Introduction

Nano silver refers to silver particles that have at least one dimension <100 nm on a three-dimensional scale.1 It presents unique physical and chemical properties such as its nano scale, high specific surface area, strong surface reactivity and strong interaction between particles,2 which makes nano silver widely used in various fields, such as imaging, diagnostics, and medicine,3 as well as in paints for the production and preservation of artistic work,4 in cosmetics to improve product safety and stability, in the processing industry as a packaging material to improve food freshness and prolonged release of biologically active ingredients,5 in agrifoods sector to fight against agricultural pest and pathogen, and support food production, in poultry industry sector to product vaccine, control animal skin infections, stimulate immune responses and diagnose.68 Compared to ordinary silver, nano silver has unique biological properties, such as stronger antibacterial activity. Nano silver can be added to toothpaste to achieve an oral sterilization activity, and can be prepared in gel form to treat cervicitis.9 Nano silver has quietly become more common in daily life, and people are increasingly exposed to products that contain nano silver. Nevertheless, individuals are not fully aware of the toxic effects of nano silver, the mechanisms involved in its toxic effects, and potential approaches to modify its toxicity profile are limited. Therefore, this article summarizes recent data to elaborate on these issues to provide a better understanding of the properties of nano silver and to provide insight into its real-life applications.

The methodology adopted to search and summarize this literature review was as follows: (1) an initial search based on key words, including AgNPs, nano silver, silver nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, toxicity, safety issues and hazard effects, in PubMed, Science Direct, Crossref and other databases; (2) preliminary screening of literature according to the title, keywords, and guideline; (3) addition of new references like a snow ball from original references; and (4) summary and organization of literatures.

Due to the widespread use of nano silver in the environment and everyday products, individuals encounter these nanoparticles in a variety of ways. Nano silver mainly enters the human body via ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, and may directly enter the systemic circulation through intraperitoneal or intravenous injection.10 Silver nanomaterials are used in industrial production processes, resulting in a great amount of silver in the form of nanoparticles being discharged into groundwater with the release of industrial wastewater. Urban and industrial effluents enter the aquatic ecosystem and accumulate along trophic chains, which results in unconscious intake of nano silver.

There are several ways for nano silver to enter the human body and exert its activity (Figure 1). After oral intake, nano silver is absorbed and distributed to organs.11 Studies have shown that after silver nanoparticles enter the body through the respiratory tract, they mainly accumulate in the lungs. After passing through the lung epithelial mucosal system, because of their small particle diameter, the nanoparticles are transported from the lungs to other tissues and diffuse throughout the body.12 The skin is the first barrier between the internal environment of the human body and the external environment as it is directly exposed to the air.13 Nanoparticles are able to penetrate both damaged and healthy skin. Nano silver penetrates the epidermis, diffuses to the dermis, and even the underlying structure of the skin such as the subcutaneous tissue.14 Therefore, there is a strong possibility that nano silver present in cosmetic wound dressings and antibacterial textiles would diffuse through the skin in large amounts. Nano silver injected through the abdominal cavity or intravenously enters the systemic circulation directly. After entering the systemic circulation, they are distributed to the heart, liver, kidney, brain, testes, and ovary and cause organ-specific pathophysiological effects.15

Figure 1 Various routes of exposure to nano silver in human body.

Nano silver enters the biological system through various ways. Routes of exposure and time, size and state of aggregation, and doses of silver nanoparticles link to their bioavailability, biodistribution, and pathological symptoms. To explore the toxicity of nano silver to organs, different animal models are established and employed (Table 1). 1619

Table 1 Toxicity of Nano Silver in Different Organs

Compared to ordinary materials, nano-silver materials have better barrier function, antibacterial ability, and higher mechanical strength, and are widely used in various daily necessities and packaging materials.20 After oral intake, silver nanoparticles reach the stomach rapidly, where they dissolve under acidic conditions. After passing through the intestine, the properties of nano silver are affected. Once absorbed by the intestinal mucosa, nano silver reaches the liver.21

Studies have shown that after a 24-hour intravenous injection of nano silver in rats, higher levels of silver can be detected in the liver, feces, and colon.22 Approximately 30 to 99% of the nano-silver dose will accumulate and sequester in the liver after being administered to the body. This leads to a decrease in delivery to the target diseased tissues and potentially an increase in toxicity at the hepatocyte level.23

Research by Jia et al found that nano silver increased the level of protein phosphorylation of normal human colonic epithelial cells NCM460 and human colorectal cancer HCT116 and promoted the expression of the p53 and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax). When the exposure to nano silver was higher than 15 gmL1, the survival rate of both cell types began to decrease. The study also showed that nano silver can promote the downregulation of B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2), leading to an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and activation of p21, further accelerating cell death.24 DArcy et al showed that silver nanoparticles can induce focal hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis.25 The apoptosis induced in the liver of mice treated with 10-nm silver nanoparticles indicates that nano silver may induce intercellular stress leading to cell death. Silver nanoparticles may also lead to the destruction of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and partial degranulation, causing severe liver tissue and ultrastructural changes that affect the metabolism and function of the liver and other important organs.16

Animal and human studies have shown that inhaled nanoparticles are less efficiently eliminated by macrophage removal mechanisms than other large particles. Nano silver is retained in the lungs and causes damage, or is transported through the circulation, nervous system, and to distal tissues and organs.26 The lung and liver are the main target tissues after exposure to silver nanoparticles via inhalation for 90 days, and the resulting toxicity is dose-dependence.27

The chemical characterization of silver nanoparticles endows them with redox ability. The reaction involves the elements Ag and H2O2 to generate hydroxyl and oxidize silver ions.28 This mechanism allows silver nanoparticles to induce oxidative stress, and this interaction with cellular matter interacts to produce oxidants.29 Surface oxidation of silver nanoparticles may contribute to the release of silver ions, thus amplifying toxicity. Mitochondrial function is impaired when lung epithelial cells are exposed to nano silver. In the process, NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity increases, leading to damage to oxidative stress. Tight junction proteins in the lung epithelium are a known target of oxidative stress damage, which alters epithelial transport processes and damages the homeostasis and integrity of the lung epithelial barrier.30

Lin et al evaluated the physiological toxicity of nano silver for the heart and concluded that nano silver acts quickly and inhibits the activity of rectifying the inward potassium current (IK1) and inward sodium current (INa) channels of cardiomyocytes, leading to rapid collapse of cardiac cell transmembrane potential (TMP) with subsequent loss of excitability. Toxic effects of nano silver on similar channels of the cardiac conduction system and autonomic nerves can also be expected, but the exact mechanism of action needs further study.31

Recombinant myosin heavy chain 6 (MYH6) is a cardiomyocyte marker gene that encodes the alpha heavy chain subunit of cardiac myosin.32 The treatment of silver nanoparticles triggers abnormal changes in ISL1, MYH6, and alpha heavy chain subunits, which seriously damage the process of embryogenesis, germ layer, and heart development. The steps of nano silver to sabotage cardiomyocytes are as follows: (1) silver ions are slowly released from silver nanoparticles; (2) protein crowns are formed by the combination of silver nanoparticles with different serum proteins; and (3) changes occur in the total surface charge of silver nanoparticles, which will disrupt the ion balance in the body and affect the electrophysiology of cardiomyocytes.33

The rapid development of the nanotechnology industry has brought many potential risks that are of serious concern. In order to safely use nanomaterials in consumer products and pharmaceuticals, regulatory health risk assessment of such particles should be mandatory, including the potential impact on reproduction and fertility.34

Silver nanoparticles are able to cross the blood-testis barrier and locate directly in the testes after intraperitoneal or intravenous injection.35 The human testicular embryonic carcinoma cell line (NT2) Ntera2 and primary testicular cells from C57BL6 mice were used as cell models to simulate the repair state and oxidative damage of human testicular cells exposed to silver nanoparticles of 20 and 200 nm in size. Nano silver exhibited strong cytotoxicity and cytostatic properties, causing apoptosis, necrosis, and reduction of proliferation in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Silver nanoparticles with a size of 200 nm even caused DNA strand breaks in NT2 cells.36

At the cellular level, nano silver generates a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by activating the inhibitory kappa B kinase/transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (IKK/NF-B) signaling pathway, destroying the cytoskeleton and DNA, damaging DNA repair enzymes, and upregulating autophagy to activate p53-dependent or mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis pathways to induce cell apoptosis and exert its cytotoxic effects.37 At the genetic level, a lower dose of silver nanoparticles will lead to changes in human skin fibroblast energy metabolism, oxidative stress, changes in the cell cycle, and in other related genes. Even very low doses of nano silver are capable of causing structural or functional damage to target cells.38 As shown in Table 2, the following mainly describes the cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles based on the progressive effect induced on cell layers.24,3032,36 Figure 2 shows the potential mechanisms of nano silver-induced cytotoxicity in the cell.

Table 2 Toxicity of Nano Silver in Different Cells

Figure 2 Mechanisms of entry of silver nanoparticles into the organism and potential mechanisms of nano silver-induced cytotoxicity in the cell.

Silver nanoparticles can interact with membrane proteins and activate signaling pathways, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation. They directly interact with the macromolecular structure of living cells and affect cellular metabolism.39 Nano silver interferes with Na and K ion channels on the cell membrane, causing an imbalance in the cell membrane potential, or reacts with sulfhydryl (-SH) protein on the cell membrane destroying the barrier function and the material exchange function of the cell membrane, resulting in direct cell necrosis.40 Gunawan et al used attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy to detect the toxic mechanism of silver nanoparticles in bacteria. The results showed that nanoparticles caused major structural changes in the cell membrane components and interfered with the peptides and lipid chains (phospholipids) as well as sugar and phosphate groups leading to the breakdown of the cell structure.41

Anuj et al explored a scheme to improve the bactericidal effect of linezolid on gram-negative bacteria with nano silver. The change in the zeta-potential caused by the interaction between nano silver and bacterial membrane protein enhanced the permeability of the bacterial cell membrane and the alteration of integrity, which allowed linezolid to penetrate into the cell, thereby increasing the cytoplasmic concentration of linezolid to an effective level. This study demonstrated that silver nanoparticles can change the permeability of the cell membrane, causing the leakage of intracellular material or the entry of extracellular material to cause cell death.42

The cell membrane only allows for free diffusion of oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, small hydrophobic or non-polar molecules, and 1030 nm particles. Various particles enter the cell through different cell internalization pathways. These internalization pathways are classified as endocytosis. The endocytosis mechanism includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis.43 Depending on the size of the vesicles and the proteins involved in the formation of the vesicle, pinocytosis can be further divided into four mechanisms, which include (1) macropinocytosis; (2) clathrin-mediated endocytosis; (3) caveolae-mediated endocytosis; and (4) non-clathrin- and non-caveolin-mediated endocytosis.44

Once the nano silver is internalized, it will migrate to the mitochondria and nucleus and induce changes in cell morphology, oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammation, genotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and subsequent apoptosis or necrosis.45

Free nano silver in the extracellular fluid causes only a limited release of ROS in the cell.46 Silver nanoparticles that enter the cell through endocytosis were then transferred to the lysosome. Under the action of the acidic environment of the lysosome, the oxidative dissolution releases silver ions, and the cell itself degrades and releases nano silver, causing a higher degree of ROS release, thereby destroying the lysosome. In the cell membrane, particles escape from the lysosomal sequestration into the cytosol, and then target other subcellular compartments, resulting in a higher degree of cytotoxicity.47 Bouallegui et al used the uptake inhibitor amantadine to evaluate the effects of blocking clathrin-mediated endocytosis on nano silver protein-induced toxicity in mussel gills and digestive glands. Blocking clathrin-mediated endocytosis may protect cells from nano silver toxicity, which indicates that this uptake of clathrin-mediated endocytosis is a key mechanism for silver nanoparticles to exert their toxic effects.48

In a recent study, using 15, 50, and 100 nm silver nanoparticles, Chen et al showed that the smallest 15 nm silver nanoparticles exerted the strongest cytotoxicity. The 100-nm silver nanoparticles aggregate and cannot pass through the plasma membrane, and thus cannot be captured by endocytosis or cause toxicity to the cell.49

Autophagy is a mechanism in which cellular materials are delivered to lysosomes for degradation, leading to the basic turnover of cellular components, and providing energy and macromolecular precursors.50 Autophagy is activated at the basic level under normal physiological conditions, selectively removing stress-mediated protein aggregates, and removing damaged organelles. Autophagy also actively participates in the elimination of cell invaders and maintaining intracellular balance. Studies have shown that exposure of cells to silver nanoparticles activates the cellular defense mechanism defined as autophagy. However, silver nanoparticle-activated autophagy results in defective autophagosome-lysosome fusion, which leads to autophagy defects and increases cell toxicity.51

Ubiquitination confers autophagy selectivity and regulates the stabilization, activation, and transport of proteins involved in the autophagy pathway.52 Silver nanoparticles have been shown to increase the level of enzymes involved in ubiquitination processes or weaken ubiquitination.53 The reactivity of silver nanoparticles can interfere with the formation of ubiquitin. The interference of silver nanoparticles on ubiquitination may be the cause of autophagy defects and cytotoxicity caused by silver nanoparticles.54,55 As a multi-domain adaptor protein, p62 binds microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and ubiquitin. The accumulation of the p62 subunit caused by defective autophagy may also be a potential cause of silver nanoparticle cytotoxicity.56

Lee et al showed for the first time in vitro that nano silver led to the formation of numerous cytoplasmic acid vesicle organelles (AVOs) (autophagosomes and autolysates). In addition, exposure to nano silver resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II and a dose-dependent accumulation of p62 protein, indicating that although nano silver activates autophagy, it may eventually lead to the interruption of autophagy flow.50

Previous investigations have shown that exposure of cells to silver nanoparticles can cause mitochondrial damage. Silver nanoparticles are capable of inducing mitochondrial swelling, increasing intracellular ROS levels, and disrupting mitochondrial membrane potentials, whose breakdown leads to mitochondrial pathway-induced apoptosis.57,58 Silver nanoparticles induce changes in the morphology and structure of mitochondria. The expression of nuclear fission-related protein 1 (p-Drp1) (Ser616) was significantly up-regulated, and the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis protein (PGC-1) in cells treated with nano silver decreased, indicating that silver nanoparticles induce cytotoxicity by targeting mitochondria, leading to the destruction of mitochondrial function and the damage to the mitochondrial structure and morphology that interferes with mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis.59

The mitochondrial respiratory chain is the main source of ROS in cells. Under normal circumstances, ROS are balanced by the mitochondrial antioxidant system. In the process of cellular stress, mitochondria may malfunction, with increased ROS production, leading to cell damage and cell death.60

Holmila et al studied the effects of silver nanoparticles and ionizing radiation on the mitochondrial redox state and function in lung cell lines (A549, BEAS-2B, Calu-1, and NCI-H358). In Calu-2 cells, exposure to nano silver reduced cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest. Nano silver increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen and protein oxidation in sensitive cell lines in a time- and dose-dependent manner, but did not significantly change mitochondrial respiration mechanisms.61

To demonstrate that nano silver would induce cell death through both the apoptotic p53 pathway and the independent p53 pathway, a model system containing two osteosarcoma cell lines was used and the cell response after nano silver administration was tested.62 Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, increased leakage of cytochrome C protein into the cytoplasm, and increased ROS levels were detected in both U2OS cells harboring sufficient levels of p53 and in Saos-2 cells lacking functional p53, indicating that nano silver in both cell lines induced mitochondrial stress.63,64 Although nano-silver treatment activates p53 in p53-containing osteosarcoma cells, the main property of nano silver is to induce mitochondrial stress, thus driving cancer cell p53-independent apoptosis.

The ER is a multifunctional subcellular compartment in charge of protein synthesis, assembly and modification, lipid biosynthesis, protein output, calcium ion storage and its regulation and release to the cytoplasm, and redox signals.65 A series of protein-related activities are extremely susceptible to events that interfere with ER homeostasis, leading to accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the ER. During the process of solving protein folding defects and restoring ER homeostasis, an unfolded protein response is activated, involving three signal branches: RNA-dependent protein kinase-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE 1) and X box binding protein-1 (XBP-1), and activation of transcription factor 6 (ATF6). Many studies have shown that exposure of the body to metal nanoparticles induces the ER stress signaling pathway.

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an ATP-binding cassette transporter located on the plasma membrane, which is intrinsically linked to the occurrence of multidrug-resistant cancer.66 Silver nanoparticles of 75 nm in size induce stress in the endoplasmic reticulum in drug-resistant cells, reducing the number of correctly folded P-gp of the plasma membrane. The endoplasmic reticulum cavity is rich in calcium, which is essential for the sustained effect of endoplasmic reticulum protein quality control mechanisms, such as the calnexin/calreticulin cycle. Treatment of drug-resistant cells with 75-nm silver particles will deplete the calcium levels of the endoplasmic reticulum, which may be the cause of the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress.67

Prolonged exposure of human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) to nano silver has been reported to increase the length of the ER-mitochondria contact site. The expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) protein in ER and mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) is enhanced, and the function of inositol-3-phosphate receptor (IP3R) is altered. Transfer of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum to the mitochondria increases, and finally the overload of mitochondrial Ca2+ triggers cell death through the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.68

Lysosomes contain a variety of acid hydrolases, such as cathepsins, which are involved in autophagy and phagocytosis. Autophagy is related to the removal of intracellular (endogenous) debris, and phagocytosis digests exogenous substances.69

The release of silver ions induces only a modest generation of ROS; in contrast, the simultaneous release of silver nanoparticles and silver ions (oxidative dissolution of silver nanoparticles in an acid lysosome environment) induces higher levels of ROS.70 The generation of a large amount of ROS destroys the integrity of the lysosomal membrane and allows the release of silver nanoparticles from the enclosed vesicle into the cytosol. Lysosomal dysfunction due to loss of integrity of the lysosomal membrane or reduced acidity also leads to the release of silver nanoparticles and is closely associated with impaired autophagosome-lysosome fusion.71

Subcytotoxic concentrations of silver nanoparticles (10 gmL1) induce lysosomal dysfunction in liver cancer cells, leading to activation of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-dependent caspase-1. The activation of inflammatory mediators is a biological response induced by silver nanoparticles. NLRP3 inflammatory mediators directly or indirectly interact with nano silver to produce a cellular inflammatory response that leads to cytotoxicity.72

Transcription factor EB (TFEB) plays a key role in the regulation of lysosomal function.73 The activity of TFEB is regulated by its subcellular location. Under certain conditions, such as starvation or lysosomal dysfunction, TFEB transfers to the nucleus and activates the transcription of its target genes. After A549 cells were exposed to nano silver, the gene and protein levels of TFEB binding protein in the cytosol and nucleus decreased, indicating that TFEB expression was transcriptionally inhibited and affected the normal activity of lysosomes.72

The cytotoxicity of nano silver is associated with the available concentration of silver nanoparticles, the duration of activity, the size of the particle, the presence or absence of stabilizers, the type of stabilizer, and the pH of the environment. In addition, the toxic reactions of different types of body cells to nano silver also differ. Below are several approaches that have been proposed to overcome the cytotoxicity induced by nano silver based on the research progress in the recent years.

The toxicity of nano silver is closely related to the size of the particles. Most silver nanoparticles are toxic to the human body, and it is precisely because of their small particle size that they can penetrate human tissues. Zhang et al studied two sizes of nano silver to examine the differences in neurotoxic effects of (20- and 70-nm silver nanoparticles). The results show that 20-nm and 70-nm silver nanoparticles significantly reduce neuronal cell viability, and 20-nm silver nanoparticles exert stronger toxic effects than 70-nm-silver nanoparticles.74

Zhang et al studied the effects of two sizes of silver nanoparticles (10- and 50-nm) on the nitrogen fixation of Azotobacter vinelandii. The marked decrease in the number of bacterial cells associated with the smaller silver nanoparticles indicated nano silver with smaller particle size exerted higher toxicity. Cytometry analysis further confirmed this finding. At the same concentration of 10 mgL1 for 12 h of incubation, the apoptotic rates of cells treated with 10- and 50-nm silver nanoparticles were 20.23% and 3.14%, respectively. Observation under the scanning electron microscope of cells revealed obvious damage to the cell structure, indicating that the toxicity of silver nanoparticles was size dependent.75 Given the above findings and to ensure the desired effects of silver nanoparticles, the influence of the size of silver nanoparticles on their toxicity was briefly summarized in Table 3.1618,74,75

Table 3 The Influence of Size Distribution of Silver Nanoparticles on Their Toxicity

Surface modification of nanoparticles is an effective way to reduce the toxicity of nanoparticles.76 Studies have shown that coated and modified nanoparticles do not lose their original characteristics; however, by modifying the surface of the nanoparticles, the inherent toxicity of the nanoparticles could be reduced, and the biocompatibility of the nanoparticles could be improved at the same time.77,78 The surface functionalization may enable further applications of nano silver in various fields.

Borowik et al synthesized silver nanoparticles using thiobarbituric acid and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid residues (MUA). Silver nanoparticles coated with MUA were compatible with acridine mutagens. Interaction with ICR-191 could regulate cell viability by influencing mutagens in cells.79

Das et al compared the effect of silver nanoparticles, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated silver nanoparticles and bovine serum albumin (BSA) functionalized silver nanoparticles on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro, and found that compared with silver nanoparticles, PEG-coated silver nanoparticles and BSA-functionalized silver nanoparticles produced fewer superoxide anions, nitric oxide, intracellular ROS, reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione, and NADPH oxidase. Further surface functionalized silver nanoparticles exhibited less toxicity than unmodified silver nanoparticles.80 Hamilton et al adsorbed silver nanoparticles onto carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide. In vitro cellular experiments showed that silver-carbon nanotube-hydroxyapatite and silver-graphene oxide are less toxic than silver nano particles.81

Nano silver has many excellent properties, but premature release and potential toxicity due to accumulation restrain its further application.82 To make better use of this nanomaterial of great potential, nano silver composite preparations that are in combination with other materials have been proposed. However, most of the studies in this field are focused on the functionality of silver nanoparticle preparations; meanwhile, the human safety of silver nanoparticle composite preparations has not drawn much attention. The formulation of silver nanoparticle composite preparations may also be an approach to overcome the toxicity of silver nanoparticles.83,84

Although nano silver is almost nontoxic at low concentrations, the accumulation of silver nanoparticles in mammalian cells may cause side effects and infections, such as silver burns and silver poisoning, by interacting with different organelles and subcellular components of the body.85 Thus, to overcome this problem, the synthesis of nanocomposite materials has been proposed, which consist of loading silver nanoparticles on a magnetic core. Magnetic core-based nanocomposite materials allow to effectively recover residual particles from the medium. In addition, modification of silver nanoparticles on magnetic particles can also provide stability as a result of their magnetic dispersion. After the silver nanoparticles are deposited on a cobalt core, the cell survival rate is improved, and the toxicity of the nanocomposite particles is even lower than that of the silver nanoparticles.86

Madla-Cruz et al synthesized a nano-silver/carboxymethyl cellulose composite using a green synthesis method and then used MTT reduction assay to evaluate the effects of the silver nanoparticles/carboxymethyl cellulose composite on the viability of normal human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). The viability of HGF was not affected at the experimental concentration that inhibits the growth of microorganisms or reduces the area of the biofilm. When the concentration of the composite is less than 15 gmL1, there were no significant toxic effects on HGF cells.87

To overcome the diffusion of nano silver when injected locally at the target site during positioning and labeling therapy, Lee et al combined silver nanoparticles with porous materials to inhibit the diffusion of the nanoparticles and enhance their biocompatibility to iodine. The mixed complex of cesium-nano silver-pSiMP, and subsequent immunotoxicity experiments showed that no hepatotoxicity was observed in mice treated with nano silver-pSiMP, and the main inflammatory cytokine TNF- level in serum did not change significantly. At 8 and 24 h after injection, the nano silver-pSiMPs treatment group did not present activated lymphocytes or histological changes.88

Yu et al synthesized a composite material of cellulose silver nanoparticles. Even when the concentration of the composite treatment reached 1000 gmL1, the number of viable cells did not decrease significantly. Compared to the control group, the cell viability of normal epithelial cells (FHC) of the human colon incubated with the cellulose nanofibrils (CNF)/AgNP complex (501000 gmL1) did not decrease significantly. These results indicate that the CNF/AgNP complex was not toxic to human cells within 24 h.89

This review introduces the in vivo toxicity of nano silver under different exposure routes, and introduces the mechanism induced by silver nanoparticle cytotoxicity from the outer to inner cell structures. Nano silver is introduced to the human body in by different routes, causing damage to various body systems, including the digestive system, respiratory system, and reproductive system.90 At present, most studies on the toxicity of silver nanoparticles are carried out through in vitro cell tests and animal tests, and there are still some challenges. For example, it is not clear to what extent the intact nano silver itself is absorbed by the human body, or whether the nano silver is altered when exposed to the physiological environment, whether the silver ions released from the nano silver are absorbed, or whether the observed effect is induced by the nano silver itself.91 An inflammatory reaction is caused by ions released by the nano silver or nanoparticle itself. Thus, there is no clear approach to elucidate toxicity mechanisms specific to nano silver.

To effectively evaluate the functional effects of nano silver, a variety of related technologies could be employed to characterize silver nanoparticles and to attempt to overcome the limitations of using a single particle characterization method alone.92 The interaction between nano silver and biological fluids will inevitably change the physical characteristics and uptake or absorption of silver nanoparticles. To determine the potential long-term effects of nano silver in a more realistic situation, the characteristics of silver nanoparticles should be evaluated in an appropriate medium. Multigenerational studies are needed to evaluate intergenerational effects in higher mammalian systems.

Because of the versatility of silver nanoparticle compounds in terms of size, physical properties, and the ability to interact and bind with other compounds, their applicability in different fields is immeasurable. These properties also led to some critical issues such as toxicity to human and animal cells, safe use, long-term exposure, and environmental safety. In future nanotoxicology research, persistent in-depth research will be requested to reveal the ultimate mystery of the toxicity mechanisms induced by nano silver. These findings will help to promote the future applications and development of nano silver-loaded preparations and allow for the use of preventive measures against the toxic risks.

This work was supported by the Jiangxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology (20212ACB206004, 20202ACBL216015 and 20202BABL206157), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81760639), Young Jinggang Scholar of Jiangxi Province (Jing Zhang) and New Century Talents Project of Jiangxi Province (2017082, Xiang Li and 2020028, Jing Zhang), Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine 1050 Youth Talent Project (Jing Zhang and Xiang Li), and Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Innovation Team Development Program.

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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28. Liu J, Li S, Fang Y, Zhu Z. Boosting antibacterial activity with mesoporous silica nanoparticles supported silver nanoclusters. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2019;555:470479. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2019.08.009

29. Abdal Dayem A, Hossain MK, Lee SB, et al. The role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the biological activities of metallic nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(1):120. doi:10.3390/ijms18010120

30. Garces M, Magnani ND, Pecorelli A, et al. Alterations in oxygen metabolism are associated to lung toxicity triggered by silver nanoparticles exposure. Free Radic Biol Med. 2021;166:324336. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.008

31. Lin CX, Yang SY, Gu JL, Meng J, Xu HY, Cao JM. The acute toxic effects of silver nanoparticles on myocardial transmembrane potential, INa and IK1 channels and heart rhythm in mice. Nanotoxicology. 2017;11(6):827837. doi:10.1080/17435390.2017.1367047

32. Szaraz P, Librach M, Maghen L, et al. In vitro differentiation of first trimester human umbilical cord perivascular cells into contracting cardiomyocyte-like cells. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:7513252. doi:10.1155/2016/7513252

33. Hu B, Yin N, Yang R, Liang S, Liang S, Faiola F. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and AgNO3 perturb the specification of human hepatocyte-like cells and cardiomyocytes. Sci Total Environ. 2020;725:138433. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138433

34. Elsharkawy EE, Abd El-Nasser M, Kamaly HF. Silver nanoparticles testicular toxicity in rat. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2019;70:103194. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2019.103194

35. Wang Z, Qu G, Su L, et al. Evaluation of the biological fate and the transport through biological barriers of nanosilver in mice. Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19(37):66916697. doi:10.2174/1381612811319370012

36. Asare N, Instanes C, Sandberg WJ, et al. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles in testicular cells. Toxicology. 2012;291(13):6572. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2011.10.022

37. Danila OO, Berghian AS, Dionisie V, et al. The effects of silver nanoparticles on behavior, apoptosis and nitro-oxidative stress in offspring Wistar rats. Nanomedicine. 2017;12(12):14551473. doi:10.2217/nnm-2017-0029

38. Shati AA, Elsaid FG. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles and their genotoxicity. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2020;34(1):e22418. doi:10.1002/jbt.22418

39. McShan D, Ray PC, Yu H. Molecular toxicity mechanism of nanosilver. J Food Drug Anal. 2014;22(1):116127. doi:10.1016/j.jfda.2014.01.010

40. Dos Santos CA, Seckler MM, Ingle AP, et al. Silver nanoparticles: therapeutical uses, toxicity, and safety issues. J Pharm Sci. 2014;103(7):19311944. doi:10.1002/jps.24001

41. Gunawan C, Faiz MB, Mann R, et al. Nanosilver targets the bacterial cell envelope: the link with generation of reactive oxygen radicals. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2020;12(5):55575568. doi:10.1021/acsami.9b20193

42. Anuj SA, Gajera HP, Hirpara DG, Golakiya BA. Bacterial membrane destabilization with cationic particles of nano-silver to combat efflux-mediated antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Life Sci. 2019;230:178187. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.072

43. Zhang T, Wang L, Chen Q, Chen C. Cytotoxic potential of silver nanoparticles. Yonsei Med J. 2014;55(2):283291. doi:10.3349/ymj.2014.55.2.283

Originally posted here:
Nano silver-induced toxicity and associated mechanisms | IJN - Dove Medical Press

Particles released by red blood cells are effective carriers for anti-cancer immunotherapy

A study led by researchers at the Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS Medicine), in collaboration with the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore (LKCMedicine, NTU Singapore) and A*STARs Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), has demonstrated that nano-sized vesicles released by red blood cells are a viable platform for delivering immunotherapeutic RNA molecules to suppress breast cancer growth and metastasis.

Published in the Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, the study successfully delivered RIG-I-activating RNAs using small, lipid membrane-bound particles released by red blood cells, called red blood cell extracellular vesicles (RBCEVs), to suppress cancer progression. The team had also discovered in earlier studies that these vesicles are ideal therapeutic carriers with a natural ability to deliver bioactive molecules to many cell types.

To further examine the function of RBCEVs in carrying a broader range of therapeutics to more cancer cell types, the team plans to conduct further research in collaboration with the National University Cancer Institute and Cancer Science Institute of Singapore.

Concurrently, RBCEV technologies are under intensive research at Carmine Therapeutics, an EVX Ventures company which aims to develop the next generation of gene therapy based on RBCEVs for treatments of rare diseases and cancer.

Read the original:
Singapore makes further advancement in cancer nanomedicine - BSA bureau

image:Professor Dr. Holger Frey view more

Credit: photo/: private

Since the first PEGylated drug was developed in the 1980s, the so-called PEGylation has become a standard procedure in the pharmaceutical sciences. The technique involves concealing active biopharmaceuticals under a kind of "cloak of invisibility" by means of conjugation with the polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG). Consequently, they are not subjected to rapid degradation or undesirable attack by the immune system. The mRNA vaccines designed to protect against infection with the coronavirus are, for example, PEGylated. Unfortunately, problems with the concept are emerging, since an increasing number of individuals is developing antibodies against PEG, which in some instances can trigger severe allergic reactions. Professor Holger Frey of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) is currently developing a novel procedure intended to sidestep the drawbacks of PEGylation, but at the same time preserving its benefits. He has been awarded an ERC Advanced Grant worth EUR 2.5 million to support his research. An Advanced Grant is the EU's most richly endowed funding program, awarded by the European Research Council (ERC) to outstanding researchers. Holger Frey has been Professor of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry at JGU since 2002 and is an internationally recognized expert in the field of polyether chemistry.

PEGylation a key strategy of current nanomedicine

Polyethylene glycol is a substance that is fairly ubiquitous. It is present in cosmetics, toothpaste, detergents, lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, foodstuffs, and textiles. PEG is employed in pharmaceutical technology and medicine as a carrier medium for active substances and in an extensive range of special applications. On the molecular level, PEG really comes into its own when it is conjugated with biopharmaceuticals and proteins to protect these through the process known as PEGylation. "PEGylation of many commercially available drugs is absolutely indispensable," emphasized Professor Holger Frey. "Without this, our bodies would identify the related active substances, including mRNA vaccines, as dangerous intruders and would rapidly degrade and excrete them. The camouflage effect has worked well for the past 30 years, but it looks like the magic is wearing off."

This is due to our immune system, which in many individuals no longer allows the polymer to circulate undetected in the bloodstream. The results of recent studies indicate that up 70 percent of the population in developed countries has antibodies against PEG; in the early 1980s, the corresponding percentage was just one to two percent. The result is that the immune system often quickly removes drugs conjugated with PEG from the blood circulation so that they are unable to develop their therapeutic effects. Moreover, there can also be intolerance and even severe allergic reactions effects that the technique was originally meant to prevent.

Research group to develop special PEG structures for use with medical drugs

One solution to this problem would be to devise new PEG-derived structures for use in medicine that differ from those exploited in everyday products. The purpose of the ERC-sponsored project RandoPEGMed is thus to create modified polymers for conjugation with medicinal agents. The basis will still be polyethylene glycol, but a PEG supplemented by additional building blocks. "What we are planning to do is break down the uniform structure by the insertion of randomly distributed irregularities," Frey clarified. "This should restore the masking effect, enabling the drugs to reach their intended destinations without being discovered by the immune system." Professor Holger Frey has many years of experience in this particular area. Over the past ten years and with the help of his team of 25 personnel, he has come up with a method that allows to precisely analyze polymer structures on the molecular level.

ERC Advanced Grants: Recognition for international top-level research

Holger Frey studied chemistry at the University of Freiburg and, following study periods in the USA and France, obtained his doctorate at the University of Twente in the Netherlands. He has been Professor of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry at JGU since 2002. His research field is new polymer materials including polymers for medical and pharmaceutical use as well as bio-based, potentially sustainable materials that could be used as alternatives to plastics made from fossil raw materials. The results of his research have appeared in more than 400 original publications and review articles while he has also obtained more than 40 patents. In addition, he is an associate editor of Polymer Chemistry of the Royal Society of Chemistry, one of the leading journals in the field of polymers. Among the various undertakings he is involved in at JGU, he is also co-project coordinator of Collaborative Research Center 1066 that targets nanodimensional polymer therapeutics for tumor therapy. This is an interdisciplinary research network that involves significant collaboration between the fields of chemistry, the pharmaceutical sciences, and medicine.

ERC Advanced Grants are awarded to outstanding researchers to enable them to work on projects considered to be highly speculative due to their innovative approach, but which, because of this, can open up access to new approaches in the corresponding research field. Only researchers who have already made significant breakthroughs and have been successfully working for at least ten years at the highest levels of international research are eligible for the grant. The only criteria considered in awarding ERC funding are the academic excellence of the researcher in question and the nature of their research project. An ERC grant thus also represents an important acknowledgement of the recipient's individual achievements

Related links:https://erc.europa.eu/news/erc-2021-advanced-grants-results ERC Advanced Grants 2022 ;https://www.ak-frey.chemie.uni-mainz.de/ Research group of Professor Holger Frey ;https://sfb1066.de/ Collaborative Research Center 1066: Nanodimensional polymer therapeutics for tumor therapy

Read more: https://www.uni-mainz.de/presse/aktuell/9265_ENG_HTML.php press release "Nylon as a building block for transparent electronic devices?" (19 Aug. 2019)

Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.

Here is the original post:
New invisibility cloak for therapeutics: Holger Frey receives ERC Advanced Grant to support his innovative research - EurekAlert

Presentation evaluates the effect of D-PLEX100 in limiting occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in colorectal surgery patients

PETACH TIKVA, Israel, April 25, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- PolyPid Ltd. (Nasdaq: PYPD) (PolyPid or the Company), a late-stage biopharma company aiming to improve surgical outcomes, announced today that the Company will present clinical data at the 13th European and Global CLINAM Summit for Nanomedicine, being held virtually on May 24, 2022. The focus of this years summit is From Hope to Product The Brilliant Prospect in Nanomedicine and Related Fields.

Dr. Noam Emanuel, Chief Scientific Officer of PolyPid, will present the abstract, From Bench to Bedside: D-PLEX100 Limits AMR Occurrence in Randomized Double-Blind Phase 2 Trial in Colorectal Surgery Patients, demonstrating D-PLEX100 as a safe and effective surgical site infection prevention agent without affecting the incidence of postoperative colonization by multi drug resistant organisms. Dr. Emanuels presentation will be available on https://www.polypid.com/ following the summit.

About PolyPid

PolyPid Ltd. (Nasdaq: PYPD) is a late-stage biopharma company aiming to improve surgical outcomes. Through locally administered, controlled, prolonged-release therapeutics, PolyPids proprietary PLEX (Polymer-Lipid Encapsulation matriX) technology pairs with Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, enabling precise delivery of drugs at optimal release rates over durations ranging from several days to months. PolyPids lead product candidate D-PLEX100 is in Phase 3 clinical trials for the prevention of soft tissue abdominal and sternal bone surgical site infections. In addition, the company is currently in preclinical stages to test the efficacy of OncoPLEX for treatment of solid tumors, beginning with glioblastoma. For additional company information, please visit http://www.polypid.com and follow us on Twitter and LinkedIn.

Corporate Contact:

PolyPid, Ltd.Dikla Czaczkes AkselbradEVP & CFOTel: +972-747195700

Investor Contact:Bob YedidLifeSci Advisors646-597-6989Bob@LifeSciAdvisors.com

Media Contact:Nechama FeuersteinFINN Partners 551-444-0784Nechama.Feuerstein@finnpartners.com

View post:
PolyPid Announces Presentation at the 13th European and Global CLINAM Summit for Nanomedicine - GlobeNewswire

In 2019, Ikea announced it had developed curtains that it claimed could break down common indoor air pollutants. The secret, it said, was the fabrics special coating. What if we could use textiles to clean the air? asked Ikeas product developer, Mauricio Affonso, in a promotional video for the Gunrid curtains.

After explaining that the coating was a photocatalyst (similar to photosynthesis, found in nature), Affonso is shown gazing up at the gauzy curtains while uplifting music plays. Its amazing to work on something that can give people the opportunity to live a healthier life at home.

Puzzled by these claims how could a mineral coating clean the air? Avicenn, a French environmental nonprofit organisation, investigated. Independent laboratory tests of the Gunrid textile reported that samples contained tiny particles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) a substance not normally toxic but which can be possibly carcinogenic if inhaled, and potentially in other forms which supposedly gives self-cleaning properties to things such as paint and windows when exposed to sunlight.

These tiny particles, or nanoparticles, are at the forefront of materials science. Nanoparticles come in all shapes spheres, cubes, fibres or sheets but the crucial thing is their size: they are smaller than 100 nanometres (a human hair is approximately 80,000nm thick).

Many nanoparticles exist in nature. Nano-hairs make a geckos feet sticky, and nano-proteins make a spiders silk strong. But they can be manufactured, and because they are so small, they have special properties that make them attractive across a range of endeavours not just to companies such as Ikea. In medicine, they can transport cancer drugs directly into tumour cells, and nanosilver is used to coat medical breathing tubes and bandages. Nanos could direct pesticides to parts of a plant, or release nutrients from fertilisers in a more controlled manner.

They also have more mundane uses. Synthetic nanos are added to cosmetics and food. Nanosilver is used in textiles, where it is claimed to give antibacterial properties to plasters, gym leggings, yoga mats and period pants.

But scientists such as those at Avicenn are concerned that when these household items get washed, recycled or thrown away, synthetic nanos are released into the environment making their way into the soil and sea in ways that are still not understood. Some scientists believe nanoparticles could pose an even greater threat than microplastics.

Synthetic nano particles of plastic have been found in the ocean and in ice on both poles. Nanoparticles from socks and sunscreen have been found to pollute water, and certain nanos have been shown to negatively affect marine wildlife including fish and crustaceans. As with antibiotics, resistance to antimicrobial nanosilver can develop silver-tolerant soil bacteria have now been found.

Little is known even about where nanoparticles are, let alone their effects on the environment. As they are so tiny, most experiments are conducted in labs, and it can be hard to pin down where they are applied.

The main problem with these substances is that we cannot measure them we know they are there but theyre so tiny theyre difficult to detect, which is why you dont hear as much about them, says Nick Voulvoulis, professor of environmental technology at Imperial College London.

He worries about the uncontrolled use of nanos in consumer products. If nanos are used properly in applications that are useful or beneficial, thats justified, but if they are used anywhere and everywhere because they have certain properties, thats crazy.

Synthetic nanoparticles are not inherently harmful. Like their natural cousins, many are metal-based, but they can be made of any substance. Crucially, unlike chemical compounds, they cannot be dissolved. Their tiny size gives them, paradoxically, an enormous surface area, which makes them behave differently to non-nano versions of the same material. It can make them more mobile, more reactive and potentially more toxic, depending on shape, size, type, how a substance is released into the environment and its concentration.

And released into the environment they are, on a massive scale. According to Avicenn, the release of nanos is most likely during manufacture or disposal, but it can also happen when items are washed which is known to occur with fabrics containing nanosilver. Sewage systems cannot trap them and they end up in the ocean: the OECD says even advanced wastewater-treatment plants cannot deal with nanoparticles.

From a health perspective, inhalation is the most harmful route of exposure to nanos such as TiO2 for factory workers and consumers. Avicenns tests concluded that the average particle size was 4.9nm, and all 300 particles analysed were below the official nano threshold of 100nm.

Ikea insisted its own tests showed the TiO2 particles were properly bound to the fabric and pose no risk to customers, and said it took workers safety extremely seriously. The firm has not referred to them as nanoparticles, and said that once integrated into textile surfaces there was no good standard method to measure the particle size distribution of a material, acknowledging that EU definitions of nanomaterials were under review.

We recognise that the tests and measurements of nano-particles are complex, especially for materials containing particles that tend to form agglomerates, it said.

As for Ikeas curtains shedding TiO2 nanoparticles when washed or discarded, Ikea said it was confident that the treatment is properly bound to the fabric, and therefore we do not see a risk of inhaling the treatment, but acknowledged that as with any textile, parts of the textile can come off during use or washing.

Many nanos do not persist for long in the environment. However, because they are consistently being discharged, levels remain fairly constant. Nanos are pseudo-persistent because they degrade quite quickly but they keep entering the environment, Voulvoulis says.

His main concern is whether nanos become carriers for other compounds, a subject of scientific debate. In 2009, Spanish scientists suggested nanos could bind to and transport toxic pollutants, and possibly be toxic themselves by generating reactive free radicals. If other toxic pollutants latch on to nanos surfaces, they argued, marine plants and animals could absorb them more easily.

Other scientists suggest the opposite: that organic matter in sewage coat nanoparticles, rendering them less active. And others fear nanos could trigger toxic cocktail effects making them more harmful in combination than individual substances would be separately.

So far, synthetic nanomaterials are relatively dispersed in the sea, and unlikely to significantly affect marine animals, says Dr Tobias Lammel of Gothenburg University, who has studied copper nanos. But he warns: Its possible that the concentration of some manufactured nanomaterials in the marine environment will increase It is important to keep an eye on this.

Given the huge question marks, Avicenn wants more stringent regulations on nanos, and more caution in product design. Companies are eager to sell innovative and fancy products, but they must thoroughly assess their benefits-risks balance at each step of the life-cycle of the products, says Mathilde Detcheverry, Avicenns policy manager.

From August, the EU will ban use of TiO2 nanos in food (where it is called E171) and the European Commission recently announced that 12 nanomaterials would soon be prohibited in cosmetics.

Detcheverry says: As scientific knowledge about the environmental and health impacts of engineered nanos such as silver and titanium dioxide advances, we need to make sure nanos are only allowed for specific and essential uses in order to minimise any adverse effects at the source and [ensure they are] not released uncontrollably.

Two years after the release of Ikeas Gunrid curtains, Avicenn tried to buy more for further tests, but they had been withdrawn from sale.

Ikea told the Guardian that Gunrid remained safe to use as a traditional curtain but it was withdrawn because the functionality was not as effective as expected. If thats true for example, that despite TiO2 having proven photocatalytic properties and being used in self-cleaning and air-purifying products, its efficacy on curtains could be localised and not powerful then at the very least Ikeas experience suggests nanoparticles benefits may not outweigh the potential and frequently unknown risks, Detcheverry says.

Nanoparticles are often promoted as silver bullets against pollution or bacteria, she says, but we must make sure that the cure is not worse than the disease.

Gunrid was just one product of many thousands that use nanoparticles. As Ikeas Affonso says in the video: Whats so great about Gunrid is that this technology could be applied to any textile.

This article was amended on 26 April 2022 to correct the spelling of Gothenburg.

Read the original post:
Nano state: tiny and now everywhere, how big a problem are nanoparticles? - The Guardian

The Global Nanocapsules Market to reach at an estimated value of USD$ 5,982.01 Million by 2029 and grow at a CAGR of 8.75% in the forecast period of 2022 to 2029.

The most reliable Nanocapsules Market report gives market analysis by taking into account market structure along with forecast of the various segments and sub-segments of the Healthcare industry. An exhaustive analysis of factors influencing the investment is also provided in this report which forecasts impending opportunities for the businesses and develops the strategies to improve return on investment (ROI). The data and the information concerning the Healthcare industry are derived from consistent sources such as websites, annual reports of the companies, journals, and others and were checked and validated by the market experts.

To prosper in this competitive market place, businesses are highly benefited if they adopt innovative solutions such as Nanocapsules Market research report. A number of estimations and calculations have been executed in this market report by assuming definite base year and the historic year. The market document also provides the knowledge of all the drivers and restraints which are derived through SWOT analysis. Nanocapsules report considers various factors that have great effect on the growth of business which includes historic data, present market trends, environment, technological innovation, upcoming technologies and the technical progress in the Healthcare industry.

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According to the market report analysis, Nanopharmacology is defined as a new branch of pharmacology that deals with the application of nanotechnology in the field of nanomedicine. This is a potential step towards prevention and curing of disease by using molecular knowledge about human body and molecular tools. Nanopharmacology studies the interaction between nanoscale drugs and proteins such as RNA, DNA, and cells & tissues.

Some of most important key factors driving the growth of the Global Nanocapsules Market are rise in the incidences of chronic diseases worldwide, growing pharmaceutical industry, rise in the demand for nanocapsules, rise in the demand from the end user industry, increase in the investment and research focus by highly developed countries such as the U.S. and Germany and rise in the implementation of partnership and research collaborations.

The Global Nanocapsules Market is segmented on the basis of Polymer Type, Application, Therapy Area, Route of Administration and Region.

Based on the Polymer Type, the nanocapsules market is segmented into natural polymers and synthetic polymers.

On the basis of Application, the nanocapsules market is segmented into pharmaceutical, cosmetic and others.

On the basis of Therapy Area, the nanocapsules market is segmented into oncology, pain management, endocrinology and others.

Based on the Route of Administration, the nanocapsules market is segmented into parenteral route and oral route.

In terms of the geographic analysis, North America dominates the nanocapsules market due to rise in the demand for nanocapsules, rise in the demand from the end user industry and rise in the implementation of partnership and research collaborations in this region. APAC is the expected region in terms of growth in nanocapsules market due to increase in the opportunities for life science functions of nanocapsules in this region.

Access Complete Report Here: https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/global-nanocapsules-market .

Global Nanocapsules Market Objectives:

1 To provide detailed information regarding key factors (drivers, restraints, opportunities, and industry-specific challenges) influencing the growth of the Nanocapsules Market

2 To analyze and forecast the size of the Nanocapsules Market, in terms of value and volume

3 To analyze opportunities in the Nanocapsules Market for stakeholders and provide a competitive landscape of the market

4 To define, segment, and estimate the Nanocapsules Market based on deposit type and end-use industry

5 To strategically profile key players and comprehensively analyze their market shares and core competencies

6 To strategically analyze micromarkets with respect to individual growth trends, prospects, and contribution to the total market

7 To forecast the size of market segments, in terms of value, with respect to main regions, namely, Asia Pacific, North America, Europe, the Middle East & Africa, and South America

8 To track and analyze competitive developments, such as new product developments, acquisitions, expansions, partnerships, and collaborations in the Nanocapsules Market

Top Leading Key Manufacturers are: BioDelivery Sciences International, Inc., PitchBook Data, Camurus AB, Carlina Technologies, Cerulean Pharma, Gamma Capital, LOral, Nano Green Sciences Inc., NanoSphere Health Sciences, PlasmaChem GmbH and SINTEF. New product launches and continuous technological innovations are the key strategies adopted by the major players.

Region segment: This report is segmented into several key regions, with sales, revenue, market share (%) and growth Rate (%) of Nanocapsules in these regions, from 2013 to 2029 (forecast), covering: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East & Africa and South America

Get a TOC of Global Nanocapsules Market Report 2022 @ https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/toc/?dbmr=global-nanocapsules-market .

Global Nanocapsules Market: Table of Contents

1 Report Overview 2022-2029

2 Global Growth Trends 2022-2029

3 Competition Landscape by Key Players

4 Global Nanocapsules Market Analysis by Regions

5 Global Nanocapsules Market Analysis by Type

6 Global Nanocapsules Market Analysis by Applications

7 Global Nanocapsules Market Analysis by End-User

8 Key Companies Profiled

9 Global Nanocapsules Market Manufacturers Cost Analysis

10 Marketing Channel, Distributors, and Customers

11 Market Dynamics

12 Global Nanocapsules Market Forecasts 2022-2029

13 Research Findings and Conclusion

14 Methodology and Data Source

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Nanocapsules Market Growth to Remain Strong as Suggested by the Report with Key Players Camurus, Carlina Tech, Cerulean Pharma | Forecast to 2029 -...

Introduction

Recently nanoscale drugs become an area of intense novel drug research.1,2 Several nanocarriers, including liposomes, have been utilized for cancer therapies.3,4 Among these, liposomes have attracted the most attention because of their potency of side effects,5 prolonged the retention-time for encapsulated payloads in cancer cells,6 effectively resolving some of the problems of off-target effects of anticancer drugs by improving the pharmacokinetic profiles and pharmacological properties of several agents.7,8

Clinical trials are the most effective strategy for evaluating the efficacy of a drug on a specific disease9,10 and are a critical step in the successful development of more effective drugs.11 Thus, exploring clinical trials, especially analyzing registered clinical trials, has become an important facet of research to help future clinical practice. ClinicalTrials.gov is a public trial registry provided by the US National Library of Medicine and the US Food and Drug Administration. Zarin et al12 postulated that the number of clinical trials in ClinicalTrials.gov accounted for more than 80% of all studies in the World Health Organizations International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. This proportion will likely expand with further implementation of the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act (FDAAA 801), which expands the scope of mandatory clinical trial registration.13 Moreover, a joint statement from all International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) member journals indicated that clinical trials must be publicly registered in trials registries before they are considered for publication. Therefore, to better evaluate the breadth of liposome treatments for pediatric cancers, we performed a cross-sectional study to investigate the characteristic of registered trials in ClinicalTrials.gov regarding liposomes in childrens anticancer therapy.

A cross-sectional, descriptive study of clinical trials for LCAT registered on the ClinicalTrials.gov database was conducted. The trials were obtained from ClinicalTrials.gov using the advanced search function with the search term cancer for condition or disease and the term liposome for Other terms on December 30, 2021. All of the identified clinical trials were assessed to obtain records of all studies. Intervention and observation studies were all included. We used the age field as a filter, and we included trials explicitly designed for the child (birth 17 years of age). Next, we manually reviewed all of the trials and selected those using liposomal drugs for childrens anticancer therapy. Trials utilizing non-liposomal drugs were excluded. The following information and data were extracted: registered number, title, study type, conditions, interventions, locations, start date, the status of the trial, study results, study samples, participant ages, primary sponsor, location, primary purpose, phases of each trial, allocation, intervention model, masking and intervention. All trials were then further subclassified according to their study type. We used descriptive statistics to characterize trial categories. Frequencies and percentages were provided for categorical data. All analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Office Excel 2010, Microsoft Corporation).

The initial search identified 1552 clinical trials on liposomes in cancer therapy registered on the ClinicalTrials.gov database through December 30, 2021. After using the age field (child; birth 17 years of age) as a filter, 352 trials focusing on liposomes in childrens anticancer therapy were included. After carefully reviewing all the information, 278 trials were not liposomal drugs and were excluded. Thus, a total of 74 registered trials focusing on liposomes in childrens anticancer therapy were subsequently included, including four observational studies and 70 intervention trials (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Flowchart of trial selection.

The basic characteristics of the included trials are shown in Table 1. Among the 74 eligible trials, 70 (94.6%) were interventional trials, and the 4 (5.4%) were observational trials. Half of these trials were initiated prior to 2007. Every five years, the number of initiated trials changed a little from 2007 to 2021. Most of the included trials (47.3%) have been completed, although only 23.0% of trials had available results in this database. The sources of funding were indicated for 40.5% of trials. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) was the second-largest contributor, accounting for 36.5% of included trials. North America was the most frequently identified study location (68.9%), followed by Europe (14.9%), Asia (12.2%), and other (4.1%).

Table 1 Characteristics of All Included Trials

Of the four observational trials, two were retrospective, and two trials were prospective. Of the 70 interventional trials, 63 (90.0%) were for treatment, 3 (4.3%) were for supportive care, 2 (2.9%) were for diagnostic, and 2 (2.9%) were for prevention. The allocation concealment was not clear in 48.6% of these studies. 21 (30.0%) trials were randomized, and 15 (21.4%) trials were non-randomized. More than half of the intervention models were single group assignments (52.9%), followed by parallel assignments (22.9%), and unknown (21.4%). Among the 70 interventional trials, the majority of trials (50, 71.4%) were without masking, 13 (18.6%) were with unknown masking, and 7 (10.0%) were with masking (1 single masking, 4 double maskings, and 2 quadruple maskings). 20 (28.6%) were phase 3 trials, 21 (30.0%) were phase 1 trials, and 17 (24.3%) were phase 2 trials. More than half of the trials recruited less than 50 participants, 12 trials (17.1%) recruited 100500 individuals, and 12 trials (17.1%) did not indicate the number of participants. The study design characteristics of interventional trials are displayed in Table 2.

Table 2 Study Design Elements of Interventional Trials (n = 70)

A total of 70 interventional trials investigated 17 liposomal drugs, mainly focused on organic chemicals (43/70, 61.4%). 32 trials (45.7%) investigated liposomal doxorubicin. Of these trials for liposomal drugs, the highest proportion was testing liposomal doxorubicin (45.7%), followed by liposomal vincristine (17.1%) and liposomal cytarabine (5.7%). Three trials investigated liposomal complex compounds, of which two trials were liposomal daunorubicin-cytarabine, and one trial was liposomal doxorubicin-daunorubicin. A summary of studied liposomal drugs for prevention is provided in Table 3.

Table 3 Overview of Drugs for Prevention

A total of 70 interventional trials investigated 17 liposomal drugs for 123 types of cancer. Of these cancers, the highest proportion was leukemia (15.4%), followed by lymphoma (9.8%) and ovarian cancer (8.9%). Detailed data is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Overview cancer types assessed for liposomal treatment for prevention (n = 123). The following cancers appeared only once: advanced cancer, bone cancer, germ cell tumors, glioma, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, kidney tumor, lung cancer, multiple myeloma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, pediatric cancer, plasma cell neoplasm, precancerous condition, and prostate cancer.

Liposomes have been extensively investigated for overcoming cancer drug resistance,14 cancer-targeted therapy,15 and as a sustained and controlled release drug delivery system.16 However, liposomes do have limited clinical utility due to properties such as uncontrollable drug release, instability in storage, and insufficient drug loading.17 Specifically, due to their small aqueous internal volumes, liposomes have a relatively low encapsulation efficacy for water-soluble drugs.18 Meanwhile, large-scale liposomes production with low batch-to-batch differences is a challenge for the industry, which ultimately delays the clinical translation of new products.19 In addition, recruitment of children is a persistent challenge for researchers seeking to include these populations in clinical trials.20 First, societal concerns and parental emotional involvement can act to delay or prevent certain types of paediatric research.20,21 Second, medical ethics and clinical trial design for children need further refinement.22 Thus, the number of trials of liposomes in childrens anticancer therapy has not increased significantly over time and clinical trials focusing on liposomes account for only about 4.77% (74/1552) of clinical trials on liposomes in cancer therapy. Liposomally-delivered drugs have predominantly been organic chemicals (43/70, 61.4%). For example, 32 trials (45.7%) investigated liposomal doxorubicin. These results were following previous literature reports on the efficacy of delivering doxorubicin this way. To enhance the solubility of a hydrophobic substance, lipid-based drug delivery systems, especially liposomes, are among the best candidates.2325

In this study, the highest proportion of cancer type for prevention in a children was leukemia (15.4%), and the highest proportion of liposomal drug was in liposomal doxorubicin (45.7%), followed by liposomal vincristine (17.1%) and liposomal cytarabine (5.7%). For decades, the standard of care for treating acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been the combination of a nucleoside analog with an anthracycline.26,27 Vincristine and cytarabine are nucleoside, and doxorubicin is a type of anthracycline. This indicated that liposomal doxorubicin combined with vincristine or cytarabine for childhood leukemia is an important future direction for liposomes in childrens anticancer therapy.

High quality, adequately powered, masked, appropriately sized, and appropriately sized, and randomized clinical trials represent a critical priority for high-quality clinical trials.2830 However, only 30.0% of trials studied here were randomized, and the majority of trials (71.4%) were without masking. Previously, it has been suggested that efficient trial designs are essential for rare malignancies has randomized trials are less feasible.31 To address this, there are multiple strategies for, such using as a Bayesian posterior predictive approach,32 or using complex innovative design,33 a novel multi-arm, multi-stage (MAMS) design.34 Hearn et al35 discussed in depth this issue highlighting the need for decision-makers to avoid adopting entrenched positions about the nature of the trial design.

The authors declare there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

1. Jiang X, Zheng Y-W, Bao S, et al. Drug discovery and formulation development for acute pancreatitis. Drug Deliv. 2020;27(1):15621580. doi:10.1080/10717544.2020.1840665

2. Guo S, Liang Y, Liu L, et al. Research on the fate of polymeric nanoparticles in the process of the intestinal absorption based on model nanoparticles with various characteristics: size, surface charge and pro-hydrophobics. J Nanobiotechnol. 2021;19(1):32. doi:10.1186/s12951-021-00770-2

3. Qi -S-S, Sun J-H, Yu H-H, Yu S-Q. Co-delivery nanoparticles of anti-cancer drugs for improving chemotherapy efficacy. Drug Deliv. 2017;24(1):19091926. doi:10.1080/10717544.2017.1410256

4. Kim K, Khang D. Past, present, and future of anticancer nanomedicine. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020;15:57195743. doi:10.2147/IJN.S254774

5. Fenske DB, Cullis PR. Liposomal nanomedicines. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008;5(1):2544. doi:10.1517/17425247.5.1.25

6. Suntres ZE. Liposomal antioxidants for protection against oxidant-induced damage. J Toxicol. 2011;2011:152474. doi:10.1155/2011/152474

7. Landi-Librandi AP, Chrysostomo TN, Caleiro Seixas Azzolini AE, Marzocchi-Machado CM, de Oliveira CA, Lucisano-Valim YM. Study of quercetin-loaded liposomes as potential drug carriers: in vitro evaluation of human complement activation. J Liposome Res. 2012;22(2):8999. doi:10.3109/08982104.2011.615321

8. Mignet N, Seguin J, Chabot GG. Bioavailability of polyphenol liposomes: a challenge ahead. Pharmaceutics. 2013;5(3):457471. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics5030457

9. Feizabadi M, Fahimnia F, Mosavi Jarrahi A, Naghshineh N, Tofighi S. Iranian clinical trials: an analysis of registered trials in International Clinical Trial Registry Platform (ICTRP). J Evid Based Med. 2017;10(2):9196. doi:10.1111/jebm.12248

10. Chen L, Su Y, Quan L, Zhang Y, Du L. Clinical trials focusing on drug control and prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a comprehensive analysis of trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. Original research. Front Pharmacol. 2019;9. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.01574

11. Jacobsen PB, Wells KJ, Meade CD, et al. Effects of a brief multimedia psychoeducational intervention on the attitudes and interest of patients with cancer regarding clinical trial participation: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(20):25162521. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.39.5186

12. Zarin DA, Ide NC, Tse T, Harlan WR, West JC, Lindberg DAB. Issues in the registration of clinical trials. JAMA. 2007;297(19):21122120. doi:10.1001/jama.297.19.2112

13. Tse T, Williams RJ, Zarin DA. Reporting basic results in ClinicalTrials.gov. Chest. 2009;136(1):295303. doi:10.1378/chest.08-3022

14. Bai F, Yin Y, Chen T, et al. Development of liposomal pemetrexed for enhanced therapy against multidrug resistance mediated by ABCC5 in breast cancer. Int J Nanomedicine. 2018;13:13271339. doi:10.2147/IJN.S150237

15. Riaz MK, Riaz MA, Zhang X, et al. Surface functionalization and targeting strategies of liposomes in solid tumor therapy: a review. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(1):195. doi:10.3390/ijms19010195

16. Yue P-J, He L, Qiu SW, et al. OX26/CTX-conjugated PEGylated liposome as a dual-targeting gene delivery system for brain glioma. Mol Cancer. 2014;13:191. doi:10.1186/1476-4598-13-191

17. Wicki A, Witzigmann D, Balasubramanian V, Huwyler J. Nanomedicine in cancer therapy: challenges, opportunities, and clinical applications. J Control Release. 2015;200:138157. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.12.030

18. Akbarzadeh A, Rezaei-Sadabady R, Davaran S, et al. Liposome: classification, preparation, and applications. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2013;8(1):102. doi:10.1186/1556-276x-8-102

19. Al-Amin MD, Bellato F, Mastrotto F, et al. Dexamethasone loaded liposomes by thin-film hydration and microfluidic procedures: formulation challenges. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(5):1611. doi:10.3390/ijms21051611

20. Cunningham-Erves J, Deakings J, Mayo-Gamble T, Kelly-Taylor K, Miller ST. Factors influencing parental trust in medical researchers for child and adolescent patients clinical trial participation. Psychol Health Med. 2019;24(6):691702. doi:10.1080/13548506.2019.1566623

21. Rentea RM, Oyetunji TA, Peter SDS. Ethics of randomized trials in pediatric surgery. Pediatr Surg Int. 2020;36(8):865867. doi:10.1007/s00383-020-04665-5

22. Nicholl A, Evelegh K, Deering KE, et al. Using a Respectful Approach to Child-centred Healthcare (ReACH) in a paediatric clinical trial: a feasibility study. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241764. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241764

23. Nik ME, Malaekeh-Nikouei B, Amin M, et al. Liposomal formulation of Galbanic acid improved therapeutic efficacy of pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin in mouse colon carcinoma. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9527. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-45974-7

24. Laverman P, Boerman OC, Storm G, Oyen WJG. (99m)Tc-labelled Stealth liposomal doxorubicin (Caelyx) in glioblastomas and metastatic brain tumours. Br J Cancer. 2002;86(4):659661. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6600093

25. Wang G, Wang J, Wu W, Tony To SS, Zhao H, Wang J. Advances in lipid-based drug delivery: enhancing efficiency for hydrophobic drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2015;12(9):14751499. doi:10.1517/17425247.2015.1021681

26. Chen EC, Fathi AT, Brunner AM. Reformulating acute myeloid leukemia: liposomal cytarabine and daunorubicin (CPX-351) as an emerging therapy for secondary AML. Onco Targets Ther. 2018;11:34253434. doi:10.2147/OTT.S141212

27. Preisler HD, Anderson K, Rai K, et al. The frequency of long-term remission in patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia treated with conventional maintenance chemotherapy: a study of 760 patients with a minimal follow-up time of 6 years. Br J Haematol. 1989;71(2):189194. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.1989.tb04253.x

28. Zwierzyna M, Davies M, Hingorani AD, Hunter J. Clinical trial design and dissemination: comprehensive analysis of ClinicalTrials.gov and PubMed data since 2005. BMJ. 2018;361:k2130. doi:10.1136/bmj.k2130

29. Zhang C, Kwong JSW, Yuan R-X, et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of different recommended doses of PPIs and H(2)RAs in GERD: network meta-analysis and GRADE system. Sci Rep. 2017;7:41021. doi:10.1038/srep41021

30. Oh ES, Fong TG, Hshieh TT, Inouye SK. Delirium in older persons: advances in diagnosis and treatment. JAMA. 2017;318(12):11611174. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.12067

31. Italiano A, Nanda S, Briggs A, et al. Larotrectinib versus prior therapies in tropomyosin receptor kinase fusion cancer: an intra-patient comparative analysis. Cancers. 2020;12(11):3246. doi:10.3390/cancers12113246

32. Dutton P, Love S, Faleti A, Hassan B. The use of Bayesian design in two trials in rare cancers. Trials. 2015;16(Suppl 2):P213. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-16-S2-P213

33. Blagden SP, Billingham L, Brown LC, et al. Effective delivery of Complex Innovative Design (CID) cancer trials-A consensus statement. Br J Cancer. 2020;122(4):473482. doi:10.1038/s41416-019-0653-9

34. Sydes MR, Parmar MKB, Mason MD, et al. Flexible trial design in practice - stopping arms for lack-of-benefit and adding research arms mid-trial in STAMPEDE: a multi-arm multi-stage randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2012;13:168. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-13-168

35. Hearn J, Keat N, Law K, Sharpe R. How cancer research UK is adapting to adaptive designs. Trials. 2011;12(Suppl 1):A6. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-12-S1-A6

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Clinical Trial of Liposomes in Children's Anticancer Therapy | IJN - Dove Medical Press

The new report by Expert Market Research titled, Global Advanced Functional Materials Market Report and Forecast 2021-2026, gives an in-depth analysis of the globaladvanced functional materials market, assessing the market based on its type, end-use, and major regions. The report tracks the latest trends in the industry and studies their impact on the overall market. It also assesses the market dynamics, covering the key demand and price indicators, along with analyzing the market based on the SWOT and Porters Five Forces models.

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The key highlights of the report include:

Market Overview (2016-2026)

The growth in the global advanced functional materials market is induced by the medical device technology which is advancing at a rapid pace. With increased focus on imaging techniques, implantable devices, and regeneration technologyin medicine, drug delivery industrial equipment, and biomedical engineering, the adoption of advanced functional materials is increasing rapidly, that aims to augment growth of the market. Advanced functional materials supersede conventional materials by having superior characteristics such as durability, toughness, durability, and elasticity. The advanced functional material industry for low carbon emissions applications is anticipated to be driven by rising lightweight vehicles demandcombined with improved fuel efficiency.

Industry Definition and Major Segments

Usingeffective power and signaltransmission to every object, advanced functional materials serve to minimise total power usage. Thin conductors or interlinks used within advanced functional material-based mini electronics aid in countering signal propagation and power failure concerns associated with large PCBs and thick interconnects.

Explore the full report with the table of contents@https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/advanced-functional-materials-market

Based on its types, the market is divided into:

Based on end-use, the market is divided into:

On the basis of region, the market is divided into:

Market Trends

In the years ahead, the manufacturing of lighter weight, handy, and adaptable substrate technological tools will boost adoption ofadvanced functional materials. One of the crucial industry trends in the advanced functional materials marketis the strong market for microelectronics andminiaturisation. The healthcare industry has a huge demand for advanced functional materials. In the industry, nanomaterials are the dominant type of material. The use of nano materials in the nanotechnological sector of the healthcare industry is consistently expanding. Nanomedicine is the use of nanotechnology to diagnose, monitor, deliver drugs, treat, and regulate biological systems. Although, an absence of expansion plans and technological innovation is anticipated to stymie the industrys growth over the forecast period.

Key Market Players

The major players in the market are Morgan Advanced Materials plc, KYOCERA Corporation, Hexcel Corporation, Nanophase Technologies Corporation, KURARAY CO., LTD, Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd., and Henkel AG & Co. KGaA (OTCMKTS: HENKY), among others. The report covers the market shares, capacities, plant turnarounds, expansions, investments and mergers and acquisitions, among other latest developments of these market players.

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Global Advanced Functional Materials Market To Be Driven By The Surging Demand From Medical Sector In The Forecast Period Of 2021-2026 ...

CAMBRIDGE, Mass.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Satellite Bio emerged from stealth today to reveal first-in-kind Tissue Therapeutics, bioengineered tissues that repair, restore or replace critical organ or tissue function.

Satellite Bio has raised $110 million in previously undisclosed Seed and Series A investments. The Series A round was led by aMoon Growth, and included prior seed stage co-lead Lightspeed, aMoon Velocity, Polaris Partners and Polaris Innovation Fund. New Series A investors included Section 32, Catalio Capital Management and Waterman Ventures.

Through the exclusive Satellite Adaptive Tissue (SAT) platform, Satellite Bio selectively programs cells and then assembles them into novel, implantable therapies, called Satellites, which can be introduced to patients to repair, restore or even replace dysfunctional or diseased tissue or organs. Satellites enable full cell function in vivo, overcoming many of the challenges that have hindered prior attempts to restore organ function and change the course of progressive and difficult-to-treat diseases.

Tissue Therapeutics replaces organ and tissue systems that break down during disease progression. This next frontier of regenerative medicine has enormous potential to provide solutions for some of the most elusive diseases, said Dave Lennon, PhD, chief executive officer of Satellite Bio. Our SAT platform can be used with virtually any type of cell across a wide range of clinical applications, enabling the potential to create a broad pipeline of implantable Tissue Therapeutic solutions for patients.

Satellite Bio has an exclusive license to technology originating in the labs of Sangeeta Bhatia, MD, PhD, director, Center for Nanomedicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Christopher Chen, MD, PhD, director, Biological Design Center, Boston University. Building on the work of Dr. Robert Langer and others, they combined more than two decades of collaborative research in tissue technology, biology and bioengineering to create this new class of regenerative medicine called Tissue Therapeutics. The company was founded by Bhatia and Chen, along with Arnav Chhabra, PhD, head, Satellite Bio Platform R&D in Cambridge, MA, in 2020.

Satellite Bio is led by Dave Lennon, PhD, CEO, who most recently served as president of AveXis and Novartis Gene Therapies, where he launched the groundbreaking regenerative medicine Zolgensma, a gene therapy for spinal muscular atrophy. Satellite Bio is also announcing the appointments of Laura Lande-Diner, PhD, chief business officer and Tom Lowery, PhD, chief technology officer to the executive team. Joining Dave and the Satellite Bio team is an experienced and diverse group of advisors and directors.

"aMoon is proud of our continued partnership with Satellite Bio on its inspiring mission to restore hope to patients suffering from severe, life-threatening conditions, said Dr. Yair Schindel, co-founder and managing partner, aMoon Fund. This new wave of Tissue Therapeutics will save patients whose only other hope would be organ transplant or experimental therapies.

About Tissue Therapeutics

Tissue Therapeutics is a new type of regenerative medicine that programs cells and assembles them into Satellites. They can be implanted into patients to restore, repair or replace dysfunctional or diseased tissue or organs away from the affected organ. These Satellites provide the full repertoire of cell function in vivo and provide an entirely new way to restore organ dysfunction and change the course of elusive, life-threatening diseases.

About Our Leadership

Satellite Bio is led by Dave Lennon, PhD, who most recently served as president of AveXis and Novartis Gene Therapies, Lennon also serves as a board member for the Alliance of Regenerative Medicine (ARM). He is joined on the Satellite Bio board and management by a diverse group of experienced investors and leaders, including Chief Business Officer Laura Lande-Diner, PhD, and Chief Technology Officer Tom Lowery, PhD. Lande-Diner, a scientist, innovator and life sciences entrepreneur, brings deep expertise in company creation and early operationalization across technologies and therapeutic areas. Prior to joining Satellite Bio, she was part of the Flagship Pioneering ecosystem where she was on the founding teams of Valo Health, Omega Therapeutics, Inari Agriculture and Epiva/Evelo Biosciences. Lowery brings 15 years of deep experience in product, process and analytical development and engineering, as well as building highly productive technical and operational teams. He was previously chief scientific officer of T2 Biosystems, where he led technology development from inception through regulatory approval and commercialization for seven products.

About Satellite Bio

Satellite Bio is on a journey to treat some of the most elusive diseases known to humankind by pioneering Tissue Therapeutics, an entirely new category of regenerative medicine.

With the first-of-its-kind SAT (Satellite Adaptive Tissues) platform, Satellite Bio can turn virtually any cell type into bioengineered tissues that are integrated into the body to restore natural function. These tissues, called Satellites, can deliver the comprehensive cellular response needed to repair or even replace critical organ functions in patients with diseases caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. The SAT platform is an unprecedented technology with the potential to drive a pipeline of sophisticated cell-based therapeutic solutions that tackle a broad range of elusive diseases.

Satellite Bios quest is as audacious as it is clear: bring new hope to patients and families suffering from elusive diseases. Tissue Therapeutics is how it will deliver on that promiseand why it is deeply committed to leading and realizing the potential of this exciting new frontier in regenerative medicine. For more information, visit satellite.bio.

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Satellite Bio Reveals Pioneering Tissue Therapeutics, Bioengineered Tissues That Restore Organ Function, Bringing Hope Across Diseases - Business Wire

Join this webinar with Dr Datu Buyung Agusdinata, from the Arizona State University, for an interesting presentation on "The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy Transitions".

The ASU BILGI Talk Series will be hosting world-renowned intellectuals and researchers contributing to our understanding of the complex range of forces which are reshaping our world. The series will be global in nature, crossing the boundaries between cultures and disciplines.

On Friday, May 13, 2022, Senior Global Futures Scientist Dr. Datu Buyung Agusdinata will be the guest. Deputy Chair, Department of Energy Systems Engineering in Istanbul Bilgi University Fusun Servin Tut Haklidir will be the moderator.

(Datu) Buyung Agusdinata was an associate research scientist at Purdue University before joining the Northern Illinois University as a faculty member. His main research interests include sustainable energy and transportation systems, green supply chain, system analysis of the development and impacts of nanomedicine, and drought adaptation policies.

As a guest faculty researcher at the Argonne National Laboratory, he investigated the added values of improved forecast of electricity generation from solar to support a better integration of solar energy to the electricity market. Recently, he serves as a co-PI on an NSF-funded workshop to identify climate change mitigation strategies based on improved understanding and management of coupled food, energy and water (FEW) production-consumption systems.

Click here to register in advance for this webinar.

Source: Istanbul Bilgi University via our Turkish language platform JeotermalHaberler

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Webinar The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy Transitions, 13 May 2022 - ThinkGeoEnergy