Mixed News on Farm Bankruptcies Amid Pandemic – Farm Bureau News

Farm bankruptcies increased 8% over a 12-month period, with 580 filings from June 2019 to June 2020. A six-month comparison, however, shows the number of new Chapter 12 filings slowing. Several contributing factors are likely at play as farmers struggle to stay afloat during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Midwest, Northwest and Southeast were hardest hit, representing 80% of the filings across the U.S. Wisconsin led the nation with 69 filings, followed by 38 in Nebraska. Georgia and Minnesota each had 36 filings.

A closer examination of the numbers shows that while year-over-year filings increased for the month of June, filings slowed during the first six months of 2020 compared to the first half of 2019. The latest AFBF Market Intel, written jointly with the Association of Chapter 12 Trustees, shows from January to June 2020, there were 284 new Chapter 12 bankruptcy cases, 10 fewer than the same time in 2019. The reduction in filings coincides with aid distributed in the CARES Act that compensates farmers and ranchers for losses incurred from January through mid-April of this year. According to the Association of Chapter 12 Trustees, approximately 60% of farm bankruptcies are successfully completed the highest successful percentage of all the reorganization chapters.

Every farm bankruptcy potentially represents the end of a familys dream, said American Farm Bureau Federation President Zippy Duvall. The fact that we saw bankruptcy filings slow in the first six months of 2020 shows how important the economic stimulus alongside the food and agricultural aid from the CARES Act have been in keeping farms above water, but the economic impact of the pandemic is far from over. Its imperative that Congress addresses the challenges facing farmers and ranchers in current coronavirus relief legislation.

As of August 3, $6.8 billion in CFAP payments have been delivered to farmers and ranchers. Many farmers, particularly those who are not regularly eligible for aid, have not applied for assistance or may not know the assistance is available. Farmers can learn more about coronavirus assistance at http://www.farmers.gov/cfap.

AFBF Chief Economist John Newton said, The bankruptcy numbers dont tell the whole story. The fact that the bankruptcy process is now virtual probably contributed to a decline in numbers. CARES Act assistance was also a bandage that slowed the bleeding on many farms, but those protections will soon expire. Without more help we could expect to see filings begin to rise again.

Contact: Mike TomkoDirector, Communications(202) 406-3642miket@fb.orgTerri MooreVice President, Communications(202) 406-3641terrim@fb.org

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Mixed News on Farm Bankruptcies Amid Pandemic - Farm Bureau News

Businesses cheered moratorium on bankruptcy proceedings but it may actually hurt them – Scroll.in

As a part of its response to the economic turmoil caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, the government of India on June 5 promulgated an ordinance suspending the operative provisions of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code for a period of at least six months, from March 25. This move received widespread praise from businesses, which were already reeling under considerable economic stress.

While the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code was envisioned as a mechanism to help restructure struggling businesses, in practice, it has proven to be a popular and powerful tool not just for restructuring, but also for recovering debt. With civil suits taking anywhere upto 10 years to conclude, suppliers and contractors have managed to use the threat of insolvency proceedings to recover their dues.

Reports suggest that nearly Rs 70,000 crore worth of debt was recovered in 2018-19, up from about Rs 5,000 crore in 2017-18. This number was expected to be around Rs 100,000 crore in 2019-20.

If the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code was allowed to continue even after the pandemic, banks and suppliers would have rushed to the National Company Law Tribunals seeking to recover their dues. This would only have worsened the financial pressure on businesses.

However, the ordinance suspending the bankruptcy code may not be the panacea Indian business hopes it will be. Already, its constitutionality has been challenged before the Madras High Court. The Code was suspended by introducing Section 10A into it. But a close reading of the section shows that insolvency proceedings with respect to debts falling due for a period of six months after March 25 have been suspended for ever. This period of six months can be extended up to a year by the government.

In effect, this means that an invoice raised on January 26, 2020, with a credit period of 60 days, cannot be the basis of insolvency proceedings, even if the crisis is resolved and the business environment improves. The same is the case for a bank loan extended on August 31 , 2019, with its first installment payable after one year.

The governments stated aim was to provide respite from Covid-related debts, and foster a climate where businesses need not worry about potential insolvency proceedings for debts they could not repay on account of the disruption caused by the lockdown. However, such benefits could have been easily achieved by a temporary suspension of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code proceedings. In fact, countries such as Singapore have adopted such an approach.

In practice, the government has ended up providing a carte blanche to businesses to avoid paying their debts, so long as they incidentally fell due during the lockdown. It is difficult to see the rationale for this policy. Not every debt that falls due after March 25, 2020, resulted in a default because of the pandemic. It could well be that a business was already struggling to meet its obligations before the pandemic even began.

In any case, there is no reason why even a Covid-related debt should not be recovered after the economic situation has stabilised.

The after-effects of the ordinance will be felt most keenly by Indias struggling banks. The India Ratings and Research agency estimates that non-performing assets that might be generated on account of the lockdown from the top 500 debt-heavy private sector companies to be as high as Rs 67,000 crore. This is a 6.63% addition to NPAs, taking the aggregate NPAs in India to a staggering 18%-20% of outstanding loans.

To make matters worse, the Indian economy is expected to shrink by as much as 5%, which may dent the appetite for fresh borrowing. All of this is bound to compound the strain on Indian banks. Further, none of the alternatives remedies available to a bank (such as approaching the Debt Recovery Tribunal or initiative proceedings under the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Securities Interest Act) can match the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code in terms of efficacy. This is because no other remedy allows for a resolution plan, that is, the option to sell the business to prospective bidders as a going concern and repay the creditors.

Conventional remedies depend on attaching the assets and funds the business has available, over which multiple creditors will compete.

In the last three or four years, the Code has demonstrated that attempting to restructure or resell the business itself is more effective than attempting to realise value from individual assets. Even those who criticise the Code agree that it has vastly improved the recovery rates that conventional remedies offered, from about 25% to approximately 43%, in less than half the time, according to the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India.

The comparable number for the Debt Recovery Tribunals was 3.5% and Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Securities Interest Act proceedings 14.5%. It is difficult to justify an embargo on a bank using this regime, to restructure a business that cannot find its feet even after the economic situation has stabilised.

Apart from banks, the move is also likely to hurt the very businesses it sought to protect: in the absence of the Code, suppliers will struggle to recover dues, and generate cash flow. They will now be forced to resort to more cumbersome and expensive alternate remedies available under the law, such as summary suits. A summary suit is usually decided only on the documents placed before the court and oral arguments. There is no oral evidence led and no cross-examination of witnesses.

However, in practice, summary suits are simply not as efficacious in terms of timelines and simplicity of proof. The threshold for a debtor to avoid a summary procedure is fairly low. She need only show that she has a probable defence or the prospect of success. If she does, the matter will then proceed to trial, which in India takes several years to complete. Moreover, if the creditor does not manage to secure the assets of the debtor at an interim stage, the business may even dispose of its assets.

The preference for the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code among suppliers is borne out by the numbers as well. In the three years since its enactment, nearly 48% of the claims before the National Company Law Tribunal were brought by operational creditors.

In the long run, the ordinance suspending the Code may actually hurt suppliers and banks, creating a risk to the health of Indias economy. A constitutional challenge to it may actually carry some muster.

Dhruva Gandhi and Vinodini Srinivasan are advocates at the Bombay High Court. They are graduates of the National Law School of India University, Bangalore.

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Businesses cheered moratorium on bankruptcy proceedings but it may actually hurt them - Scroll.in

An In-Depth Guide to the Microphones – bandcamp.com

LISTS An In-Depth Guide to the Microphones By Grayson Haver Currin August 07, 2020 Original artwork by Phil Elverum

For the last 25 years, across more than 60 releasesfirst as the Microphones and then as Mount EeriePhil Elverum has used the humdrum details of his daily life as fodder for experimental folk, indie rock, and even heavy metal. He has articulated his search for validation and truth in a world that can seem designed to prove how little you matter. That sentiment stretches cleanly from 2001s The Glow Pt. 2, Elverums boundless examination of young adult heartache, to 2017s A Crow Looked at Me, his heartrending document of life as a widower and single father after his wife, Genevive Castre, died.

When it comes to namesof projects and even his ownone could reckon Elverum to be obsessed.

At the start of 2003, just as albums like The Glow Pt. 2 began to make the Microphones an indie rock commodity, he dropped that moniker for Mount Eerie, the name of the last proper Microphones LP and a reference to the mountain perched over his hometown of Anacortes, WA. The songwriter soon supplemented his surname, Elvrum, with a second e, matching that of a small Norwegian city when he spent a winter in the far north of the country.

But for Elverum, none of that actually matters too much. Names are window dressings, he suggests: superficial marketing tactics that distract from what an artist has to say about life and the quest for meaning. That is the premise of Microphones in 2020, his astounding first album as the Microphones in 17 years. On its single, 45-minute track, Elverum, now 42, revisits his arts origins, trying to locate and reignite the unifying impulse that guided him as an artist in his early twenties. The names, sounds, and circumstances may have changed, but his desires remain the same: this luxurious privilege to sit around frowning and wondering what it means, he sings, playing with words and trying to prove that names mean nothing.

There is no easy distinction between the Microphones and Mount Eerie. When Elverum started the Microphones, he was a young audio enthusiast, a kid thrilled by the process of discovery that recording entailed. He worked with a ragtag cast of collaborators, so his equipmentlike, microphonesbecame his bandmate. As he learned more about recording and began to codify an aesthetic, he started to focus more on language, refining the poetry that best expressed his feelings. Such is the essence of Mount Eerie.

At least until now: Microphones in 2020 may be the most compelling, exacting, and poignant writing of his career. I hope this record is the end of all names, but I know thats probably not possible, says Elverum from home, laughing.

We sorted through six highlights of what Elverum has called the Microphones: an overwhelming catalog, without even considering Mount Eerie. We asked him how he feels about those records now, after spending so much time pondering what the Microphones have meant in his life.

By the time Phil Elverum began making his first masterpiece, The Glow Pt. 2, in the spring of 2000, he was more than four years deep into his recording obsession. On a series of tapes conceived in the rear of an Anacortes record store, hed plundered almost every sound he could imagine, turning drones, drums, and acoustic guitars into miniature composites. Now in Olympia, hed thrown himself into the capital citys scene wholesale. He lived in the legendary Track House for $175 a month and volunteered at the food co-op for cheap groceries. He spent his free time across the street at Dub Narcotic Studio, trawling Calvin Johnsons massive trove of aging equipment.

The Glow Pt. 2 captured the collision of Elverums youthful energy and budding experience, the exact moment his understanding of recording and the rawness of his nerves dovetailed. An unflinching, 20-song document of heartache that feels like an extinction-level event, it tells us everything: how he thought he understood love and permanence, how he sulks and even stalks, how he wants to disappear. But the world of sound Elverum conjures here, a homespun backdrop of unrest and intrigue, keeps the songs churning. It is a complicated portrait of a young person learning how to lose, the quality that makes it perennially poignant.

K Records released The Glow Pt. 2 on September 11, 2001. It feels now like it did thena headlong escape into someone elses woe, a place where the grief and worry were so immersive that you had no choice but to step away from your fear for a while. The Glow repeatedly flirts with abject despair, with the prospect of just giving up. But after an hour, Elverum sits cold and alone in the dark, surrounded only by the insects who know his red blood is still warm. That is, things suckbut at least hes still here to tell the tale.

I always think Im making something thats the best I can possibly do, says Elverum. Usually I am wrong, but I always have that feeling. Mirah had been with me on tour while I was writing some of The Glow Pt. 2, and she had been coming in and out of Dub Narcotic, overhearing what I was working on. And I remember her saying, Wow, Phil, Im really excited. This record is going to be something special. I like it now. But legacy is so baffling. Its almost arbitrary, the things that get put on pedestals, but Im lucky to have benefited from that arbitrariness.

For a decade, St. Ives epitomized the record label as a community art project. On early and very limited editions from the likes of Animal Collective, Man Forever, and Fruit Bats, bands would paint recycled record covers themselves, alternately rendering ornate designs and slapdash expressionist pastiche. The Indiana label seemed especially suited to an early-20s Elverum, a prolific painter and photographer who constantly doodled in notebooks. His debut on St. Ives2001s discursive Blood, limited to 300 copieswas the labels first release aside from a compilation of Hoosier favorites.

When St. Ives asked Elverum for a follow-up, he strolled into Dub Narcotic on February 2, 2002. He set up a single microphone, a pump organ, and a piano, then pressed Record at 2 p.m. After 40 minutes, Elverum had finished Little Bird Flies Into a Big Black Cloud, an extemporaneous vocal rendition of a recently released chapbook. You can hear him shuffling the pages after Three Steps, a stepwise spoken-word guide to considering mortality and the endlessness of your imagination, and witness him faltering as he tries to find a note during I Got Stabbed, a meditation on prying apart your feelings for art. It is as personal as the hand-painted covers for this edition of 400, now a pricey collectors item.

His use of language herebeautiful lines that are somehow both spare and florid, triangulating the sensations of his feelingsrepresents a crucial development. Hed been listening to Will Oldham and Little Wings, trying to learn how he could mirror the sonic care of the Microphones with words. He maps his feelings to trees, flowers, oceans, and soil, shaping a personal pantheism of frailty and strength, beauty and decay. Youre a warming wind from a distant sun, he croons during one fraught moment. Im an iceberg and Ill melt and out Ill run.

Phil Elverum doesnt see Little Bird Flies Into A Big Black Cloud so much as a record as an exercise in anti-production, a counterpoint to his developed sound experiments. Were only talking about it because the Internet came around and leveled out the accessibility of everything, he says. It now has the same size thumbnail as all the other albums. But I like to have things available and not seem exploitative of cultivated scarcity. I still think this record is only worth 400 copies, but I also like saying, Heres everything. You get to decide how many copies its worth.'

Early in the decade, Elverum was driving between New England tour stops when he found himself with a day off in New Hampshire. Passing through the states iconic White Mountains, he decided to climb, despite encroaching winter weather. Partway up Mount Jefferson, the snow began to drift down as Elverum passed signs demanding that hikers turn back during worsening conditions. He pressed ahead, eventually staring out across a tremendous, cloud-shrouded gorge: I imagined going to the brink and looking beyond this life, he remembers, to the other side of death.

Elverum also missed his hometown of Anacortes, two hours up Washingtons puzzle-piece coastline from Olympia. He pined for the sight of the towns own Mount Erie, a stubby tree-covered mountain with a dramatically exposed rock face. Inspired by the 9th century Buddhist poet Han-shan who wrote his poetry on the rocks of mountains, Elverum decided to bind his songs to Anacortes little peak forever with an album that used it as a symbol of lifes arduous journey and eventual end. That is the premise of Mount Eerie, Elverums last full LP as the Microphones for nearly 20 years.

Mount Eerie is Elverums most elemental but complex album. It is the archetypal story of birth and death and afterlife, cast in an extended metaphor about ascending a peak and peering out into the canyon of life below. But its five seamless movements shift between harsh noise and plaintive folk, between throbbing dance music and ghoulishly chanted harmonies. A Greek chorus even narrates Elverums climb up the mountain, toward his end. The culmination of years spent experimenting with sound, examining the uncertainty of existence, and expressing those ideas through increasingly sylvan images, the operatic Mount Eerie offered an aptly climactic finale for the Microphones.

Mount Eerie is a concept-story album, but I wanted it to flow directly out of The Glow Pt. 2, says Elverum. I started it with the same sound The Glow ends with; that thing is common through everything I make, a thread that ties it together. I like forefront-ing the connections, but its almost all for me. I intentionally dont think about what fans will notice, or if anyone is even going to listen at all.

In 2002, Elverum asked the fans on K Records website for an outlandish favor: he wanted to spend a winter in Northern Norway, writing and thinking in Arctic seclusion. A fan in Bod, a mid-sized city ringed by rugged peaks and the Norwegian Sea, offered him a show and eventually pointed him toward a cabin two hours away. Elverum, who is of Scandinavian descent himself, spent months therebattling the relentless cold, confronting the turmoil of a recent breakup, and writing lots. His diaries from that time became the 134-page Dawn: Winter Journal, while his songs, which cut to the quick of living in solitary sadness, became a gripping Mount Eerie LP, also titled Dawn.

Mid-winter, Elverum briefly left his cabin for a long journey to Shibuya, stepping into the streets in snow pants and a heavy coat. He was there to play several shows with Calvin Johnson, Little Wings, and Japanese indie rock band The Moools. Elverum had already decided to drop the Microphones moniker for Mount Eerie, but he kept it for these sets for whatever name recognition it may confer. Its in quotation marks on this subsequent live albums coverin Elverums mind, he was already something new.

The enduring power of Live in Japan is the sense that a hermit is being let out of its hut, that the beast with feelings is emerging from a cave to share. Elverum is alternately playful and tortured, finding joy in relationships while painfully recognizing they have limits. During the gripping We Squirm, Elverum offers a late Microphones and early Mount Eerie cri de cur: I say let feelings hold you/ I say embrace your captors/ I say get to know them deep, he sings at the end of the songs breathless single verse, his voice crashing against the rocks of his heavy strums.

I dont like live albums that much, but I decided to release this one because so many of the songs were documents of something that would never happen again, Elverum says of the record. All the other Microphones things I repress from time to time, but Im not going to let this one fade away. Its weird, super raw, hard to listen to. I had been in this cabin in Norway, going head-to-head with my demons. All of a sudden, Im in Japan, performing this raw stuff to strangers that maybe didnt even understand the language. Its a document of being mid-exorcism.

By early 2007, Elverum had taken several tentative steps as Mount Eerie, releasing one full album and a bevy of singles and conceptual experiments. He was still on the eve of the recordsnotably 2008s Dawn and Lost Wisdomthat would codify the projects stark sound and frank core. He realized, however, that two new songs wouldnt fit Mount Eeries increasingly confessional aesthetic: Dont Smoke and Get Off the Internet, released in 2007 as a 7 attributed to the Microphones. Wouldnt the name just make these punk tunes stranger?

They are indeed outliers in Elverums oeuvre, preachy imperatives that tell listeners what to do rather than reframe what he has done himself. Slyly written to the tune of We Are the World and traced by spectral harmonies and sighing guitars, Get Off the Internet foretold the FOMO and exhaustion of our digital futures, a preemptive warning that a world of wonder and meaning exists beyond browser windows. Dont Smoke may grate when heard as a puritanical straight-edge plea; considered more broadly, its an enduring anthem for solidarity and self-reliance, for letting the nasty habits of the past die at last. We are the ones/ We have to do it, he urges in a rare moment of motivational earnestness. No more parents or gods.

As Elverum tells it, When I made those songs, it was me being a little snot, wanting to fuck with people. I was telling people what the rules are. And I wanted to poke with whatever preciousness existed around the name the Microphones. The songs seemed like their own thing, too. They were overtly political and definitely written with the audience in mind, though I normally try to ignore the fact that people will listen.

Early last summer, Elverum surprised his most ardent fans with a most unexpected twist: he would play one set as the Microphones in July, 16 years since his last album under that name. It was a reunionthough not really, since the band had always been an amorphous collective, anyway. Instead, Elverum had reunited with old friends to resurrect What the Heck Fest, the low-key, homecoming-style fte hed helped anchor in Anacortes in the early 00s. For Elverum, it felt fitting to dust off the mothballed name hed used for those early days, but he didnt want to settle for old favorites.

That feeling spawned a 20-minute metatextual saga Elverum premiered at the 2019 festival. He wondered aloud how hed shaped the Microphones, how it had shaped him, and what reviving the name said about the art hed always made. What were the threads that tied the melancholy teenager whod started this project in Anacortes because he loved recording, to the 41-year-old widower and acclaimed songwriter whod returned? The finished song, Microphones in 2020, is arguably the third Microphones masterpiece and a definitive framework for Elverums entire career.

This uninterrupted 45-minute tone poem rises around a tiny choir of acoustic guitars, shimmering like a moon glow on an endless ocean horizon. Elverum zooms in and out on his life, using seemingly small moments as chances to ask very big questions about why making art matters. He remembers playing alone in the garden as a toddler and wonders if thats why hes clung to mountains and oceans, fog and rain as a writer. He recounts a transformative experience watching Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, a film that pushed him to express truths greater than mere romantic disappointment. He borrows from Mayhem as well as himself, quoting and alluding to his past work as he examines how the pieces of his life cohere.

Midway through the track, Elverum sings of his early days, I was already who I am. Not 20 minutes later, he appears to contradict himself, singing, I am older now, and I no longer feel the same way that I did even 5 seconds ago, his voice cracking as he squeezes in the syllables. This miraculous paradox is central to his creative lifethe idea of growing where youre rooted. Microphones in 2020 feels like a roadmap for pursuing new ideas, vividly illustrated with a renewed understanding that doing just that has been your lifes work.

Its not a good feeling to get dangerously close to self-indulgent nostalgia, Elverum says. Its distasteful to me. I made this as an antidote, and playing this felt weird and new and challenging. Thats where I want to be as an artist. I dont want to indulge in the comfort of repeating something I know works. I want to be moving forward, and Ive always been that way. Fingers crossed that Im done making albums about the baggage of the past for a little while.

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An In-Depth Guide to the Microphones - bandcamp.com

FDA Will Take Its Time on CBD – But Industry Does Not Have to Wait to Get Ready – Lexology

Tell me if youve heard this one before the regulatory issues surrounding CBD will be completely resolved after a certain legislative fix is passed. Remember all of the articles in December 2018 declaring CBD legal after the passage of the 2018 Farm Bill? Dont expect Congress or FDA to wave a magic wand and make all of the current CBD industry practices permissible or adequate. Even if Congress were to sweep away the exclusionary clause as applied to CBD, or FDA engaged in rulemaking to the same effect CBD would still need to go through all of the regulatory hurdles applicable to foods or dietary supplements in order to be lawfully used as an ingredient in either product. Companies intending to market foods or dietary supplements containing CBD should be working right now to address the issues FDA has identified, and working to build the type of robust documentation FDA expects before marketing these products.

Refresher on the Exclusionary Clauses

One of the most pressing FDA regulatory obstacles facing the CBD industry are the so-called exclusionary clauses of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. In essence, the exclusionary clauses prohibit the use of a substance in a food or dietary supplement if that substance has been the subject of substantial clinical investigations that have been made public, or approved by FDA as a new drug. There are exceptions to the exclusionary clause; however, FDA takes the view it has not to date been provided with information sufficient to change their current position that CBD is prohibited from use in food and dietary supplements under the exclusionary clauses.

FDAs interpretation of the exclusionary clauses as applied to CBD is a legal bar preventing FDA from recognizing or regulating CBD as a food or dietary supplement ingredient; however, these provisions have not prevented the CBD marketplace from flourishing. As a result, the CBD market forged ahead without FDA oversight as part of a premarket authorization review such as the method of manufacture, appropriate specifications, establishment of an acceptable daily intake (ADI), contaminants, labeling, and many other issues. Many states have begun regulating CBD in foods and dietary supplements, but the state by state approach has led to a patchwork of requirements that is challenging for any company trying to market a product nationally.

Even if Congress passes legislation that removes CBD from the exclusionary clause or FDA establishes a regulatory framework for the lawful marketing of CBD as foods or dietary ingredients, it is expected that any such actions would be conditioned on satisfying FDAs premarket requirements to use CBD in foods or dietary supplements. The CBD industry does not have to wait for FDA to say more; there are lessons to learn from FDAs regulation of foods, dietary supplements, cosmetics, new drugs and yes, even tobacco products, that can help shape what CBD companies do now.

Food and Dietary Supplement Regulatory Hurdles Still Remain

For foods and dietary supplement uses of CBD, we know the type of data and information that FDA would expect to support the safety of new food and dietary ingredients. The industry has great success in achieving favorable reviews of GRAS notifications and food additive petitions because the agency expectations on the type of safety data need to support the marketing of the food ingredient are well understood. Companies interested in the CBD market should be working with food and dietary supplement regulatory counsel and consultants now to assess the underlying data and identify potential data gaps. FDA has identified several potential safety concerns with CBD, including liver injury, drug interactions, and male reproductive toxicity. A thoughtfully prepared dossier would address each of these issues and would identify whether additional studies would be warrantedand the type of studies that should be conductedto addressthe agencys concerns. FDA also stated that it needs additional information about cumulative exposure, special populations (children, elderly, pregnant and lactating women, adolescents), as well as the effects of CBD on animals before allowing food or dietary supplement uses of CBD.

FDAs statements suggest that CBD is unlikely to receive special treatment by the agency when being evaluated as a food or dietary supplement ingredient the same type of data and information required for any other food or dietary ingredient is expected. And FDA is not alone in raising potential concerns about CBD safety. A coalition of consumer advocacy groups including Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) recently sent a letter to Congress highlighting FDAs concerns with CBD, and urging Congress to provide more authority for FDA oversight of CBD products, and that Congress should not shortcut FDAs review of CBD safety. Thus we can anticipate that consumer groups, in addition to FDA, will continue to press for the same premarket rules to be applied to CBD as any other food or dietary supplement ingredient.

Beyond satisfying the premarket requirements for foods and supplements, CBD companies should also work with counsel to identify the aspects of their production and marketing of current CBD products that do not fit within FDAs regulatory framework for that product category. Special attention should be paid to the claims that are being made about the product. Foods and dietary ingredients can bear properly substantiated claims regarding the effect of the substance on the structure of function of the body. Disease claims, however, must be avoided. Addressing manufacturing and labeling practices that are at odds with FDA precedent now not only puts a company in the best possible position if FDA does greenlight a new regulatory pathway for CBD it also gives the company credibility.

Next Steps

Accepting FDA regulation and oversight of a budding industry that has been subject to relatively little enforcement is difficult to navigate; just see how bumpy the first four years of FDAs regulation of e-cigarettes has been for the industry. It has been over a year since FDAs public meeting on scientific data and information on cannabis-derived compounds, and yet a number of questions posed by the agency then remain on the table, and time to shape the agencys view before a regulatory framework is developed could be running out. Companies that want to be successful long-term in this space should take seriously the concerns raised by the agency and develop regulatory and safety dossiers addressing those concerns and supporting the lawful marketing of their products.

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FDA Will Take Its Time on CBD - But Industry Does Not Have to Wait to Get Ready - Lexology

Beyond Covid-19 will consumer interest in immunity endure? – just-food.com

Re-Nourish's Immunity Soup

In the same way some pre-Covid-19 food manufacturers were rushing to add the work protein to their products to meet interest in the ingredient from health-conscious consumers, immunity appears set to be a key trend in new product development as we, hopefully, emerge from the worse ravages of the pandemic.

So the theory goes, as we come out from under the grip of the virus, people will have an increased awareness of their health and will be looking for prevention as much as cure.

Products said to contain properties that help the immune system to operate effectively are set to capitalise.

But questions remain. How broadly in terms of in product category will these immunity claims be spread? Are such products likely to be with us for the long term? And, frankly, do all claims pass muster?

There is evidence of growing interest in products linked to immunity.

Recent research by Unilever revealed a rise in consumers' interest in and consumption of foods that support the immune system, as well as vitamins and supplements, particularly vitamins C and D.

Such demand has translated into product launches. Traditionally, NPD has focused on gut health and the release into the system of probiotics, or good bacteria, usually in the form of dairy products or functional food supplements and meal replacements.

Now, manufacturers are bigging up the immunity properties of ingredients such as turmeric, ginger and fibre.

Last month in the UK, bakery business Hovis, under its namesake brand (one of the largest bread brands in the country) launched a loaf containing a range of vitamins and minerals.

Hovis said the launch of Hovis Glorious Grains, which has vitamin B1, copper, magnesium and phosphorus and is baked with seven different types of sprouted wholegrains, came "with health very much at the front of the nation's mind". Nina Shanahan, head of marketing for the brand, suggested the loaf "helps to support the immune system".

Similarly, in the US, Nestl has launched Outshine Creamy Coconut Bars, which the company says contain antioxidants and are said to be a source of vitamins C and E.

Dairy companies continue to be active. A notable recent bit of product development came from Chobani, the US business that started out producing Greek-style yogurts, which has launched a fruit-based probiotic beverage fermented with a blend of "billions" of probiotic cultures and herbal extracts.

And even in what might appear a relatively staid category like soup, there are brands purporting to be targeting consumers' heightened interest in health. In the UK, Re-Nourish has a range of better-for-you products launched before the virus hit the country, it's important to note which includes the kale, spinach and turmeric-based Immunity Soup.

However, the well-established makers of good gut health products such as kefir and kombucha, which unleash billions of probiotics into the digestive system, can be a bit sniffy about the relatively new immunity claims of products based on 'super food' ingredients or the addition of vitamin powders.

Julie Smolyansky, CEO of Lifeway Foods, the US supplier of cultured dairy items like kefir, argues its products are the real deal when it comes to immunity and is suspicious of the claims of manufacturers in other food product areas.

"I believe probiotics are in a class of their own and shouldn't be put in with carrots and apples," she says. "Bread, bars, cereal: there is no live bacteria in them and pills are a waste of money. Kefir's time has finally come. It contributes to a stronger immunity response and better mental health."

Broadly, Smolyansky says she sees immunity-supporting products continuing to resonate with health-concerned consumers.

"People who have suffered the most from Covid were suffering from preventable diseases linked to lifestyle. The rate of deaths should not be as they are. It is often people with no access to foods with functional ingredients," she says. "This is a portal for making a change"

Lars Bredmose, senior director for dairy health at Denmark-based ingredients firm Chr. Hansen, is well-placed to judge whether there has been a marked shift in demand for probiotics, which his company supplies to major dairy and supplements businesses.

"Our customers in the dairy and supplements industry say consumers are concerned about health and are looking at products promoting the immune system. There is a shift in consumer demand," he says. "It was coming before [Covid]. There has been an interest in probiotics for the last two years but the Covid crisis has just kicked in the doors."

But Bredmose is keen to stress Chr. Hansen does not promote probiotics as being effective against Covid-19. "There is no miracle cure. We tell our customers not link it [probiotics] with Covid-19."

However, not everyone would suggest probiotics is the only game in town when it comes to immunity-boosting products.

Nikki Clark, the founder of UK soup maker Re-Nourish, points out its soups are nutrient-dense.

A former critical care nurse, Clark insists "health is at the core of my DNA" and points to a "disconnect" between us having "these incredible bodies and what we feed them with".

She adds: "The immune system is our central hub and if it's not working properly everything snowballs.

"Everyone is jumping on the bandwagon but my Immunity Soup happened over five years ago. The message has to be a genuine one. Our Immunity Soup has always been our biggest seller in [UK grocer] Waitrose. Post-Covid it has taken on a life of its own. Sales have jumped 30% in the Covid period."

But, like businesses promoting probiotics, Clark is keen the bona fides of products promoting immunity claims are laid bare.

"Some of the juice companies talk about an immunity boost but all they have done is added powdered vitamins and they contain sugar, which doesn't help the immune systems at all," she argues.

Clark fears we may see a gold rush of immunity product launches. "Post-Covid, we will get an acceleration of branding around immunity. We will probably get immunity coffee," she says. "It needs some policing. Companies need to be held to account including about whether something is from a natural or unnatural source."

Angelika de Bree, nutrition R&D director at Unilever, who was involved in the company's recent research, agrees. "We are super-careful not to over-promise," she says. "Others may not take as stringent an approach.

"People have talked about boosting the immune system. That's not really possible but you can support the immune system's response"

"People have talked about boosting the immune system and that's not really possible but you can support the immune system's response. "While I understand that boosting the immune system appeals to consumers, from a purely scientific point of view it is hard to defend. In general we should be very conscious of that.

"This [exaggerated claims] is one of my biggest worries. At Unilever, we are well equipped to make sure we don't enter those territories. Every claim we make is backed up."

De Bree suggests Unilever is "uniquely placed" to take advantage of the consumer trend towards healthier food because of its broad portfolio of products across a number of categories.

"At the moment, 60% of our portfolio is in line with our higher nutritional standards," she says.

But she admits that the health benefits are not always highlighted on the products. "Many of our Knorr soups are full of vitamins and made with things like pumpkin and carrot. We need to start communicating that more to consumers," she says.

Industry watchers have not been slow to recognise the trend for more product owners to be more interested in immunity claims and, while they can understand why it has happened, they too have some concerns about the claims made.

John Stapleton, a food business entrepreneur who built up and sold UK brands New Covent Garden Soup Co. and Little Dish, says: "Immunity has gone up the rankings but consumers can see when their leg is being pulled, whether it is about vitamins or natural ingredients such as turmeric and ginger.

"There is an opportunity here if you get the marketing right and there are justifiable claims that don't go too far. But if brands jump on the bandwagon consumers are smart enough to see through that. Consumers have had enough of false claims."

Hamish Renton, managing director at UK food and drink consultancy HRA Global, takes a similar line.

"The science has advanced so we understand now about the immune system and what builds it up and what knocks it down," he says. "That's opened up claims but it is a slippery one, the immune system. It is variable across people."

He adds: "Everyone is paranoid about getting it [Covid-19] so manufacturers just evidenced and dialled up anything that is good for the immune system.

"The products remain fundamentally unchanged. It has been limited to re-positioning what exists. I would encourage manufacturers too be a bit more transparent. People can spot what brands are doing. Shoppers aren't stupid."

Susie Fogelson, a New York-based food marketing strategist who runs her own consultancy, F&Co., believes some of the more scientific terms could leave consumers baffled and argues product manufacturers need to build education into their marketing and branding.

"People being focused on getting functional benefits through food is at an all-time high. People want a defence against Covid and see food as a path to health," she says.

"I still think gut health is a relatively sophisticated term prebiotic or probiotic. I think this is an area that needs to be demystified for consumers. I'm not sure what probiotics means to the average Joe.

"People need an education about why gut health is so important. It's a bit technical, a bit clinical. It's much more straightforward to say I'm upping my vitamin intake."

Easy to understand or not, the word immunity has wide consumer appeal in the current climate. But does it have legs? Is it a fad or is it here to stay?

At Chr. Hansen, Bredmose sees no obvious reason why products with immunity-supporting claims will fade away.

"I think this is going to stick. The world has had a scare and Covid isn't going away anytime soon. And we never know when the next pandemic will hit," he says.

But de Bree at Unilever is not so sure. I would personally think that immunity will be important for two or three years and then people may get bored. You shouldn't put all your eggs into one basket," she suggests.

"General health is super-important. That will stay with us for longer than immunity. The whole Covid situation, although it is horrible, has opened up the susceptibility of consumers towards health messages. This will stay for a long time. People will realise how important it is to be in optimal shape."

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Beyond Covid-19 will consumer interest in immunity endure? - just-food.com

Top 10 Supercomputers | HowStuffWorks

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If someone says "supercomputer," your mind may jump to Deep Blue, and you wouldn't be alone. IBM's silicon chess wizard defeated grandmaster Gary Kasparov in 1997, cementing it as one of the most famous computers of all time (some controversy around the win helped, too). For years, Deep Blue was the public face of supercomputers, but it's hardly the only all-powerful artificial thinker on the planet. In fact, IBM took Deep Blue apart shortly after the historic win! More recently, IBM made supercomputing history with Watson, which defeated "Jeopardy!" champions Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter in a special match.

Brilliant as they were, neither Deep Blue nor Watson would be able to match the computational muscle of the systems on the November 2013 TOP500 list. TOP500 calls itself a list of "the 500 most powerful commercially available computer systems known to us." The supercomputers on this list are a throwback to the early computers of the 1950s -- which took up entire rooms -- except modern computers are using racks upon racks of cutting-edge hardware to produce petaflops of processing power.

Your home computer probably runs on four processor cores. Most of today's supercomputers use hundreds of thousands of cores, and the top entry has more than 3 million.

TOP500 currently relies on the Linpack benchmark, which feeds a computer a series of linear equations to measure its processing performance, although an alternative testing method is in the works. The November 2013 list sees China's Tianhe-2 on top of the world. Every six months, TOP500 releases a list, and a few new computers rise into the ranks of the world's fastest. Here are the champions as of early 2014. Read on to see how they're putting their electronic mettle to work.

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Top 10 Supercomputers | HowStuffWorks

Japanese supercomputer ranked as worlds most powerful system

A Japanese supercomputer built with technology from Arm Ltd, whose chip designs power most of the worlds smartphones, has taken the top spot among the worlds most powerful systems, displacing one powered by IBM chips.

The Fugaku supercomputer, a system jointly developed by Japanese research institute RIKEN and Fujitsu in Kobe, Japan, took the highest spot on the TOP500 list, a twice-yearly listing of the worlds most powerful computers, its backers said on Monday. The chip technology comes from Arm, which is headquartered in the UK but owned by Japans Softbank.

The previous top-ranked system as of November 2019 was at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the US with chips designed by IBM. The chips from Intel and IBM had dominated the top 10 rankings, with the lone exception of a system at the National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi, China powered by Chinese-designed chip.

Governments use supercomputers to simulate nuclear blasts to perform virtual weapons testing. They are also used for modeling climate systems and biotechnology research. The Fugaku supercomputer will be used in such research as part of Japans Society 5.0 technology program.

I very much hope that Fugaku will show itself to be highly effective in real-world applications and will help to realize Society 5.0, Naoki Shinjo, corporate executive officer of Fujitsu, said in a statement.

The Arm-based system in Japan in November had taken the highest spot on TOP500s list for power-efficient supercomputers. Arm said the system also took the top spot in a list designed to closely resemble real-world computing tasks known as the high-performance conjugate gradient benchmark.

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Japanese supercomputer ranked as worlds most powerful system

What are supercomputers currently used for? | HowStuffWorks

As we said, supercomputers were originally developed for code cracking, as well as ballistics. They were designed to make an enormous amount of calculations at a time, which was a big improvement over, say, 20 mathematics graduate students in a room, hand-scratching operations.

In some ways, supercomputers are still used for those ends. In 2012, the National Nuclear Security Administration and Purdue University began using a network of supercomputers to simulate nuclear weapons capability. A whopping 100,000 machines are used for the testing [source: Appro].

But it's not just the military that's using supercomputers anymore. Whenever you check the weather app on your phone, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is using a supercomputer called the Weather and Climate Operational Supercomputing System to forecast weather, predict weather events, and track space and oceanic weather activity as well [source: IBM].

As of September 2012, the fastest computer in the world -- for now, anyway -- is IBM's Sequoia machine, which can operate 16.32 petaflops a second. That's 16,000 trillion operations, to you. It's used for nuclear weapon security and to make large-scale molecular dynamics calculations [source: Walt].

But supercomputers aren't just somber, intellectual machines. Some of them are used for fun and games literally. Consider World of Warcraft, the wildly popular online game. If a million people are playing WoW at a time, graphics and speed are of utmost importance. Enter the supercomputers, used to make the endless calculations that help the game go global.

Speaking of games, we can't forget Deep Blue, the supercomputer that beat chess champion Garry Kasparov in a six-game match in 1997. And then there's Watson, the IBM supercomputer that famously beat Ken Jennings in an intense game of Jeopardy. Currently, Watson is being used by a health insurer to predict patient diagnoses and treatments [source: Feldman]. A real jack of all trades, that Watson.

So, yes: We're still benefiting from supercomputers. We're using them when we play war video games and in actual war. They're helping us predict if we need to carry an umbrella to work or if we need to undergo an EKG. And as the calculations become faster, there's little end to the possibility of how we'll use supercomputers in the future.

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What are supercomputers currently used for? | HowStuffWorks

Microsoft announces new supercomputer, lays out vision for …

As weve learned more and more about what we need and the different limits of all the components that make up a supercomputer, we were really able to say, If we could design our dream system, what would it look like? said OpenAI CEO Sam Altman. And then Microsoft was able to build it.

OpenAIs goal is not just to pursue research breakthroughs but also to engineer and develop powerful AI technologies that other people can use, Altman said. The supercomputer developed in partnership with Microsoft was designed to accelerate that cycle.

We are seeing that larger-scale systems are an important component in training more powerful models, Altman said.

For customers who want to push their AI ambitions but who dont require a dedicated supercomputer, Azure AI provides access to powerful compute with the same set of AI accelerators and networks that also power the supercomputer. Microsoft is also making available the tools to train large AI models on these clusters in a distributed and optimized way.

At its Build conference, Microsoft announced that it would soon begin open sourcing its Microsoft Turing models, as well as recipes for training them in Azure Machine Learning. This will give developers access to the same family of powerful language models that the company has used to improve language understanding across its products.

It also unveiled a new version of DeepSpeed, an open source deep learning library for PyTorch that reduces the amount of computing power needed for large distributed model training. The update is significantly more efficient than the version released just three months ago and now allows people to train models more than 15 times larger and 10 times faster than they could without DeepSpeed on the same infrastructure.

Along with the DeepSpeed announcement, Microsoft announced it has added support for distributed training to the ONNX Runtime. The ONNX Runtime is an open source library designed to enable models to be portable across hardware and operating systems. To date, the ONNX Runtime has focused on high-performance inferencing; todays update adds support for model training, as well as adding the optimizations from the DeepSpeed library, which enable performance improvements of up to 17 times over the current ONNX Runtime.

We want to be able to build these very advanced AI technologies that ultimately can be easily used by people to help them get their work done and accomplish their goals more quickly, said Microsoft principal program manager Phil Waymouth. These large models are going to be an enormous accelerant.

In self-supervised learning, AI models can learn from large amounts of unlabeled data. For example, models can learn deep nuances of language by absorbing large volumes of text and predicting missing words and sentences. Art by Craighton Berman.

Designing AI models that might one day understand the world more like people do starts with language, a critical component to understanding human intent, making sense of the vast amount of written knowledge in the world and communicating more effortlessly.

Neural network models that can process language, which are roughly inspired by our understanding of the human brain, arent new. But these deep learning models are now far more sophisticated than earlier versions and are rapidly escalating in size.

A year ago, the largest models had 1 billion parameters, each loosely equivalent to a synaptic connection in the brain. The Microsoft Turing model for natural language generation now stands as the worlds largest publicly available language AI model with 17 billion parameters.

This new class of models learns differently than supervised learning models that rely on meticulously labeled human-generated data to teach an AI system to recognize a cat or determine whether the answer to a question makes sense.

In whats known as self-supervised learning, these AI models can learn about language by examining billions of pages of publicly available documents on the internet Wikipedia entries, self-published books, instruction manuals, history lessons, human resources guidelines. In something like a giant game of Mad Libs, words or sentences are removed, and the model has to predict the missing pieces based on the words around it.

As the model does this billions of times, it gets very good at perceiving how words relate to each other. This results in a rich understanding of grammar, concepts, contextual relationships and other building blocks of language. It also allows the same model to transfer lessons learned across many different language tasks, from document understanding to answering questions to creating conversational bots.

This has enabled things that were seemingly impossible with smaller models, said Luis Vargas, a Microsoft partner technical advisor who is spearheading the companys AI at Scale initiative.

The improvements are somewhat like jumping from an elementary reading level to a more sophisticated and nuanced understanding of language. But its possible to improve accuracy even further by fine tuning these large AI models on a more specific language task or exposing them to material thats specific to a particular industry or company.

Because every organization is going to have its own vocabulary, people can now easily fine tune that model to give it a graduate degree in understanding business, healthcare or legal domains, he said.

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Microsoft announces new supercomputer, lays out vision for ...

GE taps into US supercomputer to advance offshore wind – reNEWS

GE will be able to access one of worlds fastest supercomputers in order to help advance offshore wind power.

GE Research aerodynamics engineer Jing Li is leading a team that has been granted access to the Summit supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Tennessee, through the US Department of Energys competitive Advanced Scientific Computing Research Leadership Computing Challenge programme.

The key focus of the supercomputing project will be to study coastal low-level jets, which produce a distinct wind velocity profile of potential importance to the design and operation of future wind turbines.

Using the Summit supercomputer system, the GE team will run simulations to study and inform new ways of controlling and operating offshore turbines to best optimise wind production.

Li said: The Summit supercomputer will allow our GE team to run computations that would be otherwise impossible.

This research could dramatically accelerate offshore wind power as the future of clean energy and our path to a more sustainable, safe environment.

As part of the project, the GE team will work closely with research teams at NREL and ORNL to advance the ExaWind platform.

ExaWind, one of the applications of the DoEs Exascale computing project, focuses on the development of computer software to simulate different wind farm and atmospheric flow physics.

These simulations provide crucial insights for engineers and scientists to better understand wind dynamics and their impact on wind farms.

Li said: Scientists at NREL and ORNL are part of a broader team that have built up a tremendous catalogue of new software code and technical expertise with ExaWind, and we believe our project can discover critical new insights that support and validate this larger effort.

The ExaWind goal is to establish a virtual wind plant test bed that aids and accelerates the design and control of wind farms.

The Summit supercomputing systems power capability is equivalent to 70 million iPhone 11s and can help test and solve challenges in energy, artificial intelligence, human health and other research areas.

Li said: Were now able to study wind patterns that span hundreds of metres in height across tens of kilometres of territory down to the resolution of airflow over individual turbine blades.

You simply couldnt gather and run experiments on this volume and complexity of data without a supercomputer. These simulations allow us to characterise and understand poorly understood phenomena like coastal low-level jets in ways previously not possible.

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GE taps into US supercomputer to advance offshore wind - reNEWS

Micronation – MicroWiki

A micronation is a political entity that claims to be a sovereign state but is not recognised as such by the wider international community. Micronations are treated as distinct from conventional unrecognised states, although there is no widespread consensus within micropatriology over what exactly constitutes a micronation or distinguishes it from other unrecognised states. Broadly speaking, micronations are created and developed as a hobby, with their claims to sovereignty considered trivial enough to be ignored by the conventional sovereign states whose territory they claim; micronations whose ultimate goal is to receive international recognition as sovereign states are termed secessionist, and micronations without this goal are termed simulationist.

Micronations have existed since the 19th century, with the practice of micronationalism growing immensely in the early 21st century as the creation and maintenance of micronations became a relatively mainstream hobby and the Internet facilitated the emergence of an online micronational community. Some well-known micronations, including Sealand and Liberland, exist outside this online community; others, including Austenasia, and Molossia, regularly attend micronational events and have a developed online presence. The majority of English-speaking micronations are part of the MicroWiki sector, which has existed since 2005, and have not achieved widespread notoriety.

Most soruces define micronations as, broadly, self-declared countries not recognised by other states or international organisations like the United Nations. Wikipedia and WorldAtlas.com both define a micronation as an "entity that claims to be an independent nation or state but is not recognized by world governments or major international organizations". On its main page, MicroWiki defines micronations as "small and often rather eccentric nations that are unrecognised by the wider international community" and in its article Micronation defines a micronation as a "political entity that claims to be a sovereign state but is not recognised as such by the wider international community".

Interactive geofiction is a hobby centred around the creation of model countries claiming territory on fictional planets. Most interactive geofictionalists consider their activities to be a form of micronationalism, although the present consensus among mainstream micronationalists is that geofiction is not micronationalism. Many interactive geofictionalists part of the Micras Sector have at various points been on the periphery of the MicroWiki community from its foundation in 2005, with the Organisation of Active Micronations spearheading increased links between the communities in 2011; since the second rise of the Grand Unified Micronational in 2012, however, the distinction between micronationalism and geofiction has been more sharply drawn within MicroWiki.

MicrasWiki (the Micras Sector's equivalent to MicroWiki), for example, claims on its main page to be "home to micronationalism". The homepage goes on to define "micronationalism" as a synonym for interactive geofiction. The word 'micronational' is frequently used in the name of organisations in the Micras Sector, with examples including the Micronational Cartography Society (the main governing body of Micras), the First Micronational Bank, and the Royal Institute of Micronational Antiquities. Almost all of the 'nations' claiming territory on Micras self-identify as micronations, and many older nations have articles on MicroWiki dating from the pre-2012 era of closeness between the communities.

In attempting to resolve this contention over whether or not interactive geofiction is micronationalism, some individuals in the Micras Sector have written micropatriological works that classify Micras-based nations as simulationist micronations, whilst arguing that definitions of micronations that exclude geofictional micronations are profoundly secessionist in nature. James Richter, secretary of the Micronational Cartography Society from 200507, expressed an early form of this argument in Micronational Theory (September 2006). This essay explains that micronationalism originated out of 'secessionist micronations', who claimed real territory, but that it evolved as 'simulationist micronations' arrived.

After explaining how online micronations are a logical evolution in human communication, Richter then calls Babkha "the first simulationist nation", saying "It created its entire history, and created an entire world for itself. the Seccesionists who were rapidly becomming old and were beggining to vanish from the Micronational scene were outraged by this turn of events. since at that time it was socially unacceptable to make up your own history and exist within the confines of the internet alone". He concludes that "after several years simulationism became larger then seccesionism", and claims that the latter no longer represents the mainstream of micronationalism.

Parallel plane theory is a micropatriological position which holds that micronational sovereignty over a people or territory does not preclude macronational sovereignty from extending there simultaneously, and that micronations should not try to become macronations. The theory was first put forward by Jordan Brizendine in August 2017, who successfully proposed motions in Delvera and at the Congress of Colo (a conference of delegates from Delvera, the North American Confederation and Karnia-Ruthenia) which stated that "micronations and macronations exist on separate, parallel planes whereby their duties and responsibilities do not overlap." The theory was developed further in early 2018 by Ives Blackwood and Glastieven T in the context of New Secessionism, with the two arguing that groups of friends held a position on the micronational plane which corresponded to that held by proto-nations on the macronational plane, though Blackwood later repudiated parallel plane theory.

There has been a small but growing amount of attention paid to the micronation phenomenon in recent years. Most interest in academic circles has been concerned with studying the apparently anomalous legal situations affecting such entities as Sealand and the Hutt River Province, in exploring how some micronations represent grassroots political ideas, and in the creation of role-playing entities for instructional purposes.

In 2000, Professor Fabrice O'Driscoll, of the Aix-Marseille University, published a book about micronations: Ils ne sigent pas l'ONU ("They are not in the United Nations"), with more than 300 pages dedicated to the subject.

Several recent publications have dealt with the subject of particular historic micronations, including Republic of Indian Stream (University Press), by Dartmouth College geographer Daniel Doan, The Land that Never Was, about Gregor MacGregor, and the Principality of Poyais, by David Sinclair (ISBN 0-7553-1080-2).

In May 2000, an article in the New York Times entitled "Utopian Rulers, and Spoofs, Stake Out Territory Online" brought the phenomenon to a wider audience for the first time. Similar articles were published by newspapers such as the French Liberation, the Italian La Repubblica, the Greek "Ta Nea", by O Estado de So Paulo in Brazil, and Portugal's Viso at around the same time.

The Democratic Empire of Sunda, which claims to be the Government of the Kingdom of Sunda (an ancient kingdom, in present-day Indonesia) in exile in Switzerland, made media headlines when two so-called princesses, Lamia Roro Wiranatadikusumah Siliwangi Al Misri, 21, and Fathia Reza Wiranatadikusumah Siliwangi Al Misiri, 23, were detained by Malaysian authorities at the border with Brunei, on 13 July 2007, and are charged for entering the country without a valid pass.

In August 2003 a Summit of Micronations took place in Helsinki at Finlandia Hall, the site of the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE). The summit was attended by delegations such as the Principality of Sealand, Neue Slowenische Kunst|NSK, Ladonia, the Transnational Republic, and by scholars from various academic institutions.

From 7 November through 17 December 2004, the Reg Vardy Gallery at the University of Sunderland hosted an exhibition on the subject of micronational group identity and symbolism. The exhibition focused on numismatic, philatelic and vexillological artefacts, as well as other symbols and instruments created and used by a number of micronations from the 1950s through to the present day. A summit of micronations conducted as part of this exhibition was attended by representatives of Sealand, Elgaland-Vargaland, New Utopia, Atlantium, Frestonia and Fusa. The exhibition was reprised at the Andrew Kreps Gallery in New York City from 24 June29 July of the following year. Another exhibition about micronations opened at Paris' Palais de Tokyo in early 2007.

The Sunderland summit was later featured in a 5-part BBC light entertainment television series called "How to Start Your Own Country" presented by Danny Wallace. The series told the story of Wallace's experience of founding a micronation, Lovely, located in his London flat. It screened in the UK in August 2005. Similar programs have also aired on television networks in other parts of Europe.

On 9 September 2006, The Guardian newspaper reported that the travel guide company Lonely Planet had published the world's first travel guide devoted to micronations, the Lonely Planet Guide to Home-Made Nations (ISBN 1741047307).

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Micronation - MicroWiki

micronation | Law, Recognition, History, & Definition …

Micronation, entity that claims to be an independent state but whose sovereignty is not recognized by the international community. Micronations are distinct from microstates, such as Liechtenstein or Vatican City, whose sovereignty over extremely small territories and populations is internationally recognized.

Micronations vary significantly in form, motivation, purpose, and seriousness. The loosely defined concept of a micronation appeared in the late 20th century to describe a growing phenomenon of small-scale pretention of sovereignty. Some micronations claim a territory, usually a piece of personal property or an uninhabitable tract of land. For instance, some micronations claim as their territory Bir awl, a section of desert between Egypt and Sudan that remains unclaimed by any country. Others exist solely in concept and may possess little more than a Web site. A great number of micronations are tongue-in-cheek, such as the Conch Republic in Key West, which staged a mock secession from the United States in 1982 after the imposition of a roadblock slowed road access to the rest of the country. The roadblock was later removed, but the city continues to use the Conch Republic gimmick to bolster tourism and souvenir sales. Still others exist as a performative expression of libertarianism. Regardless of their purpose, many micronations issue citizenship along with currency, passports, or other official documentsthough these documents bear no legal or diplomatic recognition.

The term micronation is sometimes applied retroactively to certain entities that claimed sovereignty before the concept of micronation came about. The Hospitallers (self-styled also as the Sovereign Order of Malta), a chivalric order founded in the decades prior to the First Crusade in the 11th century, possesses no territory but maintains a government whose sovereignty today is recognized by the Holy See and many other Roman Catholic countries and enjoys diplomatic relations with more than 100 countries. The Caribbean island of Redonda, uninhabitable and hardly accessible, was claimed by the early 20th-century novelist Matthew Phipps Shiell (M.P. Shiel) and serves as an early example of a completely fictitious claim to sovereignty. Among the most well-known examples of micronations formed prior to the terms coinage is the Principality of Sealand, a fort in the North Sea off the coast of England. Abandoned in the 1950s by the British Royal Navy, a British man commandeered the fort in 1967, and his family has occupied it ever since.

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micronation | Law, Recognition, History, & Definition ...

What Is A Micronation? – WorldAtlas

The flag of the micronation of Sealand. What is a Micronation?

Micronation is an entity that claims to be a sovereign nation but is not recognized by any other government or major international organization. A micronation formally and persistently agitates for sovereignty over a given territory and is thus differentiated from other social groups.

In modern day, more than 400 existing micronations have been recorded. The world has seen its fair share of presidents and royalty presiding over invented empires. The self-declared entity that is a micronation can either be real, virtual, or imaginary and it is often physically small. The governments of countries in which micronations operate often dismiss the entities as trivial and harmless. Some micronations issue items such as passports, stamps, coins, medals, postage, and flags.

Micronations became gathered further popularity with the invention of the internet. The internet enabled people from all over the world to connect, interact, and trade ideas. These virtual micronations are often referred to as nomadic countries. The term micronation was first used in the 1970s. Legally, the difference between state and non-states is based on the Montevideo Convention of 1933. Some of the entities, however, reject the notion of micronations.

Micronations are formed for many reasons. Some of them are established as hobbies and for personal entertainment, and they do not seek recognition. Other micronations exist to simulate political, economic, and social processes and they boast significant numbers of individuals. These types of entities also do not seek recognition. Some begin as protests. Some self-made entities start as artistic projects, and they balloon into tourist attractions. New country projects seek formal recognition, and they are interested in creating new countries. More often than not, these projects endeavor to create human-made islands and claim them as independent countries. Another type of micronation, the alternative government, recognizes the presence of other authorities. Some micronations are created for fraudulent purposes, especially to exempt themselves out of taxation. Other micronations exploit historical and legal anomalies to declare aspirant states.

The Republic of Molossia was declared in the state of Nevada, in 1999 by self-proclaimed President Kevin Baugh. It occupies an area of 6.3 square acres, and it has created its own currency and postal service. The Principality of Seborga was formed in 1963 in the Italian Province of Imperia. Its citizens claim that the land they occupy was not mentioned in the documents drawn during the unification attempts of Italy in the 1880s. In 1971, a micronation named Freetown Christiania was formed on an abandoned military base in the City of Copenhagen, Denmark. The entity operates as an anarchist community, and it is populated by many squatters, hippies, and anarchists. The community adheres to its set of rules, and the neighborhood is known for its brightly colored buildings and the absence of cars.

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What Is A Micronation? - WorldAtlas

Australia has one of the largest number of micronations in the world – ABC News

George II (or George Cruickshank, if you insist on "mundane" titles) was a bright and articulate young child qualities his parents had hoped would put him on the path to a promising career in politics.

"What they got instead was me deciding to create my own country in their backyard and raising the flag of Atlantium, and being acclaimed as its first and so far only head of state," Cruickshank quips.

"Unlike many people who have similar childhood experiences, I've managed to maintain that experience throughout my adult life."

Founded in 1981 when Cruickshank was just a teenager, the Empire of Atlantium, as it is known, is a "parallel sovereign state" based in NSW, boasting its own constitution, judicial system, flag and currency.

Far from its genesis in the backyards of suburban Sydney, its "global capital" Concordia now sits on a private pastoral holding in the Lachlan Valley, and is home to a self-declared seat of government, commemorative monuments, a post office and more.

With more than 3,000 global "citizens" to its name, Atlantium's claim of sovereignty would be impressive, were it not for one minor detail.

It doesn't actually exist at least, not in the legal sense.

Born out of a desire to shrug off the shackles of the country's constitutional democracy, Australia has been home to more than a dozen different micronations, among the most in the world, including the Sovereign State of Aeterna Lucina and the Province of Bumbunga.

Ranging from well-meaning to absurd, they are not legally recognised by the Federal Government and seldom register in the national consciousness, beyond the occasional headline.

But while most go unacknowledged and thus, unperturbed by the powers that be, others are more familiar with the long arm of the law.

After a 50-year standoff, the Principality of Hutt River the country's oldest micronation announced on Monday it would be ceded back to the Commonwealth of Australia.

Hutt River, which claimed to be an independent sovereign state (though the Australian Government never legally recognised it), had long been pursued by the Australian Taxation Office.

"Anyone can declare themselves a king or queen in their own home, or declare their own nation, but doing so sits entirely outside of the law," says UNSW Scientia Professor and constitutional law expert, George Williams.

"No-one can decide to leave Australia unilaterally or stop paying tax and expect Australian law will recognise that."

On this point, Cruickshank concurs.

Declaring sovereignty doesn't entitle you to anything (at least in the legal sense), he says, and if you were planning on "dodging your taxes", expect to become well acquainted with the ATO.

So why do it at all?

For the self-appointed sovereign head of state, the goal is simple: to unite people across the globe to advocate for unrestricted international freedom of movement.

With "citizens" from Tanzania to the United States, Atlantium isn't a political party. Rather, Cruickshank likens it to "some type of sustained performance art project".

"Our message is quite serious, but we found it's easier to communicate with people if you do it tongue-in-cheek and smile on face," he muses.

"[Unrestricted movement] is the only practical way we see for addressing the vast disparity of wealth and privilege between poorer nations and those fortunate enough to be born in a country like Australia.

"There's a basic misunderstanding of what Atlantium represents, based on what most other micro-nations end up doing, which is trying to avoid paying their taxes."

Pseudo states, though often tongue-in-cheek, are seldom created in a vacuum.

Lorraine Finlay, a constitutional and international law expert at Murdoch University, believes the fruition of the internet has "opened up worldwide the possibility for nomadic micronations", like the Empire of Atlantium, to establish a larger presence than was once possible.

"They actually have moved from being more about [territorial claims] to movements that are more based on technology and getting people involved that way," she says.

Australia is the "home of micronations", adds Williams the consequence of a "really large number of personal motivations".

"I think in Australia these micronations come back perhaps to the larrikin spirit [and] the idea of thumbing your nose to authority," he says.

"What way of doing that could be better than setting up your own country in complete contravention to the idea of Australia controlling your life?

The Principality of Hutt River, for example, was born out of a stoush with the West Australian Government over wheat production quotas, while the Gay and Lesbian Kingdom of the Coral Sea Islands was established as a symbolic political protest over the perceived lack of action around same-sex marriage.

Other times, these tiny fiefdoms exist simply to prove a point as is the case of John Rudge, the "Grand Duke of Avram".

After writing a PhD thesis in the 1980s about setting up a central bank, Rudge decided to put theory into practice, issuing his own notes and coins from the self-styled Royal Bank of Avram in Tasmania.

As Rudge tells it, it was a move that earned the ire of the Government, who disputed his use of the word "bank" on the notes and took him to court (though he claims the case was ultimately dismissed).

"All I was doing was making a point... It was about proving my thesis," he says. "They [the government] run by the power of a gun."

While a picture may tell a thousand words, in the case of Paul Delprat, the message is far more succinct: monarch.

Draped in a regal robes with a crown to boot, the self-appointed Prince of the Principality of Wy certainly knows how to talk the talk and walk the walk.

Frustrated by a long-standing council dispute over the construction of a driveway, Delprat seceded in 2004 not from the Commonwealth, but rather, his affluent harbourside suburb of Mosman, in Sydney.

"I believe it's important for people to feel they can have some degree of independence, even if it's imaginary," Delprat laughs.

"Like Ned Kelly, I hate the idea of injustice and unfairness... there are many ways of fighting it, and one of those ways is by laughing at it."

Affable and quick-witted, Delprat likens his pseudo state to the theatre ("Even Hamlet was a prince," he muses).

His "kingdom", plastered with royal paraphernalia, is more art installation than micro-nation an eccentric form of protest over a seemingly innocuous council squabble.

The Mosman Council, to their credit, met Delprat's tongue-in-cheek fight with their own brand of humour in a "formal ceremony" at council chambers, they "graciously accepted" the secession of the Principality of Wy (his own home).

And while he is yet to reach a resolution on the driveway debacle and continues to pay council rates (or "tributes", as he calls them), he believes there is a clear role for micronations in Australia.

"I think the very essence of democracy is plurality, lots of points of view, people arguing, disputation, reasoning to each other," he says

"When everyone is thinking the same, and following the same rules, it makes for a very boring society.

"What a wonderful society we live in that we put up with people like me."

While it would be easy to relegate micronations to the realms of satire, embedded in its very fabric is a strong history of Indigenous nationhood.

Murrawarri Republic, an Aboriginal micronation, declared independence in 2013, with its founders demanding a treaty between the Murrawarri nation and the Crown of Great Britain.

Likewise, the Yidindji Tribal Nation in Far North Queensland, which renounced its legal ties in 2014, hopes to enter into a memorandum of understanding with Australia (Murrumu Walubara Yidindji, its founder, has relinquished his passport, bank accounts and Australian citizenship).

But while they may follow a similar formula to other micronations across the country, Williams cautions against drawing too many parallels.

"Indigenous peoples have a claim to sovereignty, a claim to nationhood, that predates the colonisation of Australia," Williams says.

"So those groups are saying, 'We're continuing to assert our rights'. And in their case, they've taken it to court [and] they have legal arguments they can mount.

"And even though they're rejected by the state, they're in a different category to people who, essentially for a hobby and without any foundation whatsoever, seek to declare themselves as rulers of their own land."

Love them or loathe them, if there's one thing both the legal fraternity and self-appointed monarchs can all agree on, it's that the very presence of micronations in Australia underscores the country's commitment to democratic freedoms.

In Australia, there is a sense of "let bygones be bygones", says Williams, and provided those who seek to declare sovereignty continue to "fulfil their normal responsibilities", authorities are more inclined to view the phenomenon as an "eccentric hobby".

"We do live in such a peaceful, democratic, tolerant nation," adds Finlay.

"There are a lot of places in the world where if you tried to declare yourself as a separate nation, the government simply wouldn't allow it and you'd find yourself in quite a lot of trouble."

It is a sentiment echoed by Cruickshank, who believes there are lessons to be learned from the demise of Hutt River.

"If you're thinking of starting a micro-nation in response to legal issues or a dispute with their municipality or the Australian Taxation Office, those sorts of responses are inevitably doomed to failure," he says.

"What they will do is simply delay the inevitable, and that's the lesson we can take from Hutt River."

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Australia has one of the largest number of micronations in the world - ABC News

Hutt River micronation to rejoin Australia due to coronavirus pandemic – The Guardian

All countries are virtual countries, according to Vt Jedlika, the president of Liberland (an uninhabited island in the Danube river between Serbia and Croatia) and his fellow leaders of the worlds micronations.

But that number is now one fewer, after Australias oldest micronation, founded in 1970 over a dispute over wheat, is no more.

The Principality of Hutt River, a popular tourist attraction founded by the self-styled Prince Leonard Casley, and never legally recognised by Australia or any other country, announced on Monday that it was rejoining the Commonwealth of Australia as a result of harsh times during the coronavirus pandemic.

At 75 sq km (18,500 acres) in area, the former self-styled principality in rural Western Australia, 517km north of Perth, is the size of Hong Kong and has a population of 26.

Hutt River seceded from Australia in April 1970 after a dispute with the state government over wheat production quotas, and later became a tourist attraction that printed its own currency, the Hutt River dollar, and stamped the passports of visitors.

But on Monday, the supporters and followers of the tiny nation received an email from Royal Hutt River Legion Major Richard Ananda Barton announcing that its current leader, Prince Graeme Casley, had decided to dissolve the Principality.

It is with much sorrow that I inform you that this will be the last Significant Days list I circulate, he wrote.

Casley confirmed the news to Guardian Australia but noted that the initial email was unauthorised.

PHR will not be continuing in such harsh times (as many others are also facing), he said.

Jedlika, a Eurosceptic politician who founded Liberland in 2015, once said its nothing but the imagination of people that creates countries. Hutt River required more imagination than most.

For 50 years, the principality existed in the strange netherworld of the unrecognised state, one of dozens around the world, never really leaving Australia but claiming to be distinct from it.

In 1977, Hutt River briefly declared war on Australia over what Casley described as then prime minister Malcolm Frasers hostilities.

It had landmarks such as Mount Secession and Lake Beginning, a memorabilia department and historical society. Described on its own website as undulating farmland well covered in places with a wealth of shrubs and glorious wildflowers in season, it was a popular tourist destination in WA.

But the micronation was forced to shut its borders to tourists in January due to the Covid-19 pandemic.

Founder Leonard Casley abdicated the throne to his son Graeme in 2017, and died last year, aged 93.

Graeme Casley confirmed to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation that the property would be sold to pay a mounting debt to the previously-foreign Australian Tax Office.

Hutt River is survived by other self-proclaimed micronations within Australia, including the Empire of Atlantium and the Principality of Snake Hill and the Murrawarri Republic.

Read more:

Hutt River micronation to rejoin Australia due to coronavirus pandemic - The Guardian

Micronation rejoins Australia after 50 years of independence – Daily Express

Leonard Casley, also known as Prince Leonard, declared his farm located north of the state capital Perth was an independent nation in 1970. Mr Casley made the unusual move after clashing with the Australian government over wheat production quotas. He even issued passports, stamps, citizenships, and a new currency, known as the Hutt River Dollar.

Prince Leonard died on February 13, 2019, and his youngest son known as Prince Graeme took over leadership of the micronation.

Micronations are rarely legally recognised by world governments or major international organisations

The Australian Taxation Office demanded Mr Casley paid tax and so the Prince declared war on Australia in 1977.

This is despite the fact that the little nation had no army.

READ MORE:South China Sea: Australian warships join US and Japanese in drills

In 2017 the micronation lost a Supreme Court case and was ordered to pay around 1.64million in tax.

At the time, Western Australian supreme court judge Rene Le Miere said: Anyone can declare themselves a sovereign in their own home but they cannot ignore the laws of Australia or not pay tax.

The micronation has its own national anthem, composed by the late Jon English.

Even the Queen is said to have learned about the strange state in the midst of the outback.

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In April 2016 the Queen conveyed her congratulations to Prince Leonard on the 46th anniversary of his declaration of independence.

She said she wished him a most enjoyable and successful celebration.

Her Majesty also contacted Prince Leonard when he had suffered a fall to send her best wishes for a speedy recovery.

On Monday the micronation issued a statement that it would be dissolved and the land sold as farmland to pay most of the bill.

Prince Leonard's son, Prince Graeme, spoke to Australia's ABC saying he did not believe the sale of the property would repay the whole tax bill.

He said: We are meeting with the ATO to try and come up with a more favourable figure."

Falling revenue from tourism and the coronavirus pandemic crisis has had its effects on the micronation's finances.

Prince Graeme said he hoped that the strange story of this "principality" would be remembered.

He wants the world to see the stand made by his father as one against unjust bureaucracy.

He said: That's the history, and you can't unwrite it.

"You just have to keep the archives and hope the story continues for the family.

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Micronation rejoins Australia after 50 years of independence - Daily Express

Hutt River micronation to rejoin Australia due to debt caused by Covid-19 – The Indian Express

By: Express Web Desk | New Delhi | Published: August 6, 2020 6:25:54 pm PHR (The principality of Hutt River) will not be continuing in such harsh times (as many others are also facing), Prince Casley told the Guardian on Monday. (Photo courtesy: Guardian)

Around 500 km north of Western Australias capital city of Perth lies one of the worlds smallest sovereign states the Principality of Hutt River. With a population of 23, the tiny province is roughly the same size as Hong Kong. For decades, it was considered a popular destination for travellers seeking a stamp in their passports from one of the oldest micronations in the world.

This was until the coronavirus pandemic hit. The province was forced to close its borders to tourists in January, this year. Burdened with a flailing tourism sector and seemingly insurmountable debt, the Principality of Hutt River has announced that it will be reintegrating with Australia, more than 50 years after it first seceded from the country following a dispute over wheat production quotas.

The property will be sold as farmland to pay off the debt owed to Australias Taxation Office, the principalities leader Prince Graeme Casley has confirmed. The ATO has long been pursuing the tiny principality over unpaid debts. After losing a Supreme Court battle in 2017, the royal family of Hutt River was ordered to pay $3 million to the Australian taxation authorities.

PHR (The principality of Hutt River) will not be continuing in such harsh times (as many others are also facing), Prince Casley told the Guardian on Monday.

The principality has had a strained relationship with Australia long before the pandemic set in. Australia has refused to accept its independent status since its inception. In 1977, Hutt River briefly declared war on Australia after repeated demands for payments by the ATO.

Remembering the micronations history, spanning over five decades, Prince Casley told Australian news network ABC, You just have to keep the archives and hope the story continues for the family.

The Indian Express is now on Telegram. Click here to join our channel (@indianexpress) and stay updated with the latest headlines

For all the latest World News, download Indian Express App.

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Hutt River micronation to rejoin Australia due to debt caused by Covid-19 - The Indian Express

Here are some Scottish locations that might suit PM’s taste for adventure – The National

THErevelation that Prime Minister Boris Johnson and his fiance Carrie Symonds and their baby son Wildred are to take a fortnights holiday in Scotland from next weekend has got the Jouker wondering just exactly where they could be going.

Purely in the spirit of welcome and absolutely without the help of VisitScotland weve come up with some locations that might suit the PMs taste for adventure. They will obviously want to get away from it all and go somewhere the paparazzi will not dare to follow, so that rules out 99% of the country.

Hes just been to Orkney and to Moray to see his chum Dougie Ross, of course so we can rule them out, too. And somehow we cant see them in a single end in Glasgow city centre so we have had to look elsewhere.

He could do a bit of an adventure playground research holiday in Greenock Town Centre in Inverclyde; Carntyne West and Hagill in Glasgow; Ferguslie Park in Paisley; Alloa South and East in Clackmannanshire; Buckhaven, Denbeath and Muiredge in Fife; and Cliftonville in North Lanarkshire. The alert among you will have spotted that according to the Scottish Government, these are the half-dozen most deprived areas in Scotland it would be a "see how the other half live"jaunt, and we dont think Old Etonian Boris would be up for that, somehow, especially now that the price of Buckfast has risen.

No, he would be much better off going for a bit of isolation. Rockall springs most readily to mind as its the furthest bit of Scotland from anywhere, but the accommodation is pretty poor non-existent, actually and those pesky Irish might just use the PMs presence to invade and claim the territory they consider to be theirs.

Far better to avoid a possible international incident and camp out on St Kilda. Its a World Heritage site, after all, and there are some military types resident there so the PM could always borrow their toilets as the National Trust for Scotland has closed down their bogs due to the coronavirus pandemic. But a captive audience of a million would surely be attractive, even if puffins and other seabirds dont have the vote yet.

READ MORE:Boris Johnson to head to Scotland for two-week family holiday

We strongly recommend Gruinard, the so-called anthrax island situated between Gairloch and Ullapool. In a biological weapons experiment it was deliberately contaminated with anthrax during World War II, and 80 sheep died even though they had not declared war on the UK. After decontamination it was declared safe in 1990. Wouldnt it be a lovely gesture by the PM to pitch his tent there and show that the whole of the Precious Union is perfectly safe?

Theres a few other islands we could suggest. Why not Inchconnachan in Loch Lomond, currently on the market and a snip at 500k. There used to be wallabies on the uninhabited island, but they emigrated during the Governments hostile environment phase, allegedly. The good people of the nearby Vale of Leven, which used to be known as Little Moscow, might possibly object to the ultimate Tory in their proximity, but thats a small price to pay for enjoying the beauties of the Loch.

Inch Kenneth off Mull is an ideal holiday home but may be haunted by the ghost of Unity Mitford, the aristocratic Nazi-lover who shot herself in the head at the start of World War II but survived. She took ill on the island which was owned by her family and died in Oban aged 33 from meningitis caused by the bullet still inside her skull. Wouldnt want all that right-wing history being raked up, so probably not ideal for Boris.

Scarba is our last recommendation. Its a lovely wee island just north of Jura, with its very own spectacular whirlpool, Corryvreckan, thats well worth a visit. Just dont take the wife and bairn One thing to remember, PM, is that we are doing lockdown things differently here in Scotland, and that dreadful woman in Bute House might just close the Border and trap you here for an extended holiday. And dont count on her for a few nights at her wee but n ben.

Link:

Here are some Scottish locations that might suit PM's taste for adventure - The National

How to rock all types of womens leather jackets like a pro – Business MattersBusiness Matters

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So what are you waiting for, girl? You deserve this piece of luxury in your life. Just go get it!

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How to rock all types of womens leather jackets like a pro - Business MattersBusiness Matters

Murs and Slug Surprise Release First New Felt Album in Over 10 Years Felt 4 U – mxdwn.com

Ariel King August 9th, 2020 - 3:38 PM

Murs and Atmospheres Slug have released their fourth Felt album,Felt 4 U,following an 11 year hiatus. The duo preceded the albums release with Name In Ya Mouth, a standalone track. Ant of Atmosphere helped to produce the album.

Felt 4 U comes as the first Felt album not to have been dedicated to a celebrity, instead the album is dedicated to the fans. Blimes, The Grouch, Aesop Rock and Shepard Albertson all have appearances on the new album, a first for the rap duo.

Name in Ya Mouth helps to set the tone forFelt 4 U, Murs and Slug returning with their smart verses and swelling beats. Somebody say that money is the root of all evil/ I guess it is/ Thats why I came to the party dressed like an exorcist, the track begins. Im not perfect but Ive got purpose, is flown over the heavy synths which take listeners back to the roots of rap.

The album incorporates funk, soul, blues and country. The album takes on a summer feel, allowing each of Felts albums to take on one of the four seasons.Felt 4 U comes as the followup to 2009sFelt 3: A Tribute to Rosie Perez. Previous Felt albums had been produced by The Grouch, Ant and Aesop Rock, with all three contributing toFelt 4 U in some way. Ants production creates a deeper layer within each track, perfectly encapsulating each songs tone.

Nevers Enough introduces the album as Mars and Slug rap about how their lives have improved since their last album. Both started families over the past ten years, and explore themes related to their changing lives throughout the course of the album.

Find My Way takes a deeper tone from the opening track, mixing in soul as Murs and Slug explore difficult themes in searching for themselves and paying the price for all they have achieved. Ants production stand out as lyrics discuss driving away with their wives.

Dont Do Me Like That comes back to the higher tones, lyrics portraying familial struggles and struggling with trust in a relationship. Both rap about arguments with their wives, highlighting the difficulties found in starting families.

Trees swings around as Murs and Slug reminisce on their childhoods, talking about how they have matured since them. They pull on violence in their lyrics and sing about smoking weed, parts of the production brining in slight psychedelic synths as record scratches highlight the end of the track.

Through The Night falls into a funky tune as it takes on a slow tone, Mars and Slug turning to romance. The instrumental matches the romantic undertones of the track, creating a transcending tone.

Freeze Tag pulls on blues in its beginning before the beat picks up. I wasnt born I was hatched on the moon, Slug sings. Murs and Slug switch off on the lyric Stop, hold it, freeze, each flinging themselves into their verse. Ants production takes on a disco inspiration, pushing listeners to get up and dance.

Sticks & Stones brings in a smooth and heavenly tone as Murs raps about violence as a child. Everybody with a heartbeat got beaf, Murs says as he speaks about having to protect himself as he was growing up. Slug comes in to talk about watching cartoons and football as he was a kid, the two giving a stark contrast on the way each grew up. He then discusses the amount of money currently poured into the military, questioning why.

Underwater lends an underwater bass feel, the track bringing back disco. Blimes feature flows and swirls as the track bubbles, Mars coming in to rap about wanting to be with a girl. Just no if we ever split/ I am not mad. The track marks the first love song on the album, Slug reminiscing on his relationship prior to having kids. I love this house that weve built together, he says.

Alexander Freal creates a harder sound, the booming beat bouncing underneath Slugs raps. Murs and Slug speak of Chicago, rapping about running away. They both switch off seamlessly, sounding almost as if they have the same thoughts.

Hologram introduces The Grouch and Aesop Rock, all four artists switching off over a heavy beat and electric strums. They switch into a darker tone as each raps about how they dont care about fame or those who come to try and grab their attention.

Crimson Skies slows the track down as they both rap about paying full price for shit I didnt really ask for. They take on a melancholy tone, the track featuring Shepard Albertson. Watching this apocalypse in real time/ Its not at all how I thought it would be, the lyrics state. The track could take many different meanings in reference to the current state of the world, from loss and personal struggle to the ongoing world events which have thrown much of the country into chaos.

Borboleta ends the album with strums of a piano and a positive summer feel. They take on sweet tones as the track ends with Murs and Slugs children chanting, my family, my family. Their lyrics speak on their children, wanting to raise them in the best way possible and watch them grow up and make the world their own.

Felt 4 U tracklist:

1. Nevers Enough2. Find My Way3. Dont Do Me Like That4. Trees5. Through The Night6. Freeze Tag7. Sticks & Stones8. Underwater (feat. Blimes)9. Alexander Freal10. Hologram (feat. The Grouch & Aesop Rock)11. Crimson Skies (feat. Shepard Albertson)12. Borboleta

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Murs and Slug Surprise Release First New Felt Album in Over 10 Years Felt 4 U - mxdwn.com