When I was at the Northeast Conference on Science and Skepticism (NECSS) in April, my epidermically bepated pal George Hrab and I performed an acoustic version of his song "Death from the Skies", based on my book. We actually did it twice; once at a bar where Geo was playing with his trio, and again at the conference to close the whole thing out.

People seemed to like it. Geo certainly did, so much so that he wanted a nicer version to release. He therefore did such a thing and made it available to you, the science-loving throng out in the vast BA sphere of influence. He included the song in Episode 212 of his Geologic Podcast, and the skeptiliciousTM MsInformation put it into a feed of its own for you to download and keep in your digital music storage device.

I love both the original version of the song with its funky beat, but I also love this new version. The tongue-in-cheek lazy Sunday feeling of the soothing music coupled with me talking about the statistics of ...

Yesterday I made an admission of my lack of trust after the 2008 financial crisis. I should have been more precise and clarified that my collapse in trust has been particularly aimed at elites and “experts.” In any case, I realized that the General Social Survey has 2010 results available. This means that I could check any changes in public trust and confidence from 2008 to 2010! Below in the set of charts there is one that assesses trust in banks and financial institutions. The direction of change validates my specific implication. But it seems that my intuition was wrong in that American society had slouched toward more general distrust. This makes me less pessimistic about the direction of our culture and the future rationally (I can’t say that my visceral emotional cynicism has been abolished).

As you can see there wasn’t much change between 2008 and 2010. For the broad question of “can you trust people” I also decided to break it down by political ideology, education, and intelligence in two year rages, 1972-1991 and 1992-2010. There are noticeable differences in intelligence and education (less intelligent and less ...

David Hume, famous scolder of those who would derive “ought” from “is,” was born 300 years ago today. In point of fact Hume, while not enjoying the name recognition of Plato/Aristotle/Descartes/Kant, is certainly in the running for greatest philosopher of all time. He was a careful thinker, resistant to dogmatic answers, and a relatively sprightly writer as philosophers go. An empiricist who was as persuasive about the temptations of radical epistemological skepticism as anyone, but was still able to resist them. His tercentenary is well worth celebrating.

Dan Sperber, via Henry Farrell, suggests that we celebrate by posting quotes from Hume. When I first encountered him as a college freshman, it was in the context of a theology course where we were reading Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. I was intrigued when our professor pointed out a passage that seemed to prefigure Darwin’s theory of natural selection, which wasn’t going to appear until 82 years later. My dog-eared copy seems to have gone missing, but I found the quote at The Rough Guide to Evolution.

“And this very consideration too, continued PHILO, which we have stumbled on in the course of the argument, suggests a new hypothesis of cosmogony, that is not absolutely absurd and improbable. Is there a system, an order, an economy of things, by which matter can preserve that perpetual agitation which seems essential to it, and yet maintain a constancy in the forms which it produces? There certainly is such an economy; for this is actually the case with the present world. The continual motion of matter, therefore, in less than infinite transpositions, must produce this economy or order; and by its very nature, that order, when once established, supports itself, for many ages, if not to eternity.

But wherever matter is so poised, arranged, and adjusted, as to continue in perpetual motion, and yet preserve a constancy in the forms, its situation must, of necessity, have all the same appearance of art and contrivance which we observe at present. All the parts of each form must have a relation to each other, and to the whole; and the whole itself must have a relation to the other parts of the universe; to the element in which the form subsists; to the materials with which it repairs its waste and decay; and to every other form which is hostile or friendly. A defect in any of these particulars destroys the form; and the matter of which it is composed is again set loose, and is thrown into irregular motions and fermentations, till it unite itself to some other regular form.”

To me now, it looks like something of a cross between Darwin — successful forms persevering among the chaos — and the Lucretius/Boltzmann scenario of the universe coming into existence through the random motion of atoms. (What makes Lucretius and Hume brilliant thinkers but Boltzmann and Darwin influential scientists is that the latter grappled closely with data, not just with ideas.)

The common thread among all these thinkers: trying to explain the origins of order in the absence of teleology. The fact that we can do that successfully in biology, and are hot on the trail in cosmology, is a milestone achievement in the history of human thought.

UPDATE:  SOLVED by Bill at 12:23

Bonjour!  Ça va?

What did you think about the way the clues were presented on the bonus riddle?  I had fun with those; so I thought I would slip a few in the weekly riddles now and then.  After seeing how the clues worked once, I don’t think anyone will have any major difficulties with them in the future.  Don’t worry; I’m not planning on blasting you out of the water with them.  Just a few, every now and then.  A lot of you really underestimate yourselves, you know?

Okay!  Are you ready to tackle this week’s scintillating brain teaser?  One for the money… two for the show… three to get ready… and four to GO!

Piero di Cosimo, "Death of Procris"

Although this is well-represented in SciFi, look in the real world for the answer to this riddle.

But soft, what light through yonder window breaks?

You think of this as one thing, but it’s not.

Flag of Brazil

There was a large body of superstition built up around this; and some people truly feared it.

This was known to our ancestors, who used it (among other things) as a means of divination.

“… but when the hot days come, I think they might remember that those are the dog days, and leave a little water outside in a trough, like they do for the horses.”

Map of Nile Delta around the time of Herodotus, James Rennell, published ca 1800-1830 -- This has an excellent enlargement, by the way

There is an interesting paradox closely associated with this in Greek mythology.

Not so long ago, seeing this in time could save your life.

It was associated with life, but it was also associated with death.

Orion - engraving by Johann Bayer 1603

You’ll run across this when studying proper motion and radial velocities.

You can see this in the North, you can see it in the South.  You can see it during the day, you can see it at night.  You can see it in the morning, you can see it in the evening.

A Lockheed Tingmissartoq Sea Plane - the name is Inuit for "one who flies like a large bird"

There!  I bet you’re not in the least confused.  Let me know what you think — or if you’re not thinking, come over to the comments and keep me company.

Top thirteen picks

This Pulitzer-winning series on a desperate bid to identify and treat a rare genetic disorder is incredible science writing. Truly incredible. You have to read it (and the story behind the story).

BLOODY HELL!! Those are whale sharks! 420 of them! Read Al Dove’s take on his own paper for a textbook example of a scientist blogging their own work.

“Charles Darwin was the original crowd-sourced scientist.” Carl Zimmer on the wonderfully named “Evolution Megalab”

Forget arseniclife. Here’s Deborah Blum with a moving tale of arsenic death

If you read one thing this month on the challenges of live, real-time, breaking news, read this by Emily Bell.

I loved this New Yorker profile on David Eagleman and his research on how the brain deals with time

This is why it’s important for journalists to get it right first time round: Vaughan Bell on why retractions fall on deaf ears.

“Are there circumstances in which feeding kittens to boa constrictors might be morally acceptable?” by Emily Anthes

Do we reason to find truth or simply to create more persuasive arguments? Jonah Lehrer on a compelling new hypothesis

Don’t read this in company. You will cry. “Here it ...

I love clever art, especially when that art has a deeper meaning… literally and figuratively.

Check out Japanese artist Takayuki Hori’s X-ray animal origami:

Pictures of the animal bones are printed on transparent paper, so when assembled you get a complete skeleton. They’re beautiful and a bit eerie… and the message the artist is conveying is about pollution in Japan that is threatening and killing wildlife there.

Tip o’ the lead apron to Geekologie.

Related posts:

- X-rayted pinup
- Follow-up: X-Rayted calendar
- Hoo barfed?
- What the hell were we thinking?

I probably shouldn’t ask this, but do you believe the Earth has been visited by intelligent extraterrestrials?  Do you think we are STILL being visited, or “watched”, by aliens?  Do you believe an alien culture was instrumental in the development of our culture on Earth?

We’ve all heard the theory that aliens visited the Earth in antiquity, and that they were regarded as gods.  In May of 2008, the Vatican even agreed that there was a possibility of intelligent extraterrestrial life, and that it (the Church) was okay with that belief.  Wow.  That would’ve got you burned at the stake a few centuries ago.

A very interesting read in 1968.

In 1968 Erich von Danikan published Chariots of the Gods, an international best-seller which hypothesized that ancient technologies and ancient religions where based on alien visitation.  Many of the artifacts von Danikan presented in his book have since been proven by science as having terrestrial origins, but many more are still puzzling and intriguing.

Mayan tomb image. Has been interpreted to show a humanoid figure within a spacecraft.

Jomon statue - has been interpreted as a figure of an ancient astronaut.

The issue heats up when you start looking at archaeological remains.  They’re digging up evidence of civilizations much older than we had thought existed.  The underwater remains are especially intriguing.  Proponents of the theory say that there is evidence of ancient alien visitation in the archaeological record.  I don’t know about that, but I do know that some of the artifacts unearthed are thrilling in their mystery.  Take, for example, the Antikythera Mechanism.

Main fragment of the Antikythera Mechanism - they salvaged three fragments.

That’s mind blowing, in itself.  In fragments, this was discovered in an ancient shipwreck in 1901.  It’s been studied for years, and is now known to be the remains of a complex and sophisticated scientific calculator used to predict the positions of celestial bodies.  This machine has been dated at about 150-65 BCE.  You can go here and watch a computer reconstruction of the device, or go here to the website devoted to research on the device.

Does this mean we have been visited by an alien culture?  I don’t know, myself, but I’d sure like to visit some of those archaeological sites.  What do you think about the issue?  Do you think there is anything in the archaeological record that points to an alien culture?  Do you think we’ve been visited by aliens?  Do you think we’re being watched, or monitored, by an alien intelligence?  Why?

The Pleiades cluster enlargement from the poster, click to see a small version of the poster itself. Credit: Ashland Astronomy

Stars of the Northern Hemisphere is the title of a poster available from Ashland Astronomy Studio.

If you are interested in the night sky but don’t know quite where to begin this poster will come in quite useful.  You probably already have a pair of binoculars so using the poster you will quickly be able to identify some great targets.

Along with Over 2,400 stars including the locations of stars with their own planets (extra solar planets), the poster includes enlargements of the Pleiades (above) and Hades star clusters too. If you’ve never looked at the Pleiades through binoculars do it you will be amazed at what you see.  You will be amazed.  Hint, use a lawn chair/recliner/ or air mattress to be comfy.

The constellations, asterisms and notable stars are all named in this 36 by 24 inch poster which is one of the best ones on the market and at a very reasonable price.  So whether for a classroom, bedroom wall or especially to have handy to find interesting things to see in the night sky, this poster is well worth owning.

Visit Ashland Astronomy for more.

Wait!  Come back!  This isn’t nearly as confusing as it sounds.  You’ll have this down cold in five minutes.  Really.

Okay, let’s say astronomers have just found a planet circling a star 50 light years away from us.  That’s not too much of a stretch; that’s the distance 51 Pegasi b sits out from the Earth.  Anyway, back to our new planet.  Our scientists announce that the planet has hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen in its atmosphere.

Emission spectrum of Hydrogen

Emission spectrum of Iron

Cool!

Wait… what?

How did they do that?  How do they know what’s in a planet’s atmosphere, short of going there and taking a good, solid sniff?  For that matter, how do they even know for certain the planet has an atmosphere?  It takes some serious equipment to be able to find the planet, much less its atmosphere.

(Absorption lines in the Solar Spectrum)

You know how these planets are being discovered, right?  One very good way is to study the light intensity of a star and watch for little dips in the level which would signify something passing between you and the light source, blocking out part of the light you see.  Bingo.  Once a planet has been found, you watch the light as it passes close to your object, and if there is an atmosphere there, it will change the “tone”, or “quality” of light you’re perceiving.  Just a tiny bit… but enough.  That’s spectrophotometry; the image and comparison of various spectra for scientific analysis.

The concept itself isn’t difficult to master, once you get beyond the formidable name.  You know that light passing through water looks different depending on what’s in the water.  Well, an atmosphere is nothing really except an extremely… puffy… fluid.

Diagram by Kevin Saff - this shows how carbon in the environment impacts carbon levels in the atmosphere

Now, you know that every element has its own “signature” on the light spectrum, right?  We have applications for that in every day science here on Earth.  You’re especially familiar with the concept if you follow forensics.  That’s how you tell whether or not your victim has traces of arsenic in his/her body; arsenic has its own “signature” on the light spectrum based on what’s absorbing or reflecting light.

You take this tiny bit of light that’s passed through the atmosphere of your distant planet, separate it out (like the way a prism separates out visible light), and you have the signature of everything that’s in your planet’s atmosphere.  It’s as easy as if we were reading a list of ingredients; in fact, that’s in essence exactly what we are doing.

The science doesn’t stop here, of course.  If we knew that certain life forms (like… ours, maybe?) leave chemical “markers” on the atmosphere, markers that are there only in the presence of this particular life form; and then we find those markers in the atmosphere of another planet…

… wow.

A glorious image of the southern sky from the ESO. Click for larger, full res link below. Credit: ESO/Y. Beletsky

That about sums up the description of this image as far as I am concerned.  Want a desktop of this?  Even if you don’t, head over to the ESO and look at the full res/sized picture just the same – it is just stunning.

Oh you want a better description?  This from the ESO:

Deep in the Chilean Atacama Desert, far from sources of light pollution and other people-related disturbances, there is a tranquil sky like few others on Earth. This is the site for the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope, a scientific machine at the cutting-edge of technology.

In this panoramic photograph, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds — satellite galaxies of our own — glow brightly on the left, while the VLT’s Unit Telescope 1 stands vigil on the right. Appearing to bridge the gap between them is the Milky Way, the plane of our own galaxy. The seemingly countless stars give a sense of the true scale of the cosmos. Every night ESO astronomers rise to the challenge of studying this vista to make sense of the Universe.

This awe-inspiring image was taken by ESO Photo Ambassador Yuri Beletsky. Born in Belarus, Yuri now lives in Chile where he works as an astronomer. The dark skies above the Atacama Desert provide him with splendid opportunities to reveal the majesty of our cosmos, which he is keen to share.

I thought this was interesting about Mars’ atmosphere.  It makes sense, but I didn’t think there would be this much change.

NASA/Opportunity - panoramic view of the Victoria Crater on Mars (true color image)

MOFFETT FIELD, Calif. — NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) has discovered the total amount of atmosphere on Mars changes dramatically as the tilt of the planet’s axis varies. This process can affect the stability of liquid water if it exists on the Martian surface and increase the frequency and severity of Martian dust storms.

Researchers using MRO’s ground-penetrating radar identified a large, buried deposit of frozen carbon dioxide, or dry ice, at the Red Planet’s south pole. The scientists suspect that much of this carbon dioxide enters the planet’s atmosphere and swells the atmosphere’s mass when Mars’ tilt increases. The findings are published in a report in the journal Science.

The newly found deposit has a volume similar to Lake Superior’s nearly 3,000 cubic miles. The deposit holds up to 80 percent as much carbon dioxide as today’s Martian atmosphere. Collapse pits caused by dry ice sublimation and other clues suggest the deposit is in a dissipating phase, adding gas to the atmosphere each year. Mars’ atmosphere is about 95 percent carbon dioxide, in contrast to Earth’s much thicker atmosphere, which is less than .04 percent carbon dioxide.

“We already knew there is a small perennial cap of carbon-dioxide ice on top of the water ice there, but this buried deposit has about 30 times more dry ice than previously estimated,” said Roger Phillips of Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colo. Phillips is deputy team leader for MRO’s Shallow Radar instrument and lead author of the report.

“We identified the deposit as dry ice by determining the radar signature fit the radio-wave transmission characteristics of frozen carbon dioxide far better than the characteristics of frozen water,” said Roberto Seu of Sapienza University of Rome, team leader for the Shallow Radar and a co-author of the new report. Additional evidence came from correlating the deposit to visible sublimation features typical of dry ice.

“When you include this buried deposit, Martian carbon dioxide right now is roughly half frozen and half in the atmosphere, but at other times it can be nearly all frozen or nearly all in the atmosphere,” Phillips said.

An occasional increase in the atmosphere would strengthen winds, lofting more dust and leading to more frequent and more intense dust storms. Another result is an expanded area on the planet’s surface where liquid water could persist without boiling. Modeling based on known variation in the tilt of Mars’ axis suggests several-fold changes in the total mass of the planet’s atmosphere can happen on time frames of 100,000 years or less.

The changes in atmospheric density caused by the carbon-dioxide increase also would amplify some effects of the changes caused by the tilt. Researchers plugged the mass of the buried carbon-dioxide deposit into climate models for the period when Mars’ tilt and orbital properties maximize the amount of summer sunshine hitting the south pole. They found at such times, global, year-round average air pressure is approximately 75 percent greater than the current level.

“A tilted Mars with a thicker carbon-dioxide atmosphere causes a greenhouse effect that tries to warm the Martian surface, while thicker and longer-lived polar ice caps try to cool it,” said co-author Robert Haberle, a planetary scientist at NASA’s Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, Calif. “Our simulations show the polar caps cool more than the greenhouse warms. Unlike Earth, which has a thick, moist atmosphere that produces a strong greenhouse effect, Mars’ atmosphere is too thin and dry to produce as strong a greenhouse effect as Earth’s, even when you double its carbon-dioxide content.”

The Shallow Radar, one of MRO’s six instruments, was provided by the Italian Space Agency and its operations are led by the Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications at Sapienza University of Rome. NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., manages the MRO project for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate at the agency’s headquarters in Washington. Lockheed Martin Space Systems in Denver built the spacecraft.

Years ago I took a course on Tudor and Stuart England. Its primary focus was more on social and cultural aspects of British society at the time, rather than diplomatic history. Later I took an interest in the England of the Civil War era. One thing that struck me was the unquestioned acceptance of monarchy in the minds of the people, from high nobility to low commoner. Like the Romans before the Visigothic sack in the early 5th century these were a people who could not imagine a world any different than the one they had known. That is one of the things which made the execution of Charles I so shocking to many contemporaries. Myself, I was tacitly indoctrinated in American republicanism as a child. Films like the The Patriot grow in the rich soil of the same cultural environment which gave rise to the phenomenon of the antagonists in Roman era films speaking with British accents while the protagonists had robust American drawls. As I spent my formative years on the fringes of of New England there was particular pride taken in that region’s early role ...

In the wake of the post from earlier this week on the inbreeding within the House of Windsor (and current lack thereof), Luke Jostins, a subject of the British monarch, has a nice informative post up, Inbreeding, Genetic Disease and the Royal Wedding. This tidbit is of particular interest:

In fact, eleventh cousins is a pretty low degree of relatedness, by the standard of these things. A study of inbreeding in European populations found that couples from the UK are, on average, as genetically related as 6th cousins (the study looked at inbreeding in Scots, and in children of one Orkadian and one non-Orkadian. No English people, but I would be very suprised if we differed significantly). 6th cousins share about 0.006% of their DNA, and thus have about a 0.06% chance of developing a genetic disease via a common ancestor. Giving that the Royal Family are better than most at genealogy, we can probably conclude that the royal couple are less closely related than the average UK couple, and thus their children are less likely than most to suffer from a genetic disease. Good news for them, bad news for geneticists, perhaps?

That’s an interesting flip side of aristocratic ...

“INTRODUCTION: The average bicycle police officer spends 24 hours a week on his bicycle and previous studies have shown riding a bicycle with a traditional (nosed) saddle has been associated with urogenital paresthesia and sexual dysfunction.

AIM: The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the no-nose bicycle saddle as an ergonomic intervention and their acceptance among male bicycle police officers.

METHODS: Bicycle police officers from five U.S. metropolitan areas were recruited for this study. Officers completed: (i) the International Index of Erectile Function Questionnaire (IIEF); (ii) computerized pressure measurements at the points of contact on the bicycle; the handlebars, the pedals, and the saddle; (iii) one night of nocturnal Rigiscan assessment; (iv) penile vibrotactile sensitivity threshold assessed by computerized biothesiometery. Officers selected a no-nose saddle for their bicycles and were asked to use the intervention saddle exclusively for 6 months, at which point they were retested.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Perineal pressure, urogenital numbness, penile vibrotactile sensitivity threshold, erectile function as measure by International Index of Erectile Function Questionnaire (IIEF) and Rigiscan.

RESULTS: After 6 months, 90 men were reassessed. Only three men had returned to a traditional saddle. The results are presented for ...

Over the past few days some friends have started receiving their results from 23andMe’s last sale (others have put me on notice to inform them of the next discount window). This brings me to thinking about direct-to-consumer genetic testing, and the legal and technological framework in which we live. In relation to the former thanks to Daniel Vorhaus the F.D.A. has reopened the public docket on this issue, until May 2nd. So Monday. The best way to submit is online: http://www.regulations.gov, and reference docket ID FDA-2011-N-0066. I believe this direct link to the submission page should work as well. You obviously know my opinion. Here are some sample submissions. You can also see the submissions so far at this address. Some of them are quite succinct: “FDA let people access their genetic information since it’s one of basic right of human being.”

Dr. Daniel MacArthur has more sage commentary, as usual.

Have a good weekend!

I haven’t had these for a while. Following a request from the new year I’ve been mulling how to write up Population Structure and Eigenanalysis in an intelligible manner to the general readership. Still kind of at an impasse. On a logistical note, my email address is really getting on way too many mailing lists. If you want a prompt response from me twitter might be best, at least until I get overwhelmed by the noise on that service and move on to something else….

What’s the News: British scientists searching for signs of climate change in banded snail shells have completed one of the largest evolutionary studies ever, a massive survey across 15 European countries. Their research associates? More than 6,000 snail-hunting volunteers.

How the Heck:

Banded snails are sensitive to the sun, and lighter-colored shells reflect more sunlight than darker shells, helping them keep cool. The scientists in charge of the study, run by Open University, hypothesized that the 1.3° C climb in temperature since the 1950s would have given lighter snails an evolutionary advantage. Armed with shell color data from the ’50s through the ’90s, they set out to see if the number of light snails had grown.
To get samples from the present day, they enlisted the help of volunteers through the Evolution Megalab project, launched in honor of Darwin’s 200th birthday in April 2009. Volunteers registered on the site, learned to identify the different colors of snail shell, and set out scrounging around hedges and weeds over the course of six months. They submitted data sheets online, marking where they had found the snails on Google Maps so scientists could tell what habitat they were in—grassland, hedgerow, ...

If the Air Force gets its way, it will have spying eyes hidden in the very motes on its enemies’ boots. In a wonderfully vague request this week, the Air Force called for companies to design miniature drones capable of dusting targets with signal-emitting particles. They say the technology (assuming it works) could be used to identify civilians or track wildlife, which is military-speak for “we want to track and kill terrorists, not bunnies.”

According to the request, the Air Force wants a small remotely piloted aircraft, or SRPA, that would “unobtrusively distribute taggants onto moving targets.” They describe taggants as tiny electro-magnetic-emitting devices. The key part of the request is for the tracked person to not be aware that he’s being tracked. The request makes the laughable point that a swooping SRPA or tracking-device-laden paint ball probably wouldn’t be obtrusive enough because “the target would obviously notice a swooping SRPA and likely feel the sting of the well-placed pellet.” (Either that, or you’re dealing with one very unaware terrorist.)

To be unobtrusive enough, the Air Force says that the drone should be able to deliver a ...

I am not an expert in gender diversity in the sciences, but through my reading and talking about it with scientists, it appears that big strides have been made in the past decade or two, but the goal of gender equity is obviously still a ways off.

One thing I do know is that all disciplines need role models, and I just found out about an interesting web site called Women in Planetary Sciences (motto: "Women make up half the bodies in the solar system. Why not half the scientists?") which has a series of interviews with women planetary scientists. I know a few of these folks — like Emily Lakdawalla, Heidi Hammel, and Sara Seager, names that may be familiar to regular BA readers — and reading their stories is pretty interesting.

If you know a girl or woman interested in planetary science, or any science, then please send them that link. I think they’ll find some encouragement and support from the words of these women who have been so successful in exploring the Universe.

Metastatic melanoma cells

What’s the News: Souped-up cells from a patient’s own immune system could one day be used to treat advanced melanoma, according to a preliminary study published in Science Translational Medicine investigating the safety of the technique. The researchers manipulated a patient’s immune system cells to better recognize cancer cells in the lab and then re-introduced those cells into the body—an approach called “adoptive T-cell therapy.”

How the Heck:

The researchers took T-cells, one of the main classes of cells the immune system uses to fight off disease, from nine patients with advanced melanoma.
Using genetically engineered cells that have some of the same antigens—the sorts of molecules that immune cells take as a signal to attack—that tumor cells do, the researchers in effect improved the T-cells’ memory for cancer cells.
They then multiplied the cells, so they’d be more numerous inside the body, and infused each patient with their own cells. This infusion of souped-up cancer-targeting cells boosts the immune system’s ability to combat the cancer.
Ten weeks later, seven of the patients had more of the specially trained T-cells than were originally re-introduced. Of the nine patients in total, the cancer stabilized in ...