Editor's note: Astronomy Update is a monthly column provided by the Chippewa Valley Astronomical Society, Hobbs Observatory and the L.E. Phillips Planetarium, compiled by Lauren Likkel of the UW-Eau Claire physics and astronomy department.

Last month saw the opening of "The Avengers," which so far has taken in more than $575 million worldwide.

I contributed my $8.50.

The movie exercised the belief of aliens, or extraterrestrial life, from outer space who were about to take over the world.

Countless movies have such scenarios, but why?

Many human beings are fascinated with outer space organisms because of the unknown aspects.

Recently, there have been many discoveries of exoplanets, or planets not in our solar system, orbiting other stars. More than 200 have been confirmed, while thousands more are possible candidates of being exoplanets.

This brings the hope that extraterrestrial life exists.

The first exoplanet was found in 1995 and is orbiting the star 51 Pegasus, with a planet year of merely four days and a planet mass half the size of the massive Jupiter.

That is a big exoplanet orbiting very close to its star.

See the rest here:

Astronomy Update: Exoplanets hint at extraterrestrial life

MESSENGER is a spacecraft thats been orbiting Mercury since early 2011, sending back to Earth huge amounts of data about the tiny planet, including incredible high-resolution close-up images. Its an amazing mission

but I wonder what kind of Mickey Mouse outfit would put up this kind of image for display?

[Click to enmusculate.]

Well, at least I know to whom NASA can turn if the current budget cuts get through Congress.

Image credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington

Related Posts:

- X Crater: First Class - Watermelon planet - MESSENGER contacts the Borg - Lets pass over Mercury - Clair de Mercury

The rest is here:

Mickey Mouse MESSENGER Mercury | Bad Astronomy

OK, look, I know Ive posted a lot of Venus Transit pix, and its been a week now, so you have to know I wouldnt post one this late unless it was really awesome.

I present to you really awesome Part 1:

Wow! This was taken by friend-of-the-BABlog Alan Friedman. To shoot this video he used a filter that lets through light from hydrogen, and that shows lots of solar activity like sunspots and filaments. The video is a negative, which makes it easier to see faint details on the surface, and which makes Venus look white instead of black. But I like how he kept his telescope centered on the Sun as it set, so it looks like its the tower moving into the field of view instead of the usual shot of the horizon held steady while the Sun sets. Very cool.

[Update: For those asking about the tower, Alan sent me this photo to clear things up.]

But he did more than take video: he took his usual jaw-dropping, stunning, ridiculously cool photos as well, like this one really awesome, Part 2:

[Click to ensolarnate.]

Yegads. Hes done some photographic trickery to bring out details he made the Suns face negative like in the video, but used false color to make it reddish, and then had to specifically make Venus look dark again (are you following this?). I actually rather like the red and green together; Alan notes theres a watermelon thing going on there.

Mmmmm, watermelon.

Anyway, I have to admit, when I asked for pictures of the Venus Transit, I was expecting almost all of them to be straight photos of the Sun with Venus silhouetted against it, but instead got such a wonderful and dramatic variety of photos thats its been a real thrill to see them. Ive appended the gallery of photos at the end of this post, and check out Related Posts just below to see more images of the transit as well as more amazing pictures taken by Alan.

View original post here:

Towering transit of Venus | Bad Astronomy

When will we live on the Moon?

Its a fair question. Newt Gingrichs assininery notwithstanding, its worth considering carefully. While Im pretty sure that at some future date we will have a permanent human colony on the Moon perhaps even a thriving nation over time the more interesting bit to me is how something like this will come to be.

So when I was asked by the BBC to write an article for their blog called "Future", as part of a series called "Will We Ever?", the idea of humans living on the Moon seemed like a good topic. My thoughts on this are now up on their site: Will We Ever Live on the Moon? It outlines one possible path toward a lunar base, and its not necessarily the only one. But given recent developments and our current circumstances, the situation I describe in that article isnt unrealistic.

If we are to one day live on the Moon and I do seriously think we will this may be the way it happens. Give it a read and see if you agree!

Image credit: Small Artworks

Related Posts:

- The Gingrich Who Stole The News Cycle - OK, a couple of more things about a Moon base - Breakaway + 10 - Debating space

The rest is here:

Will we ever live on the Moon? | Bad Astronomy

Active sunspots are pretty dramatic all by themselves, but a little over-the-top music can’t hurt. This spot has been spitting out some low-level activity, but the Sun is tricksy. We’ll see if we get some bigger ones as this thing rotates in our direction over the next few days. Be on alert for aurorae! [ Footage by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory ] Related Posts: - GORGEOUS solar eruption ...

See more here:

What a dramatic sunspot! | Bad Astronomy

Posted: Wed, Jun 13, 2012, 8:29 PM ET (0029 GMT) A Pegasus rocket successfully launched a small NASA spacecraft designed to help astronomers track down black holes. An Orbital Sciences Corporation L-1011 aircraft, flying out of Kwajalein Atoll in the Pacific Ocean, released the Pegasus XL rocket at 12:00 pm EDT (1600 GMT). The rocket's first stage ignited five seconds after release, and it and two other stages propelled NASA's NuSTAR into a circular low Earth orbit. NuSTAR, or Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array, is designed to detect hard x-ray emissions from astrophysical phenomena, in particular black holes. It will complement observations by other NASA spacecraft at other x-ray energies. The 350-kilogram spacecraft was also built by Orbital, and the project is led by Caltech.

Continue reading here:

Pegasus launches NASA astronomy satellite

11-06-2012 14:57

Go here to see the original:

Astronomy Cast Ep. 264: Hazards of Spaceflight - Video

A rendering of the planned Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, which could add pressure to already strained federal science budgets. Credit: LSST Corporation

ANCHORAGEMuch of the hand-wringing about budget cuts to astronomy in recent years has centered on the big, costly space missions and telescope projects that have been diminished, delayed or canceled. But the newest round of bad news may hit closer to home for many astronomers.

Jim Ulvestad, who directs the National Science Foundations Division of Astronomical Sciences, warned his colleagues Monday at the American Astronomical Society meeting here that their odds of securing federal research grants are falling fast. Along with NASA, NSF NSF is one of the two major U.S. funding agencies thatfacilitates astronomical sciences by doling out grants to individual astronomers and collaborations for specific research campaigns. But the agency is approving fewer and fewer of the applications it receives.

Our success rate has been slumping gradually down to 20 percent over the past few years, Ulvestad said. In 2012 its going to go down precipitously. Only 13 percent of astronomy grant applications are likely to be approved this year, he noted. And with many research dollars for the coming years already allocated as part of past multiyear awards, the outlook for the future is just as bad, if not worse. This is highly unlikely to turn around in the next three years, Ulvestad said.

In 1992, NSF approved nearly half of the 266 grant applications it received for astronomical research programs. On average, each grant provided $152,000. By 2011, though, the size of the average award had more than doubled, to $367,000. And the number of proposals had skyrocketed to 658. Were getting a huge increase in the number of proposals, a huge increase in the average award, Ulvestad said. There really is just no way for us to keep up.

Ulvestad said that no one factor was responsible for the surging number of proposals, which now increases by about 10 percent annually. But with NSFs astronomy budget decreasing slightly in each of the past several years, the flood of applications has made the grant program more and more competitive. That is unlikely to change. In fact, NSF will soon be on the hook for expensive telescope facilities, such as the Advanced Technology Solar Telescope and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, which could further eat away at the research dollars available for individual investigators.

The trend toward big, expensive projects is prompting NSF to review its ongoing programs and figure out which should proceed and which will fall victim to cost-cutting. A report on the outcome of that portfolio review should go public in late summer. We have to make some choices, and we want to make them strategically, Ulvestad said. Were moving toward a situation where, if were not carefulif we have a lot of facilities and they dont have any ability to support grad students or postdocs, then that would be pretty devastating to the field.

Excerpt from:

Funding for Big Astronomy Ventures Could Hurt Smaller Projects

I love this. Just love it. Short, simple, and to the point.

This was a billboard designed by Every Child By Two, a vaccination advocacy group I like a lot and strongly support (in fact, if you buy a Zen Pencils print of my Science Fare speech half the profits go to ECBT). While people like Meryl Dorey and Judy Wilyman vilely attack parents of babies who have died from vaccine-preventable diseases, groups like ECBT are trying valiantly to save babies lives.

Go talk to your board certified doctor and find out if you need to be vaccinated, and if you need your TDAP booster. Help save lives.

Related Posts:

- Followup: Antivaxxers, airlines, and ailments - Whooping cough outbreak in Boulder - Pertussis can kill, and you can stop it - I got shot

Original post:

Not vaccinated? No kisses! | Bad Astronomy

A workshop on funding opportunities for African-European radio astronomy partnerships brought together Members of the European Parliament, officials of the European Commission and the European Investment Bank, as well as leading African and European radio astronomers and representatives of global industry, to discuss how to further develop cooperation in radio astronomy between Africa and Europe.

The workshop took place days after the SKA (Square Kilometre Array) Organisation decided that the South Africa, along with its eight SKA partner countries in Africa, will host the mid-frequency dish array and dense aperture array of the iconic SKA radio telescope. The fruitful meeting ended with an elaboration of next steps to establish a dedicated African-European Radio Astronomy Platform (AERAP) vehicle to enhance cooperation.

Radio astronomy is recognised as one of the disciplines with the most exciting potential for building Africa's science and technology capacities and is also an area of great strategic importance for the future of research in Europe. The workshop "Leveraging new funding opportunities for African-European Astronomy partnerships - Realizing the objectives of the European Parliament's Written Declaration 45/2011" followed a landmark decision for the international astronomy community.

On 25 May 2012 the Members of the SKA Organisation agreed to construct two of the three SKA receiver components in Africa (with the other located in Australia and New Zealand). The SKA will be about 50 - 100 times more sensitive than any other radio telescope. Its construction is expected to cost about 1.5 billion Euros.

Dr Michiel van Haarlem, Interim Director General of SKA Organisation: "We are looking forward to working together with African colleagues on the SKA. This will be part of a global collaboration with African countries, Australia and New Zealand."

Prof George Miley, Vice President of the International Astronomical Union and International Coordinator of the EU Universe Awareness project: "Astronomy is a unique instrument for development.

It links cutting edge technologies, frontier sciences and our deepest cultural layers. South Africa has been a role model for the International Astronomical Union in exploiting astronomy for capacity building. A large part of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) will be built in Africa. This will be enormous iconic project for Africa, Europe and World and an enormous boost for capacity building in Africa."

During the workshop recent policy developments in EU-Africa cooperation, such as a European Parliament Written Declaration and an African Union Assembly Decision, which endorsed radio astronomy as a priority focus area for Africa-EU cooperation, were presented.

Discussions focused on how the radio astronomy community could best leverage Africa-EU funding opportunities, resulting from this favourable policy environment, for scientific and education cooperation, including researcher mobility and student and staff exchange programmes, as well as industrial partnerships in areas such as ICT, energy and advanced manufacturing.

Prof Luis Magalhaes, Co-Chair of the Africa-EU Science, Information Society and Space Partnership Joint Expert Group: "Cooperation in radio astronomy is very interesting for Europe and Africa. It involves science, technology and communication aspects.

The rest is here:

Exploring The Universe With The African-European Radio Astronomy Platform

11-06-2012 11:04 This is an OSU Astronomy "Coffee Brief" for the Beatty et al. (2012) paper titled "KELT-2Ab: A Hot Jupiter Transiting the Bright (V=8.77) Primary Star of a Binary System" posted on the astro-ph archive on June 10, 2012. For more details, see the paper at: Movie made by Thomas Beatty (OSU Astronomy).

Here is the original post:

Beatty et al. (2012): OSU Astronomy Coffee Brief - Video

When I was five years old, my entire life changed.

It was a good change the best, really and it happened in a single moment, all at once, irrevocably and utterly. And all I did was look through a telescope.

Wanna know more? Then go read a short article about this I wrote for Slate magazine. They asked me to write about the state of science education, and what can be done to improve it. Thats a huge topic, vast, and in some ways impenetrable. So I poked at it a bit, looking for some leverage, and told the editor that while I dont know how to fix our broken science education system, I know what worked for me personally. And I know it works for thousands, millions of others.

All it took was a moment of science. Go read the article for more.

But wait, theres more! I tweeted a link to the Slate article, and my friend (and newly minted PhD) Nicole Gugliucci asked others what their moment of science was. Its a good question! What was yours? Leave a comment here, or tweet it with the hastag #momentofscience. Im about go on travel for a day, but on Wednesday Ill collect and post them!

Read more:

A moment of science | Bad Astronomy

Theres a lot more going on over your head than you know.

For example, the atmosphere of the Earth thins out gradually the higher you go, and when you get to about 100 kilometers (60 miles) up, different physical processes become important. One of them is called chemiluminescence light produced by chemical processes. This can make the upper atmosphere glow in different colors. Its faint, and best seen from space where we conveniently keep several astronauts. Neuroscientist and amateur video maker Alex Rivest has collected pictures of this airglow taken by astronauts and made this eerie and beautiful time lapse video:

Alex took the original astronaut pictures and enhanced them somewhat to bring out the faint airglow. You can see it in lots of pictures taken from the space station, and Ive commented on it many times. One thing Ive been meaning to do, though, is find out what the physical process is thats causing the air to glow, and why it creates different colors you can clearly see green, yellow, and red glow in many of the pictures!

Alex comes to the rescue on that as well. On his blog, he discusses how he made the video and why the air glows (based on a somewhat terser explanation at the Atmospheric Optics website).

The way this works is simple in general, though complicated in detail much like everything else in the Universe! Basically, during the day, in the upper atmosphere ultraviolet light from the Sun pumps energy into oxygen molecules (called O2; two oxygen atoms bound together this is the stuff we breathe). This energy splits the molecules apart into individual atoms, and these atoms have a little bit of extra energy we say these atoms are in an excited state. Like a jittery person whos had too much coffee, they want to give off this energy. They can do this in a couple of ways: they can emit light, or they can bump into other atoms and molecules and react chemically with them.

If you have an excited oxygen atom sitting in space all by its lonesome, it can either dump that energy by emitting green light or red light. Usually, itll emit green light in less than a second after becoming excited, and itll emit red light on much longer timescales, like minutes. This is important, so bear with me.

At a height below about 95 km, the atmosphere is thick enough that collisions between atoms happens all the time. In fact, an excited oxygen atom doesnt have to wait very long (usually microseconds) before another atom or molecule bumps it. If collisions happen faster, on average, than about once every 0.1 seconds, then an oxygen atom doesnt have enough time to emit green light before getting smacked by another atom or molecule. When that happens, the other atom can steal its energy, and no green light is emitted. So below that height we dont see any green emission.

At heights of 95 100 km or so, collisions happen less frequently, giving the oxygen atom time to blow out a green photon (a particle of light). So at that height we do see the green glow. This layer is thin, like the shell of a bubble, and we see it as an arc due to limb brightening (which you can read about here if you want details). In the picture above, you can see it as a very thin green arc above the diffuse yellow glow (which Ill get to; hang tight). Normally it wouldnt be very bright, but looking along the edge of the shell is like looking through a very long slab that stretches for hundreds of kilometers. The light builds up, making it bright enough to see.

Higher up, above 100 km, the oxygen atoms are much farther apart because the density is lower. The odds of two of them colliding are a lot lower, so the time between collisions can be pretty long, long enough to give the oxygen atoms time to emit red photons. Thats why we see that red glow higher up, where the air is ethereally thin.

The rest is here:

The softly glowing night sky | Bad Astronomy

When I look at Cassini images of Saturn with its multitude of rings and fleet of moons I am inspired, moved, and even awed.

And sometimes I laugh. When I saw this image, for example, I actually chuckled to myself. Why?

[Click to encronosenate.]

This gorgeous shot was taken on December 30, 2011 and released just today as the Cassini Image of the Week. It shows Saturns gorgeous rings seen nearly edge on, and the tiny moon Epimetheus, only 113 kilometers in diameter, next to them.

Its a lovely image to be sure, and my very first thought was; I wonder if Epimetheus is closer to us than the rings, or farther away? If were looking down on the rings, from the north, then Epimetheus is closer to us. But if were looking up from underneath the rings, Epimetheus is on the other side of the rings. I could mentally switch my perspective back and forth, but I couldnt tell which view is correct! This prompted my chuckle, as I wryly smiled at my brains confusion (I love optical illusions).

So take another look: are we looking down on the rings, or up? Hint: the Sun is shining from the north, down on the rings.

Its a bit of a conundrum, isnt it? Just by looking its almost impossible to figure out! If youre familiar with Cassini pictures, the rings look subtly different if they are illuminated from above and youre looking at them from underneath, and vice-versa. But its hard to tell. And to be honest, I wouldnt have known without reading the caption for the image.

The answer is were looking up. The Sun is shining down on the top of the rings, and were looking up from underneath, putting wee Epimetheus about 1.5 million kilometers (900,000 miles) from Cassini when this picture was taken. If it helps, hold up something round like a DVD and look at it from underneath. As another helpful guide: in the image above, the part of the rings at the top of the picture are closest to you, the bottom farther away, and Epimetheus father still.

And I bet that even knowing that, some of you are having a hard time picturing it. Our brains are funny things, easily fooled when theres symmetry in a picture, especially when that picture shows an unfamiliar object. Im sure Carolyn Porco can just glance at something like this and figure out everything she needs to understand the geometry! Im not so sure I couldve.

Read the rest here:

The ups and downs of Saturn pictures | Bad Astronomy

LAS CRUCES Members of the New Mexico State University Astronomy Department worked to halt proposed cuts to NASA's planetary exploration budget Saturday by hosting a car wash to raise funds and, more importantly, awareness about the issue.

Motorists traveling on East Lohman Avenue were heralded by a shiny, silver robot to a parking lot beside the nearby AutoZone store where several graduate students and professors from NMSU's Astronomy Department educated drivers on the proposed cuts that they say will be devastating to the nation's future in space exploration, all while making sure their vehicles were sparkling clean.

Part of a nationwide campaign, car washes, bake sales and even shoe-shining events were held by planetary sciences students and faculty, engineers, scientists and space enthusiasts throughout the country Saturday in an attempt to raise awareness about the proposed budget cuts, explained Chas Miller, a graduate student in NMSU's Astronomy Department. Similar fundraisers took place in Houston, Orlando, San Francisco and Boulder, Colo., to name a few.

"The proposed budget would bring about a 20 percent cut in one year for planetary exploration programs," he said.

Like many of the cities were fundraisers were held Saturday, "There is a long history of space exploration in southern New Mexico," said Nancy Chanover, associate professor at NMSU's Astronomy Department.

Charging a mere $1 donation for each car wash, organizers of Saturday's

Sharing information on space exploration and research with patrons, volunteers asked residents to support the cause by signing letters that will be sent to Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchison, R-Texas, a member of the U.S. Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies, that urge the lawmaker to work to fully restore planetary exploration funding.

"Sen. Hutchison is the closest representative (of the subcommittee) to Las Cruces," Miller explained. "We're not asking for more funding, we're just asking that she work to keep the planetary exploration budget as stable as possible."

The proposed cut would lower funding for NASA's planetary exploration program from $1.5 billion to $1.2 billion in the 2013 fiscal year.

Although patrons weren't required to sign the letter to have a car washed during the event, an hour into the afternoon fundraiser, volunteers had already obtained more than 15 signatures.

Read the original here:

Astronomy students host car wash to oppose NASA cuts

Local (to me) photographer Patrick Cullis was filming the Venus Transit last week from Colorado, and got a surprise: Pretty cool. That’s part of a longer video he made of the transit that’s nice, too. While I’m at it, he made a really pretty time lapse of the sky over Boulder, including footage of Venus and Jupiter setting over the Flatiron mountains; it’s well worth a moment of your time to ...

Continued here:

Venus orbital plane | Bad Astronomy

FACT: NASAs total budget is less than 1% of the Federal spending. Way less than 1%.

FACT: The proposed fiscal year 2013 budget out of the White House has huge cuts to NASA. Planetary sciences alone has $300 million slashed from it.

FACT: If this cut stays in the budget, NASA will have to pull back from some big and exciting planetary missions. Its already made NASA back out of an agreement with the European Space Agency on two ambitious Mars probes.

FACT: This sucks. A lot. America leads the way in scientific planetary missions, and this cut will hurt that, significantly.

Its unclear if Congress will reinstate that money. So what can we do?

My friend Alan Stern head of the new Horizons Pluto probe already on its way to the tiny world decided to try something radical: raise public awareness about all this by holding various "fund raisers" across the nation bake sales and car washes! Yes, you read that right: planetary scientists will be washing cars and giving away cookies to help save NASA. Its not really about raising money, its about getting peoples attention on this. Folks will get a chance to talk to scientists and find out what NASA does, and why its important.

This event will be held at various locations around the US on Saturday, June 9th tomorrow! You can get some of the basic info on the SwRI Planetary Bake Sale page. Theres also a Facebook page, and the good people at SETI have a page on it as well, and they have links to more info on the budget cuts. Search Google for local info.

Here in Boulder, Colorado, were doing our part too. It turns out local laws make car washing and bake sales a problem, so Alan decided to shine shoes. Again, yes, you read that right. He and other scientists will be at the First United Methodist Church of Boulder at 1421 Spruce Street, right off the Pearl Street Mall, from 9:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. shining shoes and raising awareness.

Ill be there too. These cuts came as a huge shock, especially since the White House seems to have been supporting planetary science up until this new budget was released. Im pretty ticked. With this new budget, were dumping any future Cassini-type mission and think about what Cassini has done for us just in terms of bringing beauty and awe into our lives. Or just click here and peruse the dozens upon dozens of posts Ive written about just Cassini itself.

I know were facing tough economic times. but not investing in space exploration is equivalent to eating next years seeds. Sure, it saves a little money now, but the cost down the road is far, far too high. We must explore. Just as we must get our government to understand that.

See the rest here:

Shining shoes for NASA | Bad Astronomy

I suppose this comic will make more sense if, at first, you go here . Then here . And then here and here and here and finally here . I’m not saying it will make sense at that point. I’m just saying there you go. And I think in that comic panel here I look like Mr. Burns after his weekly medical treatment .

View original post here:

Bad what now? | Bad Astronomy

Posted: Fri, Jun 8, 2012, 6:41 AM ET (1041 GMT) Citing growing costs, NASA officials announced Thursday they were canceling a small x-ray astronomy mission that was still in the early stages of development. The Gravity and Extreme Magnetism Small Explorer (GEMS) mission failed to pass a confirmation review by NASA last week, and the decision not to continue development of the mission was formally confirmed by the agency on Thursday. Officials said development of the instruments needed for the spacecraft was proving to be more difficult than originally planned, driving up costs and leading to cost overruns of 20 to 30 percent above its $119-million cost cap, based on independent analyses of the project. NASA will spend about $50 million on GEMS, including termination costs. The mission, part of NASA's Explorer program of small astrophysics mission, had planned to launch in late 2014 to study x-ray emissions from the vicinity of supermassive black holes and neutron stars.

Link:

NASA cancels astronomy mission

I figured I was done posting Venus Transit pictures, but I shouldve realized I hadnt heard from Thierry Legault yet. And as soon as I saw his name in my email Inbox this morning, and before I even opened it, I knew Id have at least one more picture to show you.

And I was right. Thierry is a master astrophotographer, and hes not one to just let an astronomical event go by without figuring out some way to make it even cooler. He traveled to northeast Australia to view the Venus transit not just because it had a good view, but also because from there, he could see the Hubble Space Telescope transiting the Sun at the same time! On June 6th, at 01:42:25 UTC, he got this amazing shot:

Holy wow! [Click to doubletransitenate.]

You can see Venus as the big black circle, as well as dozens of sunspots. But you can also see multiple images of Hubble as it zipped across the Sun, circled in the image above. Orbiting the Earth, Hubble moves across the sky so quickly that it crossed the Sun in just under a second. Blasting his DSLR away at ten frames per second (and with an exposure time of only 1/8000th of a second per frame) Thierry managed to get 8 shots of Hubble silhouetted against the Sun.

Heres a bit of a close-up:

I added the arrows to help you see Hubble. The orbiting telescope was about 750 kilometers (450 miles) away from Thierry when he took these pictures (it was not directly overhead), so details on Hubble are too small to capture, but it can be seen as a black dot.

Theirrys done this before, too: in January 2011, he got an astonishing picture of the space station crossing the Sun during a partial solar eclipse! His ability to time these events and get pictures like these is nothing short of amazing.

He also says he got more pictures, too, including some of Venus just as it was entering the Suns face. Hopefully hell have those available soon! In the meantime, click the links below under Related Posts to see more of his ridiculously cool photos.

View original post here:

Interloper of the Venus Transit | Bad Astronomy