Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Growth by Top Companies, Trends by Types and Application, Forecast to 2026|Unity Biotechnology, Siwa Therapeutics,…

QY Research has Published Latest Trending Report on Global Anti-Senescence Therapy Market

Los Angeles, United State, The report titledGlobal Anti-Senescence Therapy Marketis one of the most comprehensive and important additions to QY Researchs archive of market research studies. It offers detailed research and analysis of key aspects of the global Anti-Senescence Therapy market. The market analysts authoring this report have provided in-depth information on leading growth drivers, restraints, challenges, trends, and opportunities to offer a complete analysis of the global Anti-Senescence Therapy market. Market participants can use the analysis on market dynamics to plan effective growth strategies and prepare for future challenges beforehand. Each trend of the global Anti-Senescence Therapy market is carefully analyzed and researched about by the market analysts.

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The Essential Content Covered in the GlobalAnti-Senescence Therapy Market Report:

* Top Key Company Profiles.* Main Business and Rival Information* SWOT Analysis and PESTEL Analysis* Production, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin* Market Share and Size

Global Anti-Senescence Therapy Market is estimated to reach xxx million USD in 2020 and projected to grow at the CAGR of xx% during 2020-2026. According to the latest report added to the online repository of QY Research the Anti-Senescence Therapy market has witnessed an unprecedented growth till 2020. The extrapolated future growth is expected to continue at higher rates by 2025.

Top Players of Anti-Senescence Therapy Market are Studied: Unity Biotechnology, Siwa Therapeutics, Calico LLC, AgeX TherapeuticsInc, Numeric Biotech, Human Longevity, Inc. (HLI), Cleara Biotech, OisinBiotechnologies, Recursion Pharmaceuticals, Sierra Sciences, Proteostasis Therapeutics, Senolytic Therapeutics, Allergan

The report provides a 6-year forecast (2020-2026) assessed based on how the Anti-Senescence Therapy market is predicted to grow in major regions likeUSA, Europe, Japan, China, India, Southeast Asia, South America, South Africa, Others.

Segmentation by Type:Gene TherapyImmunotherapyOthers

Segmentation by Application:Cardiovascular DiseasesNeural Degenerative DiseasesOphthalmology DisordersOthers

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents1 Report Overview

1.1 Study Scope

1.2 Key Market Segments

1.3 Players Covered: Ranking by Anti-Senescence Therapy Revenue

1.4 Market Analysis by Type

1.4.1 Global Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2020 VS 2026

1.4.2 Gene Therapy

1.4.3 Immunotherapy

1.4.4 Others

1.5 Market by Application

1.5.1 Global Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Share by Application: 2020 VS 2026

1.5.2 Cardiovascular Diseases

1.5.3 Neural Degenerative Diseases

1.5.4 Ophthalmology Disorders

1.5.5 Others 1.6 Study Objectives 1.7 Years Considered2 Global Growth Trends by Regions

2.1 Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Perspective (2015-2026)

2.2 Anti-Senescence Therapy Growth Trends by Regions

2.2.1 Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Size by Regions: 2015 VS 2020 VS 2026

2.2.2 Anti-Senescence Therapy Historic Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)

2.2.3 Anti-Senescence Therapy Forecasted Market Size by Regions (2021-2026) 2.3 Industry Trends and Growth Strategy 2.3.1 Market Top Trends 2.3.2 Market Drivers

2.3.3 Market Challenges

2.3.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis

2.3.5 Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Growth Strategy

2.3.6 Primary Interviews with Key Anti-Senescence Therapy Players (Opinion Leaders)3 Competition Landscape by Key Players

3.1 Global Top Anti-Senescence Therapy Players by Market Size

3.1.1 Global Top Anti-Senescence Therapy Players by Revenue (2015-2020)

3.1.2 Global Anti-Senescence Therapy Revenue Market Share by Players (2015-2020)

3.1.3 Global Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)

3.2 Global Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Concentration Ratio

3.2.1 Global Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)

3.2.2 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Companies by Anti-Senescence Therapy Revenue in 2019

3.3 Anti-Senescence Therapy Key Players Head office and Area Served

3.4 Key Players Anti-Senescence Therapy Product Solution and Service

3.5 Date of Enter into Anti-Senescence Therapy Market

3.6 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans4 Breakdown Data by Type (2015-2026)

4.1 Global Anti-Senescence Therapy Historic Market Size by Type (2015-2020)

4.2 Global Anti-Senescence Therapy Forecasted Market Size by Type (2021-2026)5 Anti-Senescence Therapy Breakdown Data by Application (2015-2026)

5.1 Global Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Size by Application (2015-2020)

5.2 Global Anti-Senescence Therapy Forecasted Market Size by Application (2021-2026)6 North America

6.1 North America Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Size (2015-2020)

6.2 Anti-Senescence Therapy Key Players in North America (2019-2020)

6.3 North America Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Size by Type (2015-2020)

6.4 North America Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Size by Application (2015-2020)7 Europe

7.1 Europe Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Size (2015-2020)

7.2 Anti-Senescence Therapy Key Players in Europe (2019-2020)

7.3 Europe Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Size by Type (2015-2020)

7.4 Europe Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Size by Application (2015-2020)8 China

8.1 China Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Size (2015-2020)

8.2 Anti-Senescence Therapy Key Players in China (2019-2020)

8.3 China Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Size by Type (2015-2020)

8.4 China Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Size by Application (2015-2020)9 Japan

9.1 Japan Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Size (2015-2020)

9.2 Anti-Senescence Therapy Key Players in Japan (2019-2020)

9.3 Japan Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Size by Type (2015-2020)

9.4 Japan Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Size by Application (2015-2020)10 Southeast Asia

10.1 Southeast Asia Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Size (2015-2020)

10.2 Anti-Senescence Therapy Key Players in Southeast Asia (2019-2020)

10.3 Southeast Asia Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Size by Type (2015-2020)

10.4 Southeast Asia Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Size by Application (2015-2020)11 India

11.1 India Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Size (2015-2020)

11.2 Anti-Senescence Therapy Key Players in India (2019-2020)

11.3 India Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Size by Type (2015-2020)

11.4 India Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Size by Application (2015-2020)12 Central & South America

12.1 Central & South America Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Size (2015-2020)

12.2 Anti-Senescence Therapy Key Players in Central & South America (2019-2020)

12.3 Central & South America Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Size by Type (2015-2020)

12.4 Central & South America Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Size by Application (2015-2020)13Key Players Profiles

13.1 Unity Biotechnology

13.1.1 Unity Biotechnology Company Details

13.1.2 Unity Biotechnology Business Overview and Its Total Revenue

13.1.3 Unity Biotechnology Anti-Senescence Therapy Introduction

13.1.4 Unity Biotechnology Revenue in Anti-Senescence Therapy Business (2015-2020))

13.1.5 Unity Biotechnology Recent Development

13.2 Siwa Therapeutics

13.2.1 Siwa Therapeutics Company Details

13.2.2 Siwa Therapeutics Business Overview and Its Total Revenue

13.2.3 Siwa Therapeutics Anti-Senescence Therapy Introduction

13.2.4 Siwa Therapeutics Revenue in Anti-Senescence Therapy Business (2015-2020)

13.2.5 Siwa Therapeutics Recent Development

13.3 Calico LLC

13.3.1 Calico LLC Company Details

13.3.2 Calico LLC Business Overview and Its Total Revenue

13.3.3 Calico LLC Anti-Senescence Therapy Introduction

13.3.4 Calico LLC Revenue in Anti-Senescence Therapy Business (2015-2020)

13.3.5 Calico LLC Recent Development

13.4 AgeX TherapeuticsInc

13.4.1 AgeX TherapeuticsInc Company Details

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Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Growth by Top Companies, Trends by Types and Application, Forecast to 2026|Unity Biotechnology, Siwa Therapeutics,...

Olivia de Havilland, Gone With the Wind actress and Hollywood royalty, dies at 104 – Boone News-Republican

Olivia de Havilland, one of the last pillars of Hollywood royalty and a contemporary of Bette Davis and Errol Flynn, died "peacefully from natural causes" Sunday at the age of 104, talent agent Jim Wilhelm told USA TODAY. Her death marks the passing of one of the last stars of classic films of the 1930s, an actress before her time in the fight for equality, and an icon who took on the studio system and won.

Best known for her sweet-natured role as Melanie Hamilton in "Gone With the Wind," the two-time Oscar winner (for 1946's "To Each His Own" and 1949's "The Heiress") will be remembered most for her beautiful diction, an air of refinement and gumption, and grace on and off camera. Outspoken and steely in real life, de Havilland starred in more than 50 films on the big and small screen from 1935 to 1988, and was known as a staunch advocate for actors rights and creative freedom in Hollywood.

Bound by the grip Warner Bros. held on her career, the 27-year-old star sued the studio in 1943, prompting a collapse of oppressive long-term contracts in Hollywood. And in the latter years of her life, the British-American actress reminded she was no pushover, making headlines by filing a lawsuit in Los Angeles over being portrayed as a gossip monger in Ryan Murphys FX show "Feud: Bette and Joan," which chronicled the longtime rivalry between actresses Davis and Joan Crawford.

She was born Olivia Mary de Havilland in 1916 in Tokyo, where her father Walter Augustus de Havilland taught English at the Imperial University and then became a patent attorney. Her mother Lilian Augusta Ruse was a stage actress educated at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, but she left her career to move to Japan with her husband.

On a family trip to California in 1919, Olivia became ill with a bronchial condition and her younger sister Joan (later to become the actress Joan Fontaine) developed pneumonia. Lilian decided to remain in California with Joan and Olivia for her daughters health. They settled in Saratoga, a suburb of San Francisco, while her father abandoned the family and returned to Japan. De Havillands mother divorced in 1925 and married George Fontaine, a strict stepfather the girls resented.

Fontaine died in 2013 at age 96. De Havilland's death was also preceded by son Benjamin Goodrich in 1991. She is survived by her daughter, Gisele Galante Chulack, son-in-law Andrew Chulack and niece Deborah Dozier Potter. Funeral arrangements will be private, Wilhelm said.

After making her Hollywood debut in a version of Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream," de Havilland - named for the Bard's "Twelfth Night" character Olivia - made an early mark opposite Flynn. In 1934, she had signed a contract with Warner Bros., who decided to pair her with the then-unknown Australian They starred a year later in "Captain Blood," a swashbuckling hit that made the two of them bonafide stars, and they made seven more movies as one of Hollywoods most memorable on-screen romantic pairings. She played Maid Marian to Flynn's title rogue in "The Adventures of Robin Hood" in 1938, and they last appeared together in 1941s "They Died With Their Boots On."

With David O. Selznicks 1939 Civil War epic "Gone With the Wind," de Havilland said at the time that having read the Margaret Mitchell novel, she knew she could bring the character of Melanie to life, and the actress' soft voice and graceful manner made her the perfect fit for a pivotal role: Melanie's indelible goodness saved Scarlett OHara (Vivien Leigh) from social ruin more than once and even touched Scarletts hard heart. Though far less showy than Scarlett, de Havillands iconic role is deeply etched in audiences hearts.

The character earned de Havilland her first Oscar nomination, for best supporting actress, but she lost to her "Wind" co-star Hattie McDaniel. De Havilland's second nod came for 1941s "Hold Back the Dawn," where she shared the best actress category with her sister, who won for "Suspicion." De Havilland took home her own best actress Oscar five years later, for her performance in "To Each His Own," and they are still the only siblings ever to have won lead acting Academy Awards.

But de Havilland and Fontaine fostered a heated competitiveness that lasted all their lives, from childhood to stardom. That rivalry rumored to have escalated into a feud where the two didnt speak was the subject of Hollywood gossip for decades.

In 2016, three years after her sister's death, de Havilland finally broke her silence on their relationship to the Associated Press: "A feud implies continuing hostile conduct between two parties. I cannot think of a single instance wherein I initiated hostile behavior." However, she added, "I can think of many occasions where my reaction to deliberately inconsiderate behavior was defensive.

In 1949, Fontaine put it differently, telling columnist Hedda Hopper: You see, in our family, Olivia was always the breadwinner, and I the no-talent, no-future little sister not good for much more than paying her share of the rent."

De Havilland referred to her sister as Dragon Lady.

"Dragon Lady, as I eventually decided to call her, was a brilliant, multi-talented person, but with an astigmatism in her perception of people and events, which often caused her to react in an unfair and even injurious way," de Havilland said in 2016.

De Havilland, who won her second best actress Oscar for "The Heiress," was also nominated for her performance in 1948s "The Snake Pit," one of the earliest films to feature a realistic portrayal of mental illness. That role also cemented her reputation for embracing flawed and unglamorous characters.

I believed in following Bette Davis example, she told the Los Angeles Times in 1988. She didn't care whether she looked good or bad. She just wanted to play complex, interesting, fascinating parts, a variety of human experience. I wanted Melanie to be just one of the images. Let's have a few others.

Being as well-received as she was both by the public and critically for her part in "Gone With the Wind," de Havilland longed for more substantial parts early in her career, particularly more serious ones than as Flynns demure leading lady, who was usually a damsel in distress. But Warner Bros. did not support her efforts. De Havilland grew increasingly frustrated by the lack of challenging roles and began to reject scripts.

While De Havilland wanted to pursue opportunities with other studios, Warner Bros. told her they added six months more to her seven-year contract for times she had been on suspension. (Legally, studios could suspend contract players for rejecting a role, then add that time to the contract period.)

At the urging of her lawyer, she sued Warner Bros., supported by the Screen Actors Guild. The case went to the Supreme Court of California and the court ruled in her favor in 1945. Known as the de Havilland Law, the landmark decision proved to be one of the most important and far-reaching legal rulings in Hollywood, reducing the power of the studios and giving greater creative freedom to actors.

Performers of that era and later benefited from her legal case, and the law won de Havilland much respect among her peers and colleagues. Fontaine was even quoted as saying Hollywood owes Olivia a great deal. But Warner Bros. circulated a punitive letter that essentially blacklisted de Havilland. She did not work for a film studio for two years until Paramount signed her in 1946.

"As soon as my victory was legally confirmed and I was free to choose the films that I made, Paramount presented me with the script of 'To Each His Own,' " playing an unwed teenage mother. This was exactly the kind of challenge for which I fought that case," she told the AP with pride in 2016.

In addition to championing actors rights, de Havilland was known for her liberal political stance. She organized a fight for control of the Independent Citizens Committee of the Arts, Sciences and Professions, which she felt was being manipulated by a small group of Communists. She failed and then resigned, triggering a wave of resignations, including that of an actor she had recruited to the group, Ronald Reagan. Even though she had very publicly worked to organize Hollywood resistance to Soviet influence, she was called to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1958 because of her vocal liberal activism.

On the personal front, de Havilland was romantically involved with Flynn, Jimmy Stewart, director John Huston and filmmaking mogul Howard Hughes, though Havilland eventually married Navy veteran and novelist Marcus Goodrich in 1946, before divorcing in 1953. They had one son, Benjamin, who died in 1991 after a battle with Hodgkins disease.

She wed French journalist Pierre Galante in 1955, moved to Paris, and had a daughter, Gisele. De Havilland's adjustment to Parisian life was recounted in her 1962 memoir "Every Frenchman Has One." The couple divorced in 1979.

De Havilland only appeared occasionally in films in the 1950s and turned down the role of Blanche Dubois (which won Leigh her second best actress Oscar) in 1951's "A Streetcar Named Desire." While some thought it had to do with the suggestive themes of the story, she said in 2006 that she declined the part because she had recently given birth to her son.

Her few film roles in the 60s included "Lady in a Cage" (1964) and "Hush Hush Sweet Charlotte" (1964). In 1965, she was the first woman to preside on a jury for the Cannes Film Festival.

De Havilland continued acting in films until the late 1970s and on television through the 1980s. She won a Golden Globe in 1987 and also earned an Emmy nomination for "Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna." And In 2009, she lent her distinctive voice to the narration of a documentary on Alzheimers disease entitled "I Remember Better When I Paint."

In her later years, she maintained perspective on her impressive longevity: All the artists I had known during the Golden Era (live) elsewhere, she said in 2016, including the after world.

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Olivia de Havilland, Gone With the Wind actress and Hollywood royalty, dies at 104 - Boone News-Republican

How one hour of slow breathing changed my life – The Guardian

The place looked like something out of an old horror film: all paint-chipped walls, dusty windows, and menacing shadows cast by moonlight. I walked through a gate, up a flight of creaking steps, and knocked on the door.

When it swung open, a woman in her 30s with woolly eyebrows and oversize white teeth welcomed me inside. She asked me to take off my shoes, then led me to a cavernous living room, its ceiling painted sky blue with wispy clouds. I took a seat beside a window that rattled in the breeze and watched through jaundiced streetlight as others walked in. A guy with prisoner eyes. A blonde woman with an off-centre bindi on her forehead.

Id come here on the recommendation of my doctor, whod told me: A breathing class could help. It could help strengthen my failing lungs, calm my frazzled mind, maybe give me perspective.

For the past few months, Id been going through a rough patch. My job was stressing me out and my 130-year-old house was falling apart. Id just recovered from pneumonia, which Id also had the year before, and the year before that. I was spending most of my time at home wheezing, working and eating three meals a day out of the same bowl while hunched over week-old newspapers on the couch. I was in a rut physically, mentally and otherwise. After a few months of living this way, I took my doctors advice and signed up for an introductory course in breathing to learn a technique called Sudarshan Kriya.

At 7pm, the bushy-browed woman locked the front door, sat in the middle of the group, inserted a cassette tape into a beat-up boom box, and pressed play. She told us to close our eyes. The voice instructed us to inhale slowly through our noses, then to exhale slowly. To focus on our breath. I kept breathing, but nothing happened. No calmness swept over me, no tension released from my tight muscles. Nothing. Ten, maybe 20 minutes passed. I started getting annoyed and a bit resentful that Id chosen to spend my evening inhaling dusty air on the floor of an old Victorian house. I thought about getting up and leaving, but I didnt want to be rude. Then something happened. I wasnt conscious of any transformation taking place. I never felt myself relax or the swarm of nagging thoughts leave my head. But it was as if Id been taken from one place and deposited somewhere else. It happened in an instant.

There was something wet on my head. I lifted my hand to wipe it off and noticed my hair was sopping. I ran my hand down my face, felt the sting of sweat in my eyes and tasted salt. I looked down at my torso and noticed sweat blotches on my sweater and jeans. Everyone had been covered in jackets and hoodies to keep warm. But I had somehow sweated through my clothes as if Id just run a marathon.

The instructor approached and asked if I was OK, if Id been sick or had a fever. I told her I felt perfectly fine. The next day I felt even better. As advertised, there was a feeling of calm and quiet that I hadnt experienced in a long time. I slept well. The little things in life didnt bother me as much. The tension was gone from my shoulders and neck. This lasted a few days before the feeling faded out.

What exactly had happened? How did sitting cross- legged in a strange house and breathing for an hour trigger such a profound reaction?

I returned to the breathing class the following week: same experience, fewer waterworks. I didnt mention any of it to family members or friends. But I worked to understand what had happened, and I spent the next several years trying to figure it out. Over that span of time, I fixed up my house, sorted myself out and got a lead that might answer some of my questions about breathing. I went to Greece to write a story on freediving, the ancient practice of swimming hundreds of feet below the waters surface on a single breath of air.

There are as many ways to breathe as there are foods to eat, said one female instructor who had held her breath for more than 8 minutes and once dived below 300ft. And each way we breathe will affect our bodies in different ways. Surely someone had studied the effects of this conscious breathing on landlubbers? I found a librarys worth of material. The problem was, the sources were hundreds, sometimes thousands, of years old.

Seven books of the Chinese Tao dating back to around 400BC focussed entirely on breathing, how it could kill us or heal us, depending on how we used it. Even earlier, Hindus considered breath and spirit the same thing and described elaborate practices that were meant to balance breathing and preserve both physical and mental health. Then there were the Buddhists, who used breathing not only to lengthen their lives but to reach higher planes of consciousness. Breathing, for all these people, for all these cultures, was powerful medicine.

I looked for some kind of verification of these claims in more recent research in pulmonology, the medical discipline that deals with the lungs and the respiratory tract, but found next to nothing. According to what I did find, breathing technique wasnt important. Many doctors, researchers and scientists I interviewed confirmed this position. Twenty times a minute, 10 times, through the mouth, nose or breathing tube, its all the same. The point is to get air in and let the body do the rest. But I kept digging and slowly a story began to unfold. As I found out, I was not the only person whod recently started asking these questions. While I was paging through texts and interviewing freedivers and super-breathers, scientists at Harvard, Stanford and other renowned institutions were confirming some of the wildest stories Id been hearing.

But their work wasnt happening in the pulmonology labs. Pulmonologists, I learned, work mainly on specific maladies of the lungs collapse, cancer, emphysema. Were dealing with emergencies, one veteran pulmonologist told me. Thats how the system works.

No, this breathing research has been taking place elsewhere: in the muddy digs of ancient burial sites, the easy chairs of dental offices and the safe rooms of mental hospitals. Not the kinds of places where youd expect to find cutting-edge research into a biological function.

Few of these scientists set out to study breathing. But, somehow, in some way, breathing kept finding them. They discovered that our capacity to breathe has changed through the long processes of human evolution and that the way we breathe has become markedly worse since the dawn of the industrial age. Theyd also discovered that with some concerted practice we could restore our breathing and when we did we could take control of certain functions of our nervous and immune systems. The ways in which we took those 25,000 breaths we take each day some 30lb of air that enters and exits our lungs was in many ways as important as what we ate, how much we exercised, or whatever genes wed inherited.

Since I began researching my book several years ago, attitudes towards the importance of breathing have altered radically. Covid-19 has turned us into a planet of breath-obsessed people. We spend our days covering our mouths and noses with masks, our nights anxious that we might be feeling a cough coming on or some tightness in our chests. As hard as it might be to consider right now, theres a silver lining in all this. How we breathe may help with health and longevity and paying attention to it is long overdue. Several doctors told me recently that respiratory health has been directly correlated to Covid survival rates and they are now prescribing breathing practices to better defend our bodies against this virus as well as help us better overcome it once we start showing symptoms.

A video posted by Dr Sarfaraz Munshi, who is on the frontlines of the pandemic at Queens Hospital in London, shows Munshi taking abdominal breaths followed by a short breath-hold, then repeating it five times and ending with a cough. This technique, he suggests, will help purge gunk from the lungs and make for easier breathing. Although there is no scientific evidence to suggest this technique helps coronavirus patients, it is recommended by the director of nursing at the hospital.

What Id like to make clear is that breathing, like any therapy or medication, cant do everything. Breathing fast, slow, or not at all, cant make embolisms go away. No breathing can heal stage IV cancer. These severe problems require urgent medical attention. But, like all eastern medicines, breathing techniques are best suited to serve as preventative maintenance, a way to retain balance in the body so that milder problems dont blossom into more serious health issues. Should we lose that balance from time to time, breathing can often bring it back. Add to this, researchers still have much to learn about this endlessly expansive field and there should be more in-depth scientific research into the area.

For now, most of us see breathing as a passive action, something that we just do: breathe, live; stop breathing, die. But breathing is not binary. Its not just that we do it that is so important how we breathe matters, too. I call this awareness and practice of healthy breathing a lost art, because its not new at all. Most of the techniques Ive been exploring are ancient. They were created, documented, forgotten and then discovered again in another culture at another time, then forgotten again. This went on for centuries.

One thing that every pulmonary researcher Ive talked to over the past few years has agreed on is that we tend to overbreathe. Whats considered normal today is anywhere between a dozen and 20 breaths a minute, with an average intake of about 0.5 litres or more of air per breath. For those on the high end of respiratory rates, thats about twice at much as it used to be. Breathing too much can raise blood pressure, overwork the heart and lull our nervous systems into a state of stress. For the body to function as peak efficiency we need to breathe as closely in-line with our metabolic needs as possible. For the majority of us that means breathing less. But thats harder than it sounds. Weve become conditioned to breathe too much, just as weve been conditioned to eat too much. With some effort and training, however, breathing less can become an unconscious habit.

Through my years of travels and travails in respiratory research, there is one lesson, one equation, that I believe is at the root of so much health, happiness and longevity. Im a bit embarrassed to say it has taken me a decade to figure this out and I realise how insignificant it may seem. But lest we forget, nature is simple but subtle. For me, the perfect breath is this: inhale for about 5.5 seconds, then exhale for 5.5 seconds. Thats 5.5 breaths a minute for a total of about 5.5 litres of air. You can practise this perfect breathing for a few minutes, or a few hours. When we breathe like this, breathing practitioners suggest that circulation in the brain and body will increase while the burden on the heart decreases. All the while the diaphragm that umbrella-shaped muscle in our chests will drop lower and rise higher, allowing more air to enter the lungs and assisting in pushing blood throughout the body. For this reason, the diaphragm is sometimes referred to as the second heart, because it not only beats to its own rhythm but also affects the rate and strength of the heartbeat.

Breathing techniques in the form of classes, videos, books and apps are already an industry. But be aware that the stripped-down approach is as good as any. It requires no batteries, wifi, headgear or smartphones. It costs nothing, takes little time and effort, and you can do it wherever you are, whenever you need. Its a function our distant ancestors have practised since they crawled out of the sludge 2.5bn years ago, a technique our own species has been perfecting with only our lips, noses and lungs for hundreds of thousands of years.

Most days, I treat it like a stretch, something I do after a long time sitting or stressing, to bring myself back to normal. By the law of averages, you will take 670m breaths over your lifetime. Maybe youve already taken half of those. Maybe youre on breath 669,000,000. Maybe youd like to take a few million more.

Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art by James Nestor (Penguin Life, 16.99) is published on 30 July. Buy it for 14.78 from guardianbookshop.com

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How one hour of slow breathing changed my life - The Guardian

Brand Datsun and the road ahead in India – BusinessLine

As Nissan gets set to launch its compact SUV Magnite in India early next year, the interesting twist to the script is the fate of brand Datsun.

It is now well known that the Magnite was intended originally as a Datsun-branded SUV but will now sport the Nissan badge. Perhaps this could also imply the end of the road for the Datsun brand in India which was touted with much fanfare at the time of its Delhi unveiling in 2013.

Clearly, a lot of water has flowed under the bridge over the last couple of years starting with the shock arrest of Carlos Ghosn, former Chairman of Renault-Nissan, in late-2018. A series of dramatic events followed where some big names exited both companies even as relations between the partners worsened by the day.

Neither was in good shape financially either and even while speculation was rife that a divorce was inevitable (never mind that it would have been a long, tedious and expensive affair), Renault and Nissan resolved to bury the hatchet. It was not going to be easy but there was really no alternative especially when it was crystal clear that they could not afford to stay solo at a time when everyone was seeking partnerships.

It is here that the relevance of Datsun in the new global roadmap for Nissan merits deeper analysis. It was Ghosn who had resurrected the brand in an endeavour to position it as an entry-level offering in countries like India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa.

It was difficult to question his logic considering that almost all of these markets have cost-conscious customers who Ghosn naturally presumed would be delighted to access an affordable car brand. Remember, it was the former Chairman of Renault-Nissan who was the first to salute the Tata Nanos astonishing price tag and reiterated that it was this level of frugal engineering which would help automakers in emerging markets.

Today, we begin a new chapter in the Datsun story, proclaimed Ghosn when he unveiled the Datsun GO at a glittering unveiling ceremony in Delhi seven years ago. We will offer a modern take on Datsuns core values in India and pay tribute to the brands heritage. The power of local engineering and manufacturing has been used to make this a reality, he added.

According to Ghosn, India was expected to see four million car sales by 2015 by which time Nissans contribution would be 10 new models including the Datsun line-up. We are expanding operations in India and, going forward, will use local talent to enhance our operations locally and globally, he said.

Nissan, he added, had high expectations from India and hoped to have a market share of 10 per cent, up from the present 1.2 per cent, in the mid-term. Clearly, the Datsun brand was expected to play a big role in this growth and could contribute to over 60 per cent of sales given the competitive price band it would operate in.

Ghosns leadership team that piloted the Datsun in India were equally optimistic while reiterating that the country would be the pivot of the Datsuns global drive. They touted India as fundamentally the winner of tomorrow because the mindset of its people was seen as a combination of development and respect for limited resources. Terming this a fantastic tool, this put in context why Datsun was developed in Chennai and not Japan.

Fast forward to the present and it seems almost tragic that none of these plans has worked. On the contrary, Nissans market share has been in free fall and is really nothing to write home about. The Datsun journey is a clearly forgettable saga even though its intent could never be faulted. As in the case of the Nano, the cheap car association was perhaps its biggest chink in the armour along with other issues that deterred the buyer.

For now, a lot will depend on the success of the Magnite gong forward. If the script goes according to plan and sales soar, it will be the best piece of news for Nissan as a brand at a time when it is really down though not entirely out. One more setback in India is something that the Japanese automaker just cannot afford at this point in time.

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Brand Datsun and the road ahead in India - BusinessLine

This is the Tata Aria, a Two-Door Convertible Concept from 2000 – Car Blog India

Tata Motors have become one of the most dominant and popular automakers in the Indian market today and they are also credited for making the safest cars in India. Tata Motors however, as a homegrown manufacturer, have been very experimentative with their products over the years. The Nano is a great example in this case. Or even the Sierra with which Tata made its debut all the way back in 1991. Tata has been even more experimentative with their concepts at motor shows but we bet most you havent heard or seen this amazing little concept from Tata from the year 2000.

This what you see above is the Tata Aria. Although the name came to be used in 2010 on a completely different car, the Tata Aria was a two-door, two-seater convertible concept that was showcased at the 5th Auto Expo in 2000. The car was unveiled by Ratan Tata and Bollywood actor Akshay Khanna at the Auto Expo.It really caught a lot o attention at the Expo and why wouldnt it? Just look at it. Who would have though that an Indian manufacturer like Tata could come up with such a cool looking car.

The Tata Aria convertible concept was based on the Tata Indica platform which was Indias first indigenously developed car. Ratan Tata did not reveal much about the car at the Auto Expo but he shared his vision about designing, engineering and manufacturing a car in India for the Indian market back then. We really have to admit that for a car designed in 2000, it is a really good looking car one that certainly does not look like it came out of India. The proportions on this car are perfect, the headlamps are futuristic and it even had the Tata smiley grille back then.

Also Read : Heres How Indian Cars Become Safer Over The Last 5 Years Video

Later that year, Tata Motors even revealed a coupe version of the Aria at the Geneva Motor Show and they did an equally good job with that as well. Even at the Geneva Motor Show, Tata still did not reveal much technical details about the car but only said that it will be powered by a 140PS engine if it ever made it into production, not even revealing the engine details. Imagine what a 140PS two-door Tata convertible must have been to drive like back in the day. Sadly, it never made it to production and away from the public light, it was soon forgotten too.

Also Read : Have Touchscreens and Connected Car Tech Become an Overkill in Cars?

Tata Motors is often considered to me much ahead of their time and we have other examples to prove this as well. Take the Tata Sierra, the Estate or even the Safari, all great vehicles and like nothing at the time they hailed from. In more recent years, Tata has shown a few more such crazy concepts at Auto Expos including the Tata TaMo Sportscar from 2018 and of course, the Tata Sierra EV concept from 2020. We hope to see such more great concepts from Tata Motors and we hope more of them make it to production in the future.

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This is the Tata Aria, a Two-Door Convertible Concept from 2000 - Car Blog India

David Mitchells hyped-up Utopia Avenue, an ode to the music scene of the late 1960s, falls a bit flat – Seattle Times

No doubt many people smitten with the heady, inventive pop music of the late 1960s have wondered what it would have been like to be part of the scene at the time.

But are those musings enough to sustain 574 pages?

Utopia Avenue, the eagerly awaited new novel from David Mitchell (Cloud Atlas) leaves the answer in doubt. A shaggy, sprawling, picaresque tale, with one brief detour into time-traveling fantasy fiction, it certainly has its moments. But its also a bit of a letdown as it tells the story of four musicians of varied backgrounds who are thrown into a psychedelic-folk band put together by an enterprising Brian Epstein type toward the end of 1966.

Mitchells take on how the members of Utopia Avenue find their musical chemistry and their audience is winning. The individual stories behind three of those band members (the drummer doesnt have much to say for himself) also have appealing weight. But cameo appearances by The Rolling Stones Brian Jones, Pink Floyds Syd Barrett, a presuccess David Bowie and many others feel as though Mitchell expects their names alone to do his character-portrayal work for him.The book is also strewn with allusions to Mitchells earlier fiction in ways that feel more gimmicky than meaningful.

Mitchell, who was born in 1969, is better when evoking the general texture of the period. And he almost convinces you that this band hes dreamt up which eclectically blends folk, jazz, blues and guitar-god elements could have enjoyed minor chart success in the winter of 1967-1968.

All four members of Utopia Avenue have good reason to try something new. Bassist Dean Moss is penniless and headed toward homelessness. A police cell would solve his immediate housing dilemma, he muses as he considers throwing a brick through the window of a coffee shop that just fired him, but a criminal record wouldnt help in the long run.

When discreetly gay Canadian music manager Levon Frankland takes Dean under his wing, Dean wonders if its because he has the hots for him. Instead, Levon has an offbeat band concept in mind, based not on Monkees-like teen-idol appeal but on real musical possibilities.

Levons next recruits are guitarist Jasper de Zoet and drummer Peter Griffin (Griff), both happy to accept his invitation when their blues band implodes onstage midperformance. The final musician to join the lineup is folk singer Elf Holloway, likewise in the market for a new gig after her musical and romantic partner ditches her.

By the end of 1967, theyve cracked the Top 20 singles charts, appeared on Top of the Pops and have an LP ready to go. After an array of mishaps a drug arrest in Italy, a psychic crackup for Jasper in New York the band hits the West Coast in late 1968, where things take a disastrous turn.

Mitchells portraits of Jasper, Dean and Elf are the books strongest component. Dean is trying to escape his working-class background, especially his alcoholic, abusive father. Guitar virtuoso Jasper diagnosed with aural schizophrenia in his teens is on medication to keep his hallucinations at bay, and his difficulties interpreting social signals can be a source of humor. (When an uptight business executive calls him a nancy-boy because of his long hair, his response is so artless its delightful.)

Elf, the steadiest of the four, is the soulful heart of the novel. In a laudably cool way, she sidesteps the sexism she inevitably encounters. And shes poignantly brave and understated in the way she comes to grips with what shes looking for in a lover.

Levon, alas, is one of the books disappointments. Mitchell never really takes us inside his story. Characters commentary on the music of the time is more on-target. (The Beach Boys Dont Talk (Put Your Head on My Shoulders), Elf notices, is a much weirder song than it admits to being.)

Mitchell festoons the book with philosophical asides that dont amount to much (Do you think reality is just a mirror for something else?), and he plays games that may not work for readers not already steeped in the period. The identity of a dapper gent named Lenny whom the band meets in New York, for instance, is hinted at in lyrics from past and future Leonard Cohen songs anachronisms that are deliberate, if corny. But Elfs reference to the Scenius theories of the bands friend Brian Eno, several years off-chronology, feels more like a mistake.

One early passage in the book, where Dean crosses paths with painter Francis Bacon and his boozy circle at the Colony Club, is such a blast that it almost makes you wish Mitchell had focused more narrowly on the plight of an attractive, young, straight would-be rock star navigating Bacons world. As it stands, Utopia Avenue feels both overstuffed and incomplete.

_____

Utopia Avenue by David Mitchell, Random House, 574 pp., $30

David Mitchell will present an online lecture hosted by Seattle Arts & Lectures on Thursday, July 23, at 7: 30 p.m. Ticket bundles start at $55 and include a copy of Utopia Avenue; head to lectures.org for more info.

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David Mitchells hyped-up Utopia Avenue, an ode to the music scene of the late 1960s, falls a bit flat - Seattle Times

TIFF 2020: Spike Lees David Byrnes American Utopia Will Open This Years Festival – IndieWire

This years Toronto International Film Festival will be slimmed down and more safety-minded than ever, but it still has an opening night film to kick things off. The festival announced today that HBOs Spike Leedirected version of the Broadway-acclaimed David Byrnes American Utopia will open the 45th edition of TIFF on September 10.

The film, Lees second release of the year following his Netflix production Da 5 Bloods, documents Talking Heads frontman David Byrnes popular musical Broadway show. David Byrnes American Utopia played at Broadways Hudson Theatre in New York City with plenty of fanfare from October 2019 to February 2020.

The show finds Byrne performing songs onstage with 11 musicians from around the world. Lee masterfully directs a transformative experience, the festival said in a statement. The show raises social and political issues, revealing how audiences can come together during challenging times through the power of entertainment.

The show consists of performances of songs from Byrnes 2018 solo album of the same name, including popular Talking Heads favorites such as Once in a Lifetime and Burning Down the House. In Canada, David Byrnes American Utopia will premiere on Bell Medias Crave day-and-date with the previously announced U.S. broadcast on HBO this fall.

This joyful film takes audiences on a musical journey about openness, optimism, and faith in humanity, said TIFF co-head and executive director Joana Vicente, executive director and co-head of TIFF in an official statement. This is especially poignant at a time of great uncertainty around the world. Were eager to share the excitement of Opening Night with audiences.

Cameron Bailey, artistic director and co-head of TIFF added, Spike Lee has somehow always been exactly of his moment and ahead of his time. With David Brynes American Utopia, he brings Byrnes classic songs and joyous stagecraft to the screen just when we need it. Spikes latest joint is a call to connect with one another, to protest injustice, and, above all, to celebrate life.

As the festival announced last month, this years event set to take place September 10 19 will exist as a both limited physical festival and an online experience, through a combination of physical screenings and drive-ins, digital screenings, virtual red carpets, press conferences, and industry talks. The lineup will be dramatically reduced from previous editions, with 50 new feature films and five short film programs. By contrast, the 2019 festival hosted over 300 films.

Per todays announcement, the festival has again addressed that it is working with the Province of Ontario, the City of Toronto and public health officials on the safety of the festival. The presentation of TIFFs traditional in-person film festival will be contingent on the Provinces reopening framework to ensure that Festival venues and workplace practices meet and exceed public health guidelines, the festival said.

Meanwhile, the festival has already made clear that it will have a reduced press corps, as the total accredited media will be limited this year. According to an accreditation form sent out to members of the press this week, the festival will not include in-person Press & Industry screenings or other on-site press activities, and all press access will exist entirely online. Press has been asked not to travel to Toronto for the event.

The festival will continue to announce programming additions in the coming weeks, with new titles joining the opening along with previously announced picks like Francis Lees Ammonite, Thomas Vinterbergs Another Round, Ricky Staubs Concrete Cowboy, Nicolas Peredas Fauna, Reinaldo Marcus Greens Good Joe Bell, Suzanne Lindons Spring Blossom, Halle Berrys directorial debut Bruised, and Naomi Kawases True Mothers.

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TIFF 2020: Spike Lees David Byrnes American Utopia Will Open This Years Festival - IndieWire

Gilmore Girls: 5 Reasons We’d Want To Live In Stars Hollow (& 5 We Wouldn’t) – Screen Rant

Stars Hollow is so integral to Gilmore Girlsthat it's basically a star of the show in itself. The charming home of the show's protagonists embodies the idyllic New England small town to a T--tiny local shops varying from the cozy diner to the antique store, quirky business owner rivalries, unique town rituals, and, of course, town gossip galore.

RELATED: Gilmore Girls: 5 Reasons Luke Is Actually A Saint (& 5 Ways He's Not)

Stars Hollow in many ways makes up many a fan's utopia. However, upon closer inspection of what being a resident, there really looks like, this all-American dreamy location may be seen in a less than ideal light. Here are five reasons fans might love to live there, and five they'd do better to pass.

One of the top reasons fans would want to live in Stars Hollow is, of course, because of Luke's Diner--or, as the stars of the show call it, simply "Luke's".

Luke's is the perfect cozy spot that exists in everybody's small-town fantasies. It has big windows, classic, simple menu with all-American basics, and the vintage charm of having been adapted from an old Hardware store, complete with old signage still intact.

Living in Stars Hollow means living amongst--or perhaps more accurately, under the reign--of Taylor Doose.

Taylor comes off as a mostly harmless, if irritating, old man; but any fan of the show knows that Taylor is completely capable of being somewhat of a tyrant, using his role as mayor to manipulate townspeople.

A top pro of living in a small town such as Stars Hollow is that one will always be able to rely on having an interdependent community.

The people of Stars Hollow all know each other well, to the effect that it's essentially a small community of family--one that doesn't always get along, but what family does?

Everybody in town living in such close-quarters with one another means that it isn't so easy to keep one's life private.

RELATED: Gilmore Girls: 10 Ways Rory Got Worse And Worse

There are certain aspects of life that most people, even the most social, would like to keep to themselves, and yet the townspeople grow entitled to having their own say on the goings-on of other people's intimate lives, such as Lorelai's relationship with Luke.

Living in a small town involves supporting small businesses, and one of the main perks of this is that, firstly, everything is within easy reach, and secondly, shopping is never an impersonal experience.

Most people enjoy the feeling of being a "regular" at a business, and in a small town, everybody becomes a regular.

Some days a person just wants to walk to the shop without being recognized. Something that city life--or just slightly bigger towns--offer, is the feeling that one can turn invisible whenever they like, disappearing into the crowds of people on the street.

In Stars Hollow, however, there is no avoiding a run-in with a neighbor.

The idea of "sleepy New England towns" is a clich for a reason. There's a mellowness to towns like Stars Hollow, and even if the town is technically fictional, it's very much based on real examples of little country towns in Northeast USA.

If one were to take a drive through Connecticut, they would come across several cozy corners of the country that Stars Hollow captures so well.

Part of the charm of living in Stars Hollow is the old-fashioned atmosphere of the place. Many people turn to living in such small towns because life has a feeling of greater simplicity.

The downside of this is that with simplicity can come a lack of complexity and a feeling of living in a world that is on a time-lag compared to the rest of the world--an ideal for some, a nightmare for others.

Stars Hollow has several rituals and traditions that are featured throughout the show. This gives the town a feeling of wholesome inter-connectedness, as their events supply regular public interactions to look forward to and share together every year.

RELATED: Gilmore Girls: 5 Storylines That Got Too Much Attention (& 5 That Deserved More Screen Time)

The fact that some of the events are so strange and particular to the town, such as the day where residents prepare a picnic basket that must be raffled off to the highest bidder and shared with the maker, causes people's ties to the events to feel even more special.

Stars Hollow is dreamy and comfortable, but this also makes it very easy to get settled into and forget that there is a whole world out there waiting to be explored.

Some characters on the show have lived in the town their entire lives, such as Luke Danes, and the show will often make use of these characters to highlight the slight insecurity of never having ventured out to experience places outside of their comfort zone.

NEXT: Gilmore Girls: 5 Reasons Season 1 Was The Best (& 5 Ways Other Seasons Were Better)

Next Ozark: 5 Times We Felt Bad For Jonah (& 5 Times We Hated Him)

Glenna is a Glasgow-based writer from New England. She studied English Literature and Music and loves babbling about pictures.

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Gilmore Girls: 5 Reasons We'd Want To Live In Stars Hollow (& 5 We Wouldn't) - Screen Rant

Gborse Nicholas Mawunyah: The 4th republic, when the executive and the legislature shall be controlled by two political parties – Myjoyonline.com

For the 4th Republic of Ghana, perhaps with the exception of the Second Parliament, almost all other Parliaments have been accused of not asserting their independence enough by standing up to the Executive.

This need for Parliamentary independence and assertiveness has been reechoed by notable Parliamentarians such as Hon. Alban Kingsford Sumani Bagbin and Hon. Osei Kyei Mensah Bonsu, the current 2nd Deputy Speaker and Majority Leader respectively. Indeed, some have even gone a step further in describing Parliament as a rubber stamp where the Minority always has its say and the Majority has its way when it comes to decisions in the house, although some decisions in the house are based on consensus building across the aisle.

But how can we make our Parliament more independent and assertive as true independence of the house will translate into quality laws, quality of representation and better oversight of policy implementation by the Executive arm of government?

For answers, we must as a country agree on the type of Parliament we want. Countries do determine the type of legislatures they want or aspire to. Many of the worlds representative bodies only represent that is, their governmental functions only consist of affirming and legitimizing the national leaderships decisions.

The only national representative that actually possesses powers of governance is the U. S. Congress which never accedes to the Presidents budget proposals without making changes. Both the British House of Commons and the Japanese Diet always accept the budget exactly as proposed by the government ( Lowi, Ginsberg, Shepsle & Ansolabehere, 2010:166). Like our Constitution, we in Ghana can agree to go the way of hybrid thereby giving some latitudes to our Parliament to make far reaching inputs to Executive budget appropriations, bills and motions where members deem it fit without overbearing influence of party control and whipping in line.

As we ponder over this, I have in mind a utopian Ghana and Parliament. I am no Prophet or a soothsayer. I have no timelines as to when this can happen in Ghana. It is a kind of utopia that will be interesting to experience. It is a utopia that we must avert our minds to even if the probability of its occurrence is such miniscule. That utopia is to have the Executive and the Legislative arms of government controlled by two different political parties.

Have we seriously thought of this scenario playing out one day in this Republic? This utopia does have a lot of ramifications on our governance system. For starters, this utopia will see Parliament controlled and led by an Opposition Speaker and Majority Leader who will also be in charge of Parliamentary business. The Leader and the Speaker will decide to a large extent which government business, bill, agreement and motion get featured on the Order Paper for a given day. It will produce a Business Committee with majority from the opposition party. This will create a scenario of having Minister for Parliamentary Affairs who will not be a Leader of the house.

That utopia will produce majority of the Standing Committees that have majority of their members being non-members of the ruling party. Such committees with opposition party chairs will decide the extent of amendments to bills and appropriations from the Executive. They will decide on what constitute certificate of urgency and whether or not to grant tax waivers to individuals or companies as shall be proposed by the Executive.

That Parliament led by opposition parliamentarians will decide on when constitutional instruments especially those that will be sent by the Electoral Commission get laid in the house and when they get mature. It will impact on the ECs budget, programme and timing of events. And perhaps, it will encourage compromises being made by the EC and Parliament and promote a more friendly relationship between the two bodies.

Further, this utopia should lead us rethink the provision in our constitution that makes the Speaker of Parliament the automatic Acting President whenever both the President and her/ his vice are out of the jurisdiction. It should lead us to provide a delimitation to the extent of his/her functions if we are still going to hold on to the practice whose relevance some have questioned against the backdrop of the internet and social media which can make our Presidents deliver their instructions ubiquitously. It will also test Parliaments constitutional mandate of controlling government appropriations and expenditure since the Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee will be a member of the ruling party.

More seriously, it will be a test case of our belief in the principles of rule of law and a test of the character of the Executive arm of government. For example, will the President rule mainly by issuing Executive Instruments or find a way of by passing Parliament?

For those who have not averted their minds to this utopia, I remind us that this will have a far reaching influence on how fast new governments are composed, which Ministers get approved by the Parliaments Appointment Committee. It will be an interesting payback time for some nominees who may be a pain in the neck of the opposition party or who might have insulted or cast a slur on some opposition figures during the campaign. But it will also make chiefs, Imams and the prelate influential lobbyists on the side of some of these nominees. This will be so serious as to determine which Supreme Court nominee gets to sit on the apex court regardless of their knowledge, experience and expertise.

Meanwhile, it will make the Executive arm more accountable to the Legislature as the Legislature will have the opportunity of requesting of the Executive to make full disclosures of its intents on appropriations and agreements. It will also impact on the quality of bills passed and agreements entered into considering that there will be more scrutiny and thoroughness on the part of the Legislature. For Ministers of State who are fond of giving excuses whenever motions pertaining to their ministries are filed, they will have to change their attitude.

For us the public, we must brace ourselves to live with two parallel governments one at the Jubilee House and the other at the Opposition Partys Headquarters. It will have far reaching effect on governments appropriation bill which may get rejected or approved with significant changes and amendments. Such situations will have dire consequences on public service delivery and running of government business. But in this utopia, I am jealous of the enviable status of the Committee Chairperson of the Finance Committee. He/She will pull strings and there will be all eyes on her/him.

But it will also be a test of the integrity of Opposition Parliamentarians. Will they respect their whips and the party headquarters or they will break ranks with their party in Parliament? But for whatever they do, they must not lose sight of the next election.

So, for those who clamour for a true separation of powers, real independence of the Legislature, and bipartisanship in our governance system, this utopia is worth our pondering over. But lets remember that among other things, it will create unnecessary delays, conflicts, polarization and party jingoism. Followers of the American Congress which sometimes see an opposing party control either of the houses will fully appreciate the true ramifications of this utopia in Ghana.

That is why thoughts of this utopia should let us think of the relevant constitutional changes that can provide us with an insurance against the negative consequences of this scenario. And as it is said, when two elephants fight, it is the grass that suffers, we the public will have to brace ourselves for the huge consequences of this utopia one day.

***

The writer, Gborse Nicholas Mawunyah, is a writer and conference speaker on topical issues in education, political-history, school leadership and innovations. Contact him via: gborsenicholasm@gmail.com

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Gborse Nicholas Mawunyah: The 4th republic, when the executive and the legislature shall be controlled by two political parties - Myjoyonline.com

Portland mayor to Trump administration: We want you to leave – POLITICO

The mayor added: In fact, we want them to leave.

The situation in Oregons largest city has become part of the national debate over what represents appropriate protest and what constitutes government oppression. Footage of people being scooped up on the streets of Portland and placed in vans has been circulated widely on social media in recent days, often accompanied by expressions of either delight or anger.

The deployment of federal agents has also fit with the presidents efforts to draw a contrast with Joe Biden, the presumptive Democratic presidential nominee, who Trump has claimed is not interested in law and order.

The Radical Left Democrats, who totally control Biden, will destroy our Country as we know it, Trump tweeted Sunday. Unimaginably bad things would happen to America. Look at Portland, where the pols are just fine with 50 days of anarchy.

Protests in Portland have continued since the death of George Floyd in Minnesota on Memorial Day. According to The Oregonian, the focus of the unrest has been a 12-block area; protests in other parts of the city have been largely without incident, but the disorder within the 12-block zone has included repeated skirmishes with police, as well as fires and vandalism.

In June, Wheeler called the destruction a horrible, horrendous miscalculation. One longtime community activist, Ronnie Herndon, added: That is a tactic thats been used to destroy Black people, not help Black people. On Saturday, a fire was set at the Portland Police Association, and police used tear gas in an attempt to clear the area.

In recent days, federal forces have been detaining and arresting protesters, and reports indicate that they have sometimes done so without identifying themselves and that they are using unmarked vehicles. Wheeler said the governments actions were in violation of the law and a threat to the nations democratic values.

The tactics that the Trump administration are using on the streets of Portland are abhorrent, Wheeler said, adding that people were being deprived of due process and being detained without probable cause.

As far as I can see, this is completely unconstitutional, Wheeler said.

The state of Oregon has sought to get rid of the federal agents, with Oregons attorney general, Ellen Rosenblum, suing late Friday in federal court. The American Civil Liberties Union has also challenged the administrations actions.

Authoritarian governments, not democratic republics, send unmarked authorities after protesters, Sen. Jeff Merkley (D-Ore.) tweeted on Thursday. These Trump/Barr tactics designed to eliminate any accountability are absolutely unacceptable in America, and must end. Sen. Ron Wyden (D-Ore.) added: We must get to the bottom of these abuses against Oregonians.

On Sunday, three House committee chairs demanded the administrations actions be investigated by internal Trump administration watchdogs. "The legal basis for this use of force has never been explained, wrote Reps. Jerry Nadler (D-N.Y.), Bennie Thompson (D-Miss.) and Carolyn Maloney (D-N.Y.).

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Portland mayor to Trump administration: We want you to leave - POLITICO

COVID-19 Impacts: Pet Dietary Supplements Market will Accelerate at a CAGR of over 5% through 2020-2024|The Launch Of High-quality Pet Dietary…

LONDON--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Technavio has been monitoring the pet dietary supplements market and it is poised to grow by $ 666.55 mn during 2020-2024, progressing at a CAGR of over 5% during the forecast period. The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the current market scenario, latest trends and drivers, and the overall market environment.

Technavio suggests three forecast scenarios (optimistic, probable, and pessimistic) considering the impact of COVID-19. Please Request Latest Free Sample Report on COVID-19 Impact

The market is fragmented, and the degree of fragmentation will accelerate during the forecast period. Ark Naturals Co., Beaphar Beheer BV, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, FoodScience Corp., Kemin Industries Inc., Nestl SA, NOW Health Group Inc., Nutramax Laboratories Inc., Nutri-Pet Research Inc., and Only Natural Pet are some of the major market participants. To make the most of the opportunities, market vendors should focus more on the growth prospects in the fast-growing segments, while maintaining their positions in the slow-growing segments.

The launch of high-quality pet dietary supplements has been instrumental in driving the growth of the market. However, competition from the functional and fortified pet food category might hamper the market growth.

Pet Dietary Supplements Market 2020-2024 : Segmentation

Pet Dietary Supplements Market is segmented as below:

To learn more about the global trends impacting the future of market research, download a free sample: https://www.technavio.com/talk-to-us?report=IRTNTR41310

Pet Dietary Supplements Market 2020-2024 : Scope

Technavio presents a detailed picture of the market by the way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources. Our pet dietary supplements market report covers the following areas:

This study identifies the growing popularity of organic pet dietary supplements as one of the prime reasons driving the pet dietary supplements market growth during the next few years.

Pet Dietary Supplements Market 2020-2024 : Vendor Analysis

We provide a detailed analysis of around 25 vendors operating in the pet dietary supplements market, including some of the vendors such as Ark Naturals Co., Beaphar Beheer BV, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, FoodScience Corp., Kemin Industries Inc., Nestl SA, NOW Health Group Inc., Nutramax Laboratories Inc., Nutri-Pet Research Inc., and Only Natural Pet. Backed with competitive intelligence and benchmarking, our research reports on the pet dietary supplements market are designed to provide entry support, customer profile and M&As as well as go-to-market strategy support.

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Pet Dietary Supplements Market 2020-2024 : Key Highlights

Table Of Contents :

Executive Summary

Market Landscape

Market Sizing

Five Forces Analysis

Market Segmentation by Application

Market Segmentation by Animal Type

Customer Landscape

Geographic Landscape

Drivers, Challenges, and Trends

Vendor Landscape

Vendor Analysis

Appendix

About Us

Technavio is a leading global technology research and advisory company. Their research and analysis focuses on emerging market trends and provides actionable insights to help businesses identify market opportunities and develop effective strategies to optimize their market positions. With over 500 specialized analysts, Technavios report library consists of more than 17,000 reports and counting, covering 800 technologies, spanning across 50 countries. Their client base consists of enterprises of all sizes, including more than 100 Fortune 500 companies. This growing client base relies on Technavios comprehensive coverage, extensive research, and actionable market insights to identify opportunities in existing and potential markets and assess their competitive positions within changing market scenarios.

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COVID-19 Impacts: Pet Dietary Supplements Market will Accelerate at a CAGR of over 5% through 2020-2024|The Launch Of High-quality Pet Dietary...

Digestive Enzymes 101: What, Why, and Where to Get them from Plant-Based Foods – One Green Planet

There are many pieces to the digestive puzzle from saliva all the way down to your microbiome. While Ive touched on many of the individual digestive system mechanisms, Ive never specifically talked about digestive enzymes, which happen to be a HUGE part of the puzzle. This is, even more, important with so many people turning to digestive enzyme supplements to try and solve their digestive issues.

So, what are digestive enzymes? What should we know about how they work? Could they be the reason youre digestive system is completely upset all the time?

Lets take a deep dive into digestive enzymes, supplements, and natural sources!

Youve most likely heard the termenzymes,yet thats a pretty broad term encompassing a large group of biological molecules. These molecules are typically proteins but not always which significantly speed up the rate of virtually all of the chemical reactions that take place within cells. Theyre not only vital to sustaining life, but they also serve a wide range of important functions in the body, such as aiding in digestion and metabolism.

Alright, now were getting to the nitty-gritty. What aredigestive enzymes?

One of the biggest enzyme tasks is breaking down the food we eat some enzymes are secreted starting in the mouth, and others further down in the digestive tract. Why is this important? Turns out that these enzymes make it possible for our bodies to digest our food and absorb the subsequent nutrients properly. While there are a handful of digestive enzymes, the most important to take note of include proteases (which break down proteins), lipases (fats), and amylases (starches and sugars).

Why is it important to take note of digestive enzymes?

Theyre not only an integral part of our digestive systems making sure our body gets nutrients and passing food along to be excreted but these enzymes are easily disrupted. For instance, diseases of the stomach and small intestine can reduce the number of enzymes produced, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease, chronic pancreatitis, or even those with low stomach acidity.

Knowing about your digestive system is important and these digestive enzymes play a hugely important role in the machine!

089photoshootings/Pixabay

The first step in determining if you need a little enzymatic boost is learning the types of digestive enzymes that play integral roles. These include protease, lipase, and amylase. Each of these enzymes serves very specific functions in the body and is necessary for overall well-functioning systems!

PublicDomainPictures/Pixabay

Protease sources its named from the macronutrient it helps break down protein. We all know how important protein is for a well-rounded, healthy body, yet like every other type of nutrient, we need to be able to extract it from either our diet or another source.

This is where protease enzymes come into play!

Protease enzymes also referred to as peptidases or proteinases have an extensive role including breaking down protein in food into amino acids, which the body can then use for energy and recycling proteins, as well as aiding with blood clotting, cell division, and immune support. On top of that, protease enzymes can be helpful for digestive support, especially for people who experience indigestion symptoms like loss of appetite, bloating, and abdominal discomfort.

These essential molecules are produced in the pancreas, but the pancreas doesnt produce protease in a working condition. Alright, so how does it work? Well, your pancreas produces inactive protease, which is then activated by another enzyme found in the intestine.

Without both of these enzymes, you dont have a working protease enzyme to begin with!

tookapic/Pixabay

Lipase gets its name from the fact that it breaks down fats or lipids.

Just like protease, lipase is produced naturally by the pancreas. So, what does it do? Well, its all about eating those healthy fats! When you eat fatty foods, the fat cant be absorbed by the body in its original form, therefore lipase helps to break down these fats into fatty acids and glycerol, products that can be carried in water-based fluids like blood and lymph. Once broken down, the body uses these components for energy. With that said, lipase needs more than just, well, lipase to break down fats. When fat content reaches the small intestines, bile is released by the gallbladder to help break down fat molecules into much smaller molecules that lipase can act on.

Yet, lipase is more complex than just a fat deconstructor! Lipase is also created within the stomach. This type of lipase is called gastric lipase and is specifically designed to target butterfat. Plus, recent research has found that lipase is also essential for managing healthy levels of triglycerides, which are an excellent source of energy.

The appropriate amount of lipase in your system may also be a key component for healthy digestion and the lack thereof may lead to digestive issues and discomfort.

stanbalik/Pixabay

Alright, so protease is responsible for those proteins and lipase is responsible for those fats. Amylase is then responsible for breaking down the bonds of starches, polysaccharides, and complex carbohydrates into easier to absorb simple sugars.

Yet, while you may hear about protease and lipase a bit more often, digestion begins with amylase.

This first step is via salivary amylase, which is the initial step in the chemical digestion of food, and its why chewing your food is so very important for instigating the entire digestion process. Chewing not only creates this salivary amylase, but it also ensures the ultimate liberation of nutrients from your food to be absorbed later in the digestive process.

Once the protease has found the proteins and the lipase has found the lipids, additional amylase enzymes are released from the pancreas into the proximal small intestine to break down those starches, polysaccharides, and complex carbs!

Garden of Life Organic Chewable Enzyme Supplement/Amazon.com

So far, Ive mentioned a few times about the body lackingdigestive enzymes.

This can be a pretty big deal, as these enzymes play dramatic and essential roles in not only extracting nutrients from the different macronutrients of your diet, but they also break down the food to be processed and excreted by your digestive system. One little enzyme can skew the entire process! A digestive enzyme deficiency can lead to unpleasant side effects including regular gas, bloating, and indigestion, after consuming a meal.

Thats where digestive enzyme supplements can make a world of difference!

Of course, theres always a stipulation. As is similar with almost all over-the-counter (OTC) meds, enzyme supplements arent regulated or verified, which means that choosing trustworthy products is essential. This is especially challenging when looking for a vegan certified product. The good news? Recent research has found that plant-based enzyme supplements are actually more effective because they can withstand the acids in our stomachs, better than animal product supplements. In fact, recent studies comparing animal-based to plant-based enzymes side-by-side show that plant-based enzymes may be as much as 13 times more effective for things like fat metabolization, among other things.

This means, get your plant-based, vegan certified supplement on!

Naturals Digestive Enzyme Supplements/Amazon.com

First and foremost, have a chat with your doctor to make sure that you actually need digestive enzymes. Digestive issues can be a sign of other more aggressive issues, therefore make sure youve gone over all the options with your doctor and laid out a plan for integrating proper digestive enzyme supplements.

Next, learn your options!

Most of us will probably need a mix or a complex of digestive enzymes in order to supplement a deficiency. Luckily, this is the most popular type of supplement available! This Pure Vegan Digestive Enzyme Complex for $15.99 is complete with a proprietary blend of acid-stable, plant-based digestive enzymes including amylase, protease I, protease II, lactase, lipase, cellulase, maltase, and hemicellulase. ThisGarden of Life Organic Chewable Enzyme Supplement for $21.69 contains a whopping 13 digestive enzymes! These Nested Naturals Digestive Enzyme Supplements for $25.95 contain a blend of amylase, lactase, lipase, protease, bromelain, and papain (extracted from papaya).

Looking for a specific one-off enzyme supplement?

Try these Doctors Best Proteolytic Enzymes for $19.99 or these Integrative Therapeutics Lipase Concentrate-HP Capsules for $23.50.

Raw Turmeric Ginger Smoothie/One Green Planet

Even though supplements are an excellent way to go to get those digestive enzymes, you can also find these wonderful digestive aids naturally. A variety of plant-based foods are naturally rich in enzymes including tropical fruits and fermented foods. If youre looking to go all-natural, try a few of these digestive enzyme powerhouses!

Carrot and Pineapple Salad With Curry Sauce/One Green Planet

When looking for that perfect enzyme supplement, you may notice almost all of them source their enzymes from bromelain, which comes from you guessed it pineapples!Specifically, bromelain is part of the protease enzyme group, which, as we learned, break down protein into its building blocks, including amino acids. This not only helps with overall digestion, but protease also helps the body absorb protein.

It helps that pineapple is a friggin delicious plant-based food as well! Try a few of these bromelain-rich recipes: Pina Colada Protein Smoothie, Sweet Pineapple Tempeh Stir Fry,Carrot and Pineapple Salad With Curry Sauce,Basil Pineapple Ginger Smoothie, or these Pineapple Scones.

Pistachio Avocado Ice Cream/One Green Planet

Yes! Lovely, creamy, delicious, healthy fat-filled avocados are also a wonderful source of natural digestive enzymes. In particular, avocadoes contain lipase, which makes sense as they are so rich in healthy fats such as monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, and saturated fat. Mentioned earlier, lipase helps digest fat molecules into smaller molecules, such as fatty acids and glycerol, which are easier for the body to absorb.

Outside of the traditional guacamole and stuffed avocado recipes, this dense fruit is also a truly wonderful vegan alternative for smoothies and creamy desserts such as this Matcha Avocado Smoothie, this Key Lime Tart, this Chocolate Banana Avocado Pudding, this Avocado Goji Pudding, or this Pistachio Avocado Ice Cream.

Miso Cilantro Edamame Dip/One Green Planet

Taking a moment from the fruit, lets marvel at the wonderful enzyme-filled miso! Made from the fermenting of soybeans with salt and koji, it turns out this wonderful Japanese ingredient is not only gut boosting but is also rich in a variety of digestive enzymes, including lactases, lipases, proteases, and amylases.

Try some of these flavor-filled miso-rich recipes: Peanut Butter and Miso Roasted Eggplant, Tofu Sheet Pan Meal With Cheezy Miso Tahini Sauce, Miso Cilantro Edamame Dip, Fresh Rainbow Rolls With Miso Peanut Sauce, or this Macrobiotic Miso Bowl.

Quinoa Mango Kheer/One Green Planet

Another tropical fruit makes the list for its digestive enzyme-rich content! Mangos contain the digestive enzyme amylase, which we learned earlier are a group of enzymes that break down carbs from starch into sugars like glucose and maltose. Plus, the riper the mango, the more active those digestive enzymes will be!

Even though its still winter, it doesnt mean you cant get your tropical recipes on! Try a few of these mango-rich meals: Mango Sticky Rice, Quinoa Mango Kheer, Mango Cabbage Salsa, Guacamole with Mango, Mango Cherry Popsicles, or these Quinoa and Red Bean Tacos With Mango Salsa.

Gluten-Free Ginger Molasses Cookie Skillet/One Green Planet

Seems like ginger is simply good for your body no matter what youre looking to do. Treat nausea, yep! Kick a cold, yep! Boost your gut bacteria, yep! Plus, ginger also contains a protease digestive enzyme called zingibain. This lovely digestive enzyme has been shown to help food move a bit faster through the digestive tract, reducing the chance of excessive gas, bloating, and indigestion.

Plus, most of us think about ginger as one of those savory spices for your sautees, but ginger is actually a wonderful spicey ingredient for sweet treats such as these Gingerbread Sticky Buns, this Gluten-Free Ginger Molasses Cookie Skillet, this Frosted Gingerbread Baked Oatmeal, this Golden Milk Frappuccino, or this Raw Turmeric Ginger Smoothie.

We also highly recommend downloading ourFood Monster App, which is available foriPhone, and can also be found onInstagramandFacebook. The app has more than 15,000 plant-based, allergy-friendly recipes, and subscribers gain access to new recipes every day. Check it out!

For more Vegan Food, Health, Recipe, Animal, and Life content published daily, dont forget to subscribe to theOne Green Planet Newsletter!

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Digestive Enzymes 101: What, Why, and Where to Get them from Plant-Based Foods - One Green Planet

8 best vegan supplements and vitamins – Netdoctor

Following a plant-based diet is one of the healthiest lifestyle choices you can make, but since s0me nutrients are harder to come by (or absent entirely) in plant form, finding the best vegan supplements, and knowing which are the best vegan vitamins to take, requires a little extra effort.

We asked registered dietician Roxane Bakker, in-house dietician at Vitl.com; and Constantin Karuzin, medical director at personalised supplement service Bioniq, to talk us through the best vegan supplements and vitamins, explain their function in the body, and advise the recommended daily dosage for a vegan diet:

Following a vegan diet means that youre not consuming any animal products whatsoever, including meat, fish, eggs, and dairy products. As well as missing out on certain dietary vitamins that are only available through animal sources vitamin B12, for example different vitamins vary in terms of bioavailability, which refers to how much of that particular vitamin is available for your body to use.

Bioavailability refers to how much of a particular vitamin is available for your body to use.

Bioavailability can be defined as the proportion of the nutrient that is absorbed from the diet or supplements and used for normal body functions, Bakker explains. Minerals and other nutrients exist in different chemical forms in your food, and this can influence their bioavailability.

A good example of this is iron. Vegan diets contain mainly non-heme sources of iron, which is less efficiently absorbed than heme iron of animal origin, she says. This is why adding vitamin supplements to your heath routine is a must when following a vegan diet.

If this isnt managed properly to ensure a balanced diet, you may find yourself lacking in certain essential nutrients, Bakker continues. Supplementation is an easy and convenient way to make sure that you are meeting all your micronutrient requirements.

Vitamin B12 is important for many essential processes in the body, including DNA synthesis, red blood cell production and energy metabolism, says Bakker. Its also crucial for your nervous system and can lead to anaemia, infertility and even bone or heart disease.

Despite being so crucial for health, deficiency is common. It can be easily masked by a high intake of folic acid or folate, Bakker adds. Those following a vegan diet can find vitamin B12 in fortified products such as breakfast cereals, plant milks, soya products, and nutritional yeast.

A word of warning vitamin B12 is light-sensitive, and may degrade if stored in clear containers. Its best absorbed when taken in small doses, and the daily recommended intake is 2.4 mcg per day for adults.

This mineral is essential for healthy bones and teeth, says Karuzin. Calcium also bolsters your immune system and nervous system nerves use calcium to carry messages between your brain and every part of your body. If you don't eat dairy products, you may be deficient in calcium, he says. It is difficult to get adequate calcium from [other] foods.

Sources of well-absorbed calcium for vegans include leafy green vegetables such as bok choy, broccoli, collards, Chinese cabbage, kale, mustard greens, and okra tofu, tempeh, tahini, almonds, and black beans. The daily recommendation for calcium is set at 1,000 mg per day for most adults, increasing to 1,500 mg for those over 50.

While the majority of our vitamin D is synthesised in the skin when its exposed to the sun, the only significant natural dietary sources of this vitamin are oily fish such as salmon, herring, and sardines as well as red meat, egg yolks, and liver.

Vitamin D is especially important for vegans because its essential for calcium absorption.

Vitamin D is especially important for vegans and anyone following a dairy-free diet because its essential for calcium absorption. Vegan sources include fortified foods such as margarine, breakfast cereals and plant-based milks. When using a supplement, take 10mcg per day.

Your body needs three different omega-3 fatty acids. The first is alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which is known as an essential omega-3 fatty acid, because you can only get it from your diet. Theres also eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are mostly found in animal products like fatty fish and fish oil, or made by your body from ALA.

In a vegan diet, ALA is only obtained from plants, and the conversion of this fatty acid into EPA and DHA which are essential components of your cells membranes is very inefficient, Bakker says. This leads to an imbalance of fatty acids and deficiency in EPA and DHA, which are very important for brain and body health from assisting with brain development to reducing your risk of breast cancer, depression and more.

Vegans and anyone who doesnt regularly eat fatty, oily fish can reach the daily recommendation of 250500 mg per day by supplementing with algal oil.

Iron is an important component of your red blood cells, as it transports oxygen around the body, says Bakker. Consuming too little iron can lead to anaemia, decrease your immune function, and result in dry and damaged skin and hair or even hair loss.

A deficiency in this nutrient presents as fatigue, and vegans especially need to ensure they are eating enough iron-rich foods, Bakker says. Vegan diets often have higher amounts of phytates a naturally occurring compound found in all plant foods like beans, grains, nuts, and seeds which can inhibit the absorption of this mineral.

As Bakker explained, heme iron is only available from animal products, whereas non-heme iron is found in plants. Because heme iron is more easily absorbed, people who follow a vegan diet are often advised to aim for 1.8 times the usual daily recommendation, which is 8 mg per day for adult men and post-menopausal women; 18 mg per day for adult women.

Iron-rich vegan foods include cruciferous vegetables, beans, peas, dried fruit, nuts, and seeds, and fortified foods, such as cereals, breads, and plant-based milks.To increase absorption, avoid drinking caffeinated drinks with meals, and pair iron-rich foods with a source of vitamin C. You could also use cast-iron pots and pans to cook with.

Zinc is essential for metabolism, the immune system and cell repair, says Karuzin. Contained mainly in animal products, and with the same absorption mechanism as iron, zinc from plant foods is poorly absorbed, he says. Adults need around 10 mg per day equivalent to around two oysters.

Vegans are encouraged to consume 1.5 times the recommended amount of zinc each day.

Vegans tend to consume lower amounts of zinc than their meat-eating counterparts, adds Bakker. The effect of a higher phytate consumption as found with vegan diets on the bioavailability of zinc is a cause for concern, she says. For this reason, vegans are encouraged to consume 1.5 times the recommended amount each day.

Whole grains, sprouted breads, tofu, legumes, nuts and seeds are all suitable plant-based sources of zinc. Soaking legumes, nuts and seeds and seeds overnight boosts absorption, as does eating fermented foods such as miso, kimchi and tempeh.

Iodine plays an important role in the functioning of the thyroid gland and metabolism, says Karuzin. Iodine comes mostly from food such as iodised salt, seaweed, seafood and dairy products. The latter is the main source of iodine for most people, and comes from iodine supplements in cattle feed and iodine-containing disinfectant.

In plants, the iodine levels depend on the the iodine content of the soil they were grown in. Adults are recommended to have 150 mcg of iodine per day. If you dont use iodised salt or regularly eat seaweed, you should consider taking an iodine supplement.

Protein is described as the building block of life for a reason. Its responsible for making enzymes, hormones, and other body chemicals and also plays a vital role in building bones, muscles, cartilage, skin, and blood. While protein seems to be packed into everything these days, from workout shakes to energy bars, plant protein differs from animal protein, which is known as complete protein, since it contains all nine amino acids your body needs.

Certain plant proteins, such as quinoa, tofu, and hemp seeds, are complete proteins, but some are incomplete i.e. missing some amino acids. This means you need to combine different sources plant proteins throughout the day to make up the complete range of amino acids needed by your body and fill in the gaps. As long as youre eating a healthy, balanced diet with a variety of plant protein sources, this shouldnt be a problem.

Following a vegan diet focused on fruit, vegetables, pulses, beans, nuts, seeds and unrefined whole grains can have a significant and positive impact on your health. But without proper planning, youll miss out on essential nutrients thats where vegan supplements come in.

A well-chosen diet and proper portioning can meet your nutritional needs, says Karuzin. However, certain nutrient requirements are difficult to achieve through diet and food alone. This is especially true for vitamin D, omega-3, iron and vitamin B12. However, for a complete picture, it is necessary to perform tests and consult a doctor.

Last updated: 23-07-2020

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What Is the Mayr Method Diet? Breaking Down Rebel Wilson’s Reported Weight Loss Program – GoodHousekeeping.com

Ever since she's declared 2020 her "Year of Health," Rebel Wilson is opening up about how hard she's working on her goals in frequent workouts, training sessions, and of course, in a brand new diet. The Bridesmaids and Pitch Perfect star says she's trying to reach a goal weight of 75 kilograms, about 165 pounds, by the end of the year: "Even if you have to crawl towards your goals, keep going [and] it will be worth it, she shared on Instagram.

The 40-year-old Australian actor and comedian reportedly found her inspiration for her new health journey after visiting a well-known wellness center in Austria. According to People, Rebel's 2020 goals stem from a trip to VivaMayr with pal and TV host Carly Steel in 2019 where she saw "amazing results" based on the center's plan. What kind of treatment did she encounter there, you might ask? As shared in a personal review published in Grazia, Viva Mayr helps guests through a signature detox that involves certain spa treatments, mental health sessions, and a thorough diet and fitness revamp.

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Not everyone can jet off for a stay in a medical center in Austria or locations in London, Mumbai, Istanbul, or Moscow for a consultation at the clinic (which costs around $211, according to The Guardian). But Viva Mayr's diet program specifically has been made popular by Harald Staussier, one of the clinic's founders, in a 14-day diet plan that's now known as the Mayr Method Diet, which promises to help you "revamp your health and feel years younger."

Believe it or not, the Mayr Method has been around for more than a century, according to VivaMayr personnel it's based on the "Mayr Cure" created by Franz Xaver Mayr, also known as F.X. Mayr. The basics of the program have to do with a "clean" gut, and a focus on eating foods that massage digestive systems. Maximilian Schubert, the medical director of VivaMayr, told NBC's Today that the Mayr diet has rarely changed over time: "The main idea behind this if people have a healthy gut system and healthy digestive system, then they are going to have a holistic approach of health," Schubert explained.

Courtesy of Amazon

Usually, people are first introduced to this diet by visiting VivaMayr or one of its many wellness retreats around the world during a prolonged stay and a series of consultations. "VivaMayr combines modern complementary medicine with traditional diagnostics and therapies according to F.X. Mayr, the VivaMayr website reads. Once we have treated your condition, proper nutrition combined with exercise and improved mental awareness become the building blocks of your new life.

Schubert told Today that the first recommendation made to many clients is to start a new fasting regimen: "In general, the first step is always a monotone and restricted diet, to really calm down the body system, food-wise," he said. In addition to adopting a short-term fast, the program will also include a prescribed cleanse, taking new or expanded vitamins, and supplements in what Schubert calls a "detoxification process." It's unclear which vitamins or supplements are used at clinics or Viva Mayr retreats, but there's a good chance that both have to do with aiming to lower the body's pH level based on the tenets of the alkaline diet.

According to our friends at Women's Health UK, in addition to establishing a fasting schedule, dieters will also refrain from eating sugar or drinking coffee (anything containing caffeine) and alcohol during the program. "Quite often, people will have some headaches and mood changes in the first three or four days afterwards, they recover very well again," Schubert told Today.

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While the suggestions above are made within the 14-day diet guide, there isn't clear restrictive guidelines for the diet program, and you may adapt the program over time: "It's perfectly acceptable to create your own meals rather than following suggested menu plans, although you may want to try them for a few days first, to get the hang of the way food is prepared at Viva Mayr," the meal plan's introduction reads.

Ultimately, the diet is often purported to be based on the basics of an alkaline diet, but Stefani Sassos, MS, RD, CDN, the Good Housekeeping Housekeeping Institute's registered dietitian, explains that the foods on the diet plan's shopping list aren't actually included in true alkaline-forward diets. "Many foods on this list, including polenta, risotto, meat, and dairy aren't normally allowed on an alkaline diet as they are thought to be 'acidic.'" It may not matter in the end though, Sassos explains, because the alkaline diet's benefits have to do with eating more vegetables, reducing sugar and processed foods intake, and drinking more water (all things you can do without prescribing to a diet!).

Here's a majority of the Mayr Method Diet shopping list as highlighted in the book's introduction:

The 14-day diet plan also comes with a prescribed meal plan and recipes to help you get started.

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Because most of the consultations happen at the clinic, Sassos says she's judging what's in the diet's book alone. Overall, the prescribed shopping list and meal plans in the book wouldn't be harmful, per se: "Would the foods on this list do you harm? No, I don't think so." Like every other diet, Sassos says you should enjoy everything on the Mayr diet's approved list in moderation and you should also feel comfortable having prohibited items, like coffee, in moderation as well. "The quality of macronutrients matters in any food, but you could easily gain weight if you're eating an excessive amount of certain foods on this list that are very calorically dense, like cheese, butter, and polenta."

If you attempt the Mayr Method Diet at home, there are a few takeaways you should focus on above all else, including the suggestions to eat more mindfully at mealtimes. "Many of us rush our meals and don't chew our food enough, and chewing is important to ensure proper digestion and maximum absorption later on in our digestive tract," Sassos explains, adding that somewhere between 30-40 chews per mouthful is something you should aim for. "It takes about 20 minutes for your body to signal to your brain that it is full. If we are eating too quickly, we can easily overeat before our brain is able to register that we are full."

One thing you shouldn't try at home is finding supplements to mimic any clinic treatment. "If you see [any product] with cleanse or detox slapped on it, be suspicious and ask questions," Sassos says. "For gut health in particular, staying hydrated and incorporating probiotic-rich foods like yogurt, kefir, and kombucha into your diet is ideal. I always say food first before reaching for a supplement or pill."

The bottom line: You should always consult your doctor before making a long term change to your diet, but most principles of the Mayr Diet shouldn't be harmful. Remember, any diet needs to be paired with exercise (Rebel is also working hard on her fitness routine, Women's Health reports) for healthy, long-term weight management. The best principle of the VivaMayr program may be to focus more at mealtime: "Take time to actually register what you are eating, savor the flavor, and properly digest your food," Sassos says. "It can also improve your relationship with food and enhance the enjoyment of mealtime."

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Barley Grass: Benefits, Uses, and Precautions – Healthline

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Barley grass is a common ingredient at juice shops and health stores, frequently appearing alongside other greens like kale, spinach, and wheatgrass.

Its often dubbed a superfood and used as a supplement to boost weight loss, enhance immune function, and support overall health.

This article reviews the benefits, uses, and potential side effects of barley grass.

Barley is a type of grain thats considered the fourth most important cereal crop around the globe (1).

Also known as barley leaves and barley greens, barley grass is the leaf of the barley plant. It has been studied extensively for its beneficial health effects and is often featured in green juices and supplements.

Although fresh barley grass can be tricky to find, its available in other forms, including powders, juices, tablets, and gummies.

Its often combined with other ingredients in green blends, including kale, spirulina, and wheatgrass.

Barley grass is the leaf of the barley plant, and its available in several forms, including powders, juices, tablets, and gummies.

Barley grass is rich in a variety of important nutrients.

Dried barley grass, in particular, is a great source of fiber, boasting nearly 3 grams per tablespoon (10 grams).

Plus, each serving of barley grass contains a good amount of vitamin A, a fat-soluble vitamin that regulates immune function, cell growth, and vision (2).

Its also high in vitamin C, which plays a central role in everything from skin health to wound healing to oral health (3).

It provides vitamin K as well, an essential micronutrient thats needed for blood clotting, bone formation, heart health, and more (4).

Lastly, its rich in polyphenols and flavonoids. These compounds act as antioxidants to reduce oxidative stress and protect against chronic disease (1, 5).

Barley grass is a good source of many nutrients, including fiber, polyphenols, flavonoids, and vitamins A, C, and K.

Barley grass has been associated with several potential health benefits.

Some studies suggest that barley grass could help you maintain healthy blood sugar levels.

This may be thanks to its content of insoluble fiber, a type of fiber that doesnt dissolve in water. Its speculated that increasing your fiber intake could reduce blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity, making it easier for your body to use insulin effectively (6, 7, 8).

Nevertheless, studies on the effects of barley grass specifically are limited, and many are outdated. More research is needed to determine how consuming this plant could affect your blood sugar levels.

Adding barley grass to your diet is a great way to support heart health.

According to one older study in 36 people with diabetes, taking 15 grams of barley leaf extract for 4 weeks decreased the oxidation of LDL (bad) cholesterol, which is a risk factor for heart disease (9).

Whats more, in an older animal study, rabbits fed barley leaf essence experienced decreased levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, compared with a control group (10).

Barley grass also contains compounds like saponarin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and tryptophan, all of which have been linked to decreased blood pressure, reduced inflammation, and improved heart health (11).

However, most available research is outdated, and some studies have turned up conflicting results. Furthermore, many studies have used concentrated extracts of barley grass powder, which may not produce the same results as adding barley grass to your diet (12).

Therefore, more high quality studies should be conducted to better examine how consuming barley grass may affect heart health in humans.

Barley grass is low in calories but high in fiber, making it a great addition to a healthy weight loss diet.

Fiber moves through your body slowly, keeping you feeling fuller for longer to curb cravings and decrease hunger. In fact, several studies have found that increasing your intake of fiber could boost weight loss (13).

For example, one study in 252 women associated each gram of fiber consumed daily with 0.5 pounds (0.25 kg) of weight loss and 0.25% less body fat over 20 months (14).

Similarly, a 6-month study in 345 adults with overweight or obesity showed that those who ate more fiber lost more weight and found it easier to stick to their prescribed diet (15).

Furthermore, one study in rats on a high fat diet showed that drinking barley grass juice decreased body weight and body mass index (BMI) more effectively than drinking a control (16).

However, more research in humans is needed to evaluate the effects of barley grass on weight loss.

Although more research is needed, some human and animal studies suggest that barley grass may promote weight loss, improve blood sugar levels, and support heart health.

Although barley grass is generally safe to consume for most people, there are a few side effects and precautions that you may want to consider.

First, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) doesnt regulate the safety or effectiveness of barley grass supplements in the same way that it monitors drugs.

When purchasing supplements, be sure to buy from a reputable retailer and look for products that have undergone third-party testing and are free of fillers, additives, and artificial ingredients.

Additionally, note that some barley grass products may contain high amounts of micronutrients like vitamin K or potassium.

Those taking blood thinners like warfarin should keep their vitamin K intake consistent to avoid interfering with these medications effects (4).

Furthermore, people with kidney disease may be advised to limit their intake of potassium to help keep their blood potassium levels within the normal range (17).

Thus, if youre taking medications or have any underlying health conditions, talk to a healthcare provider before using barley grass supplements.

Finally, those who have celiac disease or a sensitivity to gluten should exercise caution when purchasing barley grass products. Although gluten is only found in the seeds of the barley grain, theres a risk of cross-contamination.

The FDA doesnt regulate barley grass supplements in the same way that it monitors drugs. Also, some may contain high amounts of certain nutrients. If you have celiac disease or a sensitivity to gluten, exercise caution with barley grass products.

Although fresh barley grass can be difficult to find, barley grass powder is widely available at many health stores, pharmacies, and online.

It has a mild, slightly bitter flavor and makes a great addition to juices, smoothies, and shakes.

Heres a simple recipe for a barley grass smoothie:

Barley grass powder is widely available and can be added to a variety of juices, smoothies, and shakes.

Barley grass is a common ingredient often featured in juices, supplements, and greens powders.

Its rich in several nutrients and may promote weight loss, enhance heart health, and support better blood sugar control, although more human studies are needed to confirm these benefits.

Barley grass powder is widely available and works well in many different recipes, including shakes, smoothies, and juices.

Shop for barley grass powder online.

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Barley Grass: Benefits, Uses, and Precautions - Healthline

Study of Gene’s Hormone Effects Leads to Surprise Insight into Pituitary Tumors – University of Michigan Health System News

Rathkes cleft cysts are benign, fluid filled growths that develop in the pituitary gland, a small oval-shaped gland near the underside of the brain. Usually, these cysts dont cause symptoms. However, if they become large enough to compress the organ and surrounding tissues, then they can cause problems with vision and the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland. Treatment for these cysts may involve draining the fluid and surgical removal.

Little is known about why these cysts form. The authors of a new paper in the Journal of Clinical Investigation, led by Sally Camper, Ph.D., the Margery Shaw Distinguished University Professor of Human Genetics, have developed a model of Rathkes cleft cysts by breeding mice that lack the gene for a protein called Islet 1 in the developing pituitary gland.

They discovered that the cysts arise from pituitary stem cells that have adopted the wrong cell fate without the guidance of Islet 1, which normally drives pituitary hormone production. The animal model allowed them to examine the development of the cysts over time and identify markers that could be used by pathologists to diagnose Rathkes cleft cysts. Typically, the cysts are identified using brain scans.

The development of the cysts was a surprise, says Camper. We were interested in whether the Islet 1 gene has a role in pituitary hormone production the same way it does in the pancreas, where it drives expression of insulin and other pancreatic endocrine hormones. The accidental finding shows how researching the basics of how organs develop can lead to discoveries that are clinically relevant, she adds.

First authors on the paper were Michelle Brinkmeier and Hironori Bando, Ph.D. of the U-M Medical Schools Department of Human Genetics.

Paper cited: "Rathkes cleft-like cysts arise fromIsl1deletion in murine pituitary progenitors," Journal of Clinical Investigation.DOI:10.1172/JCI136745.

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Study of Gene's Hormone Effects Leads to Surprise Insight into Pituitary Tumors - University of Michigan Health System News

Dutch University hospital Radboudumc finds genetic mutation as a reason for lack of defense against corona – Innovation Origins

Two brothers from the Dutch village of Beek en Donk were 29 and 31 years old when Corona hit them hard. At the first peek of the pandemic in the Netherlands, they were proof that COVID-19 did not only affect the elderly. The brothers ended up in intensive care, where they were kept in an artificial coma. The eldest eventually managed to survive, the youngest did not.

The distressing events were the beginning of a search by doctors and geneticists of the Nijmegen Radboudumc for genetic factors in a humans defence. Their research makes it clear that TLR7 Toll-like receptor 7 plays an essential role in the disease process. A finding with potentially major consequences, with which Radboudumc came out yesterday in a publication in JAMA. There is good hope that this might even result in a treatment for new Corona patients.

In the wave of COVID-19 patients that engulfed Dutch hospitals in the first half of 2020, an attentive physician from the clinical genetics department of the Maastricht MUMC+found something remarkable, which would be the start of important scientific research at the Radboudumc. Two young brothers within the same family who became seriously ill because of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and had to go to the ICU for ventilation. One of them died from the consequences of the infection, the other recovered. Remarkable, because it was mainly elderly people who were affected by the virus and in this case two brothers under the age of 35 from the same family.

In such a case you immediately wonder whether there are also genetic factors involved, says geneticist Alexander Hoischen. Getting sick from an infection is always a combination between in this case the virus and mans defence. The fact that two brothers from the same family become so seriously ill may, of course, be a coincidence. But it is also possible that a congenital abnormality in their defence played an important role. We started investigating the latter with our multidisciplinary team in the Radboudumc.

From both brothers, all genes with a function (the exome) were mapped. Subsequently, a possible cause is searched for. Cas van der Made, a Ph.D. student at the Department of Internal Medicine: In doing so, we mainly looked at genes that play a role in the immune system. We know that many of these important genes are located on the X chromosome. Women have two X chromosomes; men have a Y chromosome in addition to the X-. So men only have one copy of the genes on the X chromosome. If something is wrong with that, there is no second gene that can take over that role, as there is in women.

So it looks like the virus can just go ahead because the immune system doesnt get a message that the virus has gotten in.

During that research, the gene encoding for the Toll-like receptor 7, or TLR7 for short, soon came into the picture. There are several TLR genes, but they all have in common that they play an important role in recognizing pathogens and activating the innate immune system. Hoischen: A few letters were missing from the genetic code of that TLR7. As a result, the code could not be read properly and hardly any TLR7 was made. Until now, the function of TLR7 has never been associated with a congenital immune disorder. But suddenly, we now see that TLR7 is apparently essential to identify this coronavirus. It seems as if the virus can follow its course because the immune system does not receive any message that the virus has entered. Because TLR7, which is supposed to identify the intruder and then activate the immune system, is hardly present at all. That could be the reason for the serious course of the disease.

Quite unexpectedly, the doctors and researchers in the Radboudumc again had to deal with two seriously ill brothers with COVID-19. The two were even younger: 21 and 23 years old. Both also had to go to the ICU for ventilation. Then the question of the role of the genes is even more obvious, says Hoischen. We carried out the same research with these two brothers, again using the unique rapid-exome diagnostic route. This time we saw no deletion, no loss of letters, but only a single writing error in the TRL7 gene. The effect is the same because these brothers also do not make TLR7 sufficiently effective either. Suddenly we had four young people with a defect in the same gene who had all become seriously ill because of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Van der Made and his colleagues have figured out how the mechanism works. Once activated, TLR7 ensures the production of so-called interferons, signal proteins that are essential in the defense against viral infections, says van der Made. This immune response is perhaps all the more important in the fight against the SARS-CoV-2 virus because we know from the literature that this virus has tricks to reduce the production of interferons by immune cells. When mimicking an infection with the coronavirus, we see that the immune cells of the patients without a properly functioning TLR7 hardly react and that hardly any extra interferons are produced. These tests show that the virus seems to have free rein in people without a properly functioning TLR7 because it is not recognized.

Due to the serious illness with two brothers in two families, from which one of the young men died, we have come on the trail of this condition, says Hoischen. It appears to be a very specific abnormality, an immune deficiency, mainly related to this coronavirus. None of the four men had previously suffered from the defense or immunity. Its the first time that weve been able to connect a clinical picture so strongly to this TLR7.

This discovery not only gives us more insight into the fundamental functioning of the immune system but may also have important consequences for the treatment of seriously ill COVID-19 patients, says immunologist Frank van de Veerdonk. The substance interferon can be given as therapy. It is currently being investigated whether giving interferon to COVID-19 can indeed help.

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Dutch University hospital Radboudumc finds genetic mutation as a reason for lack of defense against corona - Innovation Origins

Tailoring Depression Treatment With Genetics – Technology Networks

New research led by Kings College London has found that measuring levels of inflammation and stress-response in the blood may provide useful information to show which patients with depression will or will not respond to treatment with antidepressants.In addition, these findings could potentially help towards developing personalized treatments for depression that involve the use of anti-inflammatories.

The study was led by Kings College London and involved researchers from IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (Brescia, Italy), University of Milan (Italy), University of Cambridge, University of Oxford, University of Glasgow, Cardiff University, and Janssen Pharmaceutica.

Published in Translational Psychiatry, the study examined the blood from 130 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 40 healthy controls to understand how gene expression - the process which signals the production of new molecules - could be used to distinguish those patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) from those who are responsive to medication. The participants were recruited as part of the Biomarkers in Depression (BIODEP) Study.

About 1 in 5 people suffer from depression in the UK and up to one third of these are considered resistant to treatment, which means that medication has no measurable effect and they have fewer options for managing their depression.

While there is overwhelming evidence of increased inflammation in depression it is still unclear how exactly this occurs and what it looks like at the level of chemistry within the body, said Dr Annamaria Cattaneo from the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN) Kings College London, lead author on the paper.

She added, In this study we show for the first time that it is possible to distinguish patients with depression who do not respond to medication from those who are responding to the antidepressant medication, based on the levels of well-known measures of inflammation and the presence of molecular mechanisms that put this inflammation into action. This could potentially provide a means to assess which treatment options may be more beneficial from the outset.

The researchers observed notably stronger molecular signs of inflammation and stress in both the patients who were not responding to antidepressant treatment and patients who were medication-free, compared with patients with depression who were responsive to medication and healthy controls. These findings support the growing evidence that patients that do not respond to antidepressants or have untreated depression have heightened inflammation compared with controls.

Previous research has shown that high levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the blood indicate some degree of inflammation in the body and, in the present study, researchers found higher levels of blood CRP in both patients that were resistant to treatment and medication-free patients compared with patients with depression who were responsive to medication as well as healthy controls. Likewise, researchers reported that the expression of several inflammation-related genes (including IL-1-beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and P2RX7) was also increased in both treatment resistant and medication-free patients.

Some of the 16 genes measured in this paper had never before been measured in human blood.

Researchers also examined indicators of stress and found that both the treatment resistant and drug-free patients have reduced numbers of glucocorticoid receptors which are involved in the bodys stress response. With reduced numbers of receptors, the bodys ability to buffer stress through hormones such as cortisol is diminished, which increases the risk of more severe forms of depression.

Our study has provided important insight into the mechanisms that can explain the link between inflammation and depression which will especially impact the future of personalised psychiatry, said senior author of the study, Professor Carmine Pariante from the IoPPN, Kings College London.

He continued, While much of drug-based intervention currently relies on a trial and error approach, studies such as this implore investigation into identifying sub-groups of patients with depression such as treatment resistant patients with inflammation so that patients may be guided directly to treatment strategies which work best for them.

This article has been republished from the following materials. Note: material may have been edited for length and content. For further information, please contact the cited source.

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Tailoring Depression Treatment With Genetics - Technology Networks

The genetic basis of bats’ superpowers revealed – Newswise

Newswise For the first time, the raw genetic material that codes for bats' unique adaptations and superpowers such as the ability to fly, to use sound to move effortlessly in complete darkness, to survive and tolerate deadly diseases, to resist ageing and cancer - has been fully revealed.

Bat1K (Bat1K.com), a global consortium of scientists dedicated to sequencing the genomes of every one of the 1421 living bat species, has generated and analyzed six highly accurate bat genomes that are ten times more complete than any bat genome published to date, in order to uncover bats' unique traits.

"Given these exquisite bat genomes, we can now better understand how bats tolerate viruses, slow down ageing, and have evolved flight and echolocation. These genomes are the tools needed to identify the genetic solutions evolved in bats that ultimately could be harnessed to alleviate human ageing and disease," Emma Teeling, University College Dublin, Co-Founding Director of Bat1K and Senior Author.

To generate these exquisite bat genomes, the team used the newest technologies of the DRESDEN-concept Genome Center, a shared technology resource in Dresden, to sequence the bat's DNA, and generated new methods to assemble these pieces into the correct order and to identify the genes present.

"Using the latest DNA sequencing technologies and new computing methods for such data, we have 96 to 99 percent of each bat genome in chromosome level reconstructions - an unprecedented quality akin to for example the current human genome reference which is the result of over a decade of intensive "finishing" efforts. As such, these bat genomes provide a superb foundation for experimentation and evolutionary studies of bats' fascinating abilities and physiological properties" Eugene Myers, Director of Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, and the Center for Systems Biology, Dresden, Germany, Senior Author.

Relationship to other mammals

The team compared these bat genomes against 42 other mammals to address the unresolved question of where bats are located within the mammalian tree of life. Using novel phylogenetic methods and comprehensive molecular data sets, the team found the strongest support for bats being most closely related to a group called Ferreuungulata that consists of carnivores (which includes dogs, cats and seals, among other species), pangolins, whales and ungulates (hooved mammals).

To uncover genomic changes that contribute to the unique adaptations found in bats, the team systematically searched for gene differences between bats and other mammals, identifying regions of the genome that have evolved differently in bats and the loss and gain of genes that may drive bats' unique traits.

"Our genome scans revealed changes in hearing genes that may contribute to echolocation, which bats use to hunt and navigate in complete darkness. Furthermore, we found expansions of anti-viral genes, unique selection on immune genes, and loss of genes involved in inflammation in bats. These changes may contribute to bats' exceptional immunity and points to their tolerance of coronaviruses." Michael Hiller, Max Planck Research Group Leader, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics in Dresden, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, and the Center for Systems Biology, Dresden, Senior Author.

Tolerance against viruses

The team also found evidence that bats' ability to tolerate viruses is reflected in their genomes. The exquisite genomes revealed "fossilised viruses", evidence of surviving past viral infections, and showed that bat genomes contained a higher diversity than other species providing a genomic record of historical tolerance to viral infection.

Given the quality of the bat genomes the team uniquely identified and experimentally validated several non-coding regulatory regions that may govern bats' key evolutionary innovations.

"Having such complete genomes allowed us to identify regulatory regions that control gene expression that are unique to bats. Importantly we were able to validate unique bat microRNAs in the lab to show their consequences for gene regulation. In the future we can use these genomes to understand how regulatory regions and epigenomics contributed to the extraordinary adaptations we see in bats," says Sonja Vernes, Co-Founding Director Bat 1K, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Senior Author.

This is just a beginning. The remaining ~1400 living bat species exhibit an incredible diversity in ecology, longevity, sensory perception and immunology, and numerous questions still remain regarding the genomic basis of these spectacular features. Bat1K will answer these questions as more and more exquisite bat genomes are sequenced, further uncovering the genetic basis of bats' rare and wonderful superpowers.

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The genetic basis of bats' superpowers revealed - Newswise

Genetic puzzle: How mice can be modified to help in the race to develop coronavirus therapies – Genetic Literacy Project

For more than three decadesMichael Koob has been working out complicated puzzles using the tools of molecular biology and genetics. Today his deliberative labors are paying offwith untold implications for the study of human disease and the development of drug therapies and vaccines. Koob has figured out how to replace entire genes of laboratory mice with their human counterparts, transporting huge segments of human DNA to their proper corresponding location in mouse chromosomes. Now he is applying his genetic puzzle-solving ingenuity to the scourge of the COVID-19 pandemic.

An LMP associate professor, Koob launched his molecular investigations while a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, where he earned a PhD in molecular and cellular biology in 1990. His graduate adviser was the legendary molecular geneticist Waclaw Szybalski. Koob and Szybalski pioneered a technique they called Achilles heel cleavage that cuts DNA in a single targeted location, which enabled them to create large DNA segments. Koob joined the LMP faculty in 1995. He brought with him those early insights about how to use molecular tools to manipulate DNA in human and animal cells and thereby answer questions about health and disease.

Now Koob has set his sights onCOVID-19, the disease caused by coronavirusSARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses enter human lung tissue via a cell-surface receptor molecule called angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 orACE2. Once in the lung the virus multiplies and travels throughout the organ, in some patients causing Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), which can be fatal.

But theres a problem in using mice to understand SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease progression. In the mouse, the ACE2 receptor doesnt bind the virus, so mice dont get infected and show the respiratory symptoms we see in people, Koob said. But what if mice expressed the human gene for the ACE2 receptor instead of their own? That would potentially enable investigators to track COVID-19 pathology beginning with infection and viral replication in airway epithelial cells all the way to lower lung zones where the virus often settles, consolidates, and can cause viral pneumonia. That mouse model is under construction in Koobs laboratory.

Infection at the entry point would make the mouse model work for COVID-19, and full human ACE2 receptor gene substitution for the mouse version should make infection possible, Koob said. The internal viral replication will be maintained between the mouse and humans. So this should model the infection route, disease progression in the lungs, everything like that. Its really just basic cell biology. If you want to mimic what happens in a person the most important thing really is to get the cell types correct. If the right cells are ACE2 receptor-positive, then you can mimic what happens in people.

Other research groups have transferred only a small part of the ACE2 receptor DNA gene sequence into mice, creating transgenic animals but ones that do not mimic the potentially lethal lung pathology of a SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19, such as ARDS. Koobs team will replace the entire mouse ACE2 receptor gene with the entire human ACE2 receptor gene plus associate regulatory sequencestransferring in all some 70,000 DNA sequences to the precise location on the mouse chromosome where its own ACE2 receptor gene once resided. The mouse gene will be gone, and the human gene will be there, Koob said. It now becomes a human ACE2 receptor gene in a true sense. The sequence of tissues that become positive for ACE2 receptor expression should be recapitulated.

When a human gene is put in the same spot where the mouse gene once resided, genomic regulatory factors come into play that are appropriate for that gene, Koob said. Theres a global regulatory context to take into account in animals that have a common ancestor, which all mammals do. Mice and humans arefairly close on the evolutionary tree. So theres global regulation if we put it in the right spot. The right spot transfer of the human gene construct is into a mouse embryonic stem cell, which Koob then puts into a blastocyst or early mouse embryo. Selective breeding yields mice with the human gene in all cells and tissues.

A search of the databaseClinicalTrials.govyields more than 400 studies when the terms COVID-19 and lung therapy are combined. Small molecule drugs, therapeutic antibodies and antivirals, immunotherapies, stem cells and natural killer cells, steroids, and laser and radiotherapies are among the lung injury therapies currently being investigated. A validated, reliable, and clinically informative mouse model for testing COVID-19 lung injury therapies would be invaluable, as it would be for future coronavirus vaccine trials.

Koob anticipates his human ACE2 receptor gene mouse strain will be ready by this fall. He will send it by courier toJackson Laboratory(JAX) in Bar Harbor, Maine to join more than 11,000 strains of mice that JAX distributes to researchers around the world. JAX will breed the mice over several months while Koob and LMP professorsSteve JamesonandKris Hogquistand Department of Medicine assistant professorTyler Bold, all at the Center for Immunology, conduct characterization and SARS-CoV-2 infection studies of the mice in aLevel 3 biosafetyfacility. JAX is currently distributingKoobs full gene replacement mouse strainthat carries the human microtubule-associated proteintau, which is responsible for the neurofibrillary tangles in the brain associated with Alzheimers disease and other dementias. Koob is making full gene replacement mouse models of other neurodegenerative diseases.

Our philosophy is to make our mouse strains available to the research community in an expedited way, Koob said. I contacted JAX about this ACE2 receptor gene replacement mouse. Theyre very happy to collaborate with us because they dont have anything like this. And were making it available to researchers without restrictions.

With Koob and his laboratory scientist Kellie Benzow as inventors, the University has filed a patent onMethods of full gene replacement and transgenic non-human cells comprising full human genes.

Its been a long time since Koob collaborated with his graduate adviser Waclaw Szybalski, now a 98-year-old professor emeritus. Together their research careers encompass the history of molecular biology going back to the early 1950s with the discovery of the DNA double helix. Szybalski was born in 1921 just after a pandemic virus infected an estimated one-third of the Earths population and killed tens of millions of people. A century later, with another pandemic raging, the timing couldnt be better for his student to exercise his manifest molecular inventiveness.

William Hoffman is a writer and editor at the University of Minnesota. He has worked closely with faculty in genetics and bioengineering, medical technology and bioscience industries, and the science policy and ethics communities. He is author with Leo Furcht of Divergence, Convergence, and Innovation: East-West Bioscience in an Anxious Age, Asian Biotechnology and Development Review, Nov. 2014.

A version of this article was originally published at the University of Minnesota website and has been republished here with permission. The University of Minnesota can be found on Twitter @UMNews

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Genetic puzzle: How mice can be modified to help in the race to develop coronavirus therapies - Genetic Literacy Project