlement goes up to $657 million [Daily News].

The individual payments will be made based on a point system that depends on the severity of the worker’s illness, his past health history, and the role the smoke at Ground Zero played in his current illness. Rescue workers can claim anything from a few thousand dollars to more than one million. The settlement would also fund a special insurance policy, which provides additional compensation to any plaintiff contracting certain types of cancer in the future [CNN]. New York Mayor Mike Bloomberg said the settlement was a “fair and reasonable resolution to a complex set of circumstances.”

DISCOVER has reported in the past that when the twin towers collapsed on September 11, two million tons of dust containing cement, asbestos, glass, lead, and carcinogens rained down on lower Manhattan. Phillip Landrigan, who heads the Department of Preventive and Community Medicine at Mount Sinai, said the concentrations of dust in the air were so high that they overwhelmed all the normal defenses of the human respiratory tract, and people inhaled ounces of dust into their trachea or their bronchi. The apparent results were the persistent “World Trade Center cough,” inflamed sinuses, and in the case of some workers who worked amidst the debris and smoke, thyroid and lung cancer.

For many long-suffering workers, news of the settlement drew mixed reactions. Carpenter James Nolan, who said he helped recover bodies and build ramps for firehoses at the WTC site, said the settlement would help pay the medical bills for his for lung and leg problems–which he claimed were a result of working at Ground Zero. “We’ve had to fight for what we deserve,” said Nolan, 45. “I’m glad it’s coming to an end” [Associated Press]. Others like Gary Klein, a retired cop with lung scarring and stomach problems, wasn’t so sure. “A million dollars is not a lot of money if you have cancer and need chemotherapy,” Klein said. “What’s going to be left for your family after you die?” [Daily News]

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Image: Wikimedia

The April issue of Wired UK features our picks for the 10 most absurd scientific papers from the past year (at the time of selection, that meant 2009). For your enjoyment, here are the links to those posts (in no particular order)!

1.) Optimising the sensory characteristics and acceptance of canned cat food: use of a human taste panel.

2.) Effects of cocaine on honeybee dance behaviour.

3.) Swearing as a response to pain.

4.) Pigeons can discriminate “good” and “bad” paintings by children.

5.) The “booty call”: a compromise between men’s and women’s ideal mating strategies.

6.) Intermittent access to beer promotes binge-like drinking in adolescent but not adult Wistar rats.

7.) Fellatio by fruit bats prolongs copulation time.

8.) More information than you ever wanted: does Facebook bring out the green-eyed monster of jealousy?

9.) Are full or empty beer bottles sturdier and does their fracture-threshold suffice to break the human skull?

10.) The nature of navel fluff.

Photo: flickr/kerryvaughan

The 144th Carnival of Space is up at my bud Ian O’Neill’s Discovery Space News blog. Now does this post title make sense?

Anyway, go there, read it, study it, and that way you’ll pass the test. Oh, you didn’t know this will be on the test? C’mon, you’re a human, and this is life. Everything is on the test.

Reporting back from a hotel in midtown Manhattan, having made it through the Colbert Report basically unscathed. In fact the experience was great from beginning to end. Update: here is the clip.

Monday morning I talked on the phone with Emily Lazar, a researcher for the show. I was really impressed right from the start: it was clear that she wanted to make it easy for me to get across some substantive message, within the relatively confining parameters of what is basically a comedy show. From start to finish everyone I dealt with was a consummate pro.

We got picked up at our hotel in a car that brought us to the Colbert studio, and hustled inside under relatively high security — people whispering into lapel microphones that we had arrived and were headed to the green room. Very exciting. The green room was actually green, which is apparently unusual. I got pep talks from a couple of the staff people, who encouraged me to keep things as simple as possible. They made an interesting point about scientists: they make the perfect foils for Stephen’s character, since they actually rely on facts rather than opinions.

Stephen himself dropped by to say hi, and to explain the philosophy of his character — I suppose there still are people out there who could be guests on the show who haven’t ever actually watched it. Namely, he’s a complete idiot, and it’s my job to educate him. But it’s not my job to be funny — that’s his bailiwick. The guests are encouraged to be friendly and sincere, but not pretend to be comedians.

We got to sit in the audience as the early segments were taped, which were hilarious. I feel bad that my own interview is going to be the low point of the show, laughs-wise. But I went out on cue, and fortunately I wasn’t at all jittery — too much going on to have time to get nervous, I suppose.

I had some planned responses for what I thought were the most obvious questions. Of which, he asked zero. Right off the bat Colbert managed to catch me off guard by asking a much more subtle question than I had anticipated — isn’t the early universe actually very disorderly? That would be true if you ignored gravity, but a big part of my message is that you can’t ignore gravity! The problem was, I had promised myself that I wouldn’t use the word “entropy,” resisting the temptation to lapse into jargon. But he had immediately pinpointed an example where the association of “low entropy” with “orderly” wasn’t a perfect fit. So I had to go back on my pledge and bring up entropy, although I didn’t exactly give a careful definition.

As everyone warned me, the whole interview went by in an absolute flash, although it really lasts about five minutes. There was a fun moment when we agreed that “Wrong Turn Into Yesterday” would make a great title for a progressive-rock album. Overall, I think I could have done a better job at explaining the underlying science, but at least I hope I successfully conveyed the spirit of the endeavor. We’ll have to see how it comes across on TV.

I shouldn’t end without including some good words about the bag of swag. Not only does every guest get a goodie bag that includes a bottle of excellent tequila, it also includes a $100 gift certificate for Donors Choose. How awesome is that?

And as we left the studio, there were some young audience members lurking around hoping for a glimpse of the great man himself. They had to settle for me, but they sheepishly asked if I would pose for a picture with them. Not yet having perfected my diva act, I happily complied. I hope they take away some great memories of the night.

‘Lint ball’ omphalitis, a rare cause of umbilical discharge in an adult woman: a case report

“Umbilical discharge in adult is rare and is usually induced by foreign material, most commonly hair. Rarely, it may be due to embryonal anomalies. We are reporting an unusual case of umbilical discharge in adult secondary to an impacted lint ball… A 55-year-old obese woman presented with a 4-month history of hemorrhagic discharge from the umbilicus. Deep from the base of the umbilicus, a 0.8 cm gray-tan mass was removed that on microscopic examination revealed a lint ball. Conclusion: An impacted lint ball may be a rare cause of umbilical discharge in adult.”

Bonus quote from the full text of the paper:

“A 55-year-old obese white American woman of European descent presented with a 4-month history of slightly hemorrhagic discharge from her umbilicus. There was no history of fever, abdominal pain or any other systemic disease. Physical examination revealed a deep umbilicus with a barely visible opening. There was no redness, edema, or crusting of the periumbilical skin. The deeper aspect of the umbilicus was exposed by using a spatula. A dark, rounded polypoid mass was noted. The clinical impression was that of fibro-epithelial polyp or some other tumor. An attempt was made to remove the mass by excising the base; however, the mass easily came out of the umbilical cavity implying that either it was necrotic or it was not firmly attached to the umbilical tissue at the base. The gray-tan 0.8 cm size round mass on cut section revealed white fibrous appearance. On microscopic examination, it was composed of lint material with typical morphology of refractile bean-shaped and elongated colorless structures, red spindle-shaped keratin material, granular red debris, rare hair fragments and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (Figure 1Figure 1.). Under polarized light, the lint particles showed brilliant blue-green birefringence (Figure 2Figure 2.). A diagnosis of ‘lint ball’ omphalitis was made.”

Photo: flickr/brenbot

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Good news! My brother Ben has been appointed the new language columnist for the New York Times Magazine, taking over from the late William Safire. Expect a few more shamelessly fraternal links next week to various appearances associated with his new position.

I promise to lobby hard for science-related language columns, nefariously using my family back channels. It’s all for a good cause! Here’s an example of my subliminal big-brother mind-control–a conversation Ben and I had on Bloggingheads.tv

And here’s the press release the Times just issued:

NEW YORK–(BUSINESS WIRE)–The New York Times Magazine announced today the appointment of linguist and lexicographer Ben Zimmer as the new “On Language” columnist. Mr. Zimmer succeeds William Safire who was the founding and regular columnist until his death last fall. The column is a fixture in The Times Magazine and features commentary on the many facets – from grammar to usage – of our language. “On Language” will appear bi-weekly beginning March 21.

“I look forward to continuing this fine tradition with my own take on how language shapes our past, present and future.”

In making the announcement, Gerald Marzorati, editor of the magazine said, “Ben brings both an academic’s deep knowledge and a maven’s eye, ear and passion to his commentary on the way Americans write and speak now. We welcome him to our roster and know our readers and ‘On Language’ devotees will greatly enjoy his columns.”

“It’s an honor and a privilege to be welcomed in the space that William Safire called home for thirty years,” Mr. Zimmer said. “I look forward to continuing this fine tradition with my own take on how language shapes our past, present and future.”

Mr. Zimmer is the executive producer of VisualThesaurus.com and Vocabulary.com, online destinations for learners and lovers of language. He is the former editor of American dictionaries at Oxford University Press and is a consultant to the Oxford English Dictionary. He was previously a research associate at the University of Pennsylvania’s Institute for Research in Cognitive Science. He is a 1992 graduate of Yale University with a B.A. in linguistics. He studied linguistic anthropology at the University of Chicago and is the recipient of many fellowships including ones from the National Science Foundation, the Fulbright Program and the Ford Foundation. He has taught at UCLA, Kenyon College, and Rutgers University. He was a frequent guest contributor to the “On Language” column, and his work has also appeared in The Boston Globe, Slate and several language blogs. He is on the Executive Council of the American Dialect Society and a member of the Dictionary Society of North America.

Mr. Safire served as the “On Language” columnist from its inception in 1979 until his death in 2009. In his columns he parsed words, phrases and points of grammar and usage about our written and spoken language.

An extensive study conducted on school children in Western Canada has proved that immunizing kids and adolescents goes a long way towards protecting the entire community from communicable diseases like the flu, thanks to a phenomenon known as “herd immunity.”

The findings come at a time when vaccine phobia is one of our largest public health concerns, with many parents worrying that immunizing kids can lead to adverse side affects. A recent survey revealed that one in four U.S. parents think that vaccines might cause autism, probably due in part to a 1998 paper published in the journal The Lancet that wrongly linked autism to vaccines–that paper has since been refuted, and fully retracted by the journal.

Now, scientists have more evidence that vaccines provide a public health benefit. Researchers studying youngsters in 49 remote Hutterite farming colonies in Canada found that giving flu shots to almost 80 percent of a community’s children created a herd immunity that helped protect unvaccinated older people from illness. As children often transfer viruses to each other first and then pass them along to grown-ups, the study provided solid proof that the best way to contain epidemics like the recent H1N1 outbreak is to first vaccinate all the kids. By immunizing the most germ-friendly part of the herd first, you indirectly protect the rest of the community, scientists say.

This is not the first time that scientists have found evidence that herd immunity can help protect the unvaccinated, but it’s the most definitive study on the subject yet. Researchers say this is the first such study to be conducted in such remote and isolated communities (the Hutterites‘ religious beliefs keep them separate from mainstream society), which reduced the chance that subjects could contract flu from other passing sources. Scientists say the new study provides “incontrovertible proof” that the shots themselves — rather than luck, viral mutations, hand-washing or any other factor — were the crucial protective element [The New York Times].

The study, published in The Journal of American Medical Association, focused on Hutterite farming colonies in Western Canada, where the people live in rural isolation in clusters of about 160 people. Though Hutterites drive cars and tractors, they shun radio and TV and each colony lives like a large joint family–eating together, going to a Hutterite school, and owning everything jointly.

In 25 of the colonies that joined the study, the scientists took school kids aged 3 to 15 years old and gave them flu shots in 2008. In 24 other colonies, the kids got placebo shots. In 2009, the researchers found that more than 10 percent of all the adults and children in colonies that received the placebo had had laboratory-confirmed seasonal flu. Less than 5 percent of those in the colonies that received flu shots had [The New York Times].

The study found that by vaccinating the kids against influenza, almost 60 percent of the larger community was granted “herd immunity” and protected against the illness. Carolyn Bridges, an expert in influenza epidemiology at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, says the study implies that giving flu shots only to schoolchildren would protect the elderly just as well as giving flu shots to the elderly themselves. The C.D.C. would never recommend that, she cautioned, “Because you still should vaccinate high-risk people” [New York Times].

The Hutterite study’s findings are in line with a previous study conducted in 1968, in Tecumseh, Michigan. In that study, flu expert Arnold Monto vaccinated almost 85 percent of the town’s schoolchildren during flu season. At the end of season, the town had only a third as many flu cases as nearby Adrian, Mich., which received no shots. There were far fewer cases of flu in all age groups [New York Times].

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Image: iStockPhoto

Little Helene. Image: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute

Here’s one of the small moons of Saturn we don’t get to see too much of, named Helene.   Helene is pretty small as moons go, only 20 miles across.   Cassini did a pass at just a bit more than 1,300 miles and that is about as close as the spacecraft has come to the little moon.  The moon is a little off center,  it’s not easy getting these shots sometimes.  The moon appears very bright because it is bathed in reflected light from Saturn.  There are other images, but they need to be processed by the Cassini team before they can be used, you can see them in the raw images section of the Cassini site (linked below), and you will understand what I am talking about.  I included an image from 2007 which you can see by clicking the image above AND there is going to be another flyby in April so hopefully the angles will be better. Still a good picture though.

Anyways, Helene is notable because it is what is known as a Trojan moon, meaning it is gravitationally tied to a larger moon, in this case, Dione, and Helene stays 60 degrees (400,000km/250,000 miles) ahead of the larger moon.

One of the big questions is:  how did this moon come to be gravitationally tied to Dione, maybe it blown off another in an impact.  Another is: is the moon’s leading edge coated with material from the “E” ring.

Have a look at the press release here.

The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging operations center is based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colo.

The giant montane pitcher plant is a botanical predator, ruthlessly luring in prey and feasting on its victims–except when it’s not. Researchers have discovered that the carnivorous plant is mighty adaptable; when there’s no prey around, it thrives just fine on the poop of a tree shrew that lives in Borneo’s mountains.

The pitcher plant is the world’s largest meat-eating plant; in low altitudes it feeds on ants, small insects, and possibly even small rodents. The plant entices its prey with tasty nectar, and when the animals lose balance and drop into the fluid-filled pitcher, they’re drowned and ingested.

But in Borneo’s higher altitudes, there aren’t enough gullible and clumsy insects to keep the plant alive. So, evolutionary forces pressured the plant to tweak its design a bit to entice the tree shrew to pay it a visit and poop into it.

The BBC describes the unique toilet-shaped plant:

N. rapah pitchers have huge orifices, but they also grow large concave lids held at an angle of about 90 degrees away from the orifice. The inside of these lids are covered with glands that exude huge amounts of nectar. Most importantly, the distance from the front of the pitcher’s mouth to the glands corresponds exactly to the head to body length of mountain tree shrews.

The shrew perches on the plant to lick nectar from the “lid” and on most occasions it poops into the conveniently positioned toilet bowl to mark its territory. Scientists have yet to determine if the nectar has some sort of laxative qualities to it.

The feces collect at the bottom of the plant and when it rains, the nutrients get flushed into the plant, where the nitrogen and phosphorous in the poo get absorbed as plant food. This toilet bowl system is so effective that the plant satisfies almost all its nutritional needs from the shrew feces.

Jonathan Moran, one of the scientists who studied the relationship between the plant and the shrew, suggests that both parties evolved to sustain each other through a process called “mutualism.” For the shrew, the pitcher plant’s nectar is a rich source of sugar in the mountains; for the plant, the shrew’s feces is food.

You can listen to Moran explain the unique relationship in a radio program, CBC’s “Quirks and Quarks” here. And here’s a video of the tree shrew plopping into the pitcher plant for a quick snack.

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Image: Chi’en Lee

The BBC is reporting that a previously unknown potential impact crater has surfaced in the Congo. This region was heavily forested, hiding the crater, but recent widespread deforestation has revealed the ancient impact scar.

Obviously, I’m conflicted about this.

If this is an impact crater (it has not yet been confirmed), it’s about 40 km (25 miles) across, making it one of the largest seen on the Earth. We haven’t been hit by a big asteroid in a long time, and erosion has erased most of the impact craters. There’s a picture of the crater on that link above, and the crater is obviously very old.

It’s fascinating to know that such a large feature can be hidden at all, but it’s sad indeed on how it got uncovered. I can hope no one would be so crass as to suggest we should continue to deforest our planet in hopes of finding more treasures, but I have seen far worse things suggested to support unrestrained mining, drilling, and polluting. I’m glad something good came of this horrific practice, but all things told, I think I’d rather it had remained tucked away among thousands of square kilometers of trees.

Tip o’ the Whipple Shield to Ted Judah.

The theory of general relativity: It works. OK, it’s not exactly Earth-shattering news that Albert Einstein’s century-old idea works in real life. That’s been shown over and over. But what had been difficult for researchers to do until now was verify the theory on truly massive scales beyond the solar system, that of whole galaxies and clusters of galaxies. This week in Nature, Reinabelle Reyes and colleagues report that they did it, and that Einstein was proven correct once more.

While the find is a nice coup for Reyes’ team, its importance goes beyond just reaffirming the great scientists of yesteryear with yet another “Einstein was right” story. The existence of dark matter and dark energy is based on the assumption that Einstein’s gravity is affecting galaxies billions of light-years from Earth in the same way that it affects objects in our solar system [National Geographic]. However, if the study had shown that general relativity needed a slight adjustment at vast distances (like the nudge Einstein himself provided to Newton’s physics), that could have altered prevailing ideas about dark matter and energy. This research indicates those pesky ideas may be here to stay [Space.com].

Reyes’ approach combined the study of galaxies’ gravitational lensing (how much they bend the light from surrounding galaxies), their velocities, and how and where they formed clusters. All of these measurements combined created a system to test theories of gravity independent of particular parameters in the theories [Space.com]. What they found closely matched what you’d predict under general relativity. They tested two alternative gravitational theories, too. One, called tensor-vector-scalar (TeVeS), gave results beyond the study’s margin of error. Another, called f(R), didn’t work as well as general relativity. But it fell within the margin of error, so the scientists say it will take more research to disprove it.

Meanwhile, as the spirit of general relativity is reaffirmed in the pages of Nature, the pages upon which Einstein formulated the theory are going on display in Jerusalem. Elsa, his wife, gave the pages to Hebrew University, and they are currently part of 50th anniversary festivities at the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. Each of the 46 pages, labored over between November 1915 and their publication in May 1916, has its own case, each lighted dimly in a room that has been darkened to protect the paper. There on Page 1 is the now familiar title in German: “The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity” [The New York Times].

However, if you need more Einstein and can’t make the trip to Israel, check out his mustachioed mug on the cover of the April DISCOVER issue, on newsstands this week.

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Image: Ferdinand Schmutzer

Word from New Zealand Zimbabwe is that a religious sect there — which believes in prayer over vaccinations — may be responsible for the deaths of over one hundred children from measles.

I believe people have the right to practice their religious beliefs… up until they start to hurt others. It has been proven over and again that prayer does nothing to heal disease over the placebo effect, while vaccinations have saved hundreds of millions of people. That’s math I can do pretty easily.

If this story is true, I certainly hope that the people involved are introduced to the inside of a jail cell for a long, long time. They can happily pray there all they want, and on the outside those children can get the vaccinations that will save their lives.

A pioneering deep-sea robot, which could function unmanned and untethered to a surface ship, was lost at sea this week. The loss of the 15-year-old Autonomous Benthic Explorer, or ABE, comes as a blow to scientists who study the ocean’s floor. ABE could stay under water for an entire day; it ventured into some of the most remote and risky places on earth, making detailed maps of mid-ocean ridges and was the first autonomous vehicle to locate hydrothermal vents [The Boston Globe]. That’s why it earned a spot on Wired magazine’s list of “The 50 Best Robots Ever.”

ABE was on its 222nd research dive, studying a hydrothermal vent it had discovered off the coast of Chile on the Pacific floor, when all contact was lost with its surface vessel Melville. Scientists suspect that one of the glass spheres that helped keep ABE buoyant imploded. Scientists at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, who designed and built the $1 million vehicle, believe that this implosion–almost two miles undersea and under pressure of more than two tons per square inch-would have caused other spheres in ABE to implode, destroying on-board systems and leaving the robot stranded at the bottom of the ocean floor.

At the time of its loss, ABE, who was brought out of retirement as its replacement Sentry was on another expedition, was researching the Chile Triple Junction–the only place on Earth where a mid-ocean ridge is being pushed beneath a continent in a deep ocean trench [The Boston Globe]. Scientists and engineers on the ABE team reported that after a smooth launch, the final dive started normally. “ABE actively homed to its assigned position, reached the seafloor, released its descent weights, then leveled off to check its ballast. After this point, we received no more acoustic returns from the vehicle on either of its two transponders,” they said. This is when they think they lost ABE. Scientists clarified that this incident had nothing to do with the earthquake activity off the coast of Chile.

ABE was first launched in 1995 and revolutionized deep sea research; it was the precursor to today’s most sophisticated autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). The unmanned, untethered ABE roamed the ocean floors easily, as it was programmed to maintain a designated course but also to avoid on-course collisions. While navigating some of the most treacherous territory on earth, ABE made detailed maps of mid-ocean ridges and the 40,000-mile undersea volcanic mountain chain at the boundaries of Earth’s tectonic plates where new seafloor crust is created. It was also the first AUV to locate hydrothermal vents, where hot chemical-rich fluids spew from the seafloor and sustain lush communities of deep-sea life. ABE explored seamounts, undersea volcanoes, and other areas with harsh, rugged terrain [Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution].

Talking about ABE’s watery end, Chris German, National Deep-Submergence Facility chief scientist said: “Abe was a vehicle that we’ll always have fond memories of— it was a world-beater in its day… In a way, it’s fitting that its demise comes on the job, and that it has gone to be recycled through the Chile subduction zone” [Nature blog].

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Image: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution