Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017; 2017: 1259510.

1Institute of Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Campus Jeli, 17600 Jeli, Malaysia

2Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Campus Jeli, 17600 Jeli, Malaysia

2Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Campus Jeli, 17600 Jeli, Malaysia

2Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Campus Jeli, 17600 Jeli, Malaysia

3Human Genome Center, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia

1Institute of Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Campus Jeli, 17600 Jeli, Malaysia

2Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Campus Jeli, 17600 Jeli, Malaysia

3Human Genome Center, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia

Academic Editor: Jasminka Giacometti

Received 2017 Feb 17; Accepted 2017 Apr 9.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

There are several health benefits that honeybee products such as honey, propolis, and royal jelly claim toward various types of diseases in addition to being food.

In this paper, the effects of honey, propolis, and royal jelly on different metabolic diseases, cancers, and other diseases have been reviewed. The modes of actions of these products have also been illustrated for purposes of better understanding.

An overview of honey, propolis, and royal jelly and their biological potentials was highlighted. The potential health benefits of honey, such as microbial inhibition, wound healing, and its effects on other diseases, are described. Propolis has been reported to have various health benefits related to gastrointestinal disorders, allergies, and gynecological, oral, and dermatological problems. Royal jelly is well known for its protective effects on reproductive health, neurodegenerative disorders, wound healing, and aging. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms of action of honey, propolis, and royal jelly on the abovementioned diseases and activities have not been not fully elucidated, and further research is warranted to explain their exact contributions.

Apiculture is the science and art of prolonging, sustaining, and retaining health by using products obtained from honeybee hives, such as honey, bee bread, bee venom, bee pollen, propolis, and royal jelly. Recent years have seen the fast application of bee products in both traditional and modern medicine. Currently, many studies are targeted toward investigating directed health benefits and pharmacological properties of bee products due to their efficacies, leading to the increasing development of nutraceuticals and functional food from these products. The concept of functional food refers to food that has the ability to promote better physiological or psychological health compared to traditional remediated and nutritional food. These effects positively contribute toward excellent health maintenance, well-being, and reduced chronic illness [1]. The present review focuses on the potential health benefits of bee products, including honey, propolis, and royal jelly.

Honey is a sweet liquid processed by the honey bee. Honey is recognized worldwide due to its high nutritive components that are beneficial for human well-being. It has been traditionally used by Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Chinese to heal wounds and diseases of the gut, including gastric ulcers. It has also been used as a remedy for cough, sore throat, and earaches [2]. In India, Lotus honey has been traditionally used to treat eye infections and other diseases. In addition to being used externally, honey is also used internally [3] as a functional food to provide energy and nourishment to enhance vital organs in the body [4]. This has been in practice since ancient times. The active components of honey, such as glucose, fructose, flavonoid, polyphenols, and organic acids, play an important role in its quality [5]. Honey is being produced in many countries all over the world and is recognized as an important medicine as well as energy-providing food due to its functional properties and nutritional values. Additionally, honey is well known for its biological, physiological, and pharmacological activities.

Propolis is generally known as the bee glue, which is a generic name that refers to the resinous substance accumulated by the bees from different types of plants. The word propolis is derived from Greek to mean defense for pro and city or community for polis, or the beehive, in other words [6]. Propolis functions in sealing holes and cracks and for the reconstruction of the beehive. It is also used for smoothing the inner surface of the beehive, retaining the hive's internal temperature (35C), preventing weathering and invasion by predators. Furthermore, propolis hardens the cell wall and contributes to an aseptic internal environment. Propolis generally becomes soft and sticky upon heating [7]. It also possesses a pleasant smell. Propolis and its extracts have numerous applications in treating various diseases due to its antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antimycotic, antifungal, antiulcer, anticancer, and immunomodulatory properties.

Royal jelly, a white and viscous jelly-like substance, is a form of hypopharyngeal and mandibular gland secretion from the worker bees. It is also known as a superfood that is solely consumed by the queen bee. Royal jelly is also fed to the honeybee larvae upon hatching and helps to nurture the brood [8]. It is the exclusive nutriment offered to the immature young larvae in their first 2-3 days of maturation besides being used as a food specifically for the queen bee throughout her entire life cycle. Royalactin is the main compound in royal jelly that allows the morphological change of a larva into the queen bee [9]. This superfood is the main reason for the longevity of the queen bee compared to the other bees. Royal jelly is widely used as a dietary nutritional complex to help combat various chronic health conditions. Furthermore, it is one of the profitable remedies for human beings in both traditional and modern medicine. Many pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antitumor, antiallergy, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects have also been attributed to it.

Honey is also known as a supersaturated sugar solution. Natural honey is composed of 82.4% carbohydrates, 38.5% fructose, 31% glucose, 12.9% other sugars, 17.1% water, 0.5% protein, organic acids, multiminerals, amino acids, vitamins, phenols, and a myriad of other minor compounds. In addition, honey consists of minor amounts of bioactive components, including phenolic acid, flavonoid, and -tocopherol [10]. Honey constituents with health benefits include phenolic acids, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, proteins, carotenoids, and certain enzymes, such as glucose oxidase and catalase [11].

Propolis is the third most important component of bee products. It is composed mainly of resin (50%), wax (30%), essential oils (10%), pollen (5%), and other organic compounds (5%) [12]. Phenolic compounds, esters, flavonoids, terpenes, beta-steroids, aromatic aldehydes, and alcohols are the important organic compounds present in propolis [13]. Twelve different flavonoids, namely, pinocembrin, acacetin, chrysin, rutin, luteolin, kaempferol, apigenin, myricetin, catechin, naringenin, galangin, and quercetin; two phenolic acids, caffeic acid and cinnamic acid; and one stilbene derivative called resveratrol have been detected in propolis extracts by capillary zone electrophoresis [14]. Propolis also contains important vitamins, such as vitamins B1, B2, B6, C, and E and useful minerals such as magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), sodium (Na), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe). A few enzymes, such as succinic dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, and acid phosphatase, are also present in propolis [15].

Royal jelly consists of water (50%60%), proteins (18%), carbohydrates (15%), lipids (3%6%), mineral salts (1.5%), and vitamins [16]. Based on modern spectrometric analysis, approximately 185 organic compounds have been detected in royal jelly. Royalactin is the most important protein present in royal jelly. In addition, royal jelly is composed of a significant number of bioactive compounds, including 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (HAD), which has some immunomodulatory properties [17]. Fatty acid, proteins, adenosine monophosphate (AMP) N1 oxide, adenosine, acetylcholine, polyphenols, and hormones such as testosterone, progesterone, prolactin, and estradiol are other useful bioactive components reported to be present in royal jelly [18].

Honey, propolis, and royal jelly are highly rich in bioactive compounds (). Essential and nonessential compounds, such as polyphenols and vitamins occurring naturally as part of food chains, are considered bioactive. These compounds are naturally present in food and confer useful health benefits. Phenolic compounds are bioactive compounds. Phenols are defined as organic compounds with an aromatic ring that is chemically bonded to one or additional hydrogenated substituents in the presence of corresponding functional derivatives [19].

Important bioactive compounds in honey, propolis, and royal jelly.

In honey, propolis, and royal jelly, phenolic compounds are commonly present as flavonoids [20]. Various phenolic compounds contribute to the functional properties of bee products, including their antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, wound healing, and cardioprotective activities [21]. summarizes the important biological efficacies of bee products.

Various types of biological activities of honey products.

Honey has traditionally been used to treat wounds, insect bites, burns, skin disorders, sores, and boils. Scientific documentation of the wound-healing capabilities of honey validates its efficacy as a promoter of wound repair and an antimicrobial agent [37]. Honey promotes the activation of dormant plasminogen in the wound matrix, which results in the dynamic expression of the proteolytic enzyme. Plasmin causes blood clot retraction and fibrin destructions. It is an enzyme that breaks down fibrin clots with attached dead tissues in the wound bed [38].

Clinical evidence supporting the effectiveness, specificity, and sensitivity of honey in wound care indicates that the performance of conventional and modern wound care dressing is inferior to that using honey [39]. Certain cases have shown that honey stimulates wound-healing properties even in infected wounds that do not respond to antiseptics or antibiotics and wounds that have been infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Natarajan et al. 2001). Honey also aids autolytic debridement and accelerates the growth of healthy granulated wound bed [40].

Malodor is a general attribute of severe wounds caused by anaerobic bacterial species belonging to Bacteroides spp. and Peptostreptococcus spp. [41]. Malodourous compounds, such as ammonia, amines, and sulfur, are produced by bacteria during the metabolism of amino acids from putrefied serum and tissue proteins. These compounds are replaced by lactic acids as honey dispenses a substantial amount of glucose, a substrate metabolized by bacteria in preference to amino acids [42]. The therapeutic effects observed after honey application include fast healing, wound cleansing, clearance of infection, tissue regeneration, minimized inflammation, and increased comfort during dressing due to lower extent of tissue adhesion [43].

Honey also controls skin damage near stomas, such as ileostomy and colostomy, by enhancing epithelialization of the afflicted skin surface [44]. Honey has a beneficial effect on pediatric dermatitis caused by excessive use of napkins and diapers, eczema, and psoriasis. The effect of honey mixed with beeswax and olive oil was investigated on patients with psoriasis or atopic dermatitis condition. A clinical trial showed that a mixture containing honey was extremely well tolerated and caused significant improvements. Honey consists of various nitric oxide metabolites, which reduce the incidence of skin infection in psoriasis [45].

Consumption of honey is a low-cost and effective therapy for the treatment of DFU. DFU is often complicated by microbial infections and slows the healing process. Apart from the infection, symptoms such as pain, swelling, and redness might not be present for diabetic peripheral neuropathy patients due to their reduced immune response, which further complicates the diagnosis [46]. A review indicated that using honey for the treatment of venous ulcers yielded positive outcomes with good acceptance rates from the patients [47]. Honey is used in wound management and is effective among patients with locally infected wounds, DFU, Charcot foot ulcerations, and complex comorbid conditions that have failed hospital management [48]. In addition, there is excellent tolerability and minimal trauma to the wound bed in the presence of honey.

Natural honey is composed of enzymes that facilitate the absorption of molecules, such as sugars and starch. The sugar molecules in honey are in a form that can be easily absorbed by the body. Honey also provides some nutrients, such as minerals, phytochemicals, and flavonoids, that aid digestive processes in the body [49]. Pure honey has bactericidal properties against pathogenic bacteria and enteropathogens, including Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., and many other Gram-negative species [50].

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) contains many important beneficial microbes. For example, Bifidobacteria is one of the microorganisms present primarily for the sustenance of a healthy GI system. It has been suggested that consuming foods rich in probiotics can increase the population of Bifidobacteria in the GIT. The biological activities and development of this bacteria are further enhanced in the presence of prebiotics. Studies have shown that natural honey contains high amount of prebiotics [51]. Some in vitro and in vivo experimental trials on honey have reported it as a prominent dietary supplement that hastens the growth of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria and catalyzes their probiotic potency in the GIT [52, 53]. Under in vitro conditions, prebiotic ingredients in honey such as inulin, oligofructose, and oligosaccharides promoted the increase in the numbers of Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. plantarum by 10100 folds, which was beneficial for the intestinal microbiota [54].

Honey is useful for the treatment of many oral diseases, including periodontal disease, stomatitis, and halitosis. In addition, it has also been applied for the prevention of dental plaque, gingivitis, mouth ulcers, and periodontitis. The antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of honey can stimulate the growth of granulation tissue, leading to the repair of damaged cells [55]. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative bacteria that causes periodontitis. Honey exerts antimicrobial activity against this anaerobic bacteria and prevents periodontal disease [56]. Inflammation of mucous membranes in the mouth (stomatitis) may induce redness and swelling of oral tissues and cause distinct and painful ulcers. Honey penetrates into the tissues very quickly and is effective against stomatitis [57, 58]. Halitosis is an oral health condition that causes malodorous breath. Most of the odor in the oral cavity is caused by the activity of degrading microbes [59]. A recent study has reported that honey consumption ameliorates halitosis due to its strong antibacterial activity resulting from its methylglyoxal component [60].

Pharyngitis, commonly known as sore throat, is an acute infection induced by Streptococcus spp. in the oropharynx and nasopharynx [61]. In addition to streptococci, viruses, nonstreptococcal bacteria, fungi, and irritants such as chemical pollutants may also cause sore throat. Manuka honey is effective for treating sore throat with its anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antifungal properties. Honey coats the inner lining of the throat and destroys the harmful microbes while simultaneously soothing the throat [62, 63].

A survey has demonstrated that honey is superior to other treatments for cough induced by upper respiratory infections, including dextromethorphan and diphenhydramine [64]. The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of honey aided in minimizing persistent cough and ameliorated sleep for both children and adults following honey intake (2.5ml). A comparative study on children with different natural products reported that honey was found to be the widely used remedy for pneumonia 82.4% [65].

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a mucosal infection caused by contents of abnormal gastric reflux into the esophagus and even the lungs. Symptoms of GERD include heartburn, inflammation, and acid regurgitation. Consumption of honey helps this condition by coating the esophagus and stomach lining, thus preventing the upward flow of food and gastric juice. Honey can further stimulate the tissues on the sphincter to assist in their regrowth and finally reduce the chances of acid reflux [66].

Dyspepsia is a chronic disease in which the GI organs, mainly the stomach and first part of the small intestine, function abnormally. It is a disease that causes epigastric pain, heartburn, bloating, and nausea as symptoms. Dyspepsia is the preliminary symptom of peptic ulcer which could eventually cause cancer. Gastritis refers to the irritation and inflammation of the lining of the stomach wall. Peptic ulcer denotes erosions or open painful ulcers on the lining of the stomach or duodenum. Honey have been identified as a potent inhibitor for gastritis and the peptic ulcer causing agent, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) [67]. Clinical surveys have shown that honey decreased the secretion of gastric acid and increased the healing effect. Thus, honey is taken as a dietary supplement for its antibacterial properties and protective effect [68]. The high sugar content and low pH in honey are the results of glucose oxidative conversion to gluconic acid by glucose oxidase. This mechanism releases hydrogen peroxide, which functions as an antibacterial agent. Glucose oxidase also acts on fibroblasts and epithelial cell activators required for the healing of ulcers caused by H. pylori [51].

Gastroenteritis, known as stomach or gastric flu, causes inflammation of the digestive tract. This condition may be due to foodborne, waterborne, and person-to-person spread of infectious agents. The symptoms of gastroenteritis include dehydration, watery diarrhea, bloating, abdominal cramps, and nausea. There are many infectious agents, such as Salmonella, Shigella, and Clostridium, that can cause this condition [69]. A clinical study by Abdulrahman, 2010, has reported the treatment of infantile gastroenteritis using honey. The study found that replacing the glucose in standard electrolyte oral rehydration solution (ORS) with honey reduced the recovery time of patients with gastroenteritis because the high sugar content in honey boosts electrolyte and water reabsorption in the gut [70].

Chronic constipation is a common and multifarious illness characterized by intolerable defecation (irregular stools and difficult stool passage). Difficult stool passage includes symptoms such as straining, hard to expel stool, a sense of incomplete evacuation, hard or lumpy stools, and prolonged time to pass stool [71]. Diarrhea is defined as a high frequency of bowel movements with watery stool. Honey has minimized the pathogenesis and duration of viral diarrhea compared to conventional antiviral therapy [72]. In another case, people diagnosed with inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS) experiencing severe diarrhea or constipation, bloating, and stomach discomfort was successfully treated with raw Manuka honey on an empty stomach [73].

Honey helps to soothe pain, balance liver systems, and neutralize toxins. Complications in the liver system can be attributed to oxidative damage. Honey exhibits antioxidant activities that have a potential protective effect on the damaged liver. A study on paracetamol-induced liver damage rats showed that the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of honey minimized liver damage [74]. Honey, which has a 1:1 ratio of fructose to glucose, may help to promote better blood sugar level, which is useful for those suffering from fatty liver disease since it provides adequate glycogen storage in liver cells. Insufficient glycogen storage in the liver releases stress hormones that impair glucose metabolism over time. Impaired glucose metabolism leads to insulin resistance and is the main factor of fatty liver disease. Another study reported significant reduction in blood glucose levels after treatment with Tualang honey [75, 76].

Natural wild honey exerts cardioprotective and therapeutic impacts against epinephrine-induced cardiac disorders and vasomotor dysfunctions. A harmonized relationship between radical scavenging activity and the total phenolic content of honey has been observed [77]. Honey intake showed a significant reduction in risk factors of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Honey exhibits cardioprotective effects such as vasodilation, balancing vascular homeostasis, and improvements in lipid profile [78]. Flavonoids in honey improves coronary vasodilation, decreases the ability of platelets to form clots, prevents oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), increases high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and improves endothelial functions [79].

A study conducted to compare the metabolic response of honey has indicated its ameliorative effects against metabolic syndromes (MetS) [80]. MetS is denoted by hyperglycemia, hypertension, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, and intensified adaptability towards diabetes, kidney, and heart diseases. Polyphenols in honey reduce atherosclerotic lesions through the downregulation of inflammatory and angiogenic mechanisms [81]. A clinical study conducted on patients with hyperlipidemia showed that honey decreased total cholesterol (TC) and noticeably prevented the rise in plasma glucose levels. Nitric oxide (NO) is a metabolite present in honey that also has cardioprotective functions [82].

Imbalance in estrogen signaling pathways and propagating levels of estrogens have important roles in breast cancer growth and propagation [83]. Treatments for breast cancer are associated with targeting the estrogen receptor (ER) signaling pathway. Phytoestrogens are a subclass of phytochemicals with a common structure to the mammalian estrogen that enables them to bind to estrogen receptors. Several experimental studies have investigated the efficiency of honey in modulating the ER signaling pathway [84]. Another study has shown that honey has biphasic activity in MCF-7 cells. This biphasic activity of honey is represented by an antiestrogenic effect at lower concentrations and an estrogenic effect at higher concentrations, which is caused when phytoestrogens bind to estrogen receptors [85]. Moreover, quercetin has been reported to induce apoptotic effects through ER - and ER -dependent mechanisms. On the other hand, cytotoxic activities of Tualang honey in human breast cancer cells were demonstrated by elevated secretion of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and further illustrated the cytotoxic properties of honey. The study also showed that honey only exerts cytotoxic effects on breast cancer line and not on nonmalignant breast cells. Therefore, this indicates that Tualang honey shows highly specific and selective cytotoxic effects towards breast cancer cell lines and has a good potential as a chemotherapeutic agent [86].

The most common type of liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The antitumor effects of honey on liver cancer cells have been investigated in various experimental studies. Treatment of HepG2 cells with honey minimized the amount of nitric oxide (NO) levels in the cells and decreased the HepG2 cell number greatly. This increased the overall antioxidant profile of the cells. The survival of HepG2 cells is promoted by reactive oxygen species (ROS), and adequate levels of ROS trigger cell proliferation and differentiation. Decreasing the amount of NO resulting from honey treatment supported this study. Thus, reduced ROS and enhanced antioxidant efficacy inhibit cancerous cell proliferation and lowered the number of HepG2 cells [84]. Another study done by Abdel Aziz et al. investigated the effects of honey on HepG2 cell lines. The report showed that honey exerted cytotoxic, antimetastatic, and antiangiogenic effects on HepG2 cells based on different concentrations [87].

Most colorectal cancers begin as a polyp, which generally starts on the inner lining of the colon or rectum and grows towards the center. Some polyps are not dangerous but some will eventually grow into adenomas and can eventually result in cancer. A study [88] that investigated the chemopreventive effects of Gelam and Nenas monofloral honeys against colon cancer cell lines found that the honey inhibited proliferation of colon cancer cells. Hydrogen peroxide-induced inflammation in the colon cancer cells was used to examine the effect of honey. The results showed that honey curbed inflammation in the cancerous cells [88]. Another study was done to investigate the apoptotic effects of crude honey on colon cancer cell lines. The study confirmed the antiproliferative effect of honey in these cells. In addition, at high phenolic concentrations (such as those of quercetin and flavonoids), significant antiproliferative action against colon cancer cells was observed [89].

The molecular mechanisms resulting in the antiproliferative and anticancer effects of honey include cell cycle arrest, activation of mitochondrial pathway, induction of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, induction of apoptosis, modulation of oxidative stress, reduction of inflammation, modulation of insulin signaling, and inhibition of angiogenesis in cancer cells (). In addition, honey shows potential effects on cancer cell by modulating proteins, genes, and cytokines that promote cancer.

Molecular mechanisms responsible for anticancer and antitumor activities of honey products. IRSinsulin receptor substrate, MAPKmitogen-activated protein kinase, NF-Bnuclear factor kappa B, IL-1interleukin-1 beta, IL-6interleukin-6, TNF-tumor necrosis factor alpha, iNOSinducible nitric oxide synthase, COXcyclooxygenase, ROSreactive oxygen species, Bcl-2B-cell lymphoma-2, and PARPpoly (ADP-ribose) polymerases.

Several components of honey such as chrysin, quercetin, and kaempferol have been shown to arrest cell cycle at various phases such as G0/G1, G1, and G2/M in human melanoma, renal, cervical, hepatoma, colon, and esophageal adenocarcinoma cell lines. The mitochondrial pathway entails a chain of interactions between stimuli such as nutrients, physical stress, oxidative stress, and damage during major cancer treatments including chemotherapy and radiotherapy. These stimuli cause several proteins located within the intermembrane space (IMS) of the mitochondria, such as cytochrome c, to be released, which eventually culminates in the death of the cell. Flavonoids in honey are effective in activating the mitochondrial pathway and discharging proteins with potential cytotoxicity. Induction of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) is the most prevalent anticancer mechanism, which causes the leakage of proteins from the IMS and inevitably results in cell death. Honey induces MOMP in cancer cell lines by decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential. Honey has also been documented for amplifying the apoptotic effect of tamoxifen by intensified depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. Flavonoid constituents of honey, such as quercetin, have been shown to trigger MOMP and lead to cancer cell death [84].

Apoptosis is a programmed cell death functioning to control cell growth and remove damaged cells from the system. This process also involves MOMP and results in the discharge of IMS proapoptotic proteins such as cytochrome c to activate caspase cascades which results in further disruption of mitochondria and finally results in cancer cell death. Influence of honey on enzymes, genes, and transcription factors corresponding to apoptosis has been investigated. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) are crucial enzymes involved in apoptosis and DNA repair. Inhibition of PARP activity renders the cells unable to repair damaged DNA and pass through the G2 and M phases of the cell cycle. Thus, cell cycle is arrested. Because DNA repair is impaired due to nonfunctioning PARP, the cells are being classified as damaged, and consequently, apoptosis activity may be augmented.

Inhibition of PARP activity by flavonoids in honey is a potential strategy for targeting cancers with defective DNA-damage repair. Bcl-2 and Bax are antiapoptotic and proapoptotic proteins, respectively. Bcl-2 is generally overexpressed in cancer. Tumor suppressor p53 is a transcription factor commonly inactivated in various types of tumors. It modulates transcription of genes involved in apoptosis [84, 90]. Honey enhances the upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2. In addition, it activates caspases 3 and 9 and induces p53, thereby inhibiting cancer.

Low levels of ROS intensify cell proliferation while high levels lead to oxidative damage that contributes to various types of cancer. Regulation of redox homeostasis is vital for normal cell growth and proliferation. In this regard, honey is an influential antioxidant and free radical scavenger. The inhibitory effect of honey on cancer growth and proliferation is due to its ability to modulate oxidative stress. Honey exhibits anticancer properties via antioxidant or pro-oxidant mechanisms that are selectively dependent on the state of oxidative stress in the cancer cells. If cancer growth is rapid under high levels of ROS, honey acts as an antioxidant to prevent cancer cell growth by minimizing oxidative stress and scavenging the ROS. On the other hand, under low levels of ROS, it may also act as a pro-oxidant and promotes cancer cell growth by further generation of ROS and maximizing oxidative stress. Thus, the effects of honey on cancer cell death are different under different conditions [84].

Inflammation is a contributing factor for the dysregulation of physiological processes, which leads to various malignancies and cancers. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-B) are the two main pathways responsible for inflammatory response in cells. Activation of MAPK and NF-B activates proinflammatory genes and generates inflammatory proteins or cytokines. These include cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), C-reactive protein (CRP), lipoxygenase-2 (LOX-2), interleukins (IL-1, IL-6), and TNF-. These components play crucial roles in both angiogenesis and inflammatory responses corresponding to cancer. IL-1, IL-6, and TNF- are cytokines that trigger cancer cell proliferation by maintaining the inflammatory phenotype in the tumor microenvironment. On the other hand, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) yield essential endogenous factors responsible for the tumor progression. The actions of iNOS can be either inductive or inhibitory depending on the tumor types.

Biological responses which facilitate inflammation can promote tumorigenesis as severe inflammation is the major factor for the development of cancer cells. Treating and soothing of inflammation aid to suppress the configuration of malignant and benign tumors. Honey helps to reduce the promotion and tumorigenesis and progression of cancer by reducing the expression of MAPK and NF-B in cancerous cells. MAPK cascades are the main signaling pathways in the regulation of cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. NF-B is a transcription factor which is vital in the regulation of immune responses, inflammation, and oncogenesis. NF-B translocation to the nucleus and reduced IB degradation help to regulate the expression of genes involved in apoptosis and proliferation that are responsible for the development of cancer. Flavonoids found in honey have been shown to induce apoptosis and prevent the release of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-, iNOS, and COX-2 [84].

Tumors, malignancies, and cancers are usually enhanced by obesity and insulin-resistant type 2 diabetes mellitus. PI3K/Akt is an important pathway in insulin signaling. The PI3K/Akt pathway is also recognized in modulating substrates that are related to cellular growth, survival, and progression. Elevated levels of MAPK, NF-B, and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) along with reduced levels of Akt expression have been actively linked to the development of insulin resistance. Honey components such as quercetin revive insulin resistance by increasing the expression of Akt while reducing the expression of IRS, MAPK, and NF-B. Modulation of insulin signaling by honey leads to anticancer activities [84].

Honey has debridement effects by boosting epithelialization and stimulates the development of granulation tissue through its angiogenic effect on the vasculature. Honey selectively stimulates angiogenesis in noncancer tissues through the production of hydrogen peroxide while inhibiting angiogenesis in cancer tissues. Honey has antiangiogenic effects that prevents the wound-healing response, reduces the viability of cancer cells, and lowers the incidence of metastasis by inhibiting the activities of gelatinase and protease. Honey prevents the development of cancer by blocking the three main stages of cancer formation known as initiation, proliferation, and progression [84].

Infection with parasites usually occurs upon contact with an infected surface. The symptoms of parasitic infection of the GI tract include abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloating, and nausea. Propolis has been reported to have several biological efficacies including anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities (). There are a few studies that reported the clinical use of propolis in the treatment of viral infections. In one study, the in vitro effect of propolis ethanolic extract on the growth and adherence of Giardia duodenalis trophozoites was evaluated [91]. Propolis was shown to inhibit growth and adherence of the trophozoites. It also promoted the detachment of these parasitic organisms. Its efficacy against giardiasis has also been reported in a clinical study whereby children and adults with giardiasis-given propolis showed a cure rate between 52% and 60%, whereas those given the conventional drug showed a 40% cure rate. Another experimental study showed that propolis has antihistaminergic, anti-inflammatory, antiacid, and anti-H. pylori activities that can be used to treat gastric ulceration [92].

The biological activities of propolis.

Widespread causes of indicative vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis (BV) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). The depletion of Lactobacillus spp. in the vagina is a distinguished feature of vaginal infections. The infection is accompanied by an overgrowth of vaginal pathogens such as yeast-like fungi and an elevated vaginal pH. Diabetes patients are more prone to having vaginal infections caused by Candida albicans. A study conducted on the application of 5% aqueous propolis solution resulted in an improvement in vaginal well-being [93]. In addition to providing antibiotic and antimycotic actions, propolis provides early symptomatic relief due to its anesthetic properties. Thus, propolis may be used for Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (RVVC) and can be an alternative option for patients who are unable to take antibiotics due to a concurrent pharmacological treatment. The effectiveness of propolis against conventional antifungal nystatin has shown satisfactory results. Propolis extract solution (PES) also show low toxicity in human cells and can be an alternative treatment for chronic vaginitis. In addition, PES has antifungal properties and it can be used as antibiofilm material for RVVC to counteract biofilm growth of C. albicans and resistance in antifungal drug [94].

The oral cavity has an abundant bacterial microflora and excessive bacterial growth may lead to several conditions such as oral diseases. Studies have shown that propolis may restrict bacterial-plaque development and periodontitis-causing pathogens because of its antibacterial properties [95]. Propolis solutions exert a selectively lower cytotoxic action on human gum fibroblasts compared to chlorhexidine. In addition to that, mouthwash containing propolis have shown effectiveness in healing surgical wounds. This encourages the use of propolis in solutions used as mouthwash [96]. Propolis solution can also be used to disinfect toothbrushes [97]. A 3% ethanolic extract of propolis toothpaste gel showed greater potency against gingivitis caused by dental plague in a group of patients [98]. Propolis extracts have also helped cure halitosis, a condition where an individual experiences unpleasant breath predominantly due to poor oral hygiene. Propolis toothpaste or mouthwash is used for their ability to reduce growth of bacterial plaque and pathogenic microflora that causes gingivitis and periodontitis. Thus, propolis also plays a role as a therapeutic agent [95].

A study reported that propolis has potential towards human breast cancer treatment due to its antitumor activity by inducing apoptosis on human breast cancer cells. It also exhibits low or no toxicity towards normal cells due to its selectively toxic properties against tumor cells and is believed that propolis may become a prominent agent to treat breast cancer [99]. Another study investigating the effect of ethanolic extract of Algerian propolis on melanoma tumor growth has shown that galangin, a common flavonoid in propolis remarkably induced apoptosis and inhibited melanoma cells in vitro [100]. Turkish propolis has also been shown to exert a selective cytotoxic action on human lung cancer cells by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, and caspase activity and by reducing the mitochondrial membrane potential. This indicates that propolis is able to minimize the cancer cell proliferation [101].

Propolis is widely used in dermatological products such as creams and ointments. Its use in skin care products is based on its antiallergy, anti-inflammation, antimicrobial properties, and promotive action on collagen synthesis. A recent study comparing the effect of propolis and the conventional drug silver sulfadiazine showed that propolis notably decreased free radical activity in healing the wound beds which supported the repair process. A clinical study on acne patients using ethanolic extract propolis showed its high efficacy in the treatment of acne vulgaris [102]. Propolis also shows positive collagen metabolism in the wound during the healing process by increasing the collagen content of tissues [103]. A study demonstrated the use of propolis as an alternative therapy for wound healing to promote wound closure, especially under conditions such as human diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) [104].

The molecular mechanisms responsible for the wound-healing activity of propolis is shown in . Fibronectin (FN) is a multifunctional glycoprotein of high molecular weight, which influences the structural stability and functional properties of various organs and tissues (Stoffels, 2013). The fibronectin matrix and its accumulation are essential for cell migration, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell adhesion, apoptosis, cellular signaling, angiogenesis, collagen biosynthesis, re-epithelialization, clot formation, and platelet activity. Fibronectins are also important in the repair mechanisms for conditions such as glycoprotein intensified degradation, which leads to a defective cellular microenvironment and affliction in the structure of granulation tissues. This condition may prevent the wound from healing or inhibit the repair process. The accumulation of fibronectin in the extracellular space also modulates the secretion of other repairing components such as collagen type I and type III, tenascin, laminin, and fibrillin.

Molecular mechanism targeting wound-healing activity of propolis.

Propolis has demonstrated favorable effects in the wound-healing process such as antifungal and antibacterial activities due to its components such as flavonoids, phenolic compounds, terpenes, and enzymes. It also reduces the activity of free radicals (ROS) in the wound bed favoring the repair process. Propolis has also demonstrated great effects on collagen metabolism by increasing the amount of both type I and type III collagens in tissues. The reduction of ROS and accumulation of collagen aid in balancing the extracellular matrix and generating granulation tissues. Propolis is a potential apitherapeutic agent that is able to modify the metabolism of fibronectin by developing a fibrous network of extracellular matrix and inhibiting fibronectin disintegration. The active components in propolis such as quercetin and resveratrol inhibited fibronectin biosynthesis and TGF-dependent production of fibronectin, respectively, in C2C12 myoblasts. Both the components play important roles in regulating the expression of fibronectins. Studies have also shown that mobility and migration of epithelial cells are dependent on reduced fibronectin content in the extracellular matrix. Reduced amounts of this glycoprotein in propolis effectively treated wounds and produced granulation tissues. Therefore, the influence of propolis on fibronectin metabolism may alter the mechanism of wound healing [103]. Several health benefits of propolis related to gastrointestinal, gynecological care, oral health, skin care, and oncological treatments are tabulated in .

Selected propolis activities according to the health benefits.

Royal jelly is one of the honey bee products which have potential towards various human disease treatments. depicts the biological activities of royal jelly as an antioxidant, antitumor, antiaging, neurotropic, and anti-inflammatory agent.

Different types of biological activities of royal Jelly.

A randomized clinical study has reported that royal jelly is effective in reducing premenstrual syndrome [105]. A randomized clinical trial study reported the effectiveness of royal jelly in treatment of urinary problems and promotion of life quality in postmenopausal women [106]. Royal jelly has protective effects against Oxymetholone-induced reproductive toxin (OXM), which is an active steroid derived from testosterone as a defense mechanism. Recent studies have reported that royal jelly protects against the oxidative injuries in the mouse testes and that it contains spermatogenesis-stimulating compounds, which inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines [107]. Another study on male rabbits has indicated its positive effects on fertility, semen quality and output, and concentration of testosterone, total proteins, and glucose in the blood. The number of dead and abnormal sperm decreased with the reduction of biomarkers of oxidative stress [108]. Royal jelly has been traditionally used to treat menopause symptoms by rebalancing the hormonal concentration in the blood, decreasing follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) and increasing the estrogen concentration in aged mice. A study showed that the changes in hormone levels resulting from royal jelly increased the amount of ovulated oocytes and their quality in aged rats [109].

The molecular mechanisms responsible for the antiaging activity of royal jelly are shown in . The quality of oocytes decreases with age and the depleted follicle pool hastens hormonal dysregulation. This hormonal dysfunction is responsible for the reduction in ovarian follicle size and oocyte quality. Oxidative stress is the main cause of aging. Increased oxidative stress and continuous ovulation causes loss of antioxidants such as SOD, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase (GST). It also minimizes the size of the follicle pool and oocyte quality. Oxidative stress is controlled by glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), Glutathione S-Transferase Theta 1 (GSTT1), Bax, and Bcl-2. GSH, GST, and GSTT1 are direct ROS scavengers, which play a vital role in removing oxidative stress from the cell. Higher expression of Bax and lower expression of Bcl-2 also promote aging and reduces oocyte quality.

Molecular mechanism responsible for the antiaging activity of royal jelly.

FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) are the hormones involved in the aging process. The amount of FSH and LH is controlled by estrogen (E2) and inhibin from the ovarian cells. Reduction of the follicle pool size results in an inadequate release of estrogen and inhibin, which results in a rise in FSH levels. This process then aids in the reduction of the follicle pool size and affects oocyte quality. This process promotes aging in the ovaries. In young ovarian cells, higher amount of estrogen (E2) and inhibins are needed to decrease the level of FSH and LH. This adaptation can be overcome by antiaging therapies such as supplemental consumption of royal jelly. The major active component present in royal jelly is 10-hydroxyl-2-decenoic acid. This compound enhances the synthesis of ovulation hormones, maintaining a lower expression of FSH and LH in young ovarian cells. It is also efficient in preventing the depletion of follicle pool and in enhancing hormonal regulation. Thus, royal jelly helps in preventing the aging process and is an influential antiaging product [109].

Poor mental state and performance such as in the case of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are mostly experienced by elderly individuals due to aging. Royal jelly stimulates physical and mental functions for the elderly and increases their appetite and weight. A study showed that royal jelly exerted neuroprotective effects in AD [110]. The behavioral and neurochemical effect of royal jelly was chemically examined in aged rats. The study confirmed a better cognitive performance and increased the life span in the older animals that had been given royal jelly. Another study reported that royal jelly contains longevity-promoting factors and extends the lifespan in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans [111]. Another study have also reported the improved mental health in human upon ingestion of royal jelly for six months [112]. A few studies on the health benefits of royal jelly are given in .

Reports on health benefits of royal jelly.

Royal jelly enhances wound-healing activity. In both in vivo and in vitro wound-healing models, under the effect of royal jelly, human fibroblasts were able to migrate and increase levels of sphingolipids by decreasing the secretion and formation of collagen. Thus, royal jelly shortened the curing period of desquamated skin lesions [113]. Another study on the use of royal jelly have also exhibited protective action on human skin against ultraviolet B-induced photoaging by promoting collagen production [114]. Royal jelly dressing is also an effective way of treating diabetic foot ulcers besides standard treatments. This is due to its vasodilation effects around the affected wound, which can help to dilate the blood vessels to enhance blood flow. It also helps to prevents infections due to its antimicrobial activities [115].

The present review focused on the potential health benefits of bee products such as honey, propolis, and royal jelly. These products are highly rich in active components such as flavonoids, phenolic acid, phenolic compounds, terpenes, and enzymes, which have biological functions in preventing some diseases and promoting good health. Honey, propolis, and royal jelly have distinct efficacies with significant nutritional properties and functional values. Thus, these bee products can be developed into potent apitherapeutic agents. However, some precautions need to be taken in case of allergens associated with bee products and in finding the right intake dosage. Hence, it is necessary to conduct further studies to determine the critical mechanisms related to the pharmacological activities of these bee products and the appropriate amounts that can be taken in order to obtain promising health benefits.

The authors acknowledge the financial supports from the Research Acculturation Collaborative Effort (RACE) (R/RACE/A07.00/01147A/ 001/2015/000237) and a research university team grant (RUT) (1001/PPSP/853005).

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Honey, Propolis, and Royal Jelly: A Comprehensive Review ...

With life expectancy dipping slightly over the past few years in the UK, many are seeking easy interventions to improve their health. One specific diet established for its plentiful benefits can lower your cholesterol, cut your risk of heart disease and boost longevity.

A new study published in the journal BCM Medicine has found that a greater adherence to a certain diet is linked with lower mortality in adults over 65.

Packed with vitamins and nutrients, the diet is well-established for its positive effects on overall health.

The diet in question is the popular Mediterranean diet.

As the name gives away, the diet combines the authentic lifestyles of people who live by the Mediterranean Sea.

READ MORE:Cancer warning: The type of fish that's 'known to cause cancer' when eaten - pharmacist

Depending on the exact country, the diet varies slightly over the regions but includes similar principles.

The Mediterranean diet is generally packed with vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, beans, cereals, grains and fish.

And its staple linked to good heart health is olive oil.

Overall, this healthy diet is low in meats and dairy intake.

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There are two types of cholesterol: good one and bad one.

The bad is the one linked to the health problems. However, olive oil found in the Mediterranean diet can help lower it, the Mayo Clinic reports.

Olive oil is a source of monounsaturated fat, which can lower your cholesterol levels. The popular diet is also packed with nuts and seeds, which also contain this type of fat.

Plus, following this type of diet can make you less likely to consume saturated fats, responsible for boosting your cholesterol.

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How to live longer: The cholesterol-lowering diet that could boost your longevity - Daily Express

Getting in a full workout daily can feel like a daunting task. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend two days a week of muscle-strengthening activities and a minimum of 150 minutes a week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity. And with all of your normal day-to-day tasks, squeezing in those 30 minutes of movement is often skipped over. But a recent study found that as little as 10 minutes of physical activity a day could have some serious health perks and even help you live longer.

The study published in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine set out to see if physical activity could increase the longevity of U.S. adult lives. Researchers used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, where participants ages six and older were asked to wear an accelerometer (an instrument that measures vibration and acceleration) for seven days from 2003 to 2006. Researchers then used data from 4,850 participants that were 40 to 85 years old and followed up in 2015 to determine their self-reported health status.

Based on their analysis, the study estimated that approximately 110,000 deaths per year could be prevented if U.S. adults aged 40 to 85 increased their moderate-to-vigorous physical activity intensity (MVPA) by a small amountas little as just 10 minutes per day. In fact, increasing MVPA by 10, 20, or 30 minutes per day was associated with a 6.9%, 13%, and 16.9% decrease in deaths per year, respectively. Similar benefits were seen across men, women, Hispanics, non-Hispanic African Americans, and non-Hispanic Caucasians. (Its important to note that this data was observed prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, which has skewed mortality rates).

Even a little bit of activity every day can literally save over 100,000 lives.

This brand new study shows that even a little bit of activity every day can literally save over 100,000 lives a year and for 30 minutes a day over 270,000 U.S. lives a year. Thats amazing, says David Sabgir, M.D., a cardiologist, Walk With a Doc founder, and spokesperson for Fresh AvocadosLove One Today.

Seema Bonney, M.D., functional medicine doctor at the Anti-Aging and Longevity Center of Philadelphia agrees, adding that a goal of just 10 minutes a day is a great starting point to help you feel accomplished and potentially increase to that 20 or 30 minutes in time.

If you can even take 10 minutes out of your day, even if youre doing something else, like watching TV or taking a meeting, even 10 minutes a day has a pretty substantial improvement in living longer, she says. Its incredible and an awesome return on investment.

Its not news that regular movement is important to your overall health. It can improve everything from your weight, blood pressure, and cholesterol, to balance, energy, mood, and memory, explains Danine Fruge, M.D, A.B.F.P., Medical Director at Pritikin Longevity Center.

Once you hit your 30s, youll begin to experience age-related muscle loss called sarcopenia, losing on average three to five percent of muscle mass per decade, explains Dr. Fruge. But regular movement can help mitigate that muscle loss, protect from falls, and even increase longevity, she adds.

Additionally, regular exercise can improve your cognition and even reduce the risk of dementia, adds Dr. Vanita Rahman, M.D., clinic director of the Barnard Medical Center at the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. And exercise can even help support your mental health by boosting endorphins and lowering cortisol levels caused by stress, Dr. Bonney adds.

Many health issues crop up in higher numbers as we age, like heart disease, cancer, arthritis, and Alzheimers. Having a tool as simple as walking or [foam] rolling 10 minutes or more a day is an incredible weapon to help fight disease, says Dr. Sabgir. He notes that for even better results, couple movement with a healthy diet of plenty of fruits, vegetables, dietary fiber, and unsaturated heart-healthy fats.

Of course, we want to be our best every day, but Dr. Bonney loves that this study found scientific evidence that just a little bit of movement a day can really make a major impact.

Even something as short as 10 minutes, which all of us have, can make a difference. A lot of patients will say they dont have enough time, but 10 minutes is really doable, she says. Here are some expert-approved ways to get in your 10 minutes today.

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New Research: Just 10 Minutes of Exercise a Day Could Extend Life for Those 40 and Over - Prevention.com

Bubbles are more scientifically complex than one might think. The popular children's activity of blowing bubbles can teach researchers about evaporation. A new study published in Physical Review Fluids marks an exciting milestone in bubble technology. A team from the University of Lille in France created a bubble from a composite liquid film which lasted a whopping 465 days before popping.

Typical soap bubbles rarely last longer than a minute in the open air. These pockets of air are delicate and held together only by the surface tension of a thin film of soapy water. As the water in that film evaporates into the surrounding atmosphere, it can no longer sustain the surface tension. The fragile orb then pops. Defeating this drying effect of evaporation is key to making a hardier bubble, researchers have discovered.

One type of hardier bubble is known as a gas marble. Like a regular marble, it can be rolled around and held in one's hand. These stronger bubbles are made of a composite liquid film. Tiny plastic beads are used to reinforce and strengthen the thin film surrounding the air pocket. To study the longevity of these gas marbles, the University of Lille team created two kinds: one using water as a base, the other using water-glycerol. Glycerol is a compound found in soap which bonds well with water molecules.

The team compared these two types of gas marbles with regular soap bubbles. The regular bubbles popped quickly, but the water-glycerol bubble lasted over a year. Its 465-day lifespan is a world record for any bubble, earning it the nickname everlasting bubble. The team credits the glycerol in the bubble for absorbing water and preventing evaporative drying, among other advantages.

Such anti-evaporation technology may be useful in medicine, says New York University professor Leif Ristrophwho was not involved in the study. He told NBC, Im daydreaming here, but I could imagine it might be useful to armor little droplets in aerosols and sprays to make them last longer in airFor example, some sort of medicine thats administered by spraying and breathing in the aerosol.

h/t: [Futurism, Wired]

Ethereal Portraits of People in Bubbles

World Landmarks Reflected in Bubbles (10 photos)

Spectacular Photos of Bubbles Frozen in Frigid Temperatures

Breathtaking Frozen Bubbles Look Like Elegant Glass Ornament

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An "Everlasting Bubble" That Lasted 465 Days, Then It Popped - My Modern Met

In a recent special edition, National Geographic did a deep-dive into the Blue Zones. The Blue Zones include five different communities across the globe that are known for having the highest concentration of residents living to be over 100. These zones, researched in-depth by author Dan Buettner, include Ikaria in Greece, Okinawa in Japan, Sardinia in Italy, Loma Linda in California, and the Nicoya Peninsula in Costa Rica.

What's particularly interesting about Buettner's research is the breakdown of different diets consumed in each region. While there isn't one specific type of diet each Blue Zone follows(they eat a variety of fiber-rich foods, vegetables, fruits, dairy, and a small amount of meat, and fish), it was easy to determine a few general themes in the types of diets these people follow. Specifically, the more common foods that are consumed.

It was clear that a majority of Blue Zone residents commonly eat a combination of healthy starches. These starches include whole grains, legumes, and potatoes. Vegetables came in a close second for each zone, along with fruitall foods that are high in fiber and rich in plant-based nutrients.

First, it's important to note the types of carbs that are being consumed by these communities. Whole grains like oats, barley, and brown rice are commonly consumed. Bread products typically have whole grains and most of the time are made from scratch. This includes loaves of sourdough, tortillas, flatbreads, and even pasta.

Sweet potatoes are a staple for the community in Okinawa. Legumessuch as beans, chickpeas, and lentilsare also considered staples for many of the other communities. In Loma Linda, legumes and soy products are more commonly consumed, along with vegetables, while the percentage of grains in their diet is much smaller.

In a dieting world where eating ultra-low-carb is met with such high praise, these communities are welcoming healthy starches with open armsand living the longest.

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While the longevity of these communities is linked to all kinds of other factors (genetics, exercise, community outreach, and more), research continues to prove the link between eating a high-fiber diet and living a long life.

One study published in JAMA Internal Medicine found that diets rich in dietary fiber can reduce the risk of death from cardiovascular, respiratory, and infectious diseases.

Another meta-analysis of 17 studies from the American Journal of Epidemiology found that, for every 10 grams of fiber consumed, it cut the mortality risk for almost one million participants by 10%.

Lastly, a 2019 study in The Lancet concluded that diets high in fiber (consuming between 25 and 29 grams of fiber a day) reduced the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, colorectal cancer, and also helped with significantly lowering total cholesterol, blood pressure, and even bodyweight.

The 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans says more than 90% of women and 97% of men do not get their recommended intake of fiber a day and should consume more whole grains, fruits, and vegetables to reach their goals. The USDA recommends adults up to the age of 50 to consume 25 grams of fiber for women and 38 grams for men. Adults over 50 should consume between 21 and 30 grams.

You can also get a boost of healthy fiber (and starches) in your diet by incorporating these 43 Best High-Fiber Foods For a Healthy Diet into your routine.

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The Most Common Food Eaten By The Healthiest People In The World Eat This Not That - Eat This, Not That

Its red, squishy and works non-stop to keep everyone alive. Its not the latest political pundit but the human heart.

The continuously pumping organ is responsible for moving blood throughout the human body, supplying oxygen and nutrients and removing toxins and waste. Weighing between 8 and 12 ounces, the heart is a mighty organ divided into four chambers that work together to pump blood in and out.

The heart gets oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it throughout the rest of the body. It does this by contracting at a rhythmic pace, about 60-80 times per minute, thanks to electrical cells called pacemakers.

February is National American Heart Month and brings focus to the muscles function, role and how individuals can maintain a healthy life for heart longevity.

Dr. Arie Szatkowski is the Medical Director of the Baptist-Stern Joint Venture that oversees the cardiovascular services for the Metro Baptist Hospital System. He detailed several symptoms of heart issues that older adults should be aware of through their later years.

Cardiovascular disease affects most men and women as they move through the last several decades of their lives, Szatkowski says. One out of three of us, cause of death is a cardiovascular one. As we get older a lot of things change. Our vessels become stiffer and other biological changes to our circulatory system. Our heart functions have some changes to it that led to a decline in the way our heart relaxes, the way our blood vessels respond, the way our heart rates respond.

In spite of all these changes Szatkowski says people are living a lot longer.

One reason is that medicine has helped, people are taking care of themselves better, Szatkowski says. The ones that do can certainly live longer. As a result of living longer, more elderly folks are getting to the doctors office to maintain their health.

Symptoms to be aware of include a buildup of plaque which can lead to fatigue from general, everyday activities.

Plaque in the arteries can cause a reduction of blood flow to a part of the heart, Szatkowski said. There are two ways people would experience discomfort from such a thing. One would be a gradual increase in symptoms during activities. If you're fairly active and still participate in daily activities like gardening, household chores or going for walks everyday, you might notice a discomfort in your chest when you increase your activity level. That could be a pressure, tightness, squeezing, it could feel like indigestion, it might radiate to your jaw, you might be short of breath, fatigue might set in. These symptoms usually occur repeatedly, not just a one-time occurrence.

Those indicators are reasons to go see your physician as soon as possible.

If that happens, just be sure that it isnt anything else, said Dr. Szatkowski, who is also the acting president of the Medical Staff at Baptist Desoto Hospital and director of Cardiovascular Services and Echocardiography lab at Baptist Desoto Hospital. In modern times, were able to treat many types of diseases for folks, even into their 90s.

Cardiac symptoms like blocked artery, valve issues or heart failure often present with exertional fatigue. Senior citizens may decide to minimize physical activity because of the perceived tiredness. They may convince themselves, Im just getting older, I cant do what I used to do, or Im not as young as I used to be.

Even the simple act of needing to sleep at night with several pillows to lay on could be an indicator.

If you have the inability to lay flat because you get short of breath, thats oftentimes a sign of heart failure, said Dr. Szatkowski. If you sleep with a lot of pillows, because if you lay flat you get winded or wake up in the middle of the night gasping for air, those are signs that require attention.

According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) about half of all Americans (47%) have at least 1 of 3 key risk factors for heart disease: high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or smoking.

High blood pressure, if not controlled, can affect your heart and other major organs of your body, including your kidneys and brain.

Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance made by the liver or found in certain foods. Your liver makes enough for your bodys needs, but we often get more cholesterol from the foods we eat.

If older adults take in more cholesterol than the body can use, the extra cholesterol can build up in the walls of the arteries, including those of the heart. This leads to narrowing of the arteries and can decrease the blood flow to the heart, brain, kidneys, and other parts of the body.

Tobacco use increases the risk for heart disease and heart attack. Cigarette smoking can damage the heart and blood vessels, which increases risks for heart conditions such as atherosclerosis and heart attack. Nicotine raises blood pressure and carbon monoxide from cigarette smoke reduces the amount of oxygen that your blood can carry. Exposure to secondhand smoke can also increase the risk for heart disease, even for nonsmokers.

The CDC has more resources and information about heart health and heart disease prevention at http://www.cdc.gov.

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Know the signs for heart health issues and see your doctor regularly - DeSoto Times-Tribune

Nutritionist Adelle Davis popularized the mantra in the 1960s, Eat breakfast like a king, lunch like a prince and dinner like a pauper. This is because fueling up the body at the right time of the day provides it with sufficient calories for energy.

How, when and what goes into your body decides the health of your body. Body needs a constant supply of fuel in the form of food and this supply should be adequate and in a proper pattern so that the body doesn't have to wait or start its own way of dealing in case the pattern is broken. Therefore every individual should have a routine for meals.

Studies have shown that diet has an amazing benefit during growing age. A proper diet can also defeat genetics in terms of vitality and longevity, studies have said.

"Evidence is accumulating that eating in a 6-hour period and fasting for 18 hours can trigger a metabolic switch from glucose-based to ketone-based energy, with increased stress resistance, increased longevity, and a decreased incidence of diseases, including cancer and obesity," a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine says.

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Weight loss: The ideal gap between two meals to lose weight - Times of India

Every two seconds, someone in the United States requires a blood transfusion, according to the American Red Cross.This year, however, the United States is facing its worst blood shortage in more than a decade, theRed Cross says.

Donating blood saves lives, says Robert DeSimone, MD, director of transfusion medicine at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, who is encouraging people to do their part and make an appointment to donate.

For as long as medicine has been around, weve had to rely on the goodness of other people to give us blood when we need it, says Sarah Vossoughi, MD, the medical director of apheresis and associate director of transfusion medicine and cellular therapy at NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center. We really need people who want to come and donate. The fact that we can store blood and use it when we need it in partswhether you need the red cells, the plasma, or the plateletshas been a huge medical advance.

While blood donors dont expect to be rewarded for the act of kindness, rolling up your sleeve comes with some surprising health benefits. Heres what you get when you give blood:

By going to donate blood, you are getting a mini-physical, says DeSimone.

Before you are allowed to donate, your vital signs will be checked to make sure you are fit enough for the procedure. This exam might turn up a condition that needs medical attention, such as high blood pressure or a heart arrhythmia like atrial fibrillation. In addition, youll be screened for infectious diseases you may be unaware of.

If we detect an issue with your vital signs or another health issue, we would direct you to go to a physician at that point to be checked, DeSimone says.

The health screening will also reveal if you have a rare blood type. This information can be useful if you ever face surgery or another medical situation in which a transfusion may be required. Plus, youll have the satisfaction of knowing your donation is particularly needed.

Regular blood donation is linked to lower blood pressure and a lower risk for heart attacks. It definitely helps to reduce cardiovascular risk factors, says DeSimone.

This article originally appeared in Health Matters, an online publication of NewYork-Presbyterian.

Whats the connection? If your hemoglobin is too high, blood donation helps to lower the viscosity of the blood, which has been associated with the formation of blood clots,heart attacks, andstroke, DeSimone says. Interestingly, these benefits are more significant in men compared to women. We think maybe its because women have menstrual cycles, so they do it naturally without donating blood.

People with a condition called hereditary hemochromatosis must have blood removed regularly to prevent the buildup of iron. Fortunately, this blood can benefit others.

These are essentially healthy patients who are otherwise normal, but they have a gene mutation where they make too much blood, and they make too much normal blood, Vossoughi says. So we can use that blood.

The New York Blood Center Hereditary Hemochromatosis Program allows people with hemochromatosis to donate blood rather than have it removed and thrown away. Instead of having to go to a clinic or one of our phlebotomy centers every few months to reduce their blood volume, they can go to any local blood drive, Vossoughi says. That blood will then be used for somebody who needs it.

One blood donation can save up to three lives, according to DeSimone. People usually donate because it feels good to help others, and altruism and volunteering have been linked to positive health outcomes, including a lower risk for depression and greater longevity.

Giving blood is a way to engage in the immediate community and help people around you, Vossoughi adds. People who do these types of things and engage in their community in this way tend to have better health and longer lives.

It is also a way to feel that you have positively helped during the COVID-19 crisis. Donating blood is safe if you have had theCOVID-19 vaccine. It is also safe if you have had COVID-19, though you must be symptom-free for two weeks and have not had a positivediagnostic testfor COVID-19 in the past 14 days, DeSimone says. If you have any COVID-19 symptoms like a fever or cough, do not give blood. Donating blood is safe as donors are socially distanced and required to wear a face mask covering their nose and mouth, regardless of vaccination status.

Creating moments of kindness during a time of need does wonders for your mental health andfeeling of well-being, DeSimone says.

For one blood donation, it takes your body about 500 calories to replace it, Vossoughi says. Thus, the juice and cookies youre offered after giving blood are a zero-calorie snack, she says. If you prefer, go for a fancy dessert instead!

If you plan to give blood, follow these steps:

Drink plenty of water. Staying hydrated makes it easier to find your veins and prevents you from becoming light-headed after donating, Vossoughi says.

Eat well beforehand. Dont skip breakfast, and be sure to eat snacks offered to you. These things will help you tolerate the donation well and feel like yourself the rest of the day, she says.

Exercise before donating blood, not afterward. Its OK to go to the gym before you donate blood but not so wise afterward. We dont want people getting dizzy, Vossoughi says. Youve basically done your workout for the day once youve donated blood.

Take iron tablets. The American Red Cross recommends that individuals who donate blood frequently take an iron supplement or a multivitamin with iron. More and more, were recommending that teenage donors in particular take iron, because its been shown that teenage donors may become iron deficient after blood donation, DeSimone says.

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The Surprising Benefits of Donating Blood - Columbia University Irving Medical Center

Indore (Madhya Pradesh): Even when over 21 cases of stealth omicron i.e. BA.2 sub lineage of Omicron variant is found in Indore, only two patients remain in the hospital as rest of them are recovered and discharged from the hospital.

All these patients were admitted to Shri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences and out of the remaining two patients, one is in ICU.

According to respiratory medicine expert of Shri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences (SAIMS) Dr Ravi Dosi, out of 21 patients, only two patients are remaining in the hospital including one in ICU.

Most of the patients are discharged and those remaining in the hospital are also stable. Patients didnt get any other symptoms than the previous strain of Omicron but the longevity of the disease increased and some patients required higher drugs as compared to others who were treated with basic treatment, Dr Dosi said.

He added that vaccines played an important role in creating an extra layer of protection against the disease and people must take the precaution dose if their date is due for the same.

As many as 21 cases of BA.2 sub lineage of Omicron were found at SAIMS on Monday. The patients were of age 2 months to 86 years and all eligible were vaccinated with both doses of vaccine.

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Indore: 21 cases of stealth omicron; Only two remained in hospital as all others recovered and discharged - Free Press Journal