A detailed study of roaming reactions - where atoms of compounds split off and orbit other atoms to form unexpected new compounds - could enable scientists to make much more accurate predictions about molecules in the atmosphere, including models of climate change, urban pollution and ozone depletion.

In a paper published today in the journal Science, a team of researchers from UNSW Sydney, University of Sydney, Emory University and Cornell University showed in unprecedented detail exactly what happens during roaming reactions of chemical compounds.

Professor Scott Kable, an atmospheric scientist who is also the head of UNSW's School of Chemistry, likens the study to lifting the hood on roaming reactions and seeing for the first time how the parts fit together. He says the study will give scientists new tools to understand the machinations of reactions in the atmosphere.

"Chemical reactions, where atoms are rearranged to make new substances, are occurring all the time in our atmosphere as a result of natural emission from plants and animals as well as human activity," Prof Kable says.

"Many of the key reactions in the atmosphere that contribute to photochemical smog and the production of carbon dioxide are initiated by sunlight, which can split molecules apart.

"For a long time, scientists thought these reactions happened in a simple way, that sunlight was absorbed and then the molecule explodes, sending atoms in different directions.

"But, in the last few years it was found that, where the energy from the sun was only just enough to break a chemical bond, the fragments perform an intimate dance before exchanging atoms and creating new, unanticipated, chemical products - known as roaming reactions.

"Our research shows these 'roaming' reactions exhibit unusual and unexpected features."

Prof Kable says in an experiment detailed in the paper, the researchers looked at the roaming reaction in formaldehyde (CH2O) and were surprised to see instead, two quite distinct signals, "which we could interpret as two distinct roaming mechanisms".

The theoretical and computational work was performed by a team in the US led by Professors Joel Bowman (Emory) and Paul Houston (Cornell). Prof Bowman observed that "detailed modelling of these reactions not only agree with the experimental findings, they provide insight into the motion of the atoms during the reaction".

Professor Meredith Jordan from University of Sydney says the experiments and theory results suggest roaming reactions straddle the classical and quantum worlds of physics and chemistry.

"Analysing the results with the incredible detail in both experiments and simulations allowed us to understand the quantum mechanical nature of roaming reactions. We expect these characteristics to be present in all roaming reactions," she says.

The results of this study will provide theoreticians with the data needed to hone their theories, which in turn will allow scientists to accurately predict the outcomes of sunlight-initiated reactions in the atmosphere.

Prof Kable says the study could also benefit scientists working in the areas of combustion and astrophysics, who use complex models to describe how molecules interact with each other in gaseous form.

Link:

'Roaming reactions' study to shed new light on atmospheric molecules - Science Codex

The Krmn Line 100 km or 62 miles above sea level is where space arbitrarily starts. And through Project SpaceShot, the Stanford Space Initiative (SSI) plans to get there by December 2021 with a somewhat unusual rocket, nicknamed a rockoon.

The project, housed under both the Rockets and Balloons Teams at SSI, plans to have a zero-pressure high-altitude balloon carry a rocket 25 km up into the atmosphere. The spin-stabilized rocket will then launch through the balloon to complete the journey to 100 km, Project SpaceShot Co-Lead Ahmed Abdalla 22 explained.

Abdalla had actually first heard of the idea at his Admit Weekend in June 2018, and decided to join SSI because of its originality.

I thought either these people are just completely insane and they dont know what theyre doing, or theyre going to do something super exciting, Abdalla said.

In 2017, Berkeleys Space Enterprise announced Project Karman, their attempt to pass the Krmn Line, and challenged peer institutions to join the collegiate space race. Universities around the nation had been attempting the feat for years, but Berkeleys challenge prompted SSI to begin their attempt.

The University of Southern Californias Rocket Propulsion Laboratory (USCRPL) announced their victory on May 22, 2019 with 90% certainty. Their rocket, Traveler IV, was officially the first student-designed and student-built rocket to cross into space.

The 13-foot, 310 pound rocket is designed more traditionally than Project SpaceShots, using fins for stabilization and not utilizing a balloon.

A lot of people have focused on the bigger is better mentality, Abdalla said. You know, a bigger rocket, super intense fuels and muscle nearly all the way up there. SpaceShot has prided itself on trying to take a very ingenuitive approach that really shakes up what people expect from a suborbital launch system.

Abdalla explained that the prospect of a space race as a motivation for the project is second to the fact that it is an interesting engineering challenge.

SSI Balloons Team Co-Lead Aditeya Shukla 22 congratulates USCRPL for their successful launch but also feels that SSI is still in a space race of sorts.

Fortunately for us, nobody has sent a rocket to space from a balloon [to this scale], so were still in the more unique territory, Shukla said.

In space, balloons are normally used to fill the gap in the atmosphere that is too high for drones to reach but too low for satellites to orbit in order to obtain meteorological data or use cameras to monitor events like forest fires.

The idea to use a high-altitude balloon as a high launchpad for a rocket was born from SSIs storied experience with balloons; they broke the world record for the longest high-altitude flight with a latex balloon in 2016 and has since broken their own record again.

Since SSI is such a tight-knit community, the Balloons members were really interested in [Project SpaceShot], Shukla said. It was the balloons guys shooting up the idea that what if we launched the rocket from a much higher altitude so that we have less drag and we can actually go to space?

Designed in 1957 during the Space Race between the U.S. and the USSR, NASAs Project Far Side attempted a similar approach to getting into space. A rocket carrying scientific equipment was launched off a 200-foot carrier balloon. The rockets maximum altitude reached 6,440 km.

In the context of SSI, the atmospheric implications of launching a rocket from 25 km are a double-edged sword. Although the lower air pressure reduces drag, allowing the rocket to go farther, fins, which are normally used to stabilize rockets, are no longer sufficient.

Usually you can use the fins as a way to counter the force of gravity trying to take you down by using aerodynamic forces to say, Actually, I prefer the rocket to continue pointing this way, Abdalla said. And as long as the rocket points up, the motors will be pushing in whatever direction up is. But you cant do that at 25 km up.

Using the rockets own momentum to stabilize it through spinning is another way to get the rocket pointed in the right direction.

Its going to be spin-stabilized, like a bullet, where its going to spin really fast and then hopefully go out straight, SSI Rockets Team Co-Lead Maya Harris 22 said. And so its a really complicated project.

The idea of spin stabilization did not come about until this past year. Before then, the plan was to use a three-balloon system, and SSI had yet to figure out a stabilization technique.

Once the spin stabilization technology was agreed upon, Abdallas task was to design a system that would allow the rocket to spin as fast as was needed to maintain stability; the fastest speed they reached was 2,700 revolutions per minute. He is proud of the progress he has seen with ground launches that were completed before campus closed due to COVID-19.

Next year, because of the uncertainty surrounding lab accessibility and the lack of ability to conduct launches, the team will use simulations to make progress on their goals.

This is something that SSI actually has experience with, Shukla said; some members have worked with research labs and companies like SpaceX, who have done similar simulations. Members modified Open Rocket, a program that allows users to design their own rocket, to better fit the design of Project SpaceShot, renaming it Open Rockoon.

Normally, Open Rocket is open-source software where you can design any rocket and itll tell you all the details ranging from center of mass and center of gravity to how it will do with certain atmospheres, Shukla said. But Open Rockoon incorporates the balloon aspect of it and the spin aspect of it, so we can do much finer simulations that way.

The code, CAD, avionics, onboard electronics and any other aspect of Project SpaceShot that a person would need to replicate the rockoon is open-source.

What I think is really exciting for me about SpaceShot is the idea that we designed everything so if you wanted to send something to space with your high school or with your college rocketry team, you could really easily just do [so] on your own, Abdalla said.

This openness aligns with the clubs mission to teach about space.

SSIs model has always been to give resources and knowledge to anybody who needs it, irrespective of whether theyre part of the organization, Shukla said. So every other project is also as open-source as SpaceShot.

And so, in December of 2021, SSI hopes to cross into space, but the project itself means more than crossing an arbitrarily-defined line.

Astrophysics and astronomy has always been such a big part of my life, Adballa said, and so actually being able to achieve the goal of getting there would be fantastic. But what weve done so far and all the progress that weve made is already so rewarding.

Contact Alexandra Rozmarin at alexroz918 at gmail.com.

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'A space race of sorts': Stanford Space Initiative hopes to cross into space with a 'rockoon' - The Stanford Daily

The bomb-bay doors on the B-29 Superfortress Bockscar swung open over Nagasaki, Japan, a little before noon on Aug. 9, 1945, and at 11:58 a.m. one 10,800-pound bomb fell away.

Minutes later, a 5,300-pound sphere of high explosives imploded inside the bomb casing. The blast squeezed a softball-sized, 13.6-pound plutonium core to the size of a tennis ball, a super-critical mass that started a chain reaction.

The resulting nuclear explosion killed approximately 39,000 people and injured another 25,000, according to the online Atomic Archive. It was the second use of a nuclear weapon in war and the first to employ a plutonium implosion device, still a mainstay of nuclear weapons technology.

Scientists and engineers of the Manhattan Project, the top-secret World War II nuclear weapons program, fused raw science and practical engineering to create the implosion bomb at Project Y, the Los Alamos laboratory in New Mexico. The Hanford Engineer Works along the banks of the Columbia River in central Washington produced the plutonium. The bomb was tested at an isolated desert flat near Alamogordo, N.M., known as Trinity Site.

Trinity Site today is a once-a-year tourist attraction. But 75 years later, national laboratories at Los Alamos and Hanford, part of an extensive network that is the Manhattan Project legacy, are still in business.

The two-year crash effort to build the bomb that encompassed a handful of locations nationwide has grown into 17 national laboratories and dozens of affiliated sites overseen by the Department of Energy on a budget this year of more than $34 billion.

They continue to design new weapons and maintain the nations nuclear arsenal, but most of their work is geared toward basic science that yields amazing discoveries.

Theres a lot of impressive work going on at the lab outside of the nuclear weapons programs, whether its on energy or on computing or on any number of scientific areas. They still maintain a high caliber of research in the national interest, said Steven Aftergood, a freedom-of-information advocate for the Federation of American Scientists. I wouldnt want to overlook that.

On top of its work as a weapons designer, Los Alamos National Laboratory, where the critical work of the Manhattan Project took place, today engages in basic research in myriad topics, from black holes to cloud computing and climate change. The lab is also using genomics to diagnose cases of the coronavirus.

When the Cold War ended, lab experts also turned their expertise to helping the former Soviet Union dismantle its nuclear weapons.

Los Alamos laboratory may be the most famous Manhattan Project site, but it wasnt the only one and it wasnt even the first. That distinction belongs to Argonne National Laboratory, on the outskirts of Chicago, that grew out of physicist Enrico Fermis search at the University of Chicago for the first sustained nuclear reaction.

They were trying to figure out what the critical mass is, how much uranium 235 fissile core do you actually need to start a chain reaction, said Robert Rosner, former Argonne lab director.

Argonne is one of 10 national laboratories under the Department of Energys Office of Science. While some, like Argonne, Hanford (today the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) and Oak Ridge, have roots in the Manhattan Project, they no longer work primarily on weapons development. The Pacific Northwest lab, for example, played a part in the detection of gravity waves in 2015.

Argonne, originally known by its code name, the Metallurgical Lab, became the home of the civilian nuclear power program, Rosner said. It created the worlds very first power reactor, the Experimental Breeder Reactor, at Argonne West, now the Idaho National Laboratory.

Three national laboratories are still primarily devoted to the work of nuclear weapons, including their non-nuclear components. Los Alamos, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, Calif., and Sandia National Laboratory in Albuquerque, N.M., fall under the authority of the National Nuclear Security Administration.

The Manhattan Project employed as many as 130,000 people and cost nearly $2 billion, about $28.6 billion today. Work at Los Alamos alone cost taxpayers about $74 million, or $1.06 billion today, according to the Brookings Institution.

The Energy Department in fiscal year 2019 budgeted $2.9 billion for Los Alamos National Laboratory, of which 66%, or $1.9 billion, was intended for weapons programs.

At its height during World War II, Los Alamos employed about 5,000 people. Today there are over 12,000 people in the lab, just the lab, Rosner said during a phone interview July 15.

In addition to the raw and applied sciences the labs produce, they preserve a model for integrating scientists, engineers and other experts across a variety of fields that is not widely practiced in the commercial world, Rosner said.

Integrated teams are the secret behind national laboratories, he said. Universities traditionally cannot do this, and the reason is that were a silo. We have a physics department, a chemistry department theres a math department.

Academics find rewards in their own disciplines, said Rosner, who is now a professor of astronomy and astrophysics at the University of Chicago. Most physicists working at Los Alamos are astrophysicists, he said.

Astrophysicists are a good example of that. Astronomers, Rosner said. Theyre not thinking about money; theyre thinking about the universe, right? The Big Bang.

Few commercial enterprises can afford research and development the way the labs do it, he said. The old Bell Laboratories, before its break-up in 1982, produced significant advances, such as the silicon chip.

Ask yourself, does AT&T or Verizon or all of the other what used to be called Baby Bells, do they have big, basic research labs? he said.

The uglier legacy left by the Manhattan Project and the weapons labs is written in starker terms, including cleanup decrees, damage awards and the burden of nuclear weapons themselves.

As the Cold War ended, public attention came to bear on health risks to workers at Los Alamos and other sites; the accumulation of toxic waste, documented or not; poor management; and a culture of secrecy.

The worst example, the Hanford Nuclear Reservation, is what remains of the dirty work of bombmaking: 586 square miles that include nine decommissioned reactors that produced weapons-grade plutonium and a staggering amount of radioactive waste, according to the Northwest Power and Conservation Council.

About 53 million gallons of chemicals used to separate plutonium from uranium remains stored in 177 underground tanks, of which 70 are leaking and sending a radioactive plume toward the nearby Columbia River, according to the council. The site, one of the most dangerous and polluted in the U.S., includes 1,700 individual waste sites and about 500 contaminated buildings.

At Los Alamos, self-appointed watchdog Greg Mello, founder of the Los Alamos Study Group, has documented decades of worker health problems, industrial accidents and toxic waste. He also campaigns against a program underway to expand the lab to make plutonium pits for a new generation of nuclear warheads.

Theres been a pretty high cost across the warhead complex for pursuing the nuclear arms race, Mello said by phone July 28.

Drawing on reports from the Department of Labor and by investigative journalists, he estimates the federal government has paid out billions for 1,599 death claims at Los Alamos alone from its beginnings through June 2016.

This is a technology that has had horrible effects, Mello said. Direct health effects, as well as, I would say, effects on world politics and on the shape of American democracy have been even worse.

Although a government program enacted in 2000 has paid thousands of claims by workers across the nuclear weapons complex for work-related illnesses, the link to some of those illnesses with weapons work is disputed by some as tenuous, at best.

However, some problems with the labs are indisputable. An era of mismanagement at Los Alamos gave rise in 2000 to the National Nuclear Security Administration, the new overseer within the Energy Department. The state of New Mexico has issued Los Alamos lab several cleanup decrees and federal audits have found mishandled or missing materials.

A 2018 report by the Energy Department inspector general, for example, found discrepancies in the way the Los Alamos lab handled beryllium, a toxic metallic element used in nuclear reactors.

Los Alamos sometimes has problems accounting for nuclear materials, Aftergood said. He directs the Federation of American Scientists Project on Government Secrecy. Every now and then theres either an espionage case or an episode of misplaced classified records.

The worldwide nuclear stockpile peaked at more than 70,000 warheads around 1987, most of them held by the former Soviet Union, according to the federation. Today that arsenal is less than 20,000 warheads, including those held by China, Pakistan, India, North Korea, the U.K., France and Israel.

Part of the mission at weapons labs is stockpile stewardship, ensuring in an age of nuclear and thermonuclear test bans that aging weapons will work if deployed.

Tests above ground, underwater and in space were outlawed in 1963. The last U.S. nuclear test took place underground on Sept. 23, 1992. The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty has been awaiting Senate ratification since 1997.

The U.S. instead tests its weapons using supercomputer simulations fed by data collected from the real things.

I understand fully why we have atomic weapons, nuclear weapons. This is not a mystery to me, said Rosner, who is also a member of The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, another group that sprang from the original Manhattan Project scientists, and chairs its Science and Security Board. And if youd asked me was it a good idea that we had the Manhattan Project my answer is: Hell, yes.

Discoveries in nuclear physics made the bomb inevitable, he said. Its one of those things; the genies out of the bottle and here we are.

Unlike anti-weapons advocates, Rosner said he believes the U.S. will always have atomic weapons if potential adversaries have them, too. However, hes against actual atomic testing, a move that would permit China, Russia and other nuclear powers to catch up with the U.S. hedge in testing data.

He also believes in adhering to and renewing existing nuclear nonproliferation treaties.

What has happened over the last five years? Were at the point of almost undoing everything that was done, something that took decades, you know, to put in place is basically now almost completely gone, he said.

Mello, an advocate for nuclear disarmament, agrees the U.S. seeking advantage by abrogating longstanding treaties is a terrible idea, is stupid.

He said nuclear weapons are a national burden, and not just in terms of the health effects, toxic waste and expense surrounding them, he said.

We never became the kind of country that we might have become, given since we devoted and still devote a majority of our discretionary income to military affairs, Mello said, and the acme of violence of this is nuclear weapons.

ditzler.joseph@stripes.comTwitter: @JosephDitzler

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From the Manhattan Project, a legacy of discovery and a national burden - Stars and Stripes

When Dilhan Ezer Eryurt (1926 2012) arrived at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in 1961, she became the first Turkish astronomer to work at NASA and the only woman at the center. In a decade filled with the scientific and technical build-up to putting men on the moon, Eryurt was hardly the only woman whose story was drowned out. Even today, it is difficult to find more than a biographical sketch about the woman whose contributions to heliophysics were monumental and who garnered a status as an international astronomy ambassador.

In her seven years at Goddard, Eryurt changed the understanding of pre-main sequence stellar evolution. A particularly powerful paper of hers was published in 1963 and is summarized below as part of todays Beyond post. By providing more accurate models of the early Sun, Eryurt helped NASA scientists predict the conditions of the lunar surface more accurately, earning her the prestigious Apollo Achievement Award in 1969.

Eryurts contributions to science hardly ended when she left Goddard. Upon returning to Turkey, she was a leading voice in convincing the Turkish government to establish a national observatory. She organized the first National Astronomy Congress in 1968. She founded the Astrophysics division at Middle East Technical University in 1973, later becoming Chair of the Physics Department and Dean of the Faculty. In time, she gained the reputation mother of Astronomy in Turkey.

On July 20, she was celebrated with a Google Doodle on the 51st anniversary of the Apollo 11 moon landing.

Title: The Early Evolution of the Sun

Authors: Dilhan Ezer [Eryurt] and A. G. W. Cameron

First Authors Institution: Goddard Institute for Space Studies, NASA

Status: Published in Icarus (1963), closed access

One of the first coherent theories on how gravitationally contracting protostars evolve was proposed in a 1955 paper by Louis Henyey. The simplified model assumed that the protostar is in radiative equilibrium as it collapses, meaning that the gravitational potential energy liberated by contraction is all converted into heat and light. As contraction continues (shown in Figure 1), the Henyey model found that the protostar would increase luminosity until the core becomes dense enough to ignite nuclear fusion. At that point the star joins the main sequence.

In 1961, Chushiro Hayashi published two papers calling into question the Henyey result, because a star in pure radiative equilibrium is not fully stable and would create convection. What Henyey didnt account for, is how heat is trapped by the outer envelope of a star, causing the temperature gradient to get steeper and steeper. At a certain point, the outer layer becomes too unstable and the hot inner regions literally bubble up from below, causing turbulence. The result is a convective layer.

Once a protostar has a convective layer, its luminosity, temperature, and evolution become different than Henyeys theory predicts. Though Hayashis theory was well-received, it still had not been modeled sufficiently for the Sun. This is where Eryurt comes in.

In this paper, Eryurt created a model of protostar gravitational contraction. In fact, it isnt the first time she had built a star model. Her model starts with three equations of stellar structure for mass, pressure, and luminosity. The fourth structure equation, for temperature, depends on whether radiative equilibrium or convective equilibrium applies. The model works with radiative equilibrium and looks for where it is broken, there applying convective equilibrium. Adding in the possibility for deep convection throughout the star was a major improvement over other models.

Another significant improvement as the handling of boundary conditions. The entire calculation of stellar interior can change based on what is assumed at the photosphere (stellar atmosphere). To reproduce conditions in the photosphere, Eryurts model considered many types of particle interactions, as well as radiation absorption, and ionization. Collectively these factors determine solar opacity and improve the reliability of the overall model findings.

Eryurt ran 27 models representing different possible starting conditions for the proto-Sun. Each of these starting conditions is essentially a snapshot in time of an evolving young Sun, so they can be plotted on the Herzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram and connected to form a path. Figure 2 shows the temperature and luminosity of the Sun as it contracted.

The significance of Figure 2 should not be understated: this was the first stellar model that showed that protostars (including the Sun) are significantly more luminous during contraction than when on the main sequence. As they contract, they decrease in luminosity dramatically and only slightly increase in temperature.

This path downward in the H-R diagram is today referred to as the Hayashi track, but it might as well have been named for Eryurt, whose work demonstrated it.

Notice on Figure 2 the few points toward the bottom of the track that turn off the vertical path and move left toward higher temperature. Eryurt was quick to admit that the last two points are likely unphysical but the first two represent something meaningful. At the end of the Hayashi track, a protostar isnt quite ready to begin hydrogen fusion and join the main sequence. It has to get hotter first.

It turns out that Henyey wasnt completely wrong when he proposed that protostars increase in luminosity as they form; that is, the last portion of the Figure 2 track aligns with the tracks in Figure 1. Today we call that the Henyey track, but again, Eryurt was the one whose accurate stellar model rescued the misguided predictions put forth by Henyey.

Though her major discoveries do not bear her name, Dilhan Eryurt made contributions to stellar astrophysics that are prominent in textbooks and the backbone of much of todays work on star formation. Hopefully, we will evolve to better appreciate her contributions toward astronomy (and the contributions of many other women) in addition to her lifes work as an ambassador for science.

About Will SaundersI am a second year Ph.D. student at Boston University, where I study planetary atmospheres. I work with Prof. Paul Withers at BU and Dr. Mike Person at MIT using stellar occultations to measure waves and climatic changes in the atmosphere of Mars. I received my Bachelors in Physics from the University of Pennsylvania. I am also excited about co-hosting the new podcast astro[sound]bites. Check us out on Apple Podcasts, Google Play, Soundcloud, and Spotify. In my free time I enjoy traveling, visiting museums, and tasting new wines.

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Beyond: Dilhan Eryurt and the Formation of the Sun - Astrobites

The human tolerance for sound is, on a galactic level, puny. Volcano eruptions, jackhammer-intensive construction work, My Bloody Valentine concerts these tinnitus-inducing phenomena are barely whispers besides the majestic, roiling bursts and collisions going on in outer space.

Of course, much of this activity is technically soundlessspaces atmosphere lacks the material that make sound waves possible. So, for Giz Asks, we asked experts in astronomy and astrophysics what the loudest sound would be, if sound as we understand it existed up there. As it turns out, it sometimes does and when it doesnt, we can sometimes convert the relevant emissions to a sound tolerable to our tiny, earthbound ears.

This article was originally published in January 2019.

National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow, Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Barbara

As far as Im aware, the Perseus galaxy cluster is the current record holder for the loudest sound discovered in the Universe. Generating sound requires two conditions. First, there must be a medium that the sound waves can travel through, like air or some other gas. Indeed, there is very hot gas that pervades the space between the thousands of galaxies that make up the Perseus galaxy cluster.

This gas shines as X-ray light that we can observe with X-ray telescopes in space, like the Chandra X-ray Observatory. The second condition for sound is a source to actually produce the sound waves. A powerful black hole is at the center of one of these galaxies that make up the Perseus galaxy cluster. Periodically, this black hole ejects an enormous amount of energy into the hot surrounding gas, which transports the energy as sound waves travelling out through the cluster like expanding bubbles.

What makes the sound loud is the ability of the gas to efficiently carry away the energy released by the black hole, which amounts to an energy comparable to 100 million exploding stars! Although this sound from the Perseus galaxy cluster is very loud that is, the amplitude of the sound waves is huge we couldnt actually hear it with our own ears. Thats because the sound corresponds to a B-flat some 57 octaves below middle-C on a piano.

That means it takes about 10 million years for one sound wave to pass by, which is quite a bit longer than youre likely to live even if you exercise regularly and eat healthy.

Astronomer and Professor at the UCO/Lick Observatory at the University of California Santa Cruz

Sound is really a form of energy transmittal, its vibration. The problem is the transmittal of that energy in the form of sound there is no sound in space. But energy gets transmitted in other ways a blast wave from an explosion, for instance. Gamma ray bursts are considered to be the most energetic events in the universetheyre not fully understood, but theyre almost certainly explosions of stars, and they release more energy in 10 seconds than the sun will in its entire ten billion year lifetime.

Professor, Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, whose research is focused on Solar, space and plasma physics, MHD waves, linear and non-linear waves

Sound cannot really travel. For sound you need some mediumlike gas, for instance, in the Earths atmosphere and in space that material is very, very rare maybe one atom per cubic kilometer, or less. But that doesnt mean that a big explosion couldnt generate acoustic waves.

Space is filled by plasma, which is the fourth state of matter, the others being (according to our current knowledge) the solid, the liquid and the gas. The universe itself is 99.9% in a plasma state. Its only on Earth that we havent got so much plasma.

In space, there is a magnetic field everywhere. The same is true of Earth, but we dont really feel it. In space, if the magnetic field is not very strong, and there is plasma under these circumstances, sound could propagate.

Stars are continuously bubbling, you could say, through a process called convection. That type of disturbance in the plasma state generates a lot of acoustic waves sound waves. The sun itself does this. Sometimes these acoustic periods can last for hours, sometimes just a few seconds. You could interpret these kinds of acoustic waves as very loud sounds.

The energies involved in the generation of these acoustic waves are billions of billions of billions of times the power of an atomic bomb. The explosions that produce these sounds are absolutely massive you cannot imagine.

Assistant Professor, Theoretical Astrophysics, Caltech

The loudest sound in the universe definitely comes from black hole mergers. In this case the sound comes out in gravitational waves and not ordinary sound waves. As long as the black holes are in the range of roughly 1-100 solar masses (which is the case for black hole mergers recently detected LIGO), the sound is indeed in the human hearing range! These mergers output something like 10^52 Watts of power.

Thats about a billion billion times the energy output of the Sun. If translated to the decibel Watt scale, that equates to something like 520 decibels. That doesnt sound too large but remember the decibel scale is logarithmic, so an increase by 10 decibels is a factor of ten in volume.

Donald Gurnett

Professor, Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, whose research is focused on experimental space plasma physics

This isnt a sound, its a radio emissionbut you could convert it to sound.

The signal came back to us as a waveform, and then on the ground we converted it to a sound that you can listen to, and it is very, very loud.

It is something called a heliospheric radio emission. There is a very special radio receiver on the Voyager that covers the frequency range from about 10 kilohertz to 50 kilohertz a very low frequency, well below a car radio, for instance. We detected an intense radio emission, produced out at the boundary between the solar wind (the wind that comes out from the sun, and flows at about a million miles per hour, expanding outward almost to infinity) and the interstellar plasma (called the heliopause) which eventually stops the solar wind.

So there were an intense series of explosions on the sunoften called solar flares in 1991. These sent a shockwave out through the solar system. We detected this shockwave with four spacecraft: Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11 and Voyagers 1 and 2. We also detected it when it went by the Earth. It was moving at 600-800 km per second several million miles an hour. I postulated that this radio emission was produced when the shockwave finally reached the the heliopause and ran into the interstellar plasma.

I think this is the most powerful radio emission weve ever detected. In 1995 I quoted the radiated power as 10^13 watts. As far as emissions detected anywhere near our solar system go, it is clearly one of the most intense.

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Whats The Loudest Sound In The Universe? - Gizmodo Australia

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Airport Automated Security Screening Systems market report highlights key players included in the market in order to render a comprehensive view of the competing players existing in the market. Company details, strategies, aptitude, history, cost analysis, and prevalent strategies

The major players covered in Airport Automated Security Screening Systems Market @ OSI Systems, Inc.,Astrophysics, Inc.,Nuctech,Smiths Detection,L3 Securitiy Dtection Systems,Analogic,Autoclear,CEIA,Adani Systems Inc.

The final report will add the analysis of the Impact of Covid-19 in this report Airport Automated Security Screening Systems industry.

Global Airport Automated Security Screening Systems Market Research Report 2020 carries in-depth case studies on the various countries which are involved in the Airport Automated Security Screening Systems market. The report is segmented according to usage wherever applicable and the report offers all this information for all major countries and associations. It offers an analysis of the technical barriers, other issues, and cost-effectiveness affecting the market. Important contents analyzed and discussed in the report include market size, operation situation, and current & future development trends of the market, market segments, business development, and consumption tendencies. Moreover, the report includes the list of major companies/competitors and their competition data that helps the user to determine their current position in the market and take corrective measures to maintain or increase their share holds.

The report scrutinizes different business approaches and frameworks that pave the way for success in businesses. The report used Porters five techniques for analyzing the Airport Automated Security Screening Systems Market; it also offers the examination of the global market. To make the report more potent and easy to understand, it consists of info graphics and diagrams. Furthermore, it has different policies and development plans which are presented in summary. It analyzes the technical barriers, other issues, and cost-effectiveness affecting the market.

The Airport Automated Security Screening Systems market research report completely covers the vital statistics of the capacity, production, value, cost/profit, supply/demand import/export, further divided by company and country, and by application/type for best possible updated data representation in the figures, tables, pie chart, and graphs. These data representations provide predictive data regarding the future estimations for convincing market growth. The detailed and comprehensive knowledge about our publishers makes us out of the box in case of market analysis.

The study objectives of this report are:

To study and forecast the market size of Airport Automated Security Screening Systems in global market.

To analyze the global key players, SWOT analysis, value and global market share for top players.

To define, describe and forecast the market by type, end use and region.

To analyze and compare the market status and forecast among global major regions.

To analyze the global key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.

To identify significant trends and factors driving or inhibiting the market growth.

To analyze the opportunities in the market for stakeholders by identifying the high growth segments.

To strategically analyze each submarket with respect to individual growth trend and their contribution to the market

To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.

To strategically profile the key players and comprehensively analyze their growth strategies.

Highlights of the report:

A complete backdrop analysis, which includes an assessment of the parent market

Important changes in market dynamics

Market segmentation up to the second or third level

Historical, current, and projected size of the market from the standpoint of both value and volume

Reporting and evaluation of recent industry developments

Market shares and strategies of key players

Emerging niche segments and regional markets

An objective assessment of the trajectory of the market

Recommendations to companies for strengthening their foothold in the market

Key questions answered in this report

What will the market size be in 2026 and what will the growth rate be?

What are the key market trends?

What is driving this market?

What are the challenges to market growth?

Who are the key vendors in this market space?

What are the market opportunities and threats faced by the key vendors?

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the key vendors?

Make an enquiry @ https://www.reportsandmarkets.com/enquiry/global-airport-automated-security-screening-systems-market-report-2020-by-key-players-types-applications-countries-market-size-forecast-to-2026-based-on-2020-covid-19-worldwide-spread?utm_source=bulletinline&utm_medium=6

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Global Airport Automated Security Screening Systems Market Overview

Chapter 2: Airport Automated Security Screening Systems Market Data Analysis

Chapter 3: Airport Automated Security Screening Systems Technical Data Analysis

Chapter 4: Airport Automated Security Screening Systems Government Policy and News

Chapter 5: Global Airport Automated Security Screening Systems Market Manufacturing Process and Cost Structure

Chapter 6: Airport Automated Security Screening Systems Productions Supply Sales Demand Market Status and Forecast

Chapter 7: Airport Automated Security Screening Systems Key Manufacturers

Chapter 8: Up and Down Stream Industry Analysis

Chapter 9: Marketing Strategy Airport Automated Security Screening Systems Analysis

Chapter 10: Airport Automated Security Screening Systems Development Trend Analysis

Chapter 11: Global Airport Automated Security Screening Systems Market New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis

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Airport Automated Security Screening Systems Market Manufacturers Overview 2020-2027 over the Worldwide Regional Analysis of Industry Trends and...

The bomb-bay doors on the B-29 Superfortress Bockscar swung open over Nagasaki, Japan, a little before noon on Aug. 9, 1945, and at 11:58 a.m. one 10,800-pound bomb fell away.

Minutes later, a 5,300-pound sphere of high explosives imploded inside the bomb casing. The blast squeezed a softball-sized, 13.6-pound plutonium core to the size of a tennis ball, a super-critical mass that started a chain reaction.

The resulting nuclear explosion killed approximately 39,000 people and injured another 25,000, according to the online Atomic Archive. It was the second use of a nuclear weapon in war and the first to employ a plutonium implosion device, still a mainstay of nuclear weapons technology.

Scientists and engineers of the Manhattan Project, the top-secret World War II nuclear weapons program, fused raw science and practical engineering to create the implosion bomb at Project Y, the Los Alamos laboratory in New Mexico. The Hanford Engineer Works along the banks of the Columbia River in central Washington produced the plutonium. The bomb was tested at an isolated desert flat near Alamogordo, N.M., known as Trinity Site.

Trinity Site today is a once-a-year tourist attraction. But 75 years later, national laboratories at Los Alamos and Hanford, part of an extensive network that is the Manhattan Project legacy, are still in business.

The two-year crash effort to build the bomb that encompassed a handful of locations nationwide has grown into 17 national laboratories and dozens of affiliated sites overseen by the Department of Energy on a budget this year of more than $34 billion.

They continue to design new weapons and maintain the nations nuclear arsenal, but most of their work is geared toward basic science that yields amazing discoveries.

Theres a lot of impressive work going on at the lab outside of the nuclear weapons programs, whether its on energy or on computing or on any number of scientific areas. They still maintain a high caliber of research in the national interest, said Steven Aftergood, a freedom-of-information advocate for the Federation of American Scientists. I wouldnt want to overlook that.

On top of its work as a weapons designer, Los Alamos National Laboratory, where the critical work of the Manhattan Project took place, today engages in basic research in myriad topics, from black holes to cloud computing and climate change. The lab is also using genomics to diagnose cases of the coronavirus.

When the Cold War ended, lab experts also turned their expertise to helping the former Soviet Union dismantle its nuclear weapons.

Los Alamos laboratory may be the most famous Manhattan Project site, but it wasnt the only one and it wasnt even the first. That distinction belongs to Argonne National Laboratory, on the outskirts of Chicago, that grew out of physicist Enrico Fermis search at the University of Chicago for the first sustained nuclear reaction.

They were trying to figure out what the critical mass is, how much uranium 235 fissile core do you actually need to start a chain reaction, said Robert Rosner, former Argonne lab director.

Argonne is one of 10 national laboratories under the Department of Energys Office of Science. While some, like Argonne, Hanford (today the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) and Oak Ridge, have roots in the Manhattan Project, they no longer work primarily on weapons development. The Pacific Northwest lab, for example, played a part in the detection of gravity waves in 2015.

Argonne, originally known by its code name, the Metallurgical Lab, became the home of the civilian nuclear power program, Rosner said. It created the worlds very first power reactor, the Experimental Breeder Reactor, at Argonne West, now the Idaho National Laboratory.

Three national laboratories are still primarily devoted to the work of nuclear weapons, including their non-nuclear components. Los Alamos, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, Calif., and Sandia National Laboratory in Albuquerque, N.M., fall under the authority of the National Nuclear Security Administration.

The Manhattan Project employed as many as 130,000 people and cost nearly $2 billion, about $28.6 billion today. Work at Los Alamos alone cost taxpayers about $74 million, or $1.06 billion today, according to the Brookings Institution.

The Energy Department in fiscal year 2019 budgeted $2.9 billion for Los Alamos National Laboratory, of which 66%, or $1.9 billion, was intended for weapons programs.

At its height during World War II, Los Alamos employed about 5,000 people. Today there are over 12,000 people in the lab, just the lab, Rosner said during a phone interview July 15.

In addition to the raw and applied sciences the labs produce, they preserve a model for integrating scientists, engineers and other experts across a variety of fields that is not widely practiced in the commercial world, Rosner said.

Integrated teams are the secret behind national laboratories, he said. Universities traditionally cannot do this, and the reason is that were a silo. We have a physics department, a chemistry department theres a math department.

Academics find rewards in their own disciplines, said Rosner, who is now a professor of astronomy and astrophysics at the University of Chicago. Most physicists working at Los Alamos are astrophysicists, he said.

Astrophysicists are a good example of that. Astronomers, Rosner said. Theyre not thinking about money; theyre thinking about the universe, right? The Big Bang.

Few commercial enterprises can afford research and development the way the labs do it, he said. The old Bell Laboratories, before its break-up in 1982, produced significant advances, such as the silicon chip.

Ask yourself, does AT&T or Verizon or all of the other what used to be called Baby Bells, do they have big, basic research labs? he said.

The uglier legacy left by the Manhattan Project and the weapons labs is written in starker terms, including cleanup decrees, damage awards and the burden of nuclear weapons themselves.

As the Cold War ended, public attention came to bear on health risks to workers at Los Alamos and other sites; the accumulation of toxic waste, documented or not; poor management; and a culture of secrecy.

The worst example, the Hanford Nuclear Reservation, is what remains of the dirty work of bombmaking: 586 square miles that include nine decommissioned reactors that produced weapons-grade plutonium and a staggering amount of radioactive waste, according to the Northwest Power and Conservation Council.

About 53 million gallons of chemicals used to separate plutonium from uranium remains stored in 177 underground tanks, of which 70 are leaking and sending a radioactive plume toward the nearby Columbia River, according to the council. The site, one of the most dangerous and polluted in the U.S., includes 1,700 individual waste sites and about 500 contaminated buildings.

At Los Alamos, self-appointed watchdog Greg Mello, founder of the Los Alamos Study Group, has documented decades of worker health problems, industrial accidents and toxic waste. He also campaigns against a program underway to expand the lab to make plutonium pits for a new generation of nuclear warheads.

Theres been a pretty high cost across the warhead complex for pursuing the nuclear arms race, Mello said by phone July 28.

Drawing on reports from the Department of Labor and by investigative journalists, he estimates the federal government has paid out billions for 1,599 death claims at Los Alamos alone from its beginnings through June 2016.

This is a technology that has had horrible effects, Mello said. Direct health effects, as well as, I would say, effects on world politics and on the shape of American democracy have been even worse.

Although a government program enacted in 2000 has paid thousands of claims by workers across the nuclear weapons complex for work-related illnesses, the link to some of those illnesses with weapons work is disputed by some as tenuous, at best.

However, some problems with the labs are indisputable. An era of mismanagement at Los Alamos gave rise in 2000 to the National Nuclear Security Administration, the new overseer within the Energy Department. The state of New Mexico has issued Los Alamos lab several cleanup decrees and federal audits have found mishandled or missing materials.

A 2018 report by the Energy Department inspector general, for example, found discrepancies in the way the Los Alamos lab handled beryllium, a toxic metallic element used in nuclear reactors.

Los Alamos sometimes has problems accounting for nuclear materials, Aftergood said. He directs the Federation of American Scientists Project on Government Secrecy. Every now and then theres either an espionage case or an episode of misplaced classified records.

The worldwide nuclear stockpile peaked at more than 70,000 warheads around 1987, most of them held by the former Soviet Union, according to the federation. Today that arsenal is less than 20,000 warheads, including those held by China, Pakistan, India, North Korea, the U.K., France and Israel.

Part of the mission at weapons labs is stockpile stewardship, ensuring in an age of nuclear and thermonuclear test bans that aging weapons will work if deployed.

Tests above ground, underwater and in space were outlawed in 1963. The last U.S. nuclear test took place underground on Sept. 23, 1992. The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty has been awaiting Senate ratification since 1997.

The U.S. instead tests its weapons using supercomputer simulations fed by data collected from the real things.

I understand fully why we have atomic weapons, nuclear weapons. This is not a mystery to me, said Rosner, who is also a member of The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, another group that sprang from the original Manhattan Project scientists, and chairs its Science and Security Board. And if youd asked me was it a good idea that we had the Manhattan Project my answer is: Hell, yes.

Discoveries in nuclear physics made the bomb inevitable, he said. Its one of those things; the genies out of the bottle and here we are.

Unlike anti-weapons advocates, Rosner said he believes the U.S. will always have atomic weapons if potential adversaries have them, too. However, hes against actual atomic testing, a move that would permit China, Russia and other nuclear powers to catch up with the U.S. hedge in testing data.

He also believes in adhering to and renewing existing nuclear nonproliferation treaties.

What has happened over the last five years? Were at the point of almost undoing everything that was done, something that took decades, you know, to put in place is basically now almost completely gone, he said.

Mello, an advocate for nuclear disarmament, agrees the U.S. seeking advantage by abrogating longstanding treaties is a terrible idea, is stupid.

He said nuclear weapons are a national burden, and not just in terms of the health effects, toxic waste and expense surrounding them, he said.

We never became the kind of country that we might have become, given since we devoted and still devote a majority of our discretionary income to military affairs, Mello said, and the acme of violence of this is nuclear weapons.

ditzler.joseph@stripes.comTwitter: @JosephDitzler

Excerpt from:

From the Manhattan Project, a legacy of discovery and a national burden - Stripes Korea

Security Inspection Equipment Market Overview 2020 2025

This has brought along several changes in This report also covers the impact of COVID-19 on the global market.

The risingtechnology in Security Inspection Equipment Marketis also depicted in thisresearchreport. Factors that are boosting the growth of the market, and giving a positive push to thrive in the global market is explained in detail.

Get a Sample PDF copy of the report @ https://reportsinsights.com/sample/111884

Key Competitors of the Global Security Inspection Equipment Market are: , Astrophysics, Smiths Detection, Garrett, C.E.I.A., Rapiscan Systems

Historical data available in the report elaborates on the development of the Security Inspection Equipment on national, regional and international levels. Security Inspection Equipment Market Research Report presents a detailed analysis based on the thorough research of the overall market, particularly on questions that border on the market size, growth scenario, potential opportunities, operation landscape, trend analysis, and competitive analysis.

Major Product Types covered are:FixedPortable

Major Applications of Security Inspection Equipment covered are:AirportSubwayStadiumOthers

This study report on global Security Inspection Equipment market throws light on the crucial trends and dynamics impacting the development of the market, including the restraints, drivers, and opportunities.

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The fundamental purpose of Security Inspection Equipment Market report is to provide a correct and strategic analysis of the Security Inspection Equipment industry. The report scrutinizes each segment and sub-segments presents before you a 360-degree view of the said market.

Market Scenario:

The report further highlights the development trends in the global Security Inspection Equipment market. Factors that are driving the market growth and fueling its segments are also analyzed in the report. The report also highlights on its applications, types, deployments, components, developments of this market.

Highlights following key factors:

:-Business descriptionA detailed description of the companys operations and business divisions.:-Corporate strategyAnalysts summarization of the companys business strategy.:-SWOT AnalysisA detailed analysis of the companys strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats.:-Company historyProgression of key events associated with the company.:-Major products and servicesA list of major products, services and brands of the company.:-Key competitorsA list of key competitors to the company.:-Important locations and subsidiariesA list and contact details of key locations and subsidiaries of the company.:-Detailed financial ratios for the past five yearsThe latest financial ratios derived from the annual financial statements published by the company with 5 years history.

Our report offers:

Market share assessments for the regional and country level segments. Market share analysis of the top industry players. Strategic recommendations for the new entrants. Market forecasts for a minimum of 9 years of all the mentioned segments, sub segments and the regional markets. Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations). Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations. Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends. Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments. Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements.

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Security Inspection Equipment Market 2020 Analysis by Geographical Regions, Type and Application Till 2025 with Top Key Players:Astrophysics, Smiths...

Scientists have traced mysterious radio signals detected on Earth to a dead star within our Milky Way galaxy.

The millisecond-long burst of radiation was emitted by a magnestar a type of star with an extremely powerful magnetic field roughly 14,000 light-years away, according to a study.

Known as fast radio bursts (FRBs), signals such as these have baffled scientists for years and typically originate from far beyond the Milky Way.

Their origins are unknown. Some think the energetic waves are the result of cosmic explosions, while others have controversially suggested theyre signals sent by aliens.

Picked up by radio telescopes worldwide in April, the FRB examined in the new study was the first to be detected from inside the Milky Way.

Astronomers traced it back to a magnetar called SGR 1935+2154, potentially settling the debate on where FRBs come from.

This is the first ever observational connection between magnetars and fast radio bursts, said astrophysicist Dr. Sandro Mereghetti of the National Institute for Astrophysics in Italy.

It truly is a major discovery, and helps to bring the origin of these mysterious phenomena into focus.

FRBs are intense pulses of radio waves that last no longer than the blink of an eye and produce the energy of millions of suns.

More than 100 FRBs have been discovered to date, but only a handful have repeated, and fewer still in a predictable pattern.

This makes them notoriously difficult to study, meaning their origins have eluded scientists since the signals were first detected in 2007.

For the new study, carried out by an international team, researchers analyzed data from the European Space Agencys INTEGRAL satellite.

They found that the burst from the magnetar SGR was weaker than FRBs detected from outside our galaxy.

Magnestars are a type of neutron star collapsed remnants of stars that sport powerful magnetic fields.

Sometimes, their magnetic fields can warp the stars shape and trigger eruptions of huge bursts of radiation in what scientists call a starquake.

Very few starquakes have been detected by scientists, and fewer still have been caught emitting radio waves.

Following the detection of the April FRB, a number of scientists suggested it had come from SGR 1935+2154, a theory confirmed by the new study.

This is a very intriguing result and supports the association between FRBs and magnetars, Mereghetti told ScienceAlert earlier this year.

Though the evidence now points strongly in favor of magnestars being the source of all FRBs, the study is not conclusive.

Its possible other stellar phenomena may also lead to the eruption of the mysterious signals.

That could mean the dying embers of a huge star, black holes, or something never before detected by humans.

At least one scientist has suggested the signals could be produced by alien spaceships. However, the majority of experts disagree with this theory.

Whatever their origins, FRBs have the potential to be a new tool that we can use to understand the structure of matter in the universe.

The radio bursts were first discovered in 2007, so even small steps toward understanding their source mean big excitement for astronomers.

Originally posted here:

Mystery radio signal sent to Earth from closest ever point within Milky Way - New York Post

DENVER -- If you're looking for some fun while keeping socially distant during the coronavirus pandemic, here are a few events to consider. But remember: Take your mask with you, wash your hands and avoid large gatherings with people not in your close circle.

1. Landmark DTC introduces FREE drive in movie nights every Friday and Saturday night! Every weekend they will be showing drive-in movies at dusk from the upper level of their parking lot at 5375 Landmark Pl., Greenwood Village, Colo. The lineup this weekend will be Peanut Butter Falcon on Friday night and Grease on Saturday night. Parking is socially distanced, with every other space open. All of the movies are free, but they ask that anyone who can to make a small donation to the Dumb Friends League.

2. The Orchard Town Centers Summer Concert Series is back! Family night. Date Night. However you want to enjoy it, drive over to The Orchard Town Center to enjoy some of Colorados best bands. Watch a live concert from the comfort of your car with your favorite Orchard restaurant for dinner. Tickets are $10 with 100% of all proceeds being donated to Colorado Artists Relief Fund.

3. Check out arts and crafts at the 16th Street Fair this Saturday and Sunday from 11 a.m. 7 p.m.! The 16th Street Fair is an annual celebration of fine art, handcrafted goods and the 16th Street Mall in Downtown Denver. Take a stroll along the 16th Street Mall to enjoy a showcase of emerging artists and designers, producing original and unique handmade goods, in a wide array of media. Please note: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic only a maximum of 175 people will be allowed at the event at any given time, and those attending will be required to keep a minimum six foot distance from others and view the art in a single-direction traffic flow.

4. The 34th annual Colorado Black Arts Festival is going virtual! You can catch the virtual festival on YouTube this Friday, Saturday and Sunday at 7 p.m. The Colorado Black Arts Festival is committed to presenting a festival of high standards for all age groups. The event provides a venue for talented visual artists, who may not otherwise have a means to show and sell their artwork. The event is FREE, but donations are encouraged.

5. Join the Denver Public Library online for Learn Make Share. Try out new creative projects at home and then share your results in this weekly online gathering of makers! Learn Make Share is a weekly series from the ideaLAB team. Every Tuesday they publish a new video on YouTube on a maker topic that you can follow along with, and the following Tuesday evening they host an online discussion about it. Learn Make Share kicks off this Tuesday, August 11 with Bookbinding.

6. This Saturday, August 8, RedLine will be hosting their 6th Annual 48 Hours Summit Virtually. 48 Hours of Socially Engaged Art & Conversation Summit is a two-day summit and exhibition that engages culture organizations, nonprofits, artist and individuals to share their expertise on culture responsiveness, social responsibility, and collective leadership. Throughout 2020, RedLine's exhibitions and programs, including 48 Hours, will be inspired by the cultural genre known as Afrofuturism. With rich and expansive source material that ranges from ancient mythology, science fiction, astrophysics, and technology to social justice movements, indigenous ethics, and popular culture, the possibilities for exploring this genre are boundless. You can learn more about registration and the event schedule here.

7. Join the Denver Botanical Gardens this Friday at 9 a.m. for a day full of family fun! Pollinators: Guided Family Exploration offers families with children 6-12 a chance to celebrate the importance of Pollinators with a fun and engaging exploration of the Gardens and the amazing creatures that help our plants grow. Pre-registration is required. Head here to learn more about registration instructions, and COVID-19 safety procures.

Read more from the original source:

7 safe and socially distant things to do in Denver this weekend - The Denver Channel

To test those models, the researchers first developed computer simulations of dark matter and its effects on the formation of relatively tiny galaxies inside denser patches of dark matter found circling larger galaxies.

"The faintest galaxies are among the most valuable tools we have to learn about dark matter because they are sensitive to several of its fundamental properties all at once," said Ethan Nadler, the studys lead author and graduate student at Stanford University and SLAC. For instance, if dark matter moves a bit too fast or has gained a little too much energy through long-ago interactions with normal matter, those galaxies wont form in the first place. The same goes for fuzzy dark matter, which if stretched out enough will wipe out nascent galaxies with quantum fluctuations.

By comparing such models with a catalogue of faint dwarf galaxies from the Dark Energy Survey and the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System, or Pan-STARRS, the researchers were able to put new limits on the likelihood of such events. In fact, those limits are strong enough that they start to constrain the same dark matter possibilities direct-detection experiments are now probing and with a new stream of data from the Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time expected in the next few years, the limits will only get tighter.

"Its exciting to see the dark matter problem attacked from so many different experimental angles," said Fermilab and University of Chicago scientist Alex Drlica-Wagner, a Dark Energy Survey collaborator and one of the lead authors on the paper. This is a milestone measurement for DES, and Im very hopeful that future cosmological surveys will help us get to the bottom of what dark matter is.

Still, said Nadler, theres a lot of theoretical work to do. For one thing, there are a number of dark matter models, including a proposed form that can strongly interact with itself, where researchers arent sure of the consequences for galaxy formation. There are other astronomical systems as well, such as streams of stars that might reveal new details when they collide with dark matter.

The research was a collaborative effort within theDark Energy Survey. The research was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship, by the Department of Energy's Office of Science through SLAC, and by Stanford University.

Editors note: this article is based on a press release from Fermilab.

Citation: Ethan Nadler et al., available as an arXiv preprint (http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.00022)

For questions or comments, contact the SLAC Office of Communications atcommunications@slac.stanford.edu.

SLAC is a vibrant multiprogram laboratory that explores how the universe works at the biggest, smallest and fastest scales and invents powerful tools used by scientists around the globe. With research spanning particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology, materials, chemistry, bio- and energy sciences and scientific computing, we help solve real-world problems and advance the interests of the nation.

SLAC is operated by Stanford University for theU.S. Department of Energys Office of Science.The Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time.

Excerpt from:

Dark Energy Survey census of the smallest galaxies hones the search for dark matter - Stanford University News

Aaron Judge has been hitting the ball out of the ballpark solidly in 2020. The ball, itself, which ... [+] has been under close scrutiny, has not been changed as part of recommendations by the league's committee studying the ball. (Photo by Mike Stobe/Getty Images)

Before baseball fans were engrossed in whether there would even be a season, COVID-19 test results, and debates about 7-inning doubleheaders and other odds rules, one of the biggest stories heading into the season centered on whether the ball was juiced in Major League Baseball. Expect that story to continue in 2020.

Over the past two years, several reports have looked at the ball, including one from Dr. Meredith Willis, an astrophysics Ph.D., who examined the physical properties of the ball, Rob Arthur of Baseball Prospectus who examined Statcast data, as well as FiveThirtyEight x-raying balls to get to the bottom of it. Their consensus was that there were imperfections to the ball that decreased or increased the drag on the ball.

The leagues committee said that For 2016-2017, the increase in home runs is primarily due to an increase in carry. For 2017-2018, the change in home runs is due to two opposing aspects: a change in launch conditions, which would have increased the number of home runs; and a decrease in carry, which would have decreased the number of home runs. The combined effect was a decrease in home runs. They added that For 2018-2019, approximately 60% of the home run increase was due to an increase in carry and 40% to a change in launch conditions. As noted above, only 35% of the increase in home run rate attributable to greater carry is due to a change in the seam

height.

I interviewed MLB commissioner Rob Manfred in September of last year in which he said, . I do think that we need to see if we can make some changes that gives us a more predictable, consistent performance from the baseball.

At the time, Manfred said that the league had pulled together a committee of their own scientists to examine the ball, and at the baseball winter meetings in December, those findings concluded that there were, indeed, properties of the ball that were creating inconsistency and made several recommendations to address the matter. In January, league sources indicated to me that not just some, but all the recommendations, would be adopted. For 2020, they will not be.

Then Gary Sheffield, Jr. tweeted the following, which begged the question: have any changes been made to the ball in the wake of the mountain of analysis on the ball?

According to senior league sources that wished to not speak on the record, there have been no changes to the production process for the 2020 season. The ball in 2020 is consistent with the production processes of 2019, which as the leagues report showed is inconsistent.The league has been looking at a variety of recommendations from the report last year, but according to the sources, the pandemic has slowed the ability to identify and adopt any changes to the production process.

As to what the leagues committee recommended to address the ball, they made several. They recommended that Rawlings, who MLB has an ownership stake in and manufactures all the balls for the league, should develop a system to track the dates on which balls are manufactured and shipped to clubs. Clubs should log which batches of baseballs are used in which games or homestands. To assist in better understanding weather-related properties to how the ball is affected by drag and other properties affecting the performance of the ball during games, MLB should install atmospheric tracking systems at field level in all 30 parks, including temperature, pressure, relative humidity, and wind conditions. In a presentation to the media last month touting advances as part of the leagues Statcast 2.0, a slide was shown indicating wind swirling in the ballpark. But this was derived from AccuWeather and does not follow the committee recommendations of its own weather-related tracking.

One of the bigger recommendations was that the league should codify the current procedures used to monitor the drag, whether in the laboratory or with in-game data, sampling baseballs

manufactured throughout the production cycle and that repeated sampling of the ball to monitor drag coefficients should take place to provide a large sample size of data from which to work from.

Finally, a recommendation to install humidors in all 30 parks to reduce the variability in storage conditions across the league should be employed.

For now, fans, analysts, and media will continue to ponder in the wildest of seasons whether it is any wilder due to the properties of the single-most-important aspect to the integrity of the game: the baseball, itself. Whether changes occur for 2021 is not yet known.

Read this article:

MLB Has Made No Changes To The Baseball And Doesnt Plan To For 2020 - Forbes

Fans are diving back into the time-traveling adventure of the Hargreeves siblings in Season 2 of The Umbrella Academy. Ritu Arya, who plays Lila Pitts, is an exciting new addition to the cast this season. Heres everything we know about the actor and what else shes been in.

Arya is a British actor who studied at the Oxford School of Drama. According to her IMDB bio, she also has a Bachelors degree in Astrophysics from Southampton University.

The actor got her start on television in 2013 in an unnamed role on The Tunnel, and was then featured on an episode of Sherlock in 2014 opposite Benedict Cumberbatch. She then appeared on a number of British TV shows and short films before landing her first major role as Dr. Megan Sharma on the long-running series, Doctors.

After that, Arya found recurring roles on shows like Humans, Feel Good, The Good Karma Hospital, and Sticks and Stones. She recently appeared on an episode of Doctor Who as Gat, a Time Lord who works with the Fugitive Doctor.

RELATED: The Umbrella Academy 2: Heres Why Yusuf Gatewood, the Actor Who Plays Raymond Chestnut Looks So Familiar

In the second season of The Umbrella Academy, Arya plays Lila Pitts, a mysterious woman who befriends Diego Hargreeves (David Castaeda) after hes dropped in 1960s Dallas, Texas by his brother, Five (Aidan Gallagher).

Lila is committed to an institution with Diego and seems innocent enough in the beginning.But when they escape, and she begins showing off her killer fighting moves, its clear theres more than meets the eye. Diego finds a real connection with Lila, but her ulterior motives ultimately catch up with him and the rest of his siblings.

RELATED: Where Is Netflixs The Umbrella Academy Filmed?

In an interview with Brief Take, Arya revealed that she placed provocative pictures around her trailer to get into Lilas shocking and unpredictable headspace. The Umbrella Academy star said that she immediately fell in love with the character, and truly had a blast playing her.

I mean shes just written really well, said Arya. Ive got to give credit to the writers for that because shes just an incredible character that everything feels like a game for her and I think theres great power in that. I would just bring this. Shes always three steps ahead of everyone else, and when you are coming in with a mindset like that, something shifts.

Arya noted that just like Season 1, the second season of The Umbrella Academy features a diverse cast and inclusive storylines. And she revealed how proud she is to be a part of a series that highlights these different stories.

Its wonderful, she added. I feel like its a real celebration for all the oddballs out therewhich I love, I think its one of the more progressive shows and I love that there is the queer storyline with Ellen (Page) and Marin (Ireland), who I think is amazing. I think that they have great representation in the show, kind of without talking about it. Thats important. I love that about the show that theyre not sort of preaching about the diversity, that they are simply doing it.

Both seasons of The Umbrella Academy are streaming on Netflix.

More:

'The Umbrella Academy 2': Who Plays Lila on the Netflix Series and What Else Has She Been In? - Showbiz Cheat Sheet

Christopher Keane

By Karen Hunt, Office of Research

WSU Vice President for Research Christopher Keane has been elected as chair of the Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities (APLU) Council on Research (COR). His appointment officially started July 1 and will last through mid-November 2021.

The APLU couldnt have made a better choice in selecting Chris for this important role, said WSU President Kirk Schulz. He has a deep understanding of the vital role that the research led by our nations land-grants plays in contributing to the greater good. This appointment not only is a great testament to Chriss expertise, it will also enhance the universitys reputation for conducting life-changing research.

As a trusted voice for public research and land-grant universities across North America, APLU convenes, collaborates, and advocates with leaders of member institutions and partners to advance the public good. APLU helps public research universities cultivate the talent, discoveries, and engagement that equitably fuel the success of our communities and world.

COR consists of the chief administrative officers at member campuses and systems with responsibility for policy and administration associated with research, scholarship, and creative activity. COR, working with other APLU units, looks at strategic issues impacting the public land-grant university research enterprise, and also monitors compliance and regulatory issues affecting research. COR working groups have focused on such topics as safe and inclusive research environments, public impact research (PIR), research security, and improving the culture of safety in campus laboratories and work spaces.

APLU COR brings together leaders in research from public research and land-grand universities across the nation to assess and develop policies that pertain to academic research, scholarship, and creative activity, said Keane. I am excited to lead the APLU Council on Research.

Keane has served as WSUs vice president for research since July 2014. He received a Bachelor of Science in physics and a Bachelor of Science in engineering from the University of Rochester, and a doctorate in astrophysics from Princeton University. Keane then joined the Inertial Confinement Fusion Program at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), performing computational and experimental research in x-ray lasers, inertial confinement fusion, and ultra-high intensity laser-matter interaction.

In 1996, Keane joined the U.S. Department of Energy as the associate director of the Office of Inertial Fusion within the Office of Defense Programs in what is now the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). He held a number of positions, ultimately serving in the Senior Executive Service (SES) as NNSA assistant deputy administrator for Inertial Fusion and the National Ignition Facility (NIF) Project. Keane rejoined LLNL in 2007 and went on to serve as director of the NIF User Office from 2009 through June 2014. The football-stadium sized NIF, the most energetic laser in the world, supports a wide range of experiments led by university faculty.

Keane is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a member of the Washington State Academy of Sciences and the American Physical Society. He is the recipient of the NNSA Silver Medal, the Defense Programs Award of Excellence, and the Fusion Power Associates Special Award. He serves on a number of boards and advisory committees, and has been a member of the APLU COR Executive Committee since 2017.

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Christopher Keane to serve as chair of the APLU Council on Research - WSU News

The Sun is a wild place. Up in our skies, it appears pretty much the same day to day, but when you look closer, our star is often riotous with turbulent plasma.

One of the wildest things the Sun can do is flare - belch out colossal loops of plasma that utterly dwarf our entire Earth in scale. Although this activity is quite common, we still don't fully understand what drives it.

Now, for the first time, solar physicists have measured and characterised the magnetic field of the gargantuan current sheet - surface electric current - that stretches across the core flaring region, the central engine that powers the energy release of solar flares.

"It has long been suggested that the sudden release of magnetic energy through the reconnection current sheet is responsible for these major eruptions, yet there has been no measurement of its magnetic properties," said physicist Bin Chen of the New Jersey Institute of Technology.

"With this study, we've finally measured the details of the magnetic field of a current sheet for the first time, giving us a new understanding of the central engine of the Sun's solar flares."

The Sun's magnetic fields are extremely complicated and messy. Our star is a roiling, turbulent ball of incredibly hot plasma, a fluid made up of charged particles that interacts strongly with electromagnetic forces.

Because the Sun is a sphere, the equatorial surface rotates faster than the poles. This results in the solar magnetic field growing tangled, which in turn can produce very strong localised magnetic fields all over the Sun, opening up the sunspots from which flares emerge.

In these localised magnetic fields, the magnetic field lines can get messy. At the roots of solar flares, opposing magnetic field lines connect, snap, and reconnect. In addition, powerful current sheets stretch across these core solar flare regions.

We know that magnetic reconnection results in the release of energy and acceleration of electrons to relativistic speeds, but exactly how and where this occurred in the structure has been difficult to pin down.

Cue a colossal, X8.2 solar flare that took place on 10 September 2017. It was caught in multiple wavelengths by the New Jersey Institute of Technology's Expanded Owens Valley Solar Array (EOVSA), which allowed the team to study the 40,000-kilometre (25,000-mile) current sheet in close detail.

"The place where all the energy is stored and released in solar flares has been invisible until now To play on a term from cosmology, it is the Sun's 'dark energy problem', and previously we've had to infer indirectly that the flare's magnetic reconnection sheet existed," said EOVSA director Dale Gary of the New Jersey Institute of Technology.

"EOVSA's images made at many microwave frequencies showed we can capture radio emissions to illuminate this important region."

(NJIT-CSTR, B. Chen, S. Yu; CfA, C. Shen; Solar Dynamics Observatory)

Above:Ultraviolet observations (left) and numerical simulation (right) of the flare.

The team combined their multi-wavelength data with numerical simulations conducted by physicists from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Not only did the profile of the magnetic field along the current sheet match predictions, there was a magnetic, bottle-shaped structure at the top of the base of the flare - 20,000 kilometres (12,500 miles) from the Sun's surface - where electrons were being trapped and accelerated.

The sheet and magnetic reconnection both seem necessary for the energy release and electron acceleration. Magnetic energy is released into the current sheet at a rate of around 10-100 billion trillion joules per second, according to the team's calculations. But, surprisingly, that's not where particle acceleration takes place.

"Such an enormous energy release at the current sheet is mind-blowing. The strong electric field generated there can easily accelerate the electrons to relativistic energies, but the unexpected fact we found was that the electric field profile in the current sheet region did not coincide with the spatial distribution of relativistic electrons that we measured," said Chen.

"In other words, something else had to be at play to accelerate or redirect these electrons. What our data showed was a special location at the bottom of the current sheet - the magnetic bottle - appears to be crucial in producing or confining the relativistic electrons."

Although such structures have been proposed before, this is the first time they've been demonstrated, the researchers noted. And the new measurements can now be used as a baseline to study and analyse future solar flares, as well as further study into the electron acceleration mechanism therein.

The research has been published in Nature Astronomy.

Read more from the original source:

Physicists Measured The Central Engine That Powers Solar Flares For The First Time - ScienceAlert

While Einsteins theory of general relativity can explain a large array of fascinating astrophysical and cosmological phenomena, some aspects of the properties of the universe at the largest-scales remain a mystery. A new study using loop quantum cosmology a theory that uses quantum mechanics to extend gravitational physics beyond Einsteins theory of general relativity accounts for two major mysteries. While the differences in the theories occur at the tiniest of scales much smaller than even a proton they have consequences at the largest of accessible scales in the universe. The study, whichappears onlineJuly 29 in Physical Review Letters, also provides new predictions about the universe that future satellite missions could test.

While a zoomed-out picture of the universe looks fairly uniform, it does have a large-scale structure, for example because galaxies and dark matter are not uniformly distributed throughout the universe. The origin of this structure has been traced back to the tiny inhomogeneities observed in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation that was emitted when the universe was 380,000 years young that we can still see today. But the CMB itself has three puzzling features that are considered anomalies because they are difficult to explain using known physics.

While seeing one of these anomalies may not be that statistically remarkable, seeing two or more together suggests we live in an exceptional universe, said Donghui Jeong, associate professor of astronomy and astrophysics at Penn State and an author of the paper. A recent study in the journal Nature proposed an explanation for one of these anomalies that raised so many additional concerns, they flagged a possible crisis in cosmology. Using quantum loop cosmology, however, we have resolved two of these anomalies naturally, avoiding that potential crisis.

Research over the last three decades has greatly improved our understanding of the early universe, including how the inhomogeneities in the CMB were produced in the first place. These inhomogeneities are a result of inevitable quantum fluctuations in the early universe. During a highly accelerated phase of expansion at very early times known as inflation these primordial, miniscule fluctuations were stretched under gravitys influence and seeded the observed inhomogeneities in the CMB.

To understand how primordial seeds arose, we need a closer look at the early universe, where Einsteins theory of general relativity breaks down, said Abhay Ashtekar, Evan Pugh Professor of Physics, holder of the Eberly Family Chair in Physics, and director of the Penn State Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos. The standard inflationary paradigm based on general relativity treats space time as a smooth continuum. Consider a shirt that appears like a two-dimensional surface, but on closer inspection you can see that it is woven by densely packed one-dimensional threads. In this way, the fabric of space time is really woven by quantum threads. In accounting for these threads, loop quantum cosmology allows us to go beyond the continuum described by general relativity where Einsteins physics breaks down for example beyond the Big Bang.

The researchers previous investigation into the early universe replaced the idea of a Big Bang singularity, where the universe emerged from nothing, withthe Big Bounce, where the current expanding universe emerged from a super-compressed mass that was created when the universe contracted in its preceding phase. They found that all of the large-scale structures of the universe accounted for by general relativity areequally explained by inflationafter this Big Bounce using equations of loop quantum cosmology.

In the new study, the researchers determined that inflation under loop quantum cosmology also resolves two of the major anomalies that appear under general relativity.

Diagram showing evolution of the Universe according to the paradigm of Loop Quantum Origins, developed by scientists at Penn State.

IMAGE: ALAN STONEBRAKER. P. SINGH, PHYSICS 5, 142 (2012); APS/A. STONEBRAKER

The primordial fluctuations we are talking about occur at the incredibly small Planck scale, said Brajesh Gupt, a postdoctoral researcher at Penn State at the time of the research and currently at the Texas Advanced Computing Center of the University of Texas at Austin. A Planck length is about 20 orders of magnitude smaller than the radius of a proton. But corrections to inflation at this unimaginably small scale simultaneously explain two of the anomalies at the largest scales in the universe, in a cosmic tango of the very small and the very large.

The researchers also produced new predictions about a fundamental cosmological parameter and primordial gravitational waves that could be tested during future satellite missions, including LiteBird and Cosmic Origins Explorer, which will continue to improve our understanding of the early universe.

In addition to Jeong, Ashtekar and Gupt, the research team includes V. Sreenath at the National Institute of Technology Karnataka in Surathkal, India. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation, NASA, the Penn State Eberly College of Science, and the Inter-University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics in Pune, India.

Link:

Cosmic tango between the very small and the very large - ScienceBlog.com

Global Telescope Market Trends, In-Depth Research on Prime Manufacturers, Market Size, Emerging Growth Factors, SWOT Analysis, Key Regions, Global 2020 Trends and Forecasts 2025

Market Info Reports Added New Latest Study On Overviewof Telescope Market: The Research Report is one of the most comprehensive and important dataabout business strategies, qualitative and quantitative analysis of Global Market and describes necessary factors like Top manufacturers, production worth, leading growth drivers, restraints, challenges, trends, key regions and CAGR,numerous stakeholders, SWOT analysis. This report focuses on Professional Global Telescope Market volume and value at Global level, regional level and company level.

The researchers have considered almost all important parameters for company profiling, including market share, recent development, gross margin, future development plans, product portfolio, production, and revenue. The report includes detailed analysis of the vendor landscape and thorough company profiling of leading players of the Telescope market.

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Leading players covered in the Telescope market report: Celestron, Meade, Vixen Optics, TAKAHASHI, ASTRO-PHYSICS, Bushnell, Bresser, ORION, Barska, Sky Watcher, Bosma, SharpStar, Visionking, TianLang and More

Market Segment By Type:Refracting telescopeReflector TelescopeCatadioptric telescope

Market Segment By Application:Amateur astronomy hobby (Enter-level telescope)Professional research (Advanced astronomical telescope)Others (Intermediate level)

Global Telescope Market is valued at USD XX million in 2020 and is projected to reach US$ XX million till 2025, rising at a CAGR of XX% during the period 2020 to 2025.

Regional analysis covers:North America(USA, Canada and Mexico)Europe(Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy)Asia-Pacific(China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)South America(Brazil, Argentina, Columbia etc.)Middle East and Africa(Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa)

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Telescope Market Report 2020: Acute Analysis of Global Demand and Supply 2025 with Major Key Player: Celestron, Meade, Vixen Optics, TAKAHASHI,...

The latest KiDS map made with the OmegaCAM on ESOs VLT Survey Telescope at Cerro Paranal in Northern Chile- shows that the universe is nearly 10 percent more homogeneous than the Standard Model of Cosmology (-CDM) predicts.

The standard model of Cosmology relies on rather mysterious physics that we call dark matter and dark energy.

KiDS uses the galaxies to map the distribution of matter in the Universe. To create this new map, KiDS used 31 million galaxies that lie up to 10 billion light-years away, which means their light was emitted when our Universe was less than half its present age.

The galaxies were mapped through weak gravitational lensing, where the light from distant galaxies is slightly deflected by the gravitational effect of large amounts of matter, such as galaxy clusters. That effect is used to determine the clumpiness of the distribution of the galaxies.

Over time, the gravity of the matter in the Universe makes it less and less homogeneous; areas with a little more mass than average attract matter from their surroundings, so increasing the contrast. Meanwhile, the expansion of the Universe counteracts this growth. Both of these processes are gravity-driven and are therefore of great importance for testing the Standard Model of Cosmology (-CDM), which reasonably accurately predicts how density variations increase with the age of the universe.

The results show a discrepancy: the universe is nearly 10 percent more homogeneous than the standard model predicts.

Dr. Marika Asgari, from the University of Edinburgh, who co-led the analysis, calls the result intriguing. The standard model of Cosmology relies on rather mysterious physics that we call dark matter and dark energy. Scientists have to test this remarkable model in as many ways as possible, and that is exactly what we are doing.

The KiDS results may indicate small cracks in the standard model, just like another discrepancy in the expansion rate of the Universe, the so-called Hubble constant.

Dr. Tilman Trster (University of Edinburgh):The question is whether these can be solved with a small adjustment, for example, with a somewhat more complex behavior of dark matter than the simple hypothesis of totally inert cold dark matter.'

Leiden professor and KiDS lead Koen Kuijken cannot saywhether this will eventually lead to a fundamentally different theory, for example, replacing Einsteins General Theory of Relativity with a new one. For now, I consciously try to stay away from possible theoretical interpretations, and focus on the measurements and how to make them as accurate as possible.

Prof. Hendrik Hildebrandt (Ruhr University Bochum) adds:As an observing cosmologist, you try to remain impartial and make the measurements as accurate as possible without theoretical prejudices. One thing is clear, we live in exciting times!

However, scientists will need more data to be sure about the results.

Dr. Benjamin Joachimi (University College London) said,There is a 1 in a 1000 chance that our findings could be caused by us just having looked at a particularly unusual part of the Universe.

Scientists have described the KiDS-1000 result in five articles, the last three of which appeared online today. They have been submitted for publication in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.

Read the original here:

The universe is nearly 10 percent more homogeneous than expected - Tech Explorist

NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab/Michael Lentz

NASA is blasting a balloon the size of a football stadium to the edge of space. The balloon will hoist a brand new infrared telescope designed to map dust and gases around baby stars.

According to the agency, the Astrophysics Stratospheric Telescope for High Spectral Resolution Observations at Submillimeter-wavelengths (ASTHROS) mission, which will be run out of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California, is scheduled to launch in 2023 from Antarctica.

Space is a trip. Let's explore it together.

"We will launch ASTHROS to the edge of space from the most remote and harsh part of our planet," JPL engineer and ASTHROS project manager Jose Siles said in a statement. "If you stop to think about it, it's really challenging, which makes it so exciting at the same time."

The ASTHROS telescope will snap pictures of the universe from an altitude of 130,000 feet above Earth's surface. From these heights, the telescope can make observations about the stars without atmospheric interference, which blocks some wavelengths of light.

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The telescope will attempt to measure how dust and gases behave around newly formed stars. Specifically, it will measure the motion, speed, and density of this dust and gas, according to the statement. Messier 83 and the proto-planetary disk around the star TQ Hydrae will be two of the prime targets for the new telescope.

Critically, scientists hope to study a violent phenomenon called stellar feedback. These jets of material are a key component in star formation, yet little is known about the effect they have on their surroundings. In a first for NASA, the telescope is designed to map nitrogen ions, which illuminate how these supernova-propelled stellar winds shape star nurseries.

In order to do all this, the telescope has to be chilled to extreme temperatureswe're talking absolute zero, or minus 451.3 degrees Fahrenheit. Instead of ferrying reserves of the super-chilled liquid helium commonly used on other missions, NASA has installed a solar-powered cryocooler that will help keep all the sensors cold and operational during the mission.

Eventually, after about a month of operation and a few loops around the South Pole, engineers will ping the gondola carrying the telescope and command it to disconnect from the 400-foot balloon. But that's not the end of the line for the ASTHROS telescope. NASA says it will refurbish the instrument for future use.

"Balloon missions like ASTHROS are higher-risk than space missions but yield high-rewards at modest cost," Siles said. "With ASTHROS, we're aiming to do astrophysics observations that have never been attempted before."

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NASA Is Blasting Just the Biggest Balloon Into the Stratosphere - Popular Mechanics

Balloons may seem like an outdated mode of transportation, but for high-flying scientific instruments theyre making a comeback. NASA has unveiled ASTHROS, a new infrared telescope that will be carried to the edge of space by a balloon the size of a football stadium.

ASTHROS, short for Astrophysics Stratospheric Telescope for High Spectral Resolution Observations at Submillimeter-wavelengths, will view the cosmos in far-infrared light. These wavelengths are blocked by Earths atmosphere, so infrared observatories are usually space-based, such as Spitzer, Herschel, and the Infrared Space Observatory.

ASTHROS, on the other hand, will be hitched to a high-altitude balloon, which will carry it to a height of 130,000 ft (40,000 m). Thats about four times higher than commercial airliners fly although its still less than halfway to the edge of space.

When fully inflated, the balloon will be about 400 ft (150 m) wide, which makes it about the size of a football stadium. Attached to this will be the ASTHROS instrument, including an 8.4-ft (2.5 m) antenna dish, as well as the mirrors, lenses and cooling systems that will let the telescope observe in far-infrared.

The balloon will be launched from Antarctica, and the stratospheric winds will carry it in two or three loops around the south pole, in a flight that will last between 21 and 28 days. When the work is done, the instrument will separate from the balloon and a parachute will carry it safely to the ground. After that, the telescope can be refurbished for reuse.

ASTHROS will specialize in making 3D maps of the density, speed and motion of gas in regions where newly-forged stars are churning the clouds of debris they were born in. The telescope will focus on four targets: the galaxy Messier 83, a young star called TW Hydrae where planets may be coagulating, and two star-forming regions in the Milky Way.

The team says that ASTHROS will be able to achieve what orbital telescopes can, at a fraction of the cost.

"Balloon missions like ASTHROS are higher-risk than space missions but yield high-rewards at modest cost," says Jose Siles, a project manager for ASTHROS. "With ASTHROS, we're aiming to do astrophysics observations that have never been attempted before. The mission will pave the way for future space missions by testing new technologies and providing training for the next generation of engineers and scientists.

The design of the instrument is now complete, and this month JPL engineers will begin testing the subsystems. If all goes to plan, ASTHROS is pencilled in for launch in December 2023.

Source: NASA

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Stadium-sized balloon to carry NASA telescope to the edge of space - New Atlas