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Scientists engineer strain of MERS coronavirus for use in a vaccine

Public release date: 10-Sep-2013 [ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Jim Sliwa jsliwa@asmusa.org 202-942-9297 American Society for Microbiology

Scientists have developed a strain of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that could be used as a vaccine against the disease, according to a study to be published in mBio, the online open-access journal of the American Society for Microbiology. The mutant MERS virus, rMERS-CoV-ΔE, has a mutation in its envelope protein that makes it capable of infecting a cell and replicating its genetic material, but deprives it of the ability to spread to other tissues and cause disease. The authors say once additional safe guards are engineered into the virus, it could be used as the basis of a safe and effective live-attenuated vaccine against MERS.

"Our achievement was a combination of synthetic biology and genetic engineering," says co-author Luis Enjuanes of The Autonomous University of Madrid (Universidad Autnoma de Madrid).

"The injected vaccine will only replicate in a reduced number of cells and produce enough antigen to immunize the host," he says, and it cannot infect other people, even those in close contact with a vaccinated person.

Since MERS was first identified in June 2012, the World Health Organization has been notified of 108 cases of infection, including 50 deaths. Although the total number of cases is still relatively small, the case fatality rate and the spread of the virus to countries beyond the Middle East is alarming to public health officials. If the virus evolves the ability to transmit easily from person to person, a much more widespread epidemic is possible. Diagnostic assays and antiviral therapies for MERS have been described, but reliable vaccines have not yet been developed.

Enjuanes and his team applied what they had learned from 30 years of research on the molecular biology of coronaviruses to synthesize an infectious cDNA clone of the MERS-CoV genome based on a published sequence. They inserted the viral cDNA chromosome into a bacterial artificial chromosome, and mutated several of its genes, one by one, to study the effects on the virus' ability to infect, replicate, and re-infect cultured human cells.

Mutations that disabled accessory genes 3, 4a, 4b and 5 did not seem to hinder the virus: mutant viruses had similar growth rates as the wild-type virus, indicating that the mutations do not disable the virus enough to deploy the mutants in a vaccine. Mutations in the envelope protein (E protein), on the other hand, enabled the virus to replicate its genetic material, but prevented the virus from propagating, or infecting nearby cells.

A large amount of the rMERS-CoV-ΔE virus would be needed for a live attenuated MERS vaccine. A virus that can't propagate itself would be unable to grow the volume needed without help. Enjuanes says they provided the virus with a supplemental form E protein.

"To grow the virus, we create what are called 'packaging cells' that express the E protein missing in the virus. The gene to encode this protein is integrated in the cell chromosomes and will not mix with the viral genes. Therefore, in these cells, and only within them, the virus will grow by borrowing the E protein produced by the cell," says Enjuanes. "When the virus in administered to a person for vaccination, this person will not be able to provide the E protein to the defective virus," so the virus will die off after producing antigens to train the human immune system to fight a MERS-CoV infection.

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Scientists engineer strain of MERS coronavirus for use in a vaccine

The Best Berries For Your Health

By Angela Haupt for U.S. News

Indeed, they're "the ultimate anti-aging superfood," says registered dietitian Lauri Boone in her new book, "Powerful Plant-Based Super Foods." "They top the charts with their high levels of antioxidants and phytochemicals to keep your brain young, skin glowing, and reduce your risk of heart disease, diabetes and cancer." Consider the health benefits of these nine berries, from acai to goji:

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Acai Berries These, Boone says, are the anti-aging super berries. They're small, dark purple, and grow on the tall palm trees of South America. Acai berries are packed with 19 amino acids, an array of fatty acids, and an impressive number of cell-protecting antioxidants. In addition to boosting immunity and protecting against chronic diseases, acai berries are good for the heart and lower the risk of neurological diseases.

Blueberries Just call them the "blue dynamos." Blueberries are packed with manganese, which is an energy-boosting mineral; about 4 grams of fiber per cup; and vitamin K, which helps build bones. Research suggests that a blueberry-rich diet improves motor skills and helps fight diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. Try tossing fresh blueberries into salads, smoothies, quinoa or baked goods.

Camu Camu Berries These small, red berries grow on tropical bushes in the Amazon rain forest. They offer a tangy taste and are packed with vitamin C, which explains why they're traditionally used to fight colds and the flu. They also help maintain healthy eyes, gums and skin, and play a role in strengthening the tendons and ligaments, Boone says. If you can't find them fresh, add a teaspoon of camu camu berry powder to juices, smoothies, and salad dressings.

Cranberries Turns out they're not just for Thanksgiving. Cranberries are infection-fighting super berries that ought to be enjoyed year round, Boone says. They're packed with a group of flavonoids called proanthocyanidins, which help lower the risk of urinary tract infections. Research also suggests they help keep the heart healthy and fight cancer. Try mixing fresh cranberries into smoothies, sprinkling the dried variety into oatmeal or baking them into muffins or breads.

Goji Berries If vitality is your aim, this is your berry. Chinese medicine practitioners commonly use bright red-orange goji berries to treat diabetes and high blood pressure, maintain eye health, and nourish the liver and kidneys. They're packed with vitamins C and E, along with carotenoids like beta-carotene and lycopene. Some research suggests goji berries help increase metabolism and boost energy levels. Try snacking on dry goji berries, or dropping a handful into trail mix, cereal, or salads.

Goldenberries These yellow-orange berries are a superfood for both energy and managing weight, Boone says. They're rich in vitamin B, protein and fiber, and research suggests they help regulate metabolism and keep you feeling fuller for longer. They also provide strong doses of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds. Fresh goldenberries aren't common outside South America, but the dried variety is available at most supermarkets.

Maqui Berries Photo: Flickr:Dick Culbert These small, purple berries, which grow in southern Chile, have been used to treat conditions from ulcers to fever. Maqui berries are high in heart-healthy flavonoids, and research suggests they might help prevent hardening of the arteries, while reducing inflammation in the blood vessels. There's also evidence they help regulate blood sugar levels. Sprinkle a teaspoon of maqui berry powder into oatmeal or quinoa, or add it to juice, smoothies, or sparkling water.

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The Best Berries For Your Health