Scientists Found a Way to Control How High Mice Got on Cocaine

A team of neuroscientists at the University of Wisconsin claim to have found a way to control how high mice can get on cocaine.

A team of neuroscientists at the University of Wisconsin claim to have found a way to control how high mice can get on a given amount of cocaine.

And don't worry — while that may sound like a particularly frivolous plot concocted by a team of evil scientists, the goal of the research is well-meaning.

The team, led by University of Wisconsin neuroscientist Santiago Cuesta, was investigating how the gut microbiome can influence how mice and humans react to ingesting the drug.

The research, detailed in a new paper published this week in the journal Cell Host & Microbe, sheds light on a vicious feedback loop that could explain cases of substance abuse disorders — and possibly lay the groundwork for future therapeutic treatments.

In a number of experiments on mice, the researchers found that cocaine was linked to the growth of common gut bacteria, which feed on glycine, a chemical that facilitates basic brain functions.

The lower the levels of glycine in the brain, the more the mice reacted to the cocaine, exhibiting abnormal behaviors.

To test the theory, the scientists injected the mice with a genetically modified amino acid which cannot break down glycine. As a result, the behavior of mice returned to normal levels.

In other words, the amino acid could curb cocaine addiction-like behaviors — at least in animal models.

"The gut bacteria are consuming all of the glycine and the levels are decreasing systemically and in the brain," said Vanessa Sperandio, senior author, and microbiologist from the University of Wisconsin, in a statement. "It seems changing glycine overall is impacting the glutamatergic synapses that make the animals more prone to develop addiction."

It's an unorthodox approach to treating addiction, but could be intriguing — if it works in people, that is.

"Usually, for neuroscience behaviors, people are not thinking about controlling the microbiota, and microbiota studies usually don't measure behaviors, but here we show they’re connected," Cuesta added. "Our microbiome can actually modulate psychiatric or brain-related behaviors."

In short, their research could lead to new ways of treating various psychiatric disorders such as substance use by adjusting the gut microbiome and not making changes to the brain chemistry.

"I think the bridging of these communities is what's going to move the field forward, advancing beyond correlations towards causations for the different types of psychiatric disorders," Sperandio argued.

READ MORE: How gut bacteria influence the effects of cocaine in mice [Cell Press]

More on addiction: Study: Magic Mushrooms Helped 83% of People Cut Excessive Drinking

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Scientists Found a Way to Control How High Mice Got on Cocaine

That "Research" About How Smartphones Are Causing Deformed Human Bodies Is SEO Spam, You Idiots

That

You know that "research" going around saying humans are going to evolve to have hunchbacks and claws because of the way we use our smartphones? Though our posture could certainly use some work, you'll be glad to know that it's just lazy spam intended to juice search engine results.

Let's back up. Today the Daily Mail published a viral story about "how humans may look in the year 3000." Among its predictions: hunched backs, clawed hands, a second eyelid, a thicker skull and a smaller brain.

Sure, that's fascinating! The only problem? The Mail's only source is a post published a year ago by the renowned scientists at... uh... TollFreeForwarding.com, a site that sells, as its name suggests, virtual phone numbers.

If the idea that phone salespeople are purporting to be making predictions about human evolution didn't tip you off, this "research" doesn't seem very scientific at all. Instead, it more closely resembles what it actually is — a blog post written by some poor grunt, intended to get backlinks from sites like the Mail that'll juice TollFreeForwarding's position in search engine results.

To get those delicious backlinks, the top minds at TollFreeForwarding leveraged renders of a "future human" by a 3D model artist. The result of these efforts is "Mindy," a creepy-looking hunchback in black skinny jeans (which is how you can tell she's from a different era).

Grotesque model reveals what humans could look like in the year 3000 due to our reliance on technology

Full story: https://t.co/vQzyMZPNBv pic.twitter.com/vqBuYOBrcg

— Daily Mail Online (@MailOnline) November 3, 2022

"To fully realize the impact everyday tech has on us, we sourced scientific research and expert opinion on the subject," the TollFreeForwarding post reads, "before working with a 3D designer to create a future human whose body has physically changed due to consistent use of smartphones, laptops, and other tech."

Its sources, though, are dubious. Its authority on spinal development, for instance, is a "health and wellness expert" at a site that sells massage lotion. His highest academic achievement? A business degree.

We could go on and on about TollFreeForwarding's dismal sourcing — some of which looks suspiciously like even more SEO spam for entirely different clients — but you get the idea.

It's probably not surprising that the this gambit for clicks took off among dingbats on Twitter. What is somewhat disappointing is that it ended up on StudyFinds, a generally reliable blog about academic research. This time, though, for inscrutable reasons it treated this egregious SEO spam as a legitimate scientific study.

The site's readers, though, were quick to call it out, leading to a comically enormous editor's note appended to the story.

"Our content is intended to stir debate and conversation, and we always encourage our readers to discuss why or why not they agree with the findings," it reads in part. "If you heavily disagree with a report — please debunk to your delight in the comments below."

You heard them! Get debunking, people.

More conspiracy theories: If You Think Joe Rogan Is Credible, This Bizarre Clip of Him Yelling at a Scientist Will Probably Change Your Mind

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That "Research" About How Smartphones Are Causing Deformed Human Bodies Is SEO Spam, You Idiots

Jeff Bezos’ Housekeeper Says She Had to Climb Out the Window to Use the Bathroom

Jeff Bezos' ex- housekeeper is suing him for discrimination that led to her allegedly having to literally sneak out out of his house to use the bathroom.

Jeff Bezos' former housekeeper is suing the Amazon founder for workplace discrimination that she says forced her to literally climb out out the window of his house to use the bathroom.

In the suit, filed this week in a Washington state court, the former housekeeper claimed that she and Bezos' other household staff were not provided with legally-mandated eating or restroom breaks, and that because there was no "readily accessible bathroom" for them to use, they had to clamber out a laundry room window to get to one.

In the complaint, lawyers for the ex-housekeeper, who is described as having worked for wealthy families for nearly 20 years, wrote that household staff were initially allowed to use a small bathroom in the security room of Bezos' main house, but "this soon stopped... because it was decided that housekeepers using the bathroom was a breach of security protocol."

The suit also alleges that housekeepers in the billionaire's employ "frequently developed Urinary Tract Infections" that they believed was related to not being able to use the bathroom when they needed to at work.

"There was no breakroom for the housekeepers," the complaint adds. "Even though Plaintiff worked 10, 12, and sometimes 14 hours a day, there was no designated area for her to sit down and rest."

The housekeeper — who, like almost all of her coworkers, is Latino — was allegedly not aware that she was entitled to breaks for lunch or rest, and was only able to have a lunch break when Bezos or his family were not on the premises, the lawsuit alleges.

The Washington Post owner has denied his former housekeeper's claims of discrimination through an attorney.

"We have investigated the claims, and they lack merit," Harry Korrell, a Bezos attorney, told Insider of the suit. "[The former employee] made over six figures annually and was the lead housekeeper."

He added that the former housekeeper "was responsible for her own break and meal times, and there were several bathrooms and breakrooms available to her and other staff."

"The evidence will show that [the former housekeeper] was terminated for performance reasons," he continued. "She initially demanded over $9M, and when the company refused, she decided to file this suit."

As the suit was just filed and may well end in a settlement, it'll likely be a long time, if ever, before we find out what really happened at Bezos' house — but if we do, it'll be a fascinating peek behind the curtain at the home life of one of the world's most powerful and wealthy men.

More on billionaires: Tesla Morale Low As Workers Still Don't Have Desks, Face Increased Attendance Surveillance

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Jeff Bezos' Housekeeper Says She Had to Climb Out the Window to Use the Bathroom

WA Dem Perez Calls Kent ‘Extremist’ But Has Supported Antifa Rioters

Marie Gluesenkamp Perez has accused her Republican opponent for the 3rd Congressional District of Washington State, Joe Kent, of being an extremist, even while there is evidence that she herself supported far-left extremists.

Gluesenkamp Perezs auto body shop offered free help to Antifa rioters during the Black Lives Matter protests in the summer of 2020, according to an Instagram post on July 26, 2020.

The post, on the Instagram account of Deans Car Care, @deanscarcarepdx, showed a picture of her husband Dean getting a hair cut, with the caption:

If you and your leaf blower have been getting busy supporting human rights, wed like to do what we can to help keep that little machine working right (pro bono) shoot us an email and check your fluids.

According to numerous media accounts, members of Antifa used leaf blowers to try to clear tear gas used by law enforcement to control the crowds of rioters.

According to The Washington Post, a group of self-identified Portland dads known collectively as DadBloc and Leaf-Blower Dads turned up to the protests wearing orange shirts to compliment the Wall of Moms who formed human shields at the Mark O. Hatfield Courthouse.

An account associating itself with the dads has identified itself as Antifa and has sent messages of support to other members of Antifa in other cities.

Meanwhile, Gluesenkamp Perez has tried to paint Kent as an extremist, calling him a radical right-wing extremist in numerous social media posts. She has not mentioned her support for Antifa or Black Lives Matter on her Twitter account.

A spokesman for Gluesenkamp Perez told Breitbart News in a statement that it was an employee at her shop who made the Instagram post:

This is a disingenuous and ridiculously misleading attack. Any claim Marie or her husband have ever supported Antifa is a lie. In 2020, as tear gas and pepper spray were causing harm to Portland residents, an employee at Maries shop once wrote an Instagram post offering to repair broken leaf blowers. Thats it.

Nothing Marie or her husband said or did was in any way anti-law enforcement. Lets be absolutely clear on this: Maries small business has suffered multiple break ins so she knows first hand the important work that police do to protect public safety and address crime. Marie supports fully-funding our police and opposes political violence in all its forms unlike her extremist opponent Joe Kent, who claims were at war with federal law enforcement officers and wants to defund the FBI along with other federal law enforcement.

Kents campaign responded to his opponent calling him extremist again.

The ad from Maries repair shop offering free repairs to those getting busy for human rights is an undeniable offer of material support for Antifa during the height of their riots and attacks on the police, a campaign spokesman said.

Marie pretends to support the police because shes running for Congress in a red district, but when it mattered, she turned her garage in Portland into an arsenal for Antifa, he said.

Local law enforcement has been unanimous in their public endorsements of Joe Kent, and the people of the Washingtons 3rd District know that Antifa belongs in prison, not in Congress.

Follow Breitbart Newss Kristina Wong on Twitter, Truth Social, or on Facebook.

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WA Dem Perez Calls Kent 'Extremist' But Has Supported Antifa Rioters

Who are Antifa? | ADL

Key Points

Antifa: Definition and History

The anti-fascist protest movement known as antifa gainednew prominence in the United States after the white supremacist Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, VA, in August 2017. In Charlottesville and at many subsequent events held by white supremacists or right-wing extremists, antifa adherents have confronted what they believe to be authoritarian movements and groups.

Most people who show up to counter or oppose white supremacist public events are peaceful demonstrators, but when militant antifa adherents show up, they can increase the chances that an event may turn violent.There have been instances where encounters between antifa supporters and the far-right have turned violent. Of those counter-protesters who do engage in violence, not all of them support the antifa movement. Likewise, not all antifa supporters engage in violence. Those violent counter-protesters who are militant antifa adherents believe in active, aggressive opposition to far right-wing movements.

The antifa movement is a loose collection of groups, networks and individuals. It began in the 1960s in Europe, and had reached the US by the end of the 1970s. The movements ideology is rooted in the belief that the Nazi party would never have been able to come to power in Germany if people had more aggressively fought them in the streets in the 1920s and 30s.

Most antifa adherents today come from the anarchist movement or from the far left, though since the 2016presidentialelection, people with other political backgrounds have also joined their ranks. Some antifa adherents have expanded their definition of fascist/fascism to include not just white supremacists and other extremists, but also many conservatives and supporters of former President Trump. Antifa supporters sometimes use a logo with a double flag, usually in black and red.

Today, antifa adherents focus on countering right wing extremists both online and on the ground. Antifas presence at protests is intended to intimidate and deter racists, but the use of violent measures by some militant antifa adherents against their adversaries can create a vicious, self-defeating cycle of attacks, counterattacks and blame.Antifa violence is problematic, in part because acts of violence serve to normalize violence more broadly, and can spark a dangerous cycle of retaliation with white supremacists and other right-wing extremists. Violence can also undermine and even delegitimize efforts of peaceful antifascist protesters.

The label antifa is often misapplied to include all counter-protesters. Violence perpetrated by anarchists or other unrelated actors is often misattributed to antifa supporters, which makes it especially critical that the public, reporters and law enforcement understand how antifa and the militant element of the movement fit within the larger counter-protest efforts. Doing so allows law enforcement to focus their resources on the small minority of actors who engage in violence without curtailing the civil rights of individuals who want their voices to be heard.

While violence can and does occur in conflicts between antifa actors and right-wing extremists, it is important to reject attempts to claim equivalence between antifa and the white supremacist and other right-wing extremist groups they oppose. Antifa adherents reject racism, and only a small, militant element use violent tactics to express this opposition. White supremacists and other right-wing extremists, on the other hand, use even more extreme violence to spread their ideologies of hate, to intimidate marginalized communities, and to undermine democratic norms. Right-wing extremists have been one of the largest and most consistent sources of domestic terror incidents in the United States for many years; they have murdered hundreds of people in this country over the last ten years alone. To date, there hasbeen only onesuspectedantifa-related murder, which took place on August 29, 2020, in Portland, Oregon.

On December 6, 2021, prosecutorscharged seven individualsdescribed as self-identified anti-fascists related to assaults that took place in January during the Patriot March at Pacific Beach in January 2021. The criminal complaint alleges that the self-identified antifa activists organized themselves in San Diego and LA respectively one week prior to the Patriot March. According to the complaint, those chargedreportedlyused pepper spray, flag poles, sticks, and other items to attack the pro-Trump protesters who assembled for the Patriot March.

Antifa: Scope and Tactics

Given that the antifa movement is leaderless and so decentralized, it is extremely difficult to pinpoint any governing plan.

Todays antifa adherents argue that they are the on-the-ground defense against individuals they believe are promoting fascism in the United States. Broadly speaking, antifa adherents tend to protest far-right events and their presence at these events is intended to intimidate and deter racists. There is evidence of violent clashing between antifa adherents who come out to counter-protest right-wing extremist events and right-wing extremists themselves. In these cases, it is often unclear which side starts the violence, but both can and do participate. Violent clashes between Proud Boys and antifa adherents on June 18, 2021, at Clackamette Park in Oregon are a clear recent example of this.

However, some actors who claim an affiliation with antifa have also targeted law enforcement and by extension police precincts because some antifa adherents perceive law enforcement as providing cover for far-right movements.

Businesses have also been targeted with vandalism, which in some cases may be an expression of some adherents anti-capitalist views. In addition, antifa adherents will sometimes focus on symbolic targets, by, for example, vandalizing an ICE office while protesting the mistreatment of children in ICE detention facilities. Both are examples of how the ideology of the antifa movement is blended, especially as the movement has gained more popularity.

Militant antifa adherents often use black bloc tactics, with participants wearing all black clothing and operating as a unified force; people with riot shields stay at the front while behind them, others move like water. Antifa social media channels often prohibit filming or streaming at events, presumably to protect the identity of participants, particularly of those engaging in criminal activity.

While some more militant antifa adherents fight with their fists, others have thrown projectiles or launched sling shots. Antifa adherents have also used noxious gases, and at various times they have pushed through police barricades and attempted to exploit any perceived weakness in law enforcement presence.

Away from rallies, they also engage in tactics that involve exposing their adversaries identities, addresses, jobs and other private information. This can lead to their targets being harassed or losing their jobs, among other consequences. Members of the alt right and other right-wing extremists have responded with their own doxing-related campaigns, and by perpetuating hateful and violent narratives using fake antifa social media accounts.

Because there is no unifying body for antifa, it is impossible to know how many adherents are currently active. Different localities have different antifa populations, but antifa adherents are also sometimes willing to travel hundreds of miles to oppose a white supremacist event.

Disinformation

Persistent disinformation campaigns have dramatically affected the public perception of antifa.

In the summer of 2020, disinformation was widely shared on social media which alleged that antifa was trying to use Black Lives Matter protests as cover to act violently, that they were planning violent attacks on white suburbs, and that they were working with Muslim groups to impose Shariah law (in three respective disinformation campaigns).

There was also a fake antifa manual that was widely circulated, conspiracies connecting George Soros to BLM protests and antifa, and disinformation that antifa hosted a 4th of July flag burning event.

This tendency was amplified in the wake of the January 6th Capitol insurrection, as almost immediately false claims surfaced that antifa was the first to storm the Capitol not pro-Trump extremists. These allegations were spread even by mainstream right-wing media personalities who falsely claimed that there were reports of busloads of antifa infiltrating the ranks of the pro-Trump crowd and that it was antifa that was the first to break the police barrier.

The reality of the situation was that pro-Trump extremists and other right-wing extremists stormed the Capitol on January 6th. Additionally, there is evidence that the Proud Boys, one of the right-wing extremist groups present that day, disguised themselves as antifa to avoid detection.

In July 2021, it was revealed that disinformation was put forth regarding claims that anti-fascists or BLM started wildfires in Oregon, sparking a wide variety of rumors that leftists were starting wildfires. A family was allegedly attacked while camping in Washington by those who were influenced by these rumors and thought their camper may be an antifa transport vehicle.

There is no evidence to support any of these allegations, and all these false claims do is deflect blame for the insurrection and build antifa into a threat that is not reflected in reality.

Original post:

Who are Antifa? | ADL

BREAKING: Heavily armed Antifa militants ‘stand guard’ outside Texas …

A "kid friendly" drag brunch for all ages was guarded against protests by armed Antifa militants carrying AR-15s. The drag event was held at the Anderson Distillery and Grill in Roanoke, Texas.

The event called the Barrel Babes Drag Brunch was advertised as "Dancing Music and Laughs." Journalist Taylor Hansen said that the "kid-friendly" event featured "Vulgarity, Sexualization of Minors, and Partial Nudity."

Protestors outside the event were spit on and confronted by activists who support "kid friendly" drag brunches.

Upon learning of the event, Protect Texas Kids, founded by Kelly Neidert, organized a "pop-up protest" outside the venue.

In response, Antifa organized its members to support the drag event. According to The Post Millennials editor-at-large Andy Ngo "The local chapter of the John Brown Gun Club, an #Antifa militia linked to domestic terrorism, led the call to direct action."

Kris Cruz from Blaze TV reported that Antifa militants armed with AR-15s acted as "bodyguards" and escorted attendees to their vehicles. He added that Antifa and the staff worked together to provide "protection" for attendees.

Kruz also reported that Antifa was placed strategically during the "kid friendly" drag show and "was armed like snipers on the 3rd floor of the parking garage."

The militants were reportedly directly targeting Neidert and Protect Texas Kids. Antifa has consistently and persistently targeted Neidert.

Antifa posts criticized Neidert for "working with" Ngo, comedian and activist Alex Stein "and a host of other wannabe fashy (fascist) influencers." They even described her organization as a "terror crew."

According to Sara Gonzalez Host of "The News and Why It Matters" on Blaze TV, there were over 20 children in attendance as well as teachers. She added, "Aside from the children present, there were some safety concerns. The staff admitted they were violating fire code & over capacity." Gonzalez also reported that minors were given a "wristband that said, 'drinking age verified.'"

Gonzalez reported that the police were called about the issues but did not respond.

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BREAKING: Heavily armed Antifa militants 'stand guard' outside Texas ...

Antifa’s Deadly Year Shows the Extremism on the Far Left – Newsweek

At the last Democratic presidential debate hosted by MSNBC and The Washington Post, moderator Kristen Welker asked the candidates what they would do about white supremacist terrorism. The question, though unsurprising for a Democratic debate, is symptomatic of America's myopic panic over right-wing extremism since the election of Donald Trump.

This week, Congresswoman Rashida Tlaib blamed "white supremacy" for the Jersey City shootings that killed a detective and three citizens at a Jewish supermarket. The shooters were reportedly part of a black nationalist, anti-police religious sect.

While the threat from the far right is real, so is the violent threat posed by the far left.

Last January, Charles Landeros, 30, wearing a "Smash the patriarchy" t-shirt, went to his daughter's middle school in Eugene, Oregon, to discuss a custody dispute. When asked by two school resource officers to leave the building, Charles refused. They attempted to place him under arrest, and he pulled out a handgun and fired two rounds at them. He missed and was killed by returning gunfire from one of the officers. Charles' daughter was feet away. Authorities later found Landeros was carrying an extra magazine on his belt.

Soon after the news broke of his death, Popular Mobilization, the Portland anti-fascist group that organized the protest turned riot in June where I was beaten, claimed him as one of its own.

"Charlie Landeros, beloved comrade and street medic, was murdered by Eugene police 2 days ago," the group tweeted. "They were a non-binary activist of color who did amazing work in their community and were gunned down in front of their children's school."

While his death shocked the small college town, I knew it was only a matter of time before antifa adherents would kill or be killed. Since antifa gained prominence after the election of Donald Trump, there have been several violent instances involving people who are associated with the group or have expressed support for its ideology.

According to Charles' ex-wife, Shayla Landeros, he was radicalized after starting at the University of Oregon in 2014. They had divorced the year prior. There, she says, he was introduced to radical left-wing theories and became deeply involved in various social-justice groups on campus. In October 2017, Charles was part of a group of radical students who stormed the stage before the university president could speak. They complained about "fascism" on campus and tuition increases.

"He was a smart, loving, intelligent person who turned into a monster," she says. "There's the Charlie I married and then there is the antifa Charlie."

By 2017, Landeros started the Community Armed Self Defense group, a left-wing organization that teaches people of color to use guns for community "self-defense." Shayla alleges he was "stockpiling guns" and using the group to radicalize members to start a violent uprising. Charles posted a photo of their younger daughter in front of weapons on his private Instagram account. In 2018, the Federal Bureau of Investigation looked into him after it received a credible tip. The investigation ultimately failed to bring charges, however.

Two days before Landeros was killed on January 11, police in nearby Springfield received a screenshot of a Facebook comment by a "Charlie Landros" that read "Time to start killing pigs," according to investigators. An hour before the shooting at the school, someone reported to the manager of the Springfield Police Department's Facebook page that a "Charlie Landros" had commented "Death to all pigs" on a post, but when the manager "attempted to locate the comment, it had been removed," District Attorney Patty Perlow wrote.

According to Shayla, just days before her ex-husband's attack, he made their younger daughter watch him burn the U.S. flag.

Shortly after body camera footage and an investigation led the district attorney to clear police of wrongdoing in the death of Landeros, bombs were left outside the Eugene Police Department but failed to detonate. The investigation remains ongoing.

Six months later, in July, police shot and killed Willem van Spronsen, 69, after he attacked an Immigrations and Customs Enforcement facility in Tacoma, Washington. Police said he tried to ignite a 500-gallon propane tank attached to the building and was armed with a rifle and incendiary devices.

Shortly before the attack, van Spronsen sent a manifesto to friends. In it, he wrote "I am antifa" and referred to ICE facilities as "concentration camps." They did not report the manifesto to police.

After his death, antifa groups issued eulogies. The group Seattle Antifascist Action described van Spronsen as a "good friend and comrade" and "a martyr." Memorials were organized in Washington and Oregon.

I encountered van Spronsen the year prior at an antifa demonstration outside Seattle City Hall. He was part of a left-wing militia that patrolled the area while carrying guns.

One extremist who later referred to van Spronsen as a "martyr" on social media went on to carry out his own attack. On August 4, 24-year-old Connor Betts killed nine and injured dozens in a mass shooting in Dayton, Ohio. He was shot dead by responding police officers.

Though the investigation into a motive remains ongoing, authorities have stated that Betts was exploring "violent ideologies" before the massacre. A Twitter account that appeared to belong to Betts retweeted content supporting antifa protesters. Offline, he even participated in armed black bloc tactics.

In October, Sean Kealiher, 23, was killed in Portland after being hit by a car that had bullet holes in it, police said. Kealiher was a prominent member of the local antifa movement.

On social media, the Pacific Northwest Antifascist Workers Collective warned members against cooperating with the media and "the pigs" in the investigation. Portland's Rose City Antifa said in a tweet that "our sources indicate that this was not related to fascist activity." Kealiher's homicide investigation remains ongoing.

With the election now less than a year away, the violence that swirls around antifa and those who fall victim to its ideology may only grow in 2020.

Andy Ngo is editor-at-large of The Post Millennial.

The opinions expressed in this essay are the author's own.

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Antifa's Deadly Year Shows the Extremism on the Far Left - Newsweek

Former Wyoming man gets 30 days for role in Capitol breach – The Associated Press – en Espaol

CASPER, Wyo. (AP) A former Wyoming man who climbed through a broken window at the U.S. Capitol during the Jan. 6, 2021 insurrection has been sentenced to 30 days in jail and ordered to pay $1,500 in fines and restitution.

Andrew Galloway, 34, pleaded guilty in March to a misdemeanor charge of parading, demonstrating or picketing inside the Capitol for entering the Capitol about 11 minutes after supporters of then-President Donald Trump were able to overpower Capitol police and break into the building.

Galloway spent about 10 minutes inside, according to prosecutors and his attorney.

He was sentenced Wednesday in federal court in Washington.

Galloway followed a crowd to the Capitol with no intention of doing anything but having his voice join those of thousands of other peaceful protesters, attorney Allen Orenberg wrote in requesting a probationary sentence. Galloway regrets his role in the events, his attorney wrote.

The FBI received a tip about Galloways participation in the breach, which happened as Congress was certifying the Electoral College votes that showed Joe Biden won the November 2020 presidential election over Trump. Investigators obtained a video that showed Galloway saying: Yeah, that was us today; no that wasnt Antifa, court documents state.

Galloway, who previously lived in Cody, Wyoming, now lives in Nashville, Tennessee. He will be allowed to self-report to serve his jail time.

About 900 people have been arrested for their roles in the breach of the U.S. Capitol. More than 400 people have pleaded guilty to federal charges, according to the U.S. Department of Justice.

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Former Wyoming man gets 30 days for role in Capitol breach - The Associated Press - en Espaol

Texas lawmaker on armed Antifa members showing up at ‘kid-friendly …

A Texas Republican lawmaker said Tuesday on "Fox & Friends First"that a so-called "kid-friendly" drag show near Dallas-Fort Worth was totally inappropriate.

"It's shocking to a lot of Texans and we just need to stop it. We need to let children be children and protect them from any sexualization," State Rep. Bryan Slaton (R) told Ashley Strohmier and Todd Piro.

Masked, black-clad Antifa protesters showed up brandishing weapons at the Sunday morning "drag brunch" in Roanoke.

TEXAS LEGISLATOR TO INTRODUCE BILL BANNING CHILDREN FROM DRAG SHOWS AFTER DRAG THE KIDS TO PRIDE EVENT

A masked protester holds a sign that reads "Keep Roanoke Gay" outside Anderson Distillery & Grill in Roanoke, Texas. (@realKrisCruz/Twitter)

Police maintained a presence at the event, which took place at the Anderson Distillery and Grill in Roanoke, Texas, and led at times to tense stand-offs between protesters and counter-protesters.

Approximately 20 children and multiple self-proclaimed teachers attended the event where drag queens performed and collected dollar bills, according to footage of the event obtained by journalist Tayler Hansen

Armed protesters stand guard outside a drag show at Anderson Distillery & Grill in Roanoke, Texas. (Kelly Neidert)

In June, Slaton introduced legislation that would ban minors from attending drag shows in the state after footage went viral showing children attending a drag show at Mr. Misster, a gay bar in North Dallas.

Slaton said "kid-friendly drag shows" do not exist. He believes that children need to be protected and allowed to have a childhood and prevented from being sexualized at a young age.

"We have porn in our school libraries and there's pushback on removing those. There are the drag queen shows with children, and there's pushback on us for wanting to stop that. Then there's the gender modification of children. And the left is pushing back on that," he added.

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Slaton said it was "alarming" that Antifa members showed up with guns to protect "grown men wearing ladies' underwear that have to dance provocatively in front of children."

"They're protecting that and trying to intimidate those that were there to speak out against it and bring attention to it that way. But, yes, Antifa apparently is getting involved, and you've crossed the line if you want to protect children, and they want to intimidate you."

Slaton lamented a lack of action by law enforcement, including failing to shut down the event for being over capacity according to the local fire code.

Fox News' Jon Brown contributed to this report

Elizabeth Heckman is a digital production assistant with Fox News.

Excerpt from:

Texas lawmaker on armed Antifa members showing up at 'kid-friendly ...

Antifa (Germany) – Wikipedia

Far-left anti-fascist movement in Germany

Antifa is a political movement in Germany composed of multiple far-left, autonomous, militant groups and individuals who describe themselves as anti-fascist. According to the German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution and the Federal Agency for Civic Education, the use of the epithet fascist against opponents and the view of capitalism as a form of fascism are central to the movement.[1][2][3] The antifa movement has existed in different eras and incarnations, dating back to Antifaschistische Aktion, from which the moniker antifa came. It was set up by the then-Stalinist Communist Party of Germany (KPD) during the late history of the Weimar Republic. After the forced dissolution in the wake of Machtergreifung in 1933, the movement went underground.[4] In the postwar era, Antifaschistische Aktion inspired a variety of different movements, groups and individuals in Germany as well as other countries which widely adopted variants of its aesthetics and some of its tactics. Known as the wider antifa movement, the contemporary antifa groups have no direct organisational connection to Antifaschistische Aktion.[5]

The contemporary antifa movement has its roots in the West German Auerparlamentarische Opposition left-wing student movement and largely adopted the aesthetics of the first movement while being ideologically somewhat dissimilar. The first antifa groups in this tradition were founded by the Maoist Communist League in the early 1970s. From the late 1980s, West Germany's squatter scene and left-wing autonomism movement were the main contributors to the new antifa movement and in contrast to the earlier movement had a more anarcho-communist leaning. The contemporary movement has splintered into different groups and factions, including one anti-imperialist and anti-Zionist faction and one anti-German faction who strongly oppose each other, mainly over their views on Israel.

German government institutions such as the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution and the Federal Agency for Civic Education describe the contemporary antifa movement as part of the extreme left and as partially violent. Antifa groups are monitored by the federal office in the context of its legal mandate to combat extremism.[1][2][3][6] The federal office states that the underlying goal of the antifa movement is "the struggle against the liberal democratic basic order" and capitalism.[2][3] In the 1980s, the movement was accused by German authorities of engaging in terrorist acts of violence.[7]

Antifaschistische Aktion was established by the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) based on the principle of a communist front and its establishment was announced in the party's newspaper Die Rote Fahne (The Red Flag) in 1932. It functioned as an integral part of the KPD during its entire existence from 1932 to 1933.[8] A member of the Comintern, the KPD under the leadership of Ernst Thlmann was loyal to the Soviet government headed by Joseph Stalin to the extent that the party had been directly controlled and funded by the Soviet leadership in Moscow since 1928.[9][8]

The KPD described Antifaschistische Aktion as a "red united front under the leadership of the only anti-fascist party, the KPD".[10] The KPD had proclaimed that it was "the only anti-fascist party" during the elections of 1930.[9] Unlike the situation in Italy, no party regarded itself as "fascist" in Weimar-era Germany. Central to Antifaschistische Aktion was the use of the epithet fascist. According to Norman Davies, the concept of "anti-fascism" as used by the KPD originated as an ideological construct of the Soviet Union,[11] where the epithets fascist and fascism were primarily and widely used to describe capitalist society in general and virtually any anti-Soviet or anti-Stalinist activity or opinion. This usage was also adopted by communist parties affiliated with the Comintern such as the KPD.[12]

During the Comintern's Third Period (19281931), the SPD was included by the KPD in the category of "fascists"[13] based on the theory of "social fascism" proclaimed by Stalin and supported by the Comintern in the early 1930s, according to which social democracy was a variant of fascism and even more dangerous and insidious than open fascism.[8] The KPD doctrine held that the communist party was "the only anti-fascist party" while all other parties were "fascist".[14] The KPD did not view fascism as a specific political movement, but primarily as the final stage of capitalism and the KPD's anti-fascism" was therefore synonymous with anti-capitalism. Throughout this period, the KPD regarded the centre-left Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) as its main adversary.[8] Thlmann "took his instructions from Stalin and his hatred of the SPD was essentially ideological".[15] In his sympathetic history of Antifaschistische Aktion, published by the Association for the Promotion of Antifascist Culture, Bernd Langer notes that "antifascism was always a fundamentally anti-capitalist strategy" and that "communists always took antifascism to mean anti-capitalism. Therefore all other parties were fascist in the opinion of the KPD, and especially the SPD".[16] A 1931 KPD resolution described the SPD, referred to as "social fascists", as the "main pillar of the dictatorship of Capital".[17] Consequently, anti-fascism and anti-fascist action in the language of the KPD also included the struggle against the social democrats.[8] In the early 1930s, the KPD had stated that "fighting fascism means fighting the SPD just as much as it means fighting Hitler and the parties of Brning".[14] While some KPD members initially believed Antifaschistische Aktion should include other leftists, this opinion was quickly suppressed by the KPD leadership which made it clear that Antifaschistische Aktion would also oppose the SPD and that "Anti-Fascist Action means untiring daily exposure of the shameless, treacherous role of the SPD and ADGB leaders who are the direct filthy helpers of fascism".[18]

Occasionally, the KPD cooperated with the Nazis in attacking the SPD and both sought to destroy the liberal democracy of the Weimar Republic.[18][19] While also opposed to the Nazis, the KPD regarded the Nazi Party as a less sophisticated and thus less dangerous fascist party than the SPD. In December 1931, KPD leader Ernst Thlmann declared that "some Nazi trees must not be allowed to overshadow a forest" of the SPD.[20][21] In 1931, the KPD under the leadership of Ernst Thlmann internally used the slogan "After Hitler, our turn!", strongly believing that a united front against Nazis was not needed and that a Nazi dictatorship would ultimately crumble due to flawed economic policies and lead the KPD to power in Germany when the people realised that their economic policies were superior.[22][23]

The relationship between the KPD and the SPD was characterised by mutual hostility. The SPD had itself adopted the position that both the Nazis and the KPD posed an equal danger to liberal democracy[24] and SPD leader Kurt Schumacher famously described the KPD as "red-painted Nazis" in 1930.[12] The SPD-dominated Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold described itself as a "protection organization of the Republic and democracy in the fight against the swastika and the Soviet star" and both the Reichsbanner and the Iron Front opposed both the Nazis and the "anti-fascist" KPD.[25][26] In 1929, the KPD's paramilitary organisation, Roter Frontkmpferbund (Alliance of Red Front-Fighters), an effective predecessor of Antifaschistische Aktion, had been banned as extremist by the governing SPD.[27] In December 1929, the KPD founded Antifaschistische Junge Garde as a successor to Roter Frontkmpferbund, which was banned.[28]

Despite this animosity between party leaderships, on the ground there was considerable co-operation against the Nazis between rank and file activists of the KPD, SPD and other left groups such as in local anti-fascist committees and militias, particularly in 1932 as the fascists gained ground and calls for a united front by Leon Trotsky, August Thalheimer and other left leaders became more urgent.[14] It was in this context that the KPD began to emphasise the specific threat of Nazism, leading to the formation of Antifaschistische Aktion and later the turn away from the "social fascism" doctrine. The 1932 congress organised by KPD dedicated energy to attacking the SPD. It featured a large Antifaschistische Aktion logo flanked by imagery that showed the KPD fighting the capitalists next to imagery openly mocking the SPD.[29]

After the forced dissolution in the wake of the Machtergreifung in 1933, the movement went underground.[4] Theodore Draper argued that "the so-called theory of social fascism and the practice based on it constituted one of the chief factors contributing to the victory of German fascism in January 1933".[13][15]

After the defeat of Nazi Germany, groups called Antifaschistische Aktion, Antifaschistische Ausschsse, or Antifaschistische Kommittees, all typically abbreviated to antifa, spontaneously re-emerged in Germany in 1944, mainly involving veterans of pre-war KPD, KPO and SPD politics[30][31][32][33] as well as some members of other democratic political parties and Christians who opposed the Nazi rgime.[34] Communists tended to make up at least half of the committees.[34] In the western zones, these anti-fascist committees began to recede by the late summer of 1945, marginalized by Allied bans on political organization and by re-emerging divisions between communists and others and the emerging state doctrine of anti-communism in what became West Germany.[35] In East Germany, the antifa groups were absorbed into the new Stalinist state.[30]

In the Soviet occupation zone which later became East Germany, the Soviet occupation authorities pressured the KPD and the remaining Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) to merge into the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) while those within the SPD who resisted the Stalinization were persecuted and often fled to the western zones.[36] The repression in the Soviet occupation zone and the onset of the Cold War quickly exacerbated the conflict between the SED and the SPD. The term anti-fascism was widely used by MarxistLeninists to smear their opponents, including democratic socialists, social democrats and other anti-Stalinist leftists.[36]

Anti-fascism was part of the official ideology and language of the communist state[1] and Antifaschistische Aktion was considered an important part of the heritage of the governing SED along with the KPD itself. Eckhard Jesse notes that anti-fascism was ubiquitous in the language of the SED and used to justify repression such as the crackdown on the East German uprising of 1953.[37][38] Anti-fascism generally meant the struggle against the Western world and NATO in general and against the western-backed West Germany and its main ally the United States in particular which were seen as the main fascist forces in the world by the SED.[12] From 1961 to 1989, the SED used Anti-Fascist Protection Wall (German: Antifaschistischer Schutzwall) as the official name for the Berlin Wall. This was in sharp contrast to the West Berlin city government which would sometimes refer to the same structure as the Wall of Shame.[39][40]

The anti-Zionist struggle was seen as an important part of the anti-fascist struggle and Israel was regarded by East Germany as a "fascist state"[41] alongside the United States and West Germany. Jeffrey Herf argues that East Germany was waging an undeclared war on Israel[42] and that "East Germany played a salient role in the Soviet bloc's antagonism toward Israel".[43] According to Herf, after becoming a member of the United Nations (UN), East Germany "made excellent use of the UN to wage political warfare against Israel [and was] an enthusiastic, high-profile, and vigorous member" of the anti-Israeli majority of the General Assembly.[42] Anti-fascism as interpreted by East Germany served as a "legitimizing ideology" and "state doctrine" of the regime.[1][5][38] When the regime crumbled during the Revolutions of 1989, the SED intensified its use of anti-fascist rhetoric directed at the West to justify its existence.[37][38]

The contemporary antifa movement has its origins in West Germany, in the student-based Auerparlamentarische Opposition (extra-parliamentary opposition) of the 1960s and early 1970s which opposed the alleged "fascism" of the West German government.[5] Major factors that formed the backdrop of this movement were criticism of the Vietnam War and the United States, students' anti-authoritarian rebellion against their parents' generation, criticism of professors' dominance of universities and continuity of the societal relations of power, especially the continuity in the civil service since the Nazi era, and the criticism of the centre-left SPD by those to the left of the SPD.[44]

The earliest contemporary antifa groups that were inspired by the left-wing student movement were founded by the Maoist Communist League in the early 1970s. During the 1970s, parts of the Auerparlamentarische Opposition were radicalized, culminating in the formation of terrorist groups like the Red Army Faction, the 2 June Movement and the Revolutionary Cells.[45] Some of the more radical elements within antifa groups of the late 1970s had contact with the Red Army Faction and the Revolutionary Cells.[46] From the late 1980s, the squatter scene and autonomism movement were important in an upswing of the antifa movement.[30]

The contemporary antifa movement in Germany comprises different anti-fascist groups which usually use the abbreviation antifa and regard Antifaschistische Aktion of the early 1930s as an inspiration. Contemporary antifa "has no practical historical connection to the movement from which it takes its name, but is instead a product of West Germany's squatter scene and autonomist movement in the 1980s".[30] Many new antifa groups formed from the late 1980s onwards. One of the biggest antifascist campaigns in Germany in recent years was the ultimately successful effort to block the annual Nazi-rallies in the east German city of Dresden in Saxony which had grown into "Europe's biggest gathering of Nazis".[47] Unlike Antifaschistische Aktion which had links to the Communist Party of Germany and which was concerned with industrial working-class politics, the late 1980s and early 1990s autonomists were instead independent anti-authoritarian libertarian Marxists and anarcho-communists not associated with any particular party. The publication Antifaschistisches Infoblatt, in operation since 1987, sought to expose radical nationalists publicly.[48]

Most contemporary antifa groups were formed after the German reunification in 1990, mainly in the early part of the 1990s. In 1990, Autonome Antifa (M) was established in Gttingen. Antifaschistische Aktion Berlin, founded in 1993, became one of the more prominent groups. Antifaschistische Aktion/Bundesweite Organisation[de] was an umbrella organisation at the federal level that coordinated these groups across Germany. Aside from their violent clashes with ultra-nationalists, these groups participated in the annual May Day in Kreuzberg which resulted in large-scale riots in 1987 and which have been characterized by a significant police presence.[49][50] In 2003, Antifaschistisches Infoblatt joined Antifa-Net, part of an international network, including the likes of Britain's Searchlight and Sweden's Expo magazine.[51]

Steffen Kailitz notes that "the difference between the autonomist scene and terrorist networks gradually lost importance from the 1990s" and that a number of antifa groups were involved in violent activities from the 1990s.[52] In October 2016, antifa in Dresden campaigned on the occasion of the anniversary of the reunification of Germany on 3 October for "turning Unity celebrations into a disaster" to protest this display of new German nationalism whilst explicitly not ruling out the use of violence.[53] Antifa protesters were involved during the 2017 G20 Hamburg summit confrontations.[54][55]

After German reunification, the antifa movement gradually fractured into three main camps:[56]

Diverging opinions on Israel has caused a split in the movement since the 2000s.[57] The Antifaschistische Aktion/Bundesweite Organisation dissolved in 2001 and it splintered into different groups and factions as a result of these political differences.

Writing in 1993, political scientist Antonia Grunenberg described "anti-fascism" as a "strange term, that expresses opposition to something, but no political concept" and points out that while all democrats are against fascism, not everyone who is against fascism is a democrat. In this sense, Grunenberg argues that the term obscures the difference between democrats and non-democrats.[5] Many contemporary antifa groups include their understanding of various forms of oppression or general and loosely defined topics such as homophobia, racism, sexism and war in their understanding of fascism. Frequently, corporate interests, the government and especially the police and military are also included in their understanding of fascism. In German, the terms antifa and anti-fascism are often used interchangeably.[3] According to political scientist and CDU politician Tim Peters, usage of the term anti-fascism in contemporary Germany is mainly limited to the far-left while the term and ideology are viewed critically by many.[57]

Many contemporary antifa groups have adopted variants of the aesthetics of Antifaschistische Aktion. Its two-flag logo was originally designed by Max Gebhard[de] and Max Keilson[de] of the KPD-associated Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists.[58] While the original logo of Antifaschistische Aktion featured two red flags representing communism and socialism, contemporary antifa logos since the 1980s usually feature a black flag representing anarchism and autonomism, in addition to the red flag.[48]

Government of Germany's institutions such as the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution and the Federal Agency for Civic Education describe the contemporary antifa movement as part of the extreme left and antifa groups are monitored by the federal office in the context of its legal mandate to combat extremism under the provisions allowed for by the German system of a Streitbare Demokratie ("fortified democracy").[1][2][3][6]

The Federal Agency for Civic Education claims that antifa groups sometimes call for violence not only against police or skinheads but also against bishops and judges. According to the agency, there are slogans such as "antifascism means attack" not only against the far-right but also against the political system of the Federal Republic of Germany.[1] Writing for theFederal Agency for Civic Education, extremism expert Armin Pfahl-Traughber, a former director with the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, notes that "even if every convinced democrat is an opponent of fascism, anti-fascism is not per se a democratic position". According to Pfahl-Traughber, one must distinguish between "fascism in a scholarly sense" and "fascism in a far-left extremist sense".[1]

The Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution describes the field of "anti-fascism" or "Antifa" as extremist[3] and includes it and associated groups in its annual public reports on extremism as part of the topic "far-left extremism".[6] The federal office further notes that "[t]he field of 'anti-fascism' has for years been a central element of the political activity of far-left extremists, especially violent ones. [...] Far-left extremists within this tradition only superficially claim to fight far-right activities. In reality the focus is the struggle against the liberal democratic basic order, which is smeared as a 'capitalist system' with 'fascist' roots".[2]

The contemporary antifa or anti-fascist movement in the Federal Republic of Germany has been mentioned in the Annual Report on the Protection of the Constitution since 1986 as part of the main chapter on "far-left extremism" and was described as a group engaged in terrorist acts of violence.[7] In 1995, public prosecutors in Lower Saxony charged 17 members of antifa with belonging to a criminal organization ("Antifa") and with supporting terrorism as part of a sweeping investigation into antifa by Lower Saxon police and security agencies known as the anti-antifa investigation that started in 1991 until the case was dropped in 1996.[59] A report by the German Bundestag from 2018 determined that due to the lack of a formal organizational structure or leadership, it is only possible to prosecute members of antifa on terrorism charges in individual cases.[60]

According to the 2018 Annual Report on the Protection of the Constitution, antifa's actions against right-wing extremists included arson, the outing of personal information, vandalism and more rarely causing personal injuries.[61] In 2020, Die Welt reported that at least 47 organised antifa groups are monitored by German federal and state offices for the protection of the constitution and labelled as "extremist". However, not all monitored groups are mentioned in the federal or state annual reports on the protection of the constitution and the list is therefore not exhaustive.[62]

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Antifa (Germany) - Wikipedia

Does Your Sheriff Think He’s More Powerful Than the President? – The Marshall Project

One morning last year, around 60 sheriffs and deputies gathered outside Houston for a training that proved to be less about enforcing laws than about subverting them. After a prayer from a pastor dressed like George Washington (wig, frilly collar, musket), the crowd heard from Gary Heavin, the founder of the Curves International fitness chain, who called the 2020 presidential election of Joe Biden blatantly, in-our-faces stolen. Then he turned to the reporters in the room (propagandists) identifiable by our masks (diapers), and said, I dont know whether this is going to scare you or comfort you, but just about every person in this room is armed. The room erupted in cheers.

Heavin was helping the Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association fund this training, but the dominant presence that day was the groups founder and director, Richard Mack. With his Reaganesque swoosh of dark hair and the cadence of a country preacher, he delivered his organizations central message: that sheriffs, within their counties, are more powerful than any state or federal authority, and that they can resist tyranny by refusing to enforce laws they believe violate the U.S. Constitution. This is a peaceful and effective process, la Martin Luther King, la Gandhi, la Rosa Parks, he said.

The Anti-Defamation League calls Macks organization an anti-government extremist group, while he prefers to invoke Barry Goldwaters 1964 battle cry: Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice. Since founding the group in 2011, Mack estimates it has trained at least 800 sheriffs. Agencies in several states, including Texas and Virginia, have allowed officers to use these events for professional education credits.

While Mack once focused on gun rights, now hes pushing sheriffs to investigate the 2020 election. One of his sheriff allies is facing a state investigation over his role in seizing a voting tabulator, while others are talking about boosting surveillance during future elections, raising concerns that they will try to intimidate voters. I dont think any sheriff is trying to intimidate people not to vote, Mack recently told The New York Times.

But how influential are Macks views? Very, as it turns out.

The Marshall Project collaborated with political scientists Emily Farris and Mirya Holman on a survey of Americas 3,000-plus sheriffs last year. More than 500 responded, and more than a dozen agreed to be interviewed after taking the survey. (Read about our methodology at the end of the accompanying story.) Though only a handful claimed membership in Macks group, more than 200 (nearly half of the respondents) agreed with him that their own authority, within their counties, supersedes that of the state or federal government. (Another 132 clicked neutral.) More than 300 which account for one-tenth of Americas roughly 3,000 sheriffs said they are willing to place themselves between a higher government authority and their constituents, an action they call interposition.

Macks group has successfully radicalized a generation of sheriffs to believe that the office has seemingly unlimited power and autonomy.

Political scientists Emily Farris and Mirya Holman

Mack was once a board member of the Oath Keepers, the militia group whose members are currently on trial for invading the U.S. Capitol. He said he left the group years ago, but some sheriffs have appeared on leaked member lists. Our survey demonstrates the groups wider popularity: 11% of responding sheriffs said they personally support the Oath Keeperss positions, though we did not ask for specifics. (More than a quarter said they didnt know the groups positions or had never heard of it.)

Macks group has successfully radicalized a generation of sheriffs to believe that the office has seemingly unlimited power and autonomy, Farris and Holman write in a forthcoming book on sheriffs that draws on this survey.

Certainly Mack sees the results as validating. I was surprised by some of that, and pleased, he told me. The people of the country are getting behind us.

How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements?

The sheriffs authority supersedes the federal or state government in my county.

440 respondents answered this question.

I am willing to interpose on behalf of county residents when I believe a state or federal law is unjust.

437 respondents answered this question.

Source: The Marshall Project with Emily Farris (Texas Christian University) and Mirya Holman (Tulane University), 2021

Over his long, peripatetic career, Mack has learned to persuade people: Hes been a car salesman, high school history teacher, reality show contestant (on the 2004 season of Showtimes American Candidate), recruiter (for Gun Owners of America) and unsuccessful entrant into Republican primaries for governor of Utah and congressperson from Texas. In the early 1980s, as a young police officer in Provo, Utah, he attended a training conducted by W. Cleon Skousen on the basics of the U.S. Constitution. (Skousen was known for saying the document had divine origins, but Mack didnt recall any religious content in the training he attended.)

Mack then moved back to his hometown in Graham County, a sparsely populated stretch of southeastern Arizona, where he was elected sheriff in 1988. Five years later, Congress passed the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, which temporarily required sheriffs and other local law enforcement officials to run background checks on people who wanted to buy guns. Mack and several of his peers mounted a lawsuit, with the help of the National Rifle Association, and the Supreme Court ruled in their favor, with Justice Antonin Scalia declaring that the provision violated state sovereignty.

Mack became a hero to Second Amendment activists. By then, a smaller cohort on the right had come to argue for sheriff supremacy, an idea that scholars trace back to the Posse Comitatus movement (power of the county, in Latin) a generation earlier. (The movements founder, William Potter Gale, argued the Constitution was divinely inspired to elevate White people above other racial groups, and some of his followers attacked government officials.) Mack regularly disavows racism and violence, and said he knows nothing about Gale. But the image of a county sheriff standing up to federal tyranny grew increasingly popular amid anger at how federal agents handled early 1990s sieges at the Branch Davidian compound, in Waco, Texas, and Ruby Ridge, in rural Idaho.

At Ruby Ridge, a white separatist named Randy Weaver faced arrest after having sold two sawed-off shotguns to a government informant. In the ensuing standoff, federal agents fatally shot his wife and son. Mack wrote a foreword to Weavers book about these events.

Although he lost his campaign for a third term as sheriff, Mack traveled around the country as a public speaker and author. He worked closely with the family of Ammon Bundy during a 2014 armed confrontation with agents from the federal Bureau of Land Management over unpaid fees and cattle grazing rights. We were actually strategizing to put all the women up at the front, Mack told Fox News at the time, according to The Blaze. If they are going to start shooting, its going to be women that are going to be televised all across the world getting shot by these rogue federal officers. (He later backtracked, telling Talking Points Memo that this wasnt an explicit strategy and the women did this on their own, despite his misgivings.)

In a 2019 study, political scientist Zoe Nemerever found that the presence of a sheriff with Constitutionalist views was associated with a higher likelihood of violent confrontation between their constituents and federal Bureau of Land Management employees. Who has been violent in our country? Mack told me. The federal government has, quite often.

Many of the sheriffs I interviewed after they took our survey said they have a fine working relationship with state and federal law enforcement. But others complained about them, particularly in Western states with lots of federal land. My backyard is a national forest, said Sheriff Cameron Noel of Beaver County, Utah (population 7,250). Wed have forest rangers that would come in. They dont live here and if a guy is up there with his family to recreate, if hes got a taillight out, theyre going to write him a federal violation.

The Constitutional sheriff movement gave such conflicts over authority a more right-wing cast, according to Mark Pitcavage, a senior research fellow with Anti-Defamation Leagues Center on Extremism. Mack is successful in part because he plays to conceptions sheriffs have of themselves already, but with an ideological twist, he said.

Who has been violent in our country? The federal government has, quite often.

Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association founder Richard Mack

Macks early focus on gun rights proved prescient. Following the 2012 mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Connecticut, President Barack Obama and Democrats in Congress began discussing background checks and bans on assault weapons. My phone [started] ringing off the hook, recalled Sheriff Brad DeLay of Lawrence County, Missouri (population. 38,300). People [were coming] to me and [saying], Hey, Obama says hes going to take away our guns.

Some sheriffs said they learned about Macks movement from constituents. Ive been asked Are you a Sheriff Mack follower? said Noel.

Mack went on to compile the names of nearly 500 sheriffs who rejected gun control measures and encouraged others to join them. He had hit the right issue for the right audience. According to our survey, sheriffs as a whole tend to be skeptical of gun laws: 79% said they should be less strict than they are today. (21% said they should be more strict.)

Please tell us if you would favor or oppose the following policies related to firearms:

A requirement that your office confiscates firearms from people flagged as a danger to themselves or others.

427 respondents answered this question.

Allowing people to open carry firearms in government buildings in your county.

426 respondents answered this question.

A government database that requires your participation as sheriff in maintaining a gun registry and performing background checks.

426 respondents answered this question.

A national ban on assault-style weapons.

426 respondents answered this question.

Source: The Marshall Project with Emily Farris (Texas Christian University) and Mirya Holman (Tulane University), 2021

After a mass shooting at a Las Vegas concert in 2017, Nevada lawmakers created a process to take guns from people who threatened themselves or others, and some sheriffs in the state refused to participate. In Germany prior to WWII we saw Hitler place restrictions on the publics right to bear arms, wrote Sheriff Sharon Wehrly of Nye County (population 53,500), a member of Macks group, in a viral letter to the governor.

Many Constitutional sheriffs got their first taste of fame in early 2020, defiantly promising via viral Facebook posts and Fox News appearances to ignore statewide COVID-19 lockdown orders. (At the time, we found statements from 60 sheriffs across the country.) In an April 2020 Facebook post, at least one invoked Nazism again. Others spoke of budgets and staffing. In our survey, almost one-third of sheriffs said they chose not to enforce mask mandates, and some said this was because they didnt have the resources to do so, regardless of their political views.

Since then, such rhetoric has continued to grow beyond Macks group. Sheriff Mark Lamb of Pinal County, Arizona (population 449,600), a conservative media star who is not officially a member, often uses similar language: Our County Sheriffs are the last bastion of freedom against government overreach on a local and federal level, reads the description of his 2020 book, American Sheriff: Traditional Values in a Modern World.

A lot of [Constitutional sheriff] talking points are squarely among the center of the Republican party now, said Jessica Pishko, a former researcher at the University of South Carolina Law School and author of The Highest Law in the Land, a forthcoming book on sheriffs. She argued that Mack focuses on issues that are already popular on the right, rather than driving the agenda.

Although Mack maintains the group is non-partisan, his views have occasionally been a litmus test: In Colorado Springs this January, a moderators first question to Republican sheriff candidates was whether they were members of Macks group, and two of the five candidates said they were.

Like many Americans on the political right, some sheriffs also appear to be comfortable with violent political dissent. Nearly 30% of sheriffs who responded to us also clicked agree when confronted with a statement written by the right-leaning American Enterprise Institute: The traditional American way of life is disappearing so fast that we may have to use force to save it. This is less than the total for the country as whole (36%), but these are law enforcement leaders who have the legal authority to use force themselves.

How much do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

The traditional American way of life is disappearing so fast that we may have to use force to save it.

364 respondents answered this question. Source: The Marshall Project with Emily Farris (Texas Christian University) and Mirya Holman (Tulane University), 2021

At the same time, a libertarian streak in the Constitutional sheriff movement sometimes cuts against the law enforcement mainstream, and even brings them into common cause with progressives. This is clearest in the realm of civil asset forfeiture. In recent years, the National Sheriffs Association a trade group of more than 14,000 members has supported efforts to make it easier for officers to seize money, drugs, guns and other items from suspects, even enlisting President Donald Trump in this effort. But Mack frequently criticizes the practice, and in our survey, almost half of the sheriffs who responded were critical of efforts to seize assets before someone has been convicted of a crime. Half also said peoples assets should only be forfeited after theyve been convicted.

Mack frequently faces the accusation that he promotes racist extremism. Among the speakers I saw at his groups training last year was Michael Peroutka, a lawyer and activist who once called Dixie the national anthem at a League of the South event, according to The Washington Post. Peroutka didnt discuss race but said our government exists to preserve our God-given rights and, If laws violate the 10 Commandments, theyre not law. The Anti-Defamation League has documented Macks own appearances alongside white supremacists, but chalks them up to his incessant need for an audience.

Farris and Holman have used the word nativism to describe statements on Macks organizations website that immigrants are not assimilating into our culture as they once did, resulting in devastating consequences culturally and economically.

Mack himself is adamant about his opposition to racism. My mother did not raise racists or bigots in her home, he told me. In addition to extolling Rosa Parks he says an officer should have stepped in to protect her from racist policies he has criticized sheriffs like Jim Clark of Alabama for attacking civil rights marches in the 1960s.

At the same time, Mack does admit to using race as a tool. At the Texas training, Mack led a round of applause for Larvita McFarquhar, a modern day Rosa Parks who refused to close her Minnesota restaurant in the early days of the pandemic. You saw me use the Black lady as a prop, he said later by phone.

Lately, Mack has reserved his ire for the FBI. When we spoke, he blamed the agency for a 1998 raid on his office, connected with a company he briefly worked for. He said the ensuing publicity derailed one of his political campaigns. (According to the Deseret News, he was not charged and the raid was likely connected to an associates activities.) In a CNN interview in August, he compared agents pursuing the Jan. 6 cases to Nazis. Mack later told me he was referring to the post-World War II Nuremberg trials where officers defended their actions as a matter of following orders. Still, he has distanced himself from the events at the Capitol that day. I told our people not to go to the rally on Jan. 6, he said.

The sheriffs we surveyed were more likely to blame the events of Jan. 6 on antifa, as well as social media companies, than on Trump or Congressional Republicans.

Do you think the following individuals or groups are responsible for the violence at the U.S. Capitol on January 6?

Respondents could choose more than one response.

303 respondents answered this question. Source: The Marshall Project with Emily Farris (Texas Christian University) and Mirya Holman (Tulane University), 2021

Much of the debate around law enforcement and extremism centers on a single word with a long, fraught history: interpose. The word traces back to James Madisons writings in the 1790s, but is largely tied to Southern states efforts to shield their schools from desegregation, in the wake of the Supreme Courts 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education. (The court rejected these efforts in 1958.)

Mack uses the term to describe any scenario in which sheriffs step between their constituents and another law enforcement agency, and he framed it as an effort to de-escalate and reduce the risk of violence between law enforcement and civilians. If we had officers who interposed, George Floyd would still be alive, he said. Interposition creates peace, it doesnt create violence.

Not every sheriff agrees with Macks vision. Bill Benedict of Clallam County, Washington (population 78,200), called Mack a snake oil salesman. You dont come with special powers to ignore the governor or the laws that the legislature passes, he said. Sheriff Kim Stewart of Doa Ana County, New Mexico (population 221,500), pointed out that many of her fellow sheriffs ask for money from the federal government for various initiatives while also espousing anti-federal rhetoric. Its Whine, whine, whine, youre not helping me, but [also] Stay out of my backyard! she said. Sorry, but no one gets it both ways. Not even sheriffs.

Law professors have said Macks vision of the sheriffs power has a weak basis in Constitutional law, and can make it harder for legislatures and citizens to hold sheriffs accountable. It creates a climate of entitlement, of being above the law, that can cause patterns of misconduct, said Christy Lopez, a Georgetown University law professor.

Its Whine, whine, whine, youre not helping me, but [also] Stay out of my backyard! Sorry, but no one gets it both ways. Not even sheriffs.

Sheriff Kim Stewart of Doa Ana County, New Mexico

Lopez previously worked at the Department of Justice under the Obama administration, investigating abuses by law enforcement, and said over time she noticed sheriffs growing less willing to voluntarily cooperate with her team to improve jail conditions. She argued that sheriffs used Macks rhetoric to convince Virginia lawmakers in 2020 to carve them out of a bill that would have increased civilian oversight of their departments.

And while Mack himself repeatedly disclaims violence, not all sheriffs believe the final implications of interposition will be peaceful, particularly when it comes to the Second Amendment. Is it going to come down to my men facing off with a federal agency at gunpoint? asked Sheriff Chuck Jenkins of Frederick County, Maryland (population 279,800). I hope not.

Edited by Akiba Solomon. Design by Bo-Won Keum. Development by Katie Park. Data graphics by Anastasia Valeeva, David Eads, and Katie Park. Photo research and editing by Celina Fang, Marci Suela, and Bo-Won Keum.

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Does Your Sheriff Think He's More Powerful Than the President? - The Marshall Project

Witness at trial over Unite the Right rally describes being terrified by marchers, badly injured when car struck her – kuna noticias y kuna radio

CNN

By Mark Morales and Ralph Ellis, CNN

The first witness in the civil lawsuit filed against organizers of the 2017 Unite the Right rally testified Friday, saying the attacks by angry White nationalists left her physically and emotionally scarred.

Natalie Romero said she and friends were standing at the Thomas Jefferson statue on the University of Virginia campus the night of August 11, 2017, when they were surrounded by hundreds of chanting White nationalists carrying tiki torches.

The crowd shouted racial slurs, spit at her and her friends and even threw torches at them, she said.

I tried to keep my head down. I felt like a mouse trapped, Romero testified. The scene felt like a Salem witch trial-type, like I was going to be burned at the stake, she said.

The next day the UVA student took part in a counterprotest in downtown Charlottesville when she was struck and flipped over a car barreling down the street the same car which ran over and killed counterprotester Heather Heyer.

Romero was dragged to safety and propped up by strangers who tried to keep her awake. Feeling the end was near, Romero said she needed her cell phone.

I thought I was about to die. These are my last seconds of breath, Romero said as her voice began to crack I had to call my mom now.

Romero said she is still recovering from her injuries.

Romero said she was in a wheelchair for two months before learning to walk with a cane. She suffered a fractured skull, and a broken tooth cut her lip. She added she still has intense headaches and sensitivity to light. Applause can trigger her, she said.

Romero said in her nightmares she sees tiki torches and can still hear the White nationalists chant You will not replace us.

During cross-examination Friday, rally organizer Jason Kesslers attorney, Jim Kolenich, asked Romero if she recognized any of his defendants in the courtroom. Romero said she did not.

Richard Spencer, the lead organizer for the August 11 torchlight rally, asked if Romero recognized him at either the tiki torch rally or the demonstrations the next day. Romero initially said no.

I would also remind you that the injury blurs a lot of things, said Romero, who often forgot what the question was while she was answering in her own testimony.

Christopher Cantwell questioned Romero for around 30 minutes, wanting to know if she had ever attended any Antifa rallies or noticed any of her fellow students carrying weapons, a point he had made in his opening argument.

Romero said she was not a member of Antifa and she had not seen her fellow students and demonstrators carrying weapons.

The United the Right rally ostensibly was called to protest the removal of a statue of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee, but violence broke out when White nationalists, White supremacists and counterprotesters clashed.

Dozens of people were injured and Heyer was killed when James Fields, who came to protest the statues removal, drove his car into the crowd. Fields is serving two concurrent life sentences.

City residents and counterprotesters who were injured filed the lawsuit and are seeking compensatory and statutory damages for physical and emotional injuries they say they suffered.

Among the defendants are 14 named individuals, including Fields, Kessler, Spencer and Christopher Cantwell, who became the face of the rally after being featured in a Vice documentary.

The suit also names 10 White supremacist and nationalist organizations, including Moonbase Holdings LLC, the company that runs the Daily Stormer website; the League of the South, the Nationalist Socialist Movement and at least two chapters of the KKK.

The defendants say they did not initiate the deadly violence that ensued; they argue they were exercising their First Amendment right to protest. They also say there was no conspiracy and the violence stemmed from law enforcements failure to keep the opposing groups separated.

The second prosecution witness Friday was Devon Willis, who described the scene at the Thomas Jefferson statue.

I remember that someone, from the direction of the mob, threw some mysterious fluid, and threw it at the direction of our feet, Willis said. Seemed like it might be some sort of lighter fluid and their strategy might be to burn us alive.

Willis said it got on his shoes and he tried to move farther up the statue to get away.

I thought I had made a very terrible mistake and that I might die that night, Willis said.

Willis will continue his testimony Monday.

The-CNN-Wire & 2021 Cable News Network, Inc., a WarnerMedia Company. All rights reserved.

CNNs Dakin Andone, Aya Elamroussi and Amir Vera contributed to this report.

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Witness at trial over Unite the Right rally describes being terrified by marchers, badly injured when car struck her - kuna noticias y kuna radio

Kyle Rittenhouse and the New Era of Political Violence – The New York Times

A police officer in Kenosha, Wis., shoots a Black man named Jacob Blake seven times from behind, leaving him partially paralyzed. [gunshots] Black lives matter! Crowd: Black lives matter! Crowd: Black lives matter! Two days later, in the midst of protests and unrest, a teenager carrying an assault rifle kills two people and wounds a third. [gunshots] [yelling] [screams] Oh, my God! Now that shooter, 18-year-old Kyle Rittenhouse, who was 17 at the time, is standing trial on charges of murder. The case will likely focus on the few crucial minutes around the fatal shootings on Aug. 25 of 2020. [gunshots] But our investigation of these events reveals that the story is about much more than a single person. We analyzed hours of footage from that day and traveled to Kenosha just weeks after the events to hear from witnesses, several of whom have now been subpoenaed in the Rittenhouse trial. It felt volatile. It felt tense. It felt like a war zone. Were not like, bad people or like, people just going out to like, [expletive] up. I feel like had we not been there and not reacted the way that we did to the situation, I think we could have been looking at an even worse scenario. We also spoke with the sheriff who led law enforcements response that night, which has become the subject of lawsuits. Black lives matter! While protests against systemic racism were what first drew out crowds in Kenosha, Rittenhouse, his victims, and many of those closest to the shootings, were white. What we found was a complex set of motivations on the streets that night that reflected the growing polarization in the country and helped set the scene [gunshots] for violence. On the Sunday before the Rittenhouse shooting, Kenosha police officers respond to a domestic complaint and try to arrest Jacob Blake. As Blake moves away from them and leans into his car, hes holding a knife. [gunshots] An officer shoots him. [gunshots] Blakes lawyer later said that Blake didnt pose a threat. Video of the shooting quickly spreads online. To hear about it is one thing. But to watch it, I guess it got to the point where, how many more? Koerri Washington, whos a local live streamer and now subpoenaed in the Rittenhouse trial, arrives to document the situation. I mean, there was tons of people already starting to gather there. In the air you could kind of feel the tension. At a certain point, more sheriffs arrived on the scene. And their presence kind of aggravated the crowd. And from there, it just started going crazy. [explosions] For the next 48 hours, the protests intensified. [crowds chanting] And at night, local businesses are looted and set on fire. Eventually, a new group inserts themselves into the already chaotic scene dozens of men, mostly white, equipped with military-style weapons and gear. And soon, a Facebook post will incite more of them to come. Its Tuesday morning, 13 hours before the Rittenhouse shooting, when on a Facebook page called the Kenosha Guard, a post publishes. So my post just basically said, are there any patriots among us willing to take up arms and defend our lives, our families, our neighborhoods and our businesses? The author of the post is Kevin Mathewson, a controversial former city councilman, whos now been subpoenaed in the Rittenhouse trial. Hours after his post, thousands have seen it, and Mathewson arrives at Civic Center Park, the epicenter of the recent protests. I wanted people to come play defense. I wanted people to come to protect themselves. Reporter: But did any business owners ask you for help for protection? I was not asked directly by a business to defend anybody. Say his name. Crowd: Jacob Blake. At this point, demonstrators are marching peacefully in downtown Kenosha. Theyre demanding an end to police violence against Black people. The presence of openly armed white men inflames the situation. The Second Amendment is meant for everybody. Its not exclusive to white people. Out of everyone that I saw with the militia, they were all white males. So I honestly feel that they came to incite more racial problems. Porche Bennett, whos a local activist, has been protesting for the last two days. You get to see the people now that you have been living around forever. There are no more masks being worn. Are there some truly peaceful protesters that may have been a little intimidated about seeing an armed person with a gun? Probably. But the Second Amendment is very clear. And my rights dont end where somebody elses feelings begin. Throughout the day and early into the evening, more openly armed men arrive near the protests. Some position themselves close to businesses that had been damaged on earlier nights. This is where we first see Ryan Balch, an Iraq and Afghanistan veteran from a town 40 minutes away, whos there with a group of friends. Hes also been subpoenaed in the Rittenhouse trial. I would say what brought me to Kenosha was that I felt like something needed to be done. If law enforcement is not going to try to keep the peace, then somebody else needs to go out there and make sure that that happens. Balch argues that his military training gave him the skills to help bring events under control. We kind of trusted ourselves to insert ourselves in that situation, and bring the situation to the correct conclusion. At the time, he also supported the extremist Boogaloo movement, which is anti-police and calls for the governments overthrow. He says he later stopped supporting the movement. Balch and his friends eventually link up with other openly armed men. Among them is Kyle Rittenhouse. Rittenhouse is 17 years old. Hes from Illinois, and isnt legally allowed to carry a gun in Wisconsin. Balch says he didnt know Rittenhouse or the people he was with, but decided to team up with them anyway. They werent on the level of me and my guys. I dont think they trained formally together at all. But the more guys you got, the better off you are. As for Rittenhouse, we dont know whether he sees himself as some kind of neutral force between the protesters and the police, like Ryan does. His social media posts at the time seem to indicate he was a strong supporter of law enforcement. Since the shooting, hes also been seen flashing white power signs and hes become an icon for far-right groups. Crowd: Black lives matter. Soon, Balch and Rittenhouse will come face to face with racial justice protests. Crowd: No justice! No peace! The organized daytime protests at the park are now over, and law enforcement has announced a curfew. Our goal that entire evening was to disperse people from the Civic Center after curfew and to get them to leave, to get them to go home. Kevin Mathewson, who called for the presence of armed civilians that morning, says he left because he was worried about the safety of his family 10 miles away. My wife was on the phone with me saying, Hey, get your ass home. Kids are scared. Im scared. [car alarm] Breaking curfew was worth helping to create some type of positive change. Its one thing to sit at home and say that, yes, Black Lives Matter. But its so much more impactful to put another body on the street. Nathan Peet has been demonstrating in Kenosha for days. But tonights protest is different, and hes carrying a gun. I dont normally like to carry at protests because I dont want it to be seen as a sign of aggression. But I did carry on Tuesday specifically because of the threats that I saw floating around in the Kenosha Guard group. [car alarm] Just arriving at the protests are Hannah Gittings and her boyfriend, Anthony Huber. Both are unarmed. But by nights end, Huber will be shot and killed by Kyle Rittenhouse. Gittings has now been subpoenaed for Rittenhouses trial. I wouldnt really say we were like, heavy activists or anything previously. But we knew Jake Blake, and felt like we needed to be present and standing united with the people who believe the same things that we do and want basic human rights, civil rights, equality. The standoff between protesters and the police becomes more violent. [car alarms] Everything started to move super quickly. Police in riot gear all yelling to disperse and go home, youre breaking curfew. [car alarms] I got grabbed by the police. And he threatened to lock me up if he caught me out there again at night. I just went home. Faced with this massive show of force, only a small number of protesters choose to stay. Among the shrinking crowd is Gaige Grosskreutz, a paramedic from Milwaukee, whos also under subpoena for the Rittenhouse trial. When you go into a protest or a march in a medic capacity, youre essentially waiving that luxury to be able to pick a side because ethically speaking, you know, youre there to treat everybody. Like Nathan Peet, Grosskreutz decided to come armed with a handgun. Cause its my right. Simple as that. Hell later be shot by Kyle Rittenhouse after drawing his gun and trying to stop him. [car alarms] It was going the direction we wanted it to go. Law enforcement has one clear plan on this night. Were not going to let the city of Kenosha burn because you want to in the late evening hours start destroying stuff. Over the course of the next two hours, officers force some of the protesters southeast across the park and onto this street, Sheridan Road, in the direction of the openly armed civilians. Balch, Rittenhouse and other armed men are still stationed a few blocks down the road near businesses that were damaged on previous nights. I think that the police set the stage for it. They knew that there were armed groups down there. And they could have not pushed the protesters down Sheridan. The sheriff told us that the police didnt plan for the armed presence down the road. Reporter: What did you tell your deputies to do if they encountered armed militia people? By the time I think I knew that they were out there doing this, we had our staff was already deployed out there protecting the area. There was no direction to deal with the Kenosha Guard in any way at that point. We were midstream on this one, and we were going forward with the plans we had already had. Once protesters and openly armed civilians encounter each other, theres a confrontation. As Balch and his group argue with protesters, Peet is live streaming. Between Ryan and his group and the other protesters, I definitely felt quite a bit of tension. There were a couple very, very hot-headed members of his group actively agitating protesters. Hey, hey, hey, hey. Balch tells protesters to keep moving. Right. Reporter: One of the militia members claims that a police officer told him that the officers were going to push the protesters out of Civic Center Park, and that the militia would handle them. I dont believe that for a second. The police continue pushing protesters further down the road to this intersection near a gas station. Here is where we first see Joseph Rosenbaum, the first person Kyle Rittenhouse fatally shoots that night. He joins the fight against the armed civilians ... ... as other protesters tried to stop him. Rosenbaum has just been released from the hospital after undergoing mental health treatment. His reasons for being here are unclear, and he doesnt appear to have attended a protest before. But his actions on this night will add to an already volatile situation. At this point, the group of protesters has thinned out even more. All of this is done pretty much in the name of Black Lives Matter, and there is definitely Black people in the crowd. But there definitely was more white people. The armed men chalk up any conflict with the protesters to miscommunication. We had some negative interactions. But that was more of a confusion on their part about what we were about. But many of the protesters feel uncomfortable with the armed presence. They accuse Balch and others of playing vigilante. Why else are you going to show up especially Kyle Rittenhouse show up to a city you dont even [expletive] live in, armed to the [expletive] teeth to protect your community? This is not your community, pal. You dont live here. Youre welcome. But the police praise the armed men, and offer them assistance. This is not the group of people we want here. But you can open carry weapons. So there wasnt a violation of the law. But just like the protesters, the armed civilians are violating the curfew Thank you. and police treat them much differently. Reporter: After that curfew, it didnt seem like police was trying to actively disperse or arrest any of the armed civilians. Why is that? I am not aware of any of the protesters that werent being violent that were arrested either. Peaceful people were not getting arrested that night. The armed men appear emboldened by the inaction of the police towards them. Minutes after encountering the officers, Rittenhouse explains to a reporter from the Daily Caller why he thinks he belongs in Kenosha. Its about 15 minutes until hell fire his first shot. At this point, several of the people weve been hearing from are now close to each other, and the situation is about to turn deadly. Nathan Peet is filming from here. Hannah Gittings and her boyfriend, Anthony Huber, are nearby. Koerri Washington is here. His footage captures both Gaige Grosskreutz and Ryan Balch walking by. Then, Kyle Rittenhouse runs past his camera. I had been looking kind of at him the entire time because he looked young, he had a gun. So at the point where I see him run by me, I was like, thats weird. So I followed down in that direction. Rittenhouse walks towards a parking lot where cars are being vandalized. He passes Joseph Rosenbaum, who was fighting with the armed men at the gas station, earlier. Rosenbaum now starts chasing Rittenhouse, and throws a plastic bag that holds his belongings from the hospital. Close behind them, a man holds up a handgun and fires it. [gunshot] We dont know why. Then Rosenbaum lunges towards Rittenhouse. Rittenhouse fires four times. [gunshots] Had I been in his shoes getting chased, and then I heard a gunshot, I cant say that I would have done anything differently. Rosenbaum, whos been hit, falls to the ground. [gunshots] There are three more shots from someone else in the parking lot. Pop, pop, pop, pop, pop, pop, pop, pop. And I was like, oh, so they are really shooting. Oh, man. Maybe they really are really just trying to kill people. And if they were going to take advantage of a situation, Im a Black person. And there is I dont want to be a target. Rittenhouse calls a friend while others are helping Rosenbaum, whos on the ground. Then, he flees the scene. He didnt disarm himself after the first shooting. He continued to run around. As a gun owner, I view his actions as completely irresponsible. You come running through looking wild with a gun on you, people are going to think that youre doing something wild with a gun on you. So they reacted the way they should have reacted. And as soon as they were all saying he shot somebody, Anthony was gone. And I tried to grab onto him. And nobody was going to stop him, you know? And then I hear a bunch more gunshots down the road. And I was like, I just had a feeling. I just had a feeling it was him. Rittenhouse trips and falls. Anthony Huber hits Rittenhouse with a skateboard, and attempts to disarm him. Rittenhouse shoots him in the chest. Here is Gaige Grosskreutz with his gun drawn. He also gets shot and calls out for help. The reality of it is, is this is going to be a part of my life from here on out. Rittenhouse runs toward police vehicles and raises his hands. The police make no attempt to stop him, and he isnt arrested until the next day. I didnt talk to them, but Im sure they didnt know what this person was doing. I was looking for my partner. Like, Im just trying to find where he went. I knew he had been shot, you know. And then later on I saw that video. They had pulled Anthony into that truck like minutes before I got there. Both Joseph Rosenbaum and Anthony Huber died from their injuries. Anthony Huber, man, he went down like a hero, you know. Thats he thought there was a threat there, and he was reacting to it. And he just wasnt quick enough to react to that threat. And so I mean, he got a really good death out of that. He was 26. He had like its just like brutally cruel and unfair how that can be snatched away like that by anybody who feels like it. Yeah. Its awful. Its awful. And theres no theres no words to say to like, make that feel any better. I believe truly in my heart that if it wasnt for my actions, and these brave men and women who answered my call to arms, I think that we would have seen a way worse outcome than what we saw. Reporter: But two people died. Yeah, two people died, and thats terrible. But when you have people burning down buildings, theres always that chance life is going to be lost. Who were the good guys and who were the bad guys that night? I dont think there were any. I think the militia guys and the protesters were just individuals who were stuck in a situation, and were doing the best they could with it. Kyle came here, and he played cowboy. He played vigilante. He came here looking for a confrontation, and he found one. Whos responsible? I cant tell you. You know, I guess everyone who was there that night holds some level of responsibility. And who carries the most, I cant tell you. Why didnt you guys arrest him right then and there? Because if it would have been one of us, things would have happened a lot faster and a lot differently. Some people feel like Kyle Rittenhouse is a hero, and some people feel like he is a murderer. I feel personally that the situation, regardless of what was happening, should have resulted in something completely different and not people dying.

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Kyle Rittenhouse and the New Era of Political Violence - The New York Times

Finally, Portland Antifa is being brought to justice for its violence – New York Post

After a year of anarchy and unchecked violence, prosecutors are finally doing something about Antifas rolling riot in Portland, Ore.: These last two weeks have seen more than two dozen suspected Antifa thugscharged for an assortment of violent crimes dating as far back as November.

It shouldnt have taken a whole year of watching protesters pelt police with Molotov cocktails and destroy local businesses to realize that the do nothing strategy wasnt working, but here we are.

Its a notable turnaround for District Attorney Mike Schmidt, who after taking office last August refused to prosecute 90 percent of riot- and protest-related cases. At the time, he claimed that change sometimes takes property damage and that it requires more than just peaceful protests to get the governments attention.

But dozens of deaths, hundreds of injured cops and billions in insurance damages across the country seem to have changed his tune. Or maybe it was the fact that Mayor Ted Wheeler received death threats last month for promising to take our city back from the reign of terror.

Charges against 10 suspected Antifa were announced on Thursday alone, mostly for vandalism around Election Day and an Inauguration Day riot. Several more face federal charges.

For the sake of Portlands beleaguered citizens, and for the national rule of law, hope this is just the beginning of a long-overdue crackdown.

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Finally, Portland Antifa is being brought to justice for its violence - New York Post

Ted Nugent repeats baseless claims that Antifa and BLM activists were behind Capitol riot – NME

Ted Nugent has repeated the baseless conspiracy theory that Januarys riot at the US Capitol was sparked by Antifa and Black Lives Matter activists.

In January, Donald Trumps supporters stormed the Capitol, desecrated the building and attacked police officers.

Five people died during the armed insurrection, including Capitol police officer Brian Sicknick.

Trump was widely accused of inciting the attack, having addressed the crowd at a Washington rally only hours prior where he told them to go to the Capitol, show strength and fight much harder.

Speaking during a YouTube livestream on Monday (June 7), Nugent told his viewers: We know that the January 6th event at the Capitol in Washington, D.C., those werent Trump supporters destroying stuff and breaking windows and being vandals.

Those were Antifa and Black Lives Matter wearing Trump shirts and hats. I wanna be on record right now for that. Insurrection my ass.

Ted Nugent in March 2021 (Picture: Gary Miller/Getty Images)

He added: So let me make it clear: January 6th wasnt an insurrection. Those were terrorists, like Black Lives MatterandAntifadressed inDonald Trumpshirts doing all the damage. The realTrumpsupporters were conservatives that believe in God, family, country, law and order trying to stop them.

And I would ask So why were the cops waving them in? And heres the question America demands an answer to: who was the cop that shot the Navy vet? Was it Navy or Air Force? It doesnt matter, cause warriors of the military are all heroes and warriors anyhow. I wanna know the cops name that shot the lady, and I wanna know whats gonna happen to him.

While Nugent has previously made similar claims, FBIdirectorChristopher A. Wray previously testified to the Senate Judiciary Committee that there was no evidence to support claims that Antifa, anarchists or provocateurs who didnt supportTrumpwere involved in the Capitol siege.

Nugent, meanwhile, previously called Donald Trump the greatest president in our lifetime, and said he represents the heart and soul of the best American families out there.

The right-wing rocker also contracted Covid-19 in April and said hes never been so scared in all my life as when he battled the virus.

See the rest here:

Ted Nugent repeats baseless claims that Antifa and BLM activists were behind Capitol riot - NME

Journalist Andy Ng Says He Was Nearly Killed by ‘Antifa’ While Undercover at Oregon Protest – Yahoo News

Conservative journalist Andy Ng said he was chased and beaten by antifa members while covering a protest in Portland, Oregon, late last month.

Why this matters: Ng, who says he has focused on exposing antifa for years, said no journalist in America should ever face violence for doing his or her job.

The attack occurred on May 28, while Ng was covering the ongoing protests and riots in Portland for a new chapter of his book, Unmasked: Inside Antifas Radical Plan to Destroy Democracy.

In a Twitter thread on June 2, Ng explained that he had to mitigate risks like other beat reporters would on the field, so he covered his face and eyes to do my job and stay alive.

Ng told Fox News his disguise began to fall apart when rioters noticed that he had not been participating in throwing projectiles at law enforcement or trying to damage the Central police station.

The mob then allegedly pulled his mask off, and upon confirming his identity, chased him through downtown Portland before one caught up and repeatedly punched his head and face.

A video of the incident shared by the Willamette Week shows a group of masked individuals who were mostly white banging the windows of The Nines Hotel, where Ng found a temporary refuge before ending up in the emergency room with multiple injuries.

Not the first time: This is the second time in two years that Ng, who is openly gay and the son of Vietnamese immigrants, has fallen victim to mob violence.

In June 2019, Ng suffered a brain hemorrhage after being attacked by alleged antifa protesters who covered him in eggs, pepper spray and bear spray, as well as milkshakes believed to contain quick-dry cement. At the time, then-Democratic presidential candidate Andrew Yang expressed support for Ng, tweeting, Journalists should be safe to report on a protest without being targeted.

Since then, Ng said he has made more than two dozen reports of threats and attacks to Portland police, but he has not heard back to date.

Ng shared photos and videos from the latest incident, including screenshots of tweets that talk about finishing him. He also shared two undated photos of vandalism that explicitly call for his murder.

The attacks against me and threats on my life are retribution for my work as a journalist, recording the tactics and true ideology of an extremist clandestine movement that relies on deception and regards the truth as the greatest threat of all, he wrote.

The Portland Tribunes Zane Sparling first reported the incident on Twitter. At least one man was charged with felony unlawful use of a weapon, felony attempted assault, felony riot and other crimes, but Ng said his bail was immediately covered by an Antifa bail fund group.

Ng, who is currently editor-at-large at The Post Millennial, called on Portland police and federal authorities to deal with the antifa before operatives hiding behind their masks actually kill someone on their watch. He also called on other journalists and those who believe in the First Amendment to join him in fighting the tyranny of those who use violence to terrorize, silence and suppress the truth.

NextShark has reached out to the Portland Police Department for further comment.

Featured Images via Andy Ng

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Journalist Andy Ng Says He Was Nearly Killed by 'Antifa' While Undercover at Oregon Protest - Yahoo News

Alleged Santa Cruz Boogaloo Militia Planned ‘War’ on Police, Disguising Themselves as Antifa – SFist

The far-right militia group connected to the killing two law enforcement officers last year had far more elaborate plans to kill many more officers. And, unsurprisingly, we learn of child enticement charges against the very people who claim a cabal of pedophiles is running the government.

It was one year ago yesterday, at the height of the George Floyd demonstrations, that Santa Cruz Sheriff's Sergeant Damon Gutzwiller was shot and killed in an ambush, and police later arrested Boogaloo-affiliated Air Force veteran Steven Carillo for the attack. The white van used in that attack was linked to the previous weeks killing of federal security officer David Underwood, an operation meant to leave antifa protesters blamed for the murder, a lie that worked to the degree that then-vice President Mike Pence repeated it at last Augusts Republican National Convention.

But today we learn that the blame antifa strategy was far further reaching, and with much deadlier aspirations. The Santa Cruz Sentinel just uncovered court documents alleging that Carillo was part of a Boogaloo-affiliated militia group that had elaborate plans for war on law enforcement and schemes to make it look like antifa did it.

This new news is actually news from April that was not reported at the time. In court filings on four more associates connected to the scheme, federal prosecutors argued that the group were not technically Boogaloos the right-wingers who don Hawaiian shirts and hope for a second Civil War but a Boogaloo subset who called themselves the Grizzly Scouts, and they hoped to blend in as antifa.

The filings point to a document that the Grizzly Scouts called Operations Order, wherein this mini-militia referred to law enforcement officers as enemy forces. The feds allege that the group intended to capture police as POWs, and that once cops were captured, POWs will be searched for intel and gear, interrogated, stripped naked, blindfolded, driven away and released into the wilderness blindfolded with hands bound.

The boys were also hoping that their hero-messiah Donald Trump would invoke the Insurrection Act, which to them would set off all manner of other opportunity for mayhem. [T]hat ^^^ will be our sign, co-defendant Jesse Rush allegedly texted the group. That effectively means the federal gov has declared war on things theyre afraid of.

Other texts detail the plan to appear as Antifa when committing acts of violence. Its the tactically sound option, co-defendant Robert Blancas texted to the group, according to prosecutors. Them fucking each other up only helps us.

But the coup de grce here (no pun intended) is that despite the consistent wingnut-QAnon-Proud Boy claim that key Democratic leaders are involved in some secretive pedophile cabal, the real sexual exploitation of minors is coming from within the conservatives' house. As the Sentinel reports, the above-mentioned Blancas was not eligible for bail because he also faces a child enticement charge related to alleged sexual conversations with a teen girl that were discovered during the investigation.

Related: Pence Lies During RNC Speech Linking Oakland Shooting of Federal Officer With Protests, Instead of Right-Wing Fringe Group [SFist]

Image: RICHMOND, VIRGINIA - JANUARY 18: Members of the "boogaloo boys" join other gun rights advocates in front of the State House as pro-gun supporters gather on January 18, 2021 in Richmond, Virginia. The event, which is taking place on the Martin Luther King Jr. holiday, is also known in Richmond as Lobby Day for the tradition of Virginia citizens coming to the capital to petition legislators at the start of the General Assembly session. This years event is taking place in the tense atmosphere following the storming of the U.S. Capitol by Trump supporters. (Photo by Spencer Platt/Getty Images)

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Alleged Santa Cruz Boogaloo Militia Planned 'War' on Police, Disguising Themselves as Antifa - SFist

Another Antifa beating won’t silence truth-teller Andy Ngo – New York Post

As one member of the angry Antifa mob chasing Andy Ngo down a Portland, Ore., street tackled him to the ground just before midnight Friday, the journalist heard more approaching and was left with one thought, he told The Post: This is how Im to going to die. I hope they make it quick.

Ngos crime, in the eyes of these criminals? Simply documenting what they do.

As the feds focus on the supposed threat from right-wing violent extremists, Antifa goons continue their terrorism and multimillion-dollar vandalism and face no consequences for again assaulting the man working tirelessly to expose them.

Independent reporter Ngo is one of the few brave enough to cover Antifa. He narrowly escaped Friday night when two others covering the unrest around the Justice Center showed up, distracting his attackers. Ngo sprinted to one of the few businesses not boarded up, a hotel. With wounds all over his body and a bloodied eyeball, he called 911 on his cell as the taunts came from outside.

I cant wait for you to come out, Andy, a woman screamed in livestreamed footage. Were going to beat the fuck out of you, bh.

Portland Antifa protesters already put Ngo in the hospital back in 2019. Hes gotten many death threats since, and graffiti around town reads Kill Andy Ngo and Murder Andy Ngo.

Since the latest attack, Ive been unable to walk. I cant sleep. Its excruciatingly painful just to use the toilet, the soft-spoken son of Vietnamese immigrants told us. He finds it hard to put into words the psychological impact but refuses to let the mob beat him into silence.

Im staying on this beat, he declared, adding its more important than ever because local media outlets play by Antifas rules, such as not using cameras to document the thugs criminal behavior. Not Ngo: They view me as an existential threat because one of the things I do is when they get arrested, I look at county jail records. He then stays up all night documenting their social media posts before they get a chance to delete them.

Some outlets like to claim theres little evidence of Antifa presence at protests. But there is, and Ngo collects it.

Ngo sees no way Antifa can achieve its goal of destabilizing the entire country. But it still terrorizes towns like Portand, where politicians cowardice can let anarchy flourish. Indeed, Portland police never charged anyone in the 2019 attack, and nearly a week after this latest one, Ngo still hasnt even heard from a detective.

The media could use a lot more truth-tellers like Andy Ngo. And the country could use a lot more officials paying attention to him.

Link:

Another Antifa beating won't silence truth-teller Andy Ngo - New York Post

Letter to the editor: Grassley proudly stands with democracy’s foes – theperrynews.com

To the editor:

The alarm that we felt watching the Jan. 6 U.S. Capitol insurrection demands a thorough investigation. The attempt to stop the transfer of power that day with violence is unconscionable. The peaceful transition of power is an essential element of a functioning democratic government.

In voting against the creation of an independent commission to investigate the deadly Jan. 6 storming of the Capitol by a pro-Trump mob, Sen. Chuck Grassley objected that House Speaker Nancy Pelosi did not agree to form a bipartisan committee to look at the many other attacks on government buildings and officials that occurred in the months leading up to Jan. 6.

Grassley said, If we truly want to get to the bottom of antigovernment violence, intellectual honesty demands that we take a broader look at the destruction and violence that occurred in nearly every major city over the last year.

The violent attack on the Capitol Police and the trashing of the Capitol are not comparable to the many peaceful protests that in a few cases turned into riots. We already know what protesters were marching for across the nation last summer: racial justice. We do not know the insurrectionists intent in tearing down our democracy.

Julie Stewart ZiesmanWaukee

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Letter to the editor: Grassley proudly stands with democracy's foes - theperrynews.com

Antifa (United States) – Wikipedia

Anti-fascist political activist movement

Antifa () is a left-wing anti-fascist and anti-racist political movement in the United States. It is highly decentralized and comprises an array of autonomous groups that aim to achieve their objectives through the use of both nonviolent and violent direct action rather than through policy reform.[1][2][3] Much of antifa political activism is nonviolent, involving poster and flyer campaigns, mutual aid, delivering speeches, marching in protest, and community organizing.[4][5][6] They also engage in protest tactics, seeking to combat fascists and racists such as neo-Nazis, white supremacists, and other far-right extremists, and differing from other leftist opposition movements by their willingness to directly confront far-right activists, and in some cases law enforcement.[2] This may involve digital activism, doxing, harassment, physical violence, and property damage against those whom they identify as belonging to the far right.[7]

Individuals involved in the movement tend to hold anti-authoritarian, anti-capitalist, and anti-state views, subscribing to a range of left-wing ideologies such as anarchism, communism, Marxism, social democracy, and socialism.[8] The name antifa and the logo with two flags representing anarchism and communism are derived from the German antifa movement.[9] Antifa activists' actions have received support and criticism from various organizations and pundits, with some on the American Left criticizing antifa for its willingness to adopt violent direct actions and for being counterproductive or backfiring by emboldening the right and their allies.[10] Part of the right characterizes it as a domestic terrorist organization or uses antifa as a catch-all term[11] for any left-leaning or liberal protest actions.[12] Some scholars argue that antifa is a legitimate response to the rise of the far right[13] and that antifa's violence such as milkshaking is not equivalent to right-wing violence.[3] Scholars tend to reject the equivalence between antifa and white supremacism.[2][14][15]

There have been multiple efforts to discredit antifa groups via hoaxes on social media, many of them false flag attacks originating from alt-right and 4chan users posing as antifa backers on Twitter.[16][17][18] Some hoaxes have been picked up and reported as fact by right-leaning media.[16][19][20] During the George Floyd protests in May and June 2020, the Trump administration blamed antifa for orchestrating the mass protests; analysis of federal arrests did not find links to antifa.[21] There were repeated calls by Donald Trump and William Barr to designate antifa as a terrorist organization[22] despite the fact that it is not an organization, a move that academics, legal experts, and others have argued would exceed the authority of the presidency and violate the First Amendment.[23][24][25] Several analyses, reports, and studies concluded that antifa is not a major domestic terrorism risk and ranked far-right extremism and white supremacy as the top domestic risk.[15][26][27]

The English word antifa is a loanword from the German Antifa, where it is a shortened form of the word antifaschistisch ("anti-fascist") and a nickname of Antifaschistische Aktion (19321933), a short-lived group which inspired the wider antifa movement in Germany.[28][29][30] The German word Antifa itself first appeared in 1930 and the long form antifaschistisch was borrowed from the original Italian anti-Fascisti ("anti-fascists").[28] Oxford Dictionaries placed antifa on its shortlist for word of the year in 2017 and stated the word "emerged from relative obscurity to become an established part of the English lexicon over the course of 2017."[29]

The pronunciation of the word in English is not settled as it may be stressed on either the first or the second syllable.[31][28]

The Anti-Defamation League recommends that the label antifa should be limited to "those who proactively seek physical confrontations with their perceived fascist adversaries" and not be misapplied to include all anti-fascist counter-protesters.[32] Journalist Conor Friedersdorf makes a distinction between "self-described members of the group" and "anyone who shows up in the streets to protest against fascists", arguing that "Antifa and antifascism are no more synonymous than being a member of Black Lives Matter and believing that black lives matter."[33]

During the Trump administration, the term antifa became "a conservative catch-all" term as Donald Trump, administration officials, Trump base supporters, and right-wing commentators applied the label to all sorts of left-leaning or liberal protest actions.[11] Conservative writers such as L. Brent Bozell III labeled Black Lives Matter as "antifa".[11] Politico reported that "the term [antifa] is a potent one for conservatives" because "[i]t's the violent distillation of everything they fear could come to pass in an all-out culture war. And it's a quick way to brand part of the opposition."[11] Alexander Reid Ross, who teaches at Portland State University, argues that the popularization of the term antifa was a reaction to the popularization of the term alt-right, "to the point where [antifa] simply describes people who are anti-fascist or people who are against racism and are willing to protest against it."[11]

Individuals involved in the antifa movement tend to hold anti-authoritarian,[34] anti-capitalist,[35][36] anti-fascist,[37] and anti-state views,[38] subscribing to a varied range of left-wing ideologies.[39] A majority of adherents are anarchists, communists, and other socialists who describe themselves as revolutionaries,[40] although some social democrats and others on the American Left,[38] among them environmentalists, LGBT and indigenous rights advocates,[6] also adhere to the antifa movement.[40] According to Peter Beinart, "antifa is heavily composed of anarchists" and "its activists place little faith in the state, which they consider complicit in fascism and racism."[38] Antifa involvement in violent actions against far-right opponents and the police has led some scholars and news media to characterize the movement as far-left[2][41] and militant.[37][42][43] In his article "The Rise of the Violent Left" for The Atlantic, Beinart writes that antifa activists "prefer direct action: They pressure venues to deny white supremacists space to meet. They pressure employers to fire them and landlords to evict them. And when people they deem racists and fascists manage to assemble, antifa's partisans try to break up their gatherings, including by force."[38]

According to historian Mark Bray, an expert on the movement,[44] the "vast majority of anti-fascist organizing is nonviolent. But their willingness to physically defend themselves and others from white supremacist violence and preemptively shut down fascist organizing efforts before they turn deadly distinguishes them from liberal anti-racists."[45] Described as a pan-leftist and non-hierarchical movement,[40] antifa is united by opposition to right-wing extremism and white supremacy.[37][46] Antifa activists reject both conservative and liberal anti-fascism.[46][47][48] The antifa movement generally eschews mainstream liberal democracy,[40] having "an illiberal disdain for the confines of mainstream politics",[49] and favoring direct action over electoral politics.[37][46] Bray states that "[t]he vast majority of antifa militants are radical anti-capitalists who oppose the Democratic Party" and that Democratic Party leaders, including Nancy Pelosi and Joe Biden, have condemned antifa and political violence more broadly.[49] Despite antifa's opposition to the Democratic Party and liberalism, some right-wing commentators have accused their adherents of being aided by "liberal sympathizers"[50] and "affiliated with the Democratic Party"[49] as well as being "a single organization", "funded by liberal financiers like George Soros", "mastermind[ing] violence at Black Lives Matter protests", and that "Antifascists are the 'real fascists'", with Bray citing these as examples of five myths about antifa.[49]

The Anti-Defamation League states that "[m]ost antifa come from the anarchist movement or from the far left, though since the 2016 presidential election, some people with more mainstream political backgrounds have also joined their ranks."[32] Similarly, Bray argues that "[i]t's also important to remember that these are self-described revolutionaries. They're anarchists and communists who are way outside the traditional conservative-liberal spectrum."[40] ABC News notes that "[w]hile antifa's political leanings are often described as 'far-left,' experts say members' radical views vary and can intersect with communism, socialism and anarchism."[51] According to CNN, "Antifa is short for anti-fascists. The term is used to define a broad group of people whose political beliefs lean toward the left -- often the far left -- but do not conform with the Democratic Party platform."[52] The BBC notes that, "as their name indicates, Antifa focuses more on fighting far-right ideology than encouraging pro-left policy."[37] Beinart argues that the election of Donald Trump vitalized the antifa movement and some on the mainstream left were more willing to support them as a tactical opposition.[38]

Antifa is not a unified organization but rather a movement without a hierarchical leadership structure, comprising multiple autonomous groups and individuals.[32][40][45][53] The movement is loosely affiliated[37] and has no chain of command, with antifa groups instead sharing "resources and information about far-right activity across regional and national borders through loosely knit networks and informal relationships of trust and solidarity."[25] According to Mark Bray, "members hide their political activities from law enforcement and the far right" and "concerns about infiltration and high expectations of commitment keep the sizes of groups rather small."[25] Bray adds that "[i]t's important to understand that antifa politics, and antifa's methods, are designed to stop white supremacists, fascists, and neo-Nazis as easily as possible."[54] For Bray, "[t]he vast majority of their activities are nonviolent. They function in some ways like private investigators; they track neo-Nazi organizing across multiple social-media platforms."[54] In regard to doxing, Bray says that it is about "telling people that they have a Nazi living down the street, or telling employers that they're employing white supremacists", adding that "after Charlottesville, a lot of the repercussions that these khaki-wearing, tiki-torch white supremacists faced were their employers firing them and their families repudiating what they do."[54]

Activists typically organize protests via social media and through websites.[55] Some activists have built peer-to-peer networks, or use encrypted-texting services like Signal.[56] Chauncey Devega of Salon described antifa as an organizing strategy, not a group of people.[57] According to one group member, antifa's identification research on whether an individual or group is "fascist, Alt Right, White Nationalist, etc." is "based on which groups they are a part of and endorse." While noting that "Nazis, fascists, white nationalists, anti-Semites and Islamophobes" are specific overlapping categories, the main focus is "on groups and individuals which endorse, or work directly in alliance with, white supremacists and white separatists. We try to be very clear and precise with how we use these terms."[58] According to Colin Clarke and Michael Kenney, direct actions such as anti-Trump protests, demonstrations against the alt-right provocateur Milo Yiannopoulos and the clash with neo-Nazis and white supremacists at the Unite the Right rally "reflects many Antifa supporters' belief that Trump is a fascist demagogue who threatens the existence of America's pluralistic, multi-racial democracy. This factor helps explain why such Antifa supporters are so quick to label the president's 'Make America Great Again' supporters as fascists and why Trump is so quick to label Antifa as a terrorist organization."[59]

The antifa movement has grown since the 2016 United States presidential election. As of August 2017, approximately 200 groups existed, of varying sizes and levels of activity.[60] It is particularly present in the Pacific Northwest,[61] such as in Portland, Oregon.[62]

When Italian dictator Benito Mussolini consolidated power under his National Fascist Party in the mid-1920s, an oppositional anti-fascist movement surfaced both in Italy and countries such as the United States. Many anti-fascist leaders in the United States were anarchist, socialist, and syndicalist migrs from Italy with experience in labor organizing and militancy.[63] Ideologically, antifa in the United States sees itself as the successor to anti-Nazi activists of the 1930s. European activist groups that originally organized to oppose World War II-era fascist dictatorships re-emerged in the 1970s and 1980s to oppose white supremacy and skinheads, eventually spreading to the United States.[60]

Modern antifa politics can be traced to opposition to the infiltration of Britain's punk scene by white power skinheads in the 1970s and 1980s, and the emergence of neo-Nazism in Germany following the fall of the Berlin Wall.[38] In Germany, young leftists, including anarchists and punk fans, renewed the practice of street-level anti-fascism.[38] Peter Beinart, professor of journalism and political science at the Craig Newmark Graduate School of Journalism at the City University of New York, writes that "[i]n the late '80s, left-wing punk fans in the United States began following suit, though they initially called their groups Anti-Racist Action, on the theory that Americans would be more familiar with fighting racism than they would be with fighting fascism."[38]

Dartmouth College historian Mark Bray, author of Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook, credits Anti-Racist Action (ARA) as the precursor of modern antifa groups in the United States.[34] In the late 1980s and 1990s, ARA activists toured with popular punk rock and skinhead bands in order to prevent Klansmen, neo-Nazis and other assorted white supremacists from recruiting.[38][64][65] Their motto was "We go where they go" by which they meant that they would confront far-right activists in concerts and actively remove their materials from public places.[45] In 2002, ARA disrupted a speech in Pennsylvania by Matthew F. Hale, the head of the white supremacist group World Church of the Creator, resulting in a fight and 25 arrests.[38]

In 2007, Rose City Antifa, likely the first group to utilize the name antifa, was formed in Portland, Oregon by former ARA members.[66][6][67] Other antifa groups in the United States have other genealogies. In Minneapolis, Minnesota, a group called the Baldies was formed in 1987 with the intent to fight neo-Nazi groups directly.[36] In 2013, the "most radical" chapters of ARA formed the Torch Antifa Network[68] which has chapters throughout the United States.[69] Other antifa groups are a part of different associations such as NYC Antifa or operate independently.[70]

According to Brian Levin, director of the Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism at the California State University, San Bernardino, antifa activists feel the need to participate in violent actions because "they believe that elites are controlling the government and the media. So they need to make a statement head-on against the people who they regard as racist."[52] Historian Mark Bray wrote that the adherents "reject turning to the police or the state to halt the advance of white supremacy. Instead they advocate popular opposition to fascism as we witnessed in Charlottesville."[40] The idea of direct action is central to the antifa movement.[71] Former antifa organizer Scott Crow told an interviewer:

The idea in Antifa is that we go where they (right-wingers) go. That hate speech is not free speech. That if you are endangering people with what you say and the actions that are behind them, then you do not have the right to do that. And so we go to cause conflict, to shut them down where they are, because we don't believe that Nazis or fascists of any stripe should have a mouthpiece.[52]

A manual posted on It's Going Down, an anarchist website, warns against accepting "people who just want to fight". Furthermore, the website notes that "physically confronting and defending against fascists is a necessary part of anti-fascist work, but is not the only or even necessarily the most important part."

According to Beinart, antifa activists "try to publicly identify white supremacists and get them fired from their jobs and evicted from their apartments" and also "disrupt white-supremacist rallies, including by force."[71] A Washington Post book review reports that "Antifa tactics include 'no platforming,' i.e. denying their targets the opportunity to speak out in public; obstructing their events and defacing their propaganda; and, when antifa activists deem it necessary, deploying violence to deter them."[48] According to National Public Radio, antifa's "approach is confrontational" and "people who speak for the Antifa movement acknowledge they sometimes carry clubs and sticks."[73] CNN describes antifa as "known for causing damage to property during protests."[52] Scott Crow says that antifa adherents believe that property destruction does not "equate to violence".[52] According to the Los Angeles Times, antifa protesters have engaged in "mob violence, attacking a small showing of supporters of President Trump and others they accused, sometimes inaccurately, of being white supremacists or Nazis."[74] Antifa activists also used clubs and dyed liquids against white supremacists in Charlottesville.[75] According to The Kansas City Star, police asked persons carrying firearms (including both antifa members and members of the far-right militia movement group Three Percenters) at a September 2017 rally in Kansas City to remove ammunition from their weapons.[76]

Apart from the other activities, antifa activists engage in mutual aid such as disaster response in the case of Hurricane Harvey.[77][78][79] According to Natasha Lennard in The Nation, antifa groups as of January 2017 were working with interfaith groups and churches "to create a New Sanctuary Movement, continuing and expanding a 40-year-old practice of providing spaces for refugees and immigrants."[80] Antifa activists also conduct research to monitor far-right activity, hold conferences and workshops on anti-fascist activism, distribute literature at book fairs and film festivals as well as advocating ways of "fostering sustainable, peaceful communities" such as working in community gardens.[81]

Antifa activists often use the black bloc tactic in which people dress in black and cover their faces in order to thwart surveillance and create a sense of equality and solidarity among participants.[82] Antifa activists wear masks to hide their "identity from protestors on the other side (who might dox people they disagree with) or from police and cameras" and for philosophical reasons such as the beliefs that "hierarchies are bad and that remaining anonymous helps keep one's ego in check."[83] Joseph Bernstein from BuzzFeed News says that antifa activists also wear masks because "they fear retribution from the far right and the cops, whom they believe are sympathetic if not outright supportive to fascists."[84]

When antifa became prominent in the news during the George Floyd protests and was under attack for being responsible for much, if not most of the violence, a report in Vox stated that "[m]embers of antifa groups do more conventional activism, flyer campaigns, and community organizing, on behalf of anti-racist and anti-white nationalist causes", quoting Mark Bray as saying that this was the "vast majority" of what they did.[5] In July 2020, The Guardian reported that "a California-based organizer and anti-fascist activist" stated she saw "Trump's claims about antifa violence, particularly during the George Floyd protests, as a message to his 'hardcore' supporters that it was appropriate to attack people who came out to protest."[15] In August 2020, many small business owners interviewed by The New York Times in what was the Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone in Seattle blamed people they identified as antifa for much of the violence and intimidation of their patrons while distinguishing antifa from Black Lives Matter.[61] In September 2020, Scott Crow criticized a report for "equating the murder of human beings by the Boogaloo and neo-Nazis with property destruction because people are sick of having boots on their neck."[85]

Along with black bloc activists, antifa groups were among those who protested the 2016 election of Donald Trump.[38][42][80] Antifa activists also participated in the February 2017 Berkeley protests against alt-right provocateur[86][87][88] speaker Milo Yiannopoulos, where antifa gained mainstream attention,[55] with media reporting antifa protesters "throwing Molotov cocktails and smashing windows"[52] and causing $100,000 worth of damage.[89]

In April 2017, the Direct Action Alliance and the Oregon Students Empowered, described as "two self-described antifascist groups", threatened to disrupt the 82nd Avenue of Roses Parade in Portland, Oregon after hearing that the Multnomah County Republican Party would participate. The parade organizers also received an anonymous email, reading: "You have seen how much power we have downtown and that the police cannot stop us from shutting down roads so please consider your decision wisely." The two groups denied having anything to do with the email. The parade was ultimately canceled by the organizers due to safety concerns.[90][91]

In August 2017, antifa counter-protesters at the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, reported The New York Times, "used clubs and dyed liquids against the white supremacists."[75] Journalist Adele Stan interviewed an antifa protester at the rally who said the sticks carried by the protesters were a justifiable countermeasure to the fact that "the right has a goon squad".[92] Some antifa participants at the Charlottesville rally chanted that counter-protesters should "punch a Nazi in the mouth".[73] Antifa participants also protected Cornel West and various clergy from attack by white supremacists, with West stating he felt that antifa had "saved his life".[93][94] Antifa activists also defended the First United Methodist Church, where the Charlottesville Clergy Collective provided refreshments, music and training to the counter-protesters.[95] According to a local rabbi, antifa counter-protesters "chased [the white supremacists] off with sticks."[93]

Groups that had been preparing to protest the Boston Free Speech Rally saw their plans become viral following the violence in Charlottesville. The event drew a largely peaceful crowd of 40,000 counter-protesters. In The Atlantic, McKay Coppins stated that the 33 people arrested for violent incidents were "mostly egged on by the minority of 'Antifa' agitators in the crowd."[96] President Trump described the protesters outside his August 2017 rally in Phoenix, Arizona as "antifa".[97]

During the Berkeley protests on August 27, 2017, an estimated one hundred antifa protesters joined a crowd of 2,0004,000 other protesters to confront alt-right demonstrators and Trump supporters who showed up for a "Say No to Marxism" rally that had been cancelled by organizers due to security concerns.[89][98] Protestors threatened to smash the cameras of anyone who filmed them.[99] Jesse Arreguin, the mayor of Berkeley, suggested classifying the city's antifa as a gang.[100] The far-right group Patriot Prayer cancelled an event in San Francisco the same day following counter protests. Joey Gibson, the founder of Patriot Prayer, blamed antifa, along with BAMN, for breaking up the event.[101]

In June 2018, a Nebraska antifa group published a list of names and photographs of 1,595 Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) officials, drawn from LinkedIn profiles.[102]

In November 2018, police investigated the antifa group Smash Racism D.C. following a protest outside the home of The Daily Caller founder Tucker Carlson,[103] who has been described by the Associated Press as "a major supporter of President Donald Trump and his policies".[104] Activists of the group said through a bullhorn that Carlson was promoting hate[105] and chanted "We will fight, we know where you sleep at night!" and defaced the driveway of Carlson's property by spray-painting an anarchist symbol on it.[106] Twitter suspended the group's account for violation of Twitter rules by posting Carlson's home address. The group also posted addresses of Carlson's brother and a friend who co-founded The Daily Caller.[107][108][109][110][111][112]

In February 2019, anti-fascist activists marched in celebration through Stone Mountain, Georgia as a white supremacist, neo-Confederate rally planned to be held at the adjacent Stone Mountain Park was cancelled due to infighting and fear of personal safety. White supremacist groups originally sought to attract attention by marching at the Stone Mountain, a Confederate landmark carving, during Super Bowl weekend. The groups ignored the park's denial of permit due to "clear and present danger to the public health or safety", but this was thwarted when Facebook and Twitter terminated their organizing accounts and pages, and by one group leader's retreat due to "fears of violence from counter-protesters". In their absence, more than 100 antifa activists marched peacefully through the adjacent village, burned a Klansman effigy and chanted slogans such as "Good night, alt-right" and "Death to the Klan", before joining another civil rights rally at Piedmont Park held by the NAACP and the SPLC.[113][114][115]

Historian Mark Bray, who has studied the antifa movement, stated that "[g]iven the historical and current threat that white supremacist and fascist groups pose, it's clear to me that organized, collective self-defense is not only a legitimate response, but lamentably an all-too-necessary response to this threat on too many occasions."[13] Alexander Reid Ross, a lecturer in geography and an author on the contemporary right, has argued that antifa groups represented "one of the best models for channeling the popular reflexes and spontaneous movements towards confronting fascism in organized and focused ways."[116] Academic Cornel West, who attended a counter-protest to the Unite the Right rally, said in an interview that "we would have been crushed like cockroaches if it were not for the anarchists and the anti-fascists", describing a situation where a group of 20 counter-protesters were surrounded by marchers whom he described as "neofascists".[117]

Academic Noam Chomsky described antifa as "a major gift to the right", arguing that "the movement was self-destructive and constituted a tiny faction on the periphery of the left."[118] Eleanor Penny, an author on fascism and the far-right, argued against Chomsky that "physical resistance has time and again protected local populations from racist violence, and prevented a gathering caucus of fascists from making further inroads into mainstream politics".[118] A. M. Gittlitz and Natasha Lennard[5][54] have also argued against Chomsky and others, citing the 2017 events at Charlottesville and Richard B. Spencer's suspension of his college tour in March 2018,[119][120] respectively, as "a victory"[121] and as "a sharp rebuttal to the glut of claims that antifa practices serve as a gift to the far right."[122][123]

Historian and Dissent magazine editor Michael Kazin wrote that "[n]on-leftists often see the left as a disruptive, lawless force. Violence tends to confirm that view."[124] Historian Ruth Ben-Ghiat was "worried that antifa's methods could feed into what she said were false equivalencies that seek to lump violence on the left with attacks by the right." Ben-Ghiat argued that "[t]hrowing a milkshake is not equivalent to killing someone, but because the people in power are allied with the right, any provocation, any dissent against right-wing violence, backfires", with the effect that "[m]ilitancy on the left" can "become a justification for those in power and allies on the right to crack down" on the left.[3]

Peter Beinart, a professor of journalism and political science, wrote that "[a]ntifa believes it is pursuing the opposite of authoritarianism. Many of its activists oppose the very notion of a centralized state. But in the name of protecting the vulnerable, antifascists have granted themselves the authority to decide which Americans may publicly assemble and which may not. That authority rests on no democratic foundation. [...] The people preventing Republicans from safely assembling on the streets of Portland may consider themselves fierce opponents of the authoritarianism growing on the American right. In truth, however, they are its unlikeliest allies."[38]

Black studies professor Shirley Jackson stated that antifa had made things more difficult for Black Lives Matter by causing a loss of focus.[4] Historian Marc Rodriguez said that "the ideas about anti-fascism for them are (currently) concerns in the United States about racism" and that antifa was similar to the 201920 Hong Kong protests, but that what antifa was "not so great at is coming to the realization that eventually social protests seek to bargain."[4]

Some "anti-anti-fascists" on the left have argued that antifa attack a symptom of liberal democracy rather than combating structural racism itself and in doing so distance themselves from revolutionary politics.[121]

According to the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), "most established civil rights organizations criticize antifa tactics as dangerous and counterproductive."[32] In 2017, the ADL criticized antifa for its use of "unacceptable tactics" such as violence and warned that such tactics provided a powerful propaganda and recruitment tool to right-wing extremists.[32] However, the ADL stated that "it is important to reject attempts to claim equivalence between the antifa and the white supremacist groups they oppose", noting that right-wing extremist movements are much more violent and have been responsible for hundreds of murders in the United States while "there have not been any known antifa-related murders."[32] In 2020, the ADL noted that while there have been hundreds of murders by far-right groups in the last few decades, there has only been one suspected antifa-related murder.[125]

According to the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), designating antifa as a domestic terrorist organization is dangerous and a threat to civil liberties.[126] The SPLC also reported that antifa members "have been involved in skirmishes and property crimes, 'but the threat of lethal violence pales in comparison to that posed by far-right extremists.'"[26]

In June 2017, the antifa movement was linked to "anarchist extremism" by the New Jersey Office of Homeland Security and Preparedness.[127] This assessment was replaced with one in 2019 which states that "Antifa is a movement that focuses on issues involving racism, sexism, and anti-Semitism, as well as other perceived injustices. The majority of Antifa members do not promote or endorse violence; however, the movement consists of anarchist extremists and other individuals who seek to carry out acts of violence in order to forward their respective agendas."[128] In September 2017, Politico obtained confidential documents and interviews indicating that the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) believed that "anarchist extremists" were the primary instigators of violence at public rallies against a range of targets in April 2016.[129]

In July 2020, FBI Director Christopher A. Wray, who stated in an earlier press release[130] on June 4 that "anarchists like Antifa" are "exploiting this situation to pursue violent, extremist agendas",[131] testified to the Senate Judiciary Committee that the agency "considers antifa more of an ideology than an organization"[21] which was later reiterated the same year in a September 17 remark to lawmakers.[53] This contradicted President Trump's remarks about antifa and put Wray at odds with the Trump administration.[53] According to the Associated Press, Wray "did not dispute that antifa activists were a serious concern", stating that antifa was a "real thing" and that the FBI had undertaken "any number of properly predicated investigations into what we would describe as violent anarchist extremists", including into individuals who identify with antifa, whom the FBI identified as "a movement or an ideology" rather than as "a group or an organization".[53] Wray stated that "racially motivated violent extremists, such as white supremacists, have been responsible for the most lethal attacks in the U.S. in recent years", although "this year the most lethal violence has come from anti-government activists, such as anarchists and militia-types."[53]

Three August 2020 DHS draft reports did not mention antifa as a domestic terrorism risk and ranked white supremacy as the top risk, higher than that of foreign terrorist groups.[27]

On August 29, 2017, Nancy Pelosi, then House Minority Leader for the Democratic Party, condemned the violence of antifa activists in Berkeley.[132]

In July 2019, Republican Senators Bill Cassidy and Ted Cruz introduced a nonbinding resolution that would designate antifa a domestic terrorist organization.[133]

In June 2020, Republican Senator Tom Cotton advocated using military force to quell nationwide protests against police brutality and racism, calling for the 101st Airborne Division to be deployed to combat what he called "Antifa terrorists".[134] Cruz accused "Antifa protesters" of "organizing these acts of terror"[135] and called for "systematic law enforcement targeting Antifa and other terrorist groups".[136]

In September 2020, 2020 Democratic Party presidential candidate Joe Biden also condemned antifa violent actions,[49] having previously already condemned violence across the political spectrum and expressed his support for the peaceful protests.[137]

In August 2017, a petition was lodged with the White House petitioning system We the People calling upon President Donald Trump to formally classify "AntiFa" as terrorist. The White House responded in 2018 that federal law does not have a mechanism for formally designating domestic terrorist organizations.[138][139][140] The writer of the petition later stated he had created it to "bring our broken right side together" and to "prop up antifa as a punching bag".[141]

In 2017, Politico interviewed unidentified law enforcement officials who noted a rise in activity since the beginning of the Trump administration, particularly a rise in recruitment and on the part of the far right as well since the Charlottesville Unite the Right rally. One internal assessment acknowledged an inability to penetrate the groups' "diffuse and decentralized organizational structure". By 2017, the FBI and the DHS reported that they were monitoring suspicious antifa activity in relation to terrorism.[129]

During the nationwide protests against the killing of George Floyd in May and June 2020, Attorney General William Barr blamed the violence on "anarchic and far left extremist groups using Antifa-like tactics"[142] and described the actions of "Antifa and other similar groups" as "domestic terrorism",[143] echoing similar statements by National Security Advisor Robert O'Brien.[144] In Twitter posts and other statements, Trump blamed "ANTIFA and the Radical Left" for violence[142][145] and repeatedly pledged that the federal government would designate antifa as a "Terrorist Organization".[146][147][148][149] However, Trump lacks the authority to do so because under existing law the federal government may designate only foreign organizations as terrorist and antifa is a loosely associated movement rather than a specific organization.[150][151][152] Legal experts, among others, believe that designating antifa as a terrorist group would be unconstitutional, raising First Amendment and due process issues.[23][24] According to historian Mark Bray, antifa cannot be designated as a terrorist organization because "[t]he groups are loosely organized, and they aren't large enough to cause everything Trump blames them for." In addition, Bray argued that the political right has attempted to "blame everything on antifa" during the George Floyd protests and that in assuming antifa to be "predominantly white", it "evince[s] a kind of racism that assumes that black people couldn't organize on this deep and wide of a scale."[25]

On June 2, 2020, The Nation reported on a copy of an FBI Washington Field Office internal situation report it had obtained which stated that the FBI had "no intelligence indicating Antifa involvement/presence" in the violent May 31 D.C.-area protests.[153] Two days later, Barr claimed that "[w]e have evidence that antifa and other similar extremist groups, as well as actors of a variety of different political persuasions have been involved in instigating and participating in the violent activity."[154] However, the Trump administration has provided no evidence for its claims[155] and there is no evidence that antifa-aligned individuals played a role in instigating the protests or violence, or that antifa played a significant role in the protests.[21][156][155] According to Bray, while "confident that some members of antifa groups have participated in a variety of forms of resistance" during the protests, it is "impossible to ascertain the exact number of people who belong to antifa groups."[25] As of June 9, 2020, none of the 51 people facing federal charges were alleged to have links to antifa.[157] As of September 16, 2020, no antifa or left-wing group has been charged in connection with the civil unrest.[85]

In an August 2020 interview, Trump asserted "people that are in the dark shadows" control his Democratic presidential opponent Joe Biden and then claimed that "we had somebody get on a plane from a certain city this weekend, and in the plane it was almost completely loaded with thugs, wearing these dark uniforms, black uniforms, with gear and this and that", adding that "they're people that are on the streets. They're people that are controlling the streets." Antifa activists commonly dress in black.[158] Trump's remarks were similar to false social media rumors during preceding months that planes and buses full of antifa gangs were preparing to invade communities, allegedly funded by George Soros.[159][160][161] Two days after Trump's remarks, Barr asserted he knew antifa activists "are flying around the country" and "we are following them".[162] However, there is no evidence of any such flight.[158] According to Reuters, "[l]aw enforcement, intelligence and Congressional officials familiar with official reporting on weeks of protests and related arrests said on Tuesday they were aware of no incidents or reports that would confirm Trump's anecdote."[162]

In a September 2020 whistleblower complaint,[163] Brian Murphy, who was the Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Intelligence and Analysis until August 2020, asserted that DHS secretary Chad Wolf and his deputy Ken Cuccinelli instructed him "to modify intelligence assessments to ensure they matched up with the public comments by President Trump on the subject of ANTIFA and 'anarchist' groups."[164] On September 18, 2020, Trump publicly criticized FBI Director Christopher A. Wray and hinted that he could fire him over Wray's testimony about antifa and Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections.[165][166][167]

On September 25, 2020, the Trump administration released details on a "Platinum Plan for Black America", under which "Antifa" and the Ku Klux Klan would be prosecuted as terrorist organizations.[168][169] The plan does not include any mention of other white nationalist organizations or of prosecuting far-right terrorism.[170]

Questions on how effective antifa is and whether it is a reasonable response have been raised and discussed by news media.[5][33][38][54][120][171]

In relation to the events of the Unite the Right rally, a 2018 study conducted by professor of criminology Gary LaFree on the link between antifa and terrorism concluded that "while the events share many characteristics of terrorist attacks", the actions by antifa supporters during this event "do not include all of the elements of terrorism required by the GTD". Whereas it fulfilled the requirements of an action led by "sub-national actors" with "violence or threat of violence", it lacked in particular the "intentionality of the incident", that is the "result of a conscious calculation on the part of the perpetrators." LaFree also questioned "whether antifa can be considered to constitute a 'group' at this point in time" and stressed "how complicated it is to distinguish terrorism from other forms of illegal violence" such as those by antifa supporters.[172]

In June 2020, the think tank Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) assembled a database of 893 terrorism incidents in the United States beginning in 1994.[15][173][174] An analysis of the database conducted by The Guardian in July 2020 found no murder linked to antifa or anti-fascism since 1994. According to The Guardian, the only death resulting from an anti-fascist attack recorded in the database was that of Willem van Spronsen, who was shot dead by police while allegedly firebombing a U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) detention center in Tacoma, Washington. In contrast, the study highlighted that 329 people were killed by American white supremacists or other right-wing extremists during the same period. The Guardian quoted Heidi Beirich, a co-founder of the Global Project Against Hate and Extremism, as saying that "Antifa is not going around murdering people like rightwing extremists are. It's a false equivalence. I've at times been critical of antifa for getting into fights with Nazis at rallies and that kind of violence, but I can't think of one case in which an antifa person was accused of murder." Seth Jones, a counter-terrorism expert who led the creation of the CSIS's database, told The Guardian that "[l]eftwing violence has not been a major terrorism threat" and that "the most significant domestic terrorism threat comes from white supremacists, anti-government militias and a handful of individuals associated with the 'boogaloo' movement that are attempting to create a civil war in the United States."[15]

The CSIS database was updated in October 2020 to include the suspected killing of Aaron Danielson by Michael Reinoehl.[175] In September 2020, when the investigation was still ongoing, Brian Levin said that if Reinoehl was implicated, it would mark the first case in recent history of an antifa supporter being charged with homicide.[176]

A September 2020 report by the Network Contagion Research Institute and researchers at Rutgers University found that some left-wing movements, including antifa, associated in "fringe online forums", posted dehumanizing memes about police, used violent rhetoric and coordinated riot activity.[177] Voice of America summarized the report as stating that "far-left movements such as antifa, while decentralized and seen as less lethal than their counterparts on the far right, are just as capable of turning peaceful protests into violent confrontations with law enforcement". According to Voice of America, "the Justice Department has not charged any left-wing groups in connection with the civil unrest, and extremism experts say while the threat of violence from antifa is real, organized groups on the far right pose a greater threat of violence." Josh Lipowsky, a senior research analyst with the Counter Extremism Project, stated that "the decentralized antifa movement poses a lesser threat than the better organized groups on the far right."[85]

Conspiracy theories about antifa that tend to inaccurately portray antifa as a single organization with leaders and secret sources of funding have been spread by right-wing activists, media organizations and politicians,[178][179] including Trump administration officials[26][49][180][181] and the 2020 Trump campaign.[182]

In August 2017, a #PunchWhiteWomen photo hoax campaign was spread by fake antifa Twitter accounts.[183][184] Bellingcat researcher Eliot Higgins discovered an image of British actress Anna Friel portraying a battered woman in a 2007 Women's Aid anti-domestic violence campaign that had been re-purposed using fake antifa Twitter accounts organized by way of 4chan. The image is captioned "53% of white women voted for Trump, 53% of white women should look like this" and includes an antifa flag. Another image featuring an injured woman is captioned "She chose to be a Nazi. Choices have consequences" and includes the hashtag #PunchANazi. Higgins remarked to the BBC that "[t]his was a transparent and quite pathetic attempt, but I wouldn't be surprised if white nationalist groups try to mount more sophisticated attacks in the future".[17] A similar fake image circulated on social media after the Unite the Right rally in 2017. The doctored image, actually from a 2009 riot in Athens, was altered to make it look like someone wearing an antifa symbol attacking a policeman with a flag.[185] After the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, similar hoaxes falsely claimed that the shooter was an antifa "member"; another such hoax involved a fake antifa Twitter account praising the shooting.[186][187] Another high-profile fake antifa account was banned from Twitter after it posted with a geotag originating in Russia.[18] Those fake antifa accounts have been repeatedly reported on as real by right-leaning media outlets.[16][20]

In October 2017, a conspiracy theory claiming that antifa groups were planning a violent insurrection or civil war the following month spread on YouTube and was advanced by far-right figures including Alex Jones, Lucian Wintrich, Paul Joseph Watson, and Steven Crowder.[188][189][190][191][192] The basis for the conspiracy theory was a series of protests against Donald Trump organized by the group Refuse Fascism.[188][189][190][193] The protests passed off as planned without causing significant disruption.[194]

During the nationwide George Floyd protests against police brutality and racism in May and June 2020, false claims of impending antifa activity circulated through social media platforms, causing alarm in at least 41 towns and cities.[195] On May 31, 2020, @ANTIFA_US, a newly created Twitter account, attempted to incite violence relating to the protests. The next day, after determining that it was linked to the white nationalist group Identity Evropa, Twitter suspended the fake account.[196] An FBI's Washington Field Office report stated that members of a far-right group on social media had "called for far-right provocateurs to attack federal agents, use automatic weapons against protesters" during the D.C.-area protests over Floyd's killing on May 31, 2020.[153] Conservative news organizations, pro-Trump individuals using social media, and impostor social media accounts propagated false rumors that antifa groups were traveling to small cities, suburbs, and rural communities to instigate unrest during the protests.[197] In May and June 2020, Lara Logan repeatedly promoted hoaxes as part of Fox News' coverage of antifa, including publishing a false document she described as an antifa battle plan and claiming that a joke about juggalos was evidence of a clandestine antifa hierarchy.[198] In an appearance on Fox News's The Ingraham Angle in June 2020, Trump's personal attorney Rudy Giuliani claimed that "Antifa" as well as "Black Lives Matter" and unspecified communists were working together to "do away with our system of courts" and "take your property away and give it to other people", asserting without evidence that they receive significant funding from an outside source. Giuliani had previously criticized George Soros, who has been a frequent target of conspiracy theories, claiming he funded such groups and demonstrations.[199]

In June 2020, a multiracial family on a camping trip in Forks, Washington, were accused of being antifa activists, harassed and trapped in their campsite when trees were felled to block the road.[200][201][202] In Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, groups of armed right-wing vigilantes occupied streets in response to false rumors that antifa activists were planning to travel to the city while similar rumors led to threats being made against activists planning peaceful protests in Sonora, California.[203] In Klamath Falls, Oregon, hundreds of people, most of whom were armed, assembled in response to false rumors that antifa activists would target the city, spread by a commander in the Oregon Air National Guard.[161] In an August 2020 interview, Trump spread a similar conspiracy theory, claiming that "thugs, wearing these dark uniforms, black uniforms, with gear and this and that" had boarded a plane to Washington, D.C. to disrupt the 2020 Republican National Convention.[158] Also in August 2020, a fake antifa website began to redirect users to the Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign website. Although this has been described as "clearly a ploy to associate the Democratic Party with antifa", those on the right seized upon it.[49] A study by Zignal Labs found that unsubstantiated claims of antifa involvement were one of three dominant themes in misinformation and conspiracy theories around the protests, alongside claims that Floyd's death had been faked and claims of involvement by George Soros.[179] Some of the opposition to antifa activism has also been artificial in nature. Nafeesa Syeed of Bloomberg News reported that "[t]he most-tweeted link in the Russian-linked network followed by the researchers was a petition to declare Antifa a terrorist group".[204]

As wildfires raged on the West Coast in September 2020, rumors spread on social media that antifa was deliberately setting fires and preparing to loot property that was being evacuated, which local police departments debunked. Some residents refused to evacuate based on the rumors, choosing to defend their homes from the alleged invasions. Authorities pleaded with residents to ignore the false rumors.[205][206][207][208] A firefighters union in Washington state, also debunking these rumors, described Facebook as "an absolute cesspool of misinformation" on the topic.[209] Prominent promoters of the unfounded rumors included adherents of the QAnon conspiracy theory.[209] One false claim that six antifa activists had been arrested for setting fires was specifically amplified by "Q", i.e. "the anonymous person or people behind QAnon".[210] QAnon had for months been organizing "digital soldiers" on social media and internet message boards to wage information warfare to influence the 2020 United States elections.[211]

In January 2021, a conspiracy theory that antifa was responsible for the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, which was carried out by Trump supporters with Trump's encouragement, was spread by other far-right activists and supporters of Trump, including Representative Mo Brooks, Mark Burns, Lou Dobbs, California State Senate minority leader Shannon Grove, Laura Ingraham, Mike Lindell, former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin, Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton, actor Kevin Sorbo, Eric Trump and L. Lin Wood.[212][213][214][215][216][217] The conspiracy theory began on 4chan and similar websites before spreading to more mainstream conservative news sites.[218] Representative Paul Gosar was the first member of Congress to falsely claim that people associated with antifa were responsible for the attack.[213] Representative Matt Gaetz claimed that the facial recognition company XRVision had identified those who broke into the Capitol as belonging to antifa; XRVision described Gaetz's claims as "completely false."[213] Steve Benen of MSNBC described the claims of Gosar, Gaetz and others as "stark raving mad" and indicative of cognitive dissonance, noting that the far-right rioters did not attempt to conceal their identities or allegiances and were subsequently praised by Trump.[219] In posts on Parler, a social networking service used primarily by the far right, leaders of the Proud Boys had disclosed plans to attend the rally wearing "all black" clothing associated with antifa activists and arrive "incognito" in an apparent effort to shift blame for any violence on the movement.[220][221] Users of the right-wing social media site TheDonald.win were angered by the claims that antifa were responsible for storming the Capitol, one post stating: "It's sickening seeing people give Antifa the glory of fed-up Americans."[222] The FBI said there was no evidence of antifa involvement in the mob incursion.[223][224]

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Antifa (United States) - Wikipedia