$1.6 million grant will use nanotechnology to fight prostate cancer

PUBLIC RELEASE DATE:

16-Jan-2014

Contact: A'ndrea Elyse Messer aem1@psu.edu 814-865-5544 Penn State

Nanotechnology for diagnosing and treating prostate cancer will be the focus of a five-year, $1.58 million grant by the National Institutes of Health to Penn State and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.

Jian Yang, associate professor of biomedical engineering, and Jer-Tsong Hsieh, the Dr. John McConnell Distinguished Chair in Prostate Cancer Research at Texas, will be co-principal investigators.

As part of the effort, Penn State will receive about $651,000.

The research seeks to develop an alternative to chemotherapy, which Yang said causes significant side effects and is also ineffective on many patients who have developed drug resistance to conventional chemotherapy.

The team will aim to create a method to identify a prostate cancer specific drug, a genotoxin to avoid drug resistance. The researchers seek to develop a biodegradable and biocompatible nanoparticle capable of targeting and imaging the prostate cancers.

Yang said he hopes the team's experimental therapy study will lead to a more personalized medical approach to treating prostate cancer.

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$1.6 million grant will use nanotechnology to fight prostate cancer

Nanotechnology: A deeper look at interfaces

Jan. 15, 2014 "The interface is the device," Nobel laureate Herbert Kroemer famously observed, referring to the remarkable properties to be found at the junctures where layers of different materials meet. In today's burgeoning world of nanotechnology, the interfaces between layers of metal oxides are becoming increasingly prominent, with applications in such high-tech favorites as spintronics, high-temperature superconductors, ferroelectrics and multiferroics. Realizing the vast potential of these metal oxide interfaces, especially those buried in subsurface layers, will require detailed knowledge of their electronic structure.

A new technique from an international team of researchers working at Berkeley Lab's Advanced Light Source (ALS) promises to deliver the goods. In a study led by Charles Fadley, a physicist who holds joint appointments with Berkeley Lab's Materials Sciences Division and the University of California Davis, where he is a Distinguished Professor of Physics, the team combined two well-established techniques for studying electronic structure in crystalline materials into a new technique that is optimized for examining electronic properties at subsurface interfaces. They call this new technique SWARPES, for Standing Wave Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy.

"SWARPES allows us for the first time to selectively study buried interfaces with either soft or hard x-rays," Fadley says. "The technique can be applied to any multilayer prototype device structure in spintronics, strongly correlated/high-TC superconductors, or semiconductor electronics. The only limitations are that the sample has to have a high degree of crystalline order, and has to be grown on a nanoscale multilayer mirror suitable for generating an x-ray standing wave."

As the name indicates, SWARPES combines the use of standing waves of x-rays with ARPES, the technique of choice for studying electronic structure. A standing wave is a vibrational pattern created when two waves of identical wavelength interfere with one another: one is the incident x-ray and the other is the x-ray reflected by a mirror. Interactions between standing waves and core-level electrons reveal much about the properties of each atomic species in a sample. ARPES from the outer valence levels is the long-standing spectroscopic workhorse for the study of electronic structure. X-rays striking a material surface or interface cause the photoemission of electrons at angles and kinetic energies that can be measured to obtain detailed electronic energy levels of the sample. While an extremely powerful tool, ARPES, a soft x-ray technique, is primarily limited to the study of near-surface atoms. It's harder x-ray cousin, HARPES, makes use of more energetic x-rays to effectively probe subsurface interfaces, but the addition of the standing wave capability provides a much desired depth selectivity.

"The standing wave can be moved up and down in a sample simply by rocking the angle of incidence around the Bragg angle of the mirror," says Alexander Gray, a former member of Fadley's UC Davis research group and affiliate with Berkeley Lab's Materials Sciences Division, who is now a postdoctoral associate at Stanford/SLAC. "Observing an interface between a ferromagnetic conductor (lanthanum strontium manganite) and an insulator (strontium titanate), which constitute a magnetic tunnel junction used in spintronic logic circuits, we've shown that changes in the electronic structure can be reliably measured, and that these changes are semi-quantitatively predicted by theory at several levels. Our results point to a much wider use of SWARPES in the future for studying the electronic properties of buried interfaces of many different kinds."

Fadley, Gray and their collaborators carried out their SWARPES tests at ALS Beamline 7.0.1. The Advanced Light Source is a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) national user facility and Beamline 7.0.1 features a premier endstation for determining the electronic structure of metals, semiconductors and insulators. Additional corroborating measurements concerning the interface atomic structure were performed at the National Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM), another DOE national user facility hosted at Berkeley Lab.

Results of this study have been published in Europhysics Letters (EPL). The paper is titled "Momentum-resolved electronic structure at a buried interface from soft X-ray standing-wave angle-resolved photoemission." Gray was the lead author, Fadley the corresponding author.

This research was supported primarily by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science.

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Nanotechnology: A deeper look at interfaces

Advancements in Nanotechnology to Drive the Market for Biomimetics, According to a New Trend Report Published by …

San Jose, California (PRWEB) January 16, 2014

Follow us on LinkedIn Biomimetics refers to the application of nature-based biological systems and methodologies for studying and designing high-tech sustainable solutions. Biomimetic technologies take inspiration from time-tested biological sciences, available in the natural world and subsequently transfer the technology to a diverse range of disciplines for benefiting humans in improving their health and quality of life. Biomimetics as a trans-disciplinary approach holds tremendous potential in addressing complex issues in various fields such as environmental science, nanotechnology, material science, material engineering, biology, physics, geology, biochemistry, and chemistry. Biomimetic strategies in regenerative medicine are expected to usher in lucrative opportunities for growth in the market. Currently there exists significant research interest in developing biomimetic materials such as biointeractive scaffolds for use in regenerative medicine.

The trend report titled Biomimetics announced by Global Industry Analysts Inc., is a focused research paper which provides cursory insights into the technology and corporate initiatives of key companies worldwide. Also covered are companies such as 3Bs Research Group, Applied Biomimetic A/S, Aquaporin Asia Pte. Ltd., BioMimetic Systems Inc., Biomimetics Technologies Inc., BioTomo Pty. Ltd., Chas A Blatchford & Sons Ltd., Forschungszentrum Jlich GmbH, Nikon Corporation, Sandia National Laboratories, and Wright Medical Group, Inc., among others.

For more details about this trend report, please visit http://www.strategyr.com/TrendReport.asp?code=146425

About Global Industry Analysts, Inc. Global Industry Analysts, Inc., (GIA) is a leading publisher of off-the-shelf market research. Founded in 1987, the company currently employs over 800 people worldwide. Annually, GIA publishes more than 1300 full-scale research reports and analyzes 40,000+ market and technology trends while monitoring more than 126,000 Companies worldwide. Serving over 9500 clients in 27 countries, GIA is recognized today, as one of the world's largest and reputed market research firms.

Global Industry Analysts, Inc. Telephone: 408-528-9966 Fax: 408-528-9977 Email: press(at)StrategyR(dot)com Web Site: http://www.StrategyR.com/

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NanomedicineCenter.com – Nanomedicine, bionanotechnology …

A lot of patients suffering from colon cancer might well present no symptoms or signs during the earliest stages of the condition. When symptoms do eventually present, they can be many and varied, and can very much depend upon the size of the affliction, how far it has spread and also its actual location. It might be that some symptoms that present are as a result of a condition other than cancer itself, ranging from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and occasionally diverticulosis. Also, such problems as abdominal pain or swelling can be symptomatic of colon problems and may well require further investigation.

You may also notice that, upon going to the lavatory, you have some blood in your stools, and this can be a symptom of cancer. Of course, having black poop doesnt ultimately mean that cancer is present. It can, however, also be indicative of other conditions and problems. For example, the kind of bright red blood that you may see on your toilet tissue could be as a result of hemorrhoids or anal fissures. It should also be remembered that various food items can also result in red poop, and these include beetroot and red liquorice. Some medications can also be culprits, and some can also turn the stools black-including iron supplements. Irrespective, any sign of blood or change in your stools should prompt you to seek advice from your GP, as it is always best to be sure that it is not a sign of a more serious condition, and with any cancer,early detection and treatment is essential to a successful recovery.

You should also note-if you are currently concerned-any change in the regularity of your stools-including whether or not they are more thin or irregular than usual-especially over a period of several weeks. Also, be mindful if you have diarrhea for several days in a row or, conversely, constipation.

You might also experience pain in your lower abdomen-including a feeling of hardness. You may also experience persistent pain or discomfort in your abdominal region, and this can include wind and cramps. You may also get the sensation that, when evacuating your bowels, that the bowel doesnt empty fully. Another symptom that you might recognize is colored stool mainly black stool, but could be green stool too. Also, if you have an iron deficiency (or anemia), it may be an indication that there is bleeding in your colon. Also, as in most cases and types of cancer, you should seek medical advice immediately if you experience any sudden and unexpected or unexplained weight loss, as this is one of the principal red flags. Also be aware of more vague, seemingly incidental symptoms, such as fatigue. IF you have a couple of symptoms and also feel fatigued for days in a row inexplicably, then this is also another warning sign and you should seek medical advice. It is important not to panic, but just to be aware of what might be going on.

Remember, cases of colon cancer account for around 90% of all cases of intestinal cancers, and also account for more deaths every year of men and women from cancer. Early treatment is an absolute must.

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AkesoGenX Corp. Assumes Control of Kanzius Cancer Treatment Technology

Houston, TX (PRWEB) January 15, 2014

Located in Houston, Texas, AkesoGenX Corp. has acquired and assumed control of the intellectual property and equipment related to the Kanzius Cancer Treatment technology from Therm Med LLC. The AkesoGenX management team envisions taking John Kanziuss patented Noninvasive Radio Wave Cancer Treatment from pre-FDA research through to human clinical trials, and if results are positive, to commercialization in concert with their strategic partners. The true goal is making this state-of-the-art technology available to treat those afflicted with cancer.

Origins The reality of current cancer treatment is nothing short of life changing for thousands of patients and their families annuallyno one understood this better than the late John Kanzius. The mission of AkesoGenX Corp. is to provide an alternative noninvasive cancer therapy, which will allow for an effective treatment for cancer patients while reducing side effects associated with traditional chemotherapies and radiation therapies.

The Team The founding members of AkesoGenX Corp. originate from diverse yet complementary sectors within the medical, science and technology industries and bring years of experience and management expertise. The AkesoGenX management team will provide a solid foundation for the human clinical trials needed for commercialization of this innovative cancer treatment technology.

Dr Steven Curley Renowned cancer specialist Dr. Curley will continue his role as lead researcher, now at Baylor College of Medicine in the Texas Medical Center. As a co-founder of AkesoGenX Corp., Dr. Curley will be focused on the direction and timing of FDA submission.

"I made a promise to my friend John Kanzius in 2008 that I would get his treatment into clinical trials in cancer patients. said Dr. Curley I told Nobel Laureate Professor Richard Smalley in 2005 that I would continue to work combining nano particles with the Kanzius RF field to find an effective, less toxic cancer treatment. I owe an eternal debt of gratitude to the Kanzius Cancer Research Foundation and to people everywhere who have supported the Foundation because this work would not have been possible without your optimism and unflagging support. To the people of Erie, Pennsylvania, Fort Myers, Florida and Sanibel Island, THANK YOU! I am confident this new venture will allow us to move this treatment forward in patients fighting against cancer, and I am excited about the future."

Robert Zavala, CEO Co-founder and CEO of AkesoGenX Corp. Robert will be responsible for developing the strategic direction, mission critical partnerships and overall business operations required to move this innovative-patented technology into human clinical trials. Dr. Curley and Mr. Zavala are honored to lead the efforts toward making this treatment available to those afflicted with cancer. Roberts expertise is within the nano-materials industry and because this cancer treatment is based in part on nano-technology, Roberts experience in that industry will benefit AkesoGenX commercialization efforts.

Im honored to be a part of the team which has been led by Dr. Curley. Said Robert, AkesoGenX is looking forward to fulfilling the dream of the inventor of the technology, the late John Kanzius. Both Dr. Curley and I are grateful for all of the continued support we have received from the Kanzius Family, the Erie, Pennsylvania and Sanibel Island, Florida communities and the Kanzius Cancer Research Foundation.

In a statement released today, Maryann, the widow of John Kanzius said, We at Therm Med are very pleased that the technology invented by my late husband, John Kanzius, is in very capable hands with the scientific and business expertise necessary to take this very worthy project to the next level. We wish AkesoGenX the very best.

AkesoGenX Vision AkesoGenX Corp.s strategic vision is to bring to market significant new nano-diagnostic and nano-therapeutic medical products. The primary goal is to move the Kanzius RF field treatment forward to treat patients with highly lethal and resistant forms of cancer.

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AkesoGenX Corp. Assumes Control of Kanzius Cancer Treatment Technology

UH faculty named fellows of National Academy of Inventors

Zhifeng Ren, M.D. Anderson chair professor of physics and principal investigator at the Texas Center for Superconductivity, was recruited to UH from Boston College in 2012 and is being honored with the 2014 Edith and Peter ODonnell Award in Science.

A professor is in the midst of making a name for both himself and the UH Department of Physics with his work with his team of researchersin five scientific fields.

Zhifeng Ren, principal investigator at the Texas Center for Superconductivity at UH, was recently awarded the Edith and Peter ODonnell Award in Science from the Academy of Medicine, Engineering & Science in Texas and was named a fellow of the National Academy of Inventors.

Rens innovative research serves as an admirable example of what we are striving to do here at the University of Houston, said President Renu Khator in a statement. This groundbreaking work can be used to improve lives in Texas and around the world. His recognition by the Academy of Medicine, Engineering and Science of Texas is both gratifying and well-deserved.

Ren was awarded for his continuing work in carbon nanotubes,thermoelectrics, hierarchical zinc oxide nano-wires, high temperature superconductivity and molecule delivery and sensing.

You dont want to be a 100-meter dash person, he said. You have to be persistent.

The ODonnell Awards recognize researchers who incorporate the uses of science and technology into society, meeting the highest standards of professional performance and resourcefulness.

As of Nov. 21, Ren has contributed to 300 publications in referred journals.Rens latest publication, Recent progress of half-Heusler for moderate temperaturethermoelectric applications in October 2013, which was published in collaboration with assistant professor of physics Shuo Chen, introduces a method of waste heat recoverythat promises to enhance energy efficiency, reduce greenhouse gas emission andpromote sustainable development.The report highlights using thermoelectric devices that convert heat directly to electricity as an option for waste heat harvesting.

Three other UH faculty members were also named fellows of the NAI with Ren: Rathindra Bose, the vice president of Research and Technology Transfer at UH and vice chancellor for Research and Technology Transfer for theUH System; Dmitri Litvinov, a John and Rebecca Moores Professor in the Cullen College of Engineering;and Venkat Selvamanickam, the M.D. Anderson chair professor of mechanicalengineering and director of the Texas Center for Superconductivitys Applied ResearchHub.

The NAI classifies fellow status as a high professional distinction accorded to academic inventors who have demonstrated innovation in creating or facilitating outstanding inventions that have made a tangible effect on the welfare of society.

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UH faculty named fellows of National Academy of Inventors

Myths of Moore’s Law – CNET News

Moore's Law is only 11 words long, but it's one of the most misunderstood statements in technology.

The basic rule--which states that the number of transistors on a chip doubles every 24 months--has been the guiding principle of the high-tech industry since it was coined by Intel co-founder Gordon Moore in 1965.

It predicts technological progress and explains why the computer industry has been able consistently to come out with products that are smaller, more powerful and less expensive than their predecessors--a dynamic curve that other industries can't match.

Still, most people manage to mangle the rule, one way or another. Many people, for instance, state that Moore's Law says the number of transistors doubles every 18 months--a time frame never laid down by Moore.

Others claim that Moore came up with it while driving down Highway 101 in Silicon Valley. (He says he came up with it while preparing an article for Electronics magazine.)

Worst of all, many postulate that Moore's Law is in danger of running aground because the world no longer needs more powerful computers.

For example, the magazine The Economist theorized on May 8, that the rule was becoming irrelevant, partly because Google CEO Eric Schmidt said the search company relies on less-than-cutting-edge servers. "The industry is simply too efficient," he said. And Kim Polese, founder of corporate software company Marimba, was one of the software executives who told The New York Times that the rule's force was petering out, because people wanted to spend less time at work and more time with their families.

In a bit of magazine performance art, Red Herring ran a cover story on the death of Moore's Law in February--and subsequently went out of business.

Moore's Law, after all, is not a law of physics. It is merely an uncannily accurate observation on what electrical engineers, when organized properly, can do with silicon. Companies that can keep their tech teams humming will reap profits and power. Those that can't will fade away.

One way to view the rule in action is through the history of the 1GHz chip. Both Advanced Micro Devices and Intel released 1GHz microprocessors during the first week of March 2000. At the time, analysts claimed the chips offered more performance than people needed. In fact, the chips probably still offer more than most consumers need.

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Myths of Moore's Law - CNET News

Team Discovers Key Mechanisms to Inhibit Triple Negative Breast Cancers

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Newswise A team of researchers from the Cleveland Clinic and Case Western Reserve School of Medicine have identified critical complex mechanisms involved in the metastasis of deadly triple negative breast cancers (TNBC). These tumors are extremely difficult to treat, frequently return after remission, and are the most aggressive form of breast cancer in women. The discovery of this critical interaction of mechanisms could be used to develop new life saving treatments to kill metastatic tumors in TNBC.

In previous findings published over the past 10 years, our teams have described key mechanisms in these critical proteins, said Khalid Sossey-Alaoui, PhD, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic. A key component in the deadly metastatic potential of TNBC tumors is that they spread through tissues outside the breast very quickly. The two proteins that we studied, WAVE3 and TGF-, when together, promote tumor aggressiveness.

We found important biological implications, said William Schiemann, PhD, an associate professor, Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, and co-leader of the Breast Cancer Program at the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center. For the first time, we uncovered an interplay between the two proteins that can inhibit or suppress TNBC a discovery that has the potential to inhibit proliferations of the tumor.

The next step in the research process is to find a way to deliver inhibitors to the tumor. Using nanoparticles, the Sossey-Alaoui, Schiemann team hope to deliver therapies directly to the site of the tumor and reverse the disease. Their goal is to move this basic research into clinical trials in the next three years.

This finding helps to uncover the complex cascade of events that lead to metastasis, said Stanton Gerson, MD, director of the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center and director of the Seidman Cancer Center at UH Case Medical Center. These studies are part of a broad initiative in breast cancer research through numerous collaborative efforts at the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center. Using a team science approach is the most efficient and productive way to have an impact in cancer.

Metastasis is a complex, multi-stage process in which primary tumor cells invade the surrounding cells, tissues and organs, integrate into blood vessels, and survive and move throughout the body. Metastasis of primary mammary tumors accounts for the vast majority of deaths of breast cancer patients. The five-year survival rate for patients with breast cancer drops precipitously from 98% for individuals with localized disease to 23% for those with metastatic disease.

Research support was provided in part by the National Institutes of Health to W.P.S. (CA129359) and E.F.P. (HL073311 and HL HL096062), and by the Department of Defense to K.S.-A. (BC073783) and to M.A.T.(BC093128). Additional support was provided to W.P.S. and K.S.-A. by pilot funds from the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center (P30 CA043703).

This study appeared in the print addition of Breast Cancer Research and Treatment on November 7, 2013. In addition to K. Sossey-Alaoui and W. P. Schiemann, co-authors on the paper include: M. A. Taylor, M. K. Wendt, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center; G. Davuluri, E. F. Plow, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic; J. G. Parvani, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University.

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Team Discovers Key Mechanisms to Inhibit Triple Negative Breast Cancers

Mind uploading – The Society of Neural Prosthetics and Whole …

Please Note: Yes, this is the original web site dedicated to "mind uploading" into substrate-independent minds (SIM), and in large part discusses the specific implementation route known as whole brain emulation (WBE). But, if you came here to find up-to-date information then you should probably head to the site of our non-profit organization: carboncopies.org. We have had to prioritize updating of the carboncopies.org site in order to support roadmapping, neworking and event related activities.

We will return to refresh this site and give it new purpose as soon as possible!

Thank you for your attention,

rak@minduploading.org

contacts and members

about the society

faq

NeuralProstheses.org

The first Conference on Advancing Substrate Independent Minds (ASIM-2010), August 16-17, organized by Suzanne Gildert and Randal A. Koene ofcarboncopies.org, satellite to the Singularity Summit in San Francisco.

The Oxford Whole Brain Emulation workshop (the resulting Roadmap)

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Mind uploading - The Society of Neural Prosthetics and Whole ...

Mind Uploading Home Page – ibiblio

Welcome to the Robots shall inherit the Earth; and they shall be Us... The Mind Uploading home page is dedicated to the putative future process of copying one's mind from the natural substrate of the brain into an artificial one, manufactured by humans. This technology will radically alter society in many ways, as science fiction authors have begun to illustrate. Through this server, explore the science behind the science fiction! Technology Assumption of Materialism Handy Neuroscience Facts Proposed Uploading Procedures Microtome Procedure Nanoreplacement Procedure Moravec Procedure Nondestructive Procedures Timelines Past Developments Current Technology Future Developments Directions for Research Hardware for Uploading Philosophy What Is Life? What Is a Person? Personal Identity: the Central Issue see also the essay by Albert-Jan Brouwer and check out the Personal Identity Forum Policy Duplication Artificial Realities (Policy) Effects Life After Uploading Artificial Realities Artificial Bodies Population & Demographics Ecology Brain Enhancements Business & Travel see also Robin Hanson's Article, "If Uploads Come First" References Glossary (Want to help? Get Involved!) MUHomePage.html . . . . . . . . 8/10/2006 . . . . . . . Joe Strout

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Mind Uploading Home Page - ibiblio

Cloud sourcing: Which remote storage option should you choose?

We've come a long way from the days of floppy discs or the danger of losing a lifetime's worth of photographs or files when your computer breaks down. It today's hi-tech world it's all about storing in the cloud.

Cloud storage services offer a way to make sure important files are available wherever you are and whatever device you are using, be it a smartphone, tablet, laptop or desktop computer. When something is saved in the cloud it is not only stored on your device, but on a computer in a data centre somewhere else in the world. When you want to access a file you can go online and get it instantly.

The advantages of this kind of storage are numerous. You can take a photo on your smartphone and edit it on your PC; access work documents from home; listen to your music collection wherever you are; or share files with friends without sending them to them. Once a file is saved in the cloud, because you are always accessing the same file any edits are carried over. Another big advantage is that if you lose your phone, or your computer dies, you won't lose all your stuff.

Consumers have plenty of choice when it comes to cloud storage services, with some well-known and some less well-known names to choose from.

Dominic Baliszewski, telecoms expert at broadbandchoices, says Apple devotees may already be using Apple's online storage service, iCloud, without realising it. There are many benefits to the iCloud having all your photos seamlessly downloaded to all your devices is perhaps the most obvious one. iCloud offers 5GB of data storage for free, but bear in mind that if you use your iPhone as your main camera and upload all your pictures, it is fairly easy to burn through 5GB in a short space of time, he says.

iCloud isn't alone in offering some storage for free almost all cloud storage providers give you at least 2GB before they start charging. Google Drive is the most generous, giving users 15GB before they start paying.

So, how much space do you need? Obviously that depends on how many and the type of file you want to save. Storing and backing up documents, from Word, Excel, etc, will not take up much room at all, so a basic package [2GB-15GB] will be more than enough for you, Baliszewski says. However, items like photos take up much more room, and music and movies substantially more a two-hour movie can take up 1GB-2GB.

Calculating roughly how much storage you need will help you avoid paying over the odds, as you can then shop around for the provider that offers the best deal for that amount of space. In most cases you will need to commit to a year's storage in advance and pay either annually or monthly. Bear in mind that if you regularly create or add more files, especially big ones, you'll need more storage in the future. Think about what you will use it for, Baliszewski says. If you want to back up your entire digital life, opt for an allowance of 500GB and above.

Comparing prices isn't always easy, as some cloud providers list prices in US$, some bill you monthly and some yearly, and they offer different amounts of storage. Be aware that the value of packages priced in US$ will change if the exchange rate changes. To make comparison easier we have listed annual subscription charges and converted US$ prices into pounds (at the time of writing, using XE.com).

If you need 100GB of space, Google Drive, Microsoft SkyDrive, or Amazon Cloud Drive are cheapest, all charging between $52 and $60 for an annual subscription. If you need 500GB then PC World Knowhow Cloud Storage is the outright winner, charging $49 for an annual subscription that would cost you 10 times the price with rival Dropbox.

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Cloud sourcing: Which remote storage option should you choose?