11-06-2012 09:22 Exclusive interview from Dr Jean Bennett MD, Ph.D. (FM Kirby Professor of Ophthalmology at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, USA) and Albert Maguire MD (Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Univesity of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Physician - Children's Hospital of Philadelphia) on Gene Therapy for treatment of Severe Eye Disease. Interview, November 2009.

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Gene Therapy for treatment of Severe Eye Disease - http://www.pointsdevue.net - Essilor - Video

Public release date: 11-Jun-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Dagny Stuart Dagny.stuart@vanderbilt.edu 615-936-7245 Vanderbilt University Medical Center

A study led by Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC) investigators has identified a gene expression pattern that may explain why chemotherapy prior to surgery isn't effective against some tumors and suggests new therapy options for patients with specific subtypes of breast cancer.

The study by lead author Justin Balko, Pharm.D., Ph.D., was published online June 10, 2012 in Nature Medicine in advance of print publication. Balko is a postdoctoral fellow in the laboratory of Carlos L. Arteaga, M.D., associate director for Clinical Research and director of the Breast Cancer Program at VICC, who led the study.

About 30 percent of breast cancer patients have a pathological complete response when chemotherapy is used to shrink tumors prior to surgery. However, many patients still have residual cancer in the breast after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is completed. These patients are at a higher risk of cancer recurrence and death.

The investigators suspected that profiling tumors after neoadjuvant chemotherapy would identify genes associated with resistance to this form of treatment. They studied gene expression patterns in 49 breast tumors obtained during surgery after four months of NAC.

They identified and analyzed specific groups of genes associated with high-grade, chemotherapy-resistant tumors, labeling their 244 unique genes the CLUSTER signature, and combined this panel with previously identified gene signatures to search for distinctive patterns of behavior.

The investigators found that low concentrations of dual specificity protein phosphatase 4 (DUSP4) is strongly correlated with faster tumor cell growth following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Low DUSP4 was also correlated with a type of breast cancer known as basal-like breast cancer (BLBC). DUSP4 promoter methylation and gene expression patterns of Ras-ERK pathway activation were also higher in BLBC relative to other breast cancer subtypes.

When DUSP4 was present, chemotherapy was effective against cancer cells, whereas when DUSP4 was experimentally deleted, there was a much lower response to chemotherapy.

"These data suggest that cells with low DUSP4 expression are enriched during NAC and that low DUSP4 expression in residual resected breast tumors is a potential biomarker for drug resistance and a high likelihood of tumor recurrence," said Balko.

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Vanderbilt-led study identifies genes linked to resistance to breast cancer chemotherapy

Newswise A study led by Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC) investigators has identified a gene expression pattern that may explain why chemotherapy prior to surgery isnt effective against some tumors and suggests new therapy options for patients with specific subtypes of breast cancer.

The study by lead author Justin Balko, Pharm.D., Ph.D., was published online June 10, 2012 in Nature Medicine in advance of print publication. Balko is a postdoctoral fellow in the laboratory of Carlos L. Arteaga, M.D., associate director for Clinical Research and director of the Breast Cancer Program at VICC, who led the study.

About 30 percent of breast cancer patients have a pathological complete response when chemotherapy is used to shrink tumors prior to surgery. However, many patients still have residual cancer in the breast after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is completed. These patients are at a higher risk of cancer recurrence and death.

The investigators suspected that profiling tumors after neoadjuvant chemotherapy would identify genes associated with resistance to this form of treatment. They studied gene expression patterns in 49 breast tumors obtained during surgery after four months of NAC.

They identified and analyzed specific groups of genes associated with high-grade, chemotherapy-resistant tumors, labeling their 244 unique genes the CLUSTER signature, and combined this panel with previously identified gene signatures to search for distinctive patterns of behavior.

The investigators found that low concentrations of dual specificity protein phosphatase 4 (DUSP4) is strongly correlated with faster tumor cell growth following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Low DUSP4 was also correlated with a type of breast cancer known as basal-like breast cancer (BLBC). DUSP4 promoter methylation and gene expression patterns of Ras-ERK pathway activation were also higher in BLBC relative to other breast cancer subtypes.

When DUSP4 was present, chemotherapy was effective against cancer cells, whereas when DUSP4 was experimentally deleted, there was a much lower response to chemotherapy.

These data suggest that cells with low DUSP4 expression are enriched during NAC and that low DUSP4 expression in residual resected breast tumors is a potential biomarker for drug resistance and a high likelihood of tumor recurrence, said Balko.

The group also hypothesized that DUSP4 may be a potential biomarker for response to drugs that inhibit the MEK kinase. Using DUSP4-deficient tumors established in mice, they compared treatment with the chemotherapy drug docetaxel, with and without the MEK inhibitor selumetinib. This study showed that the combination was much more effective than docetaxel alone at eliminating the mouse tumors.

These data support exploratory clinical trials combining chemotherapy and MEK inhibitors in patients with DUSP-deficient basal-like breast cancer, said Balko.

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Study Identifies Genes Linked to Resistance to Breast Cancer Chemotherapy

ScienceDaily (June 11, 2012) Why do some cancers spread rapidly to other organs and others don't metastasize? A team of UNC researchers led by Norman Sharpless, MD, have identified a key genetic switch that determines whether melanoma, a lethal skin cancer, spreads by metastasis.

Treating melanoma is extremely challenging. The cancer spreads rapidly and to sites in the body that are remote from the original cancer site. Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer, and advanced melanoma kills more than 8600 Americans each year. It is the most common form of cancer in young adults, aged 25-29 and the incidence of people under 30 developing melanoma is increasing fast -- more than 50 percent in young women since 1980.

In a paper published June 11 in the journal Cancer Cell, a team from UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center demonstrates that inactivating a gene called LKB1 (or STK11) causes non-aggressive melanoma cells to become highly metastatic when tested in a variety of models using tumors from humans and mice. While Sharpless and his colleagues showed a role for LKB1 inactivation in lung cancer metastasis, the effects of LKB1 loss on melanoma spread is even more dramatic.

"Although we are not totally certain how LKB1 loss promotes metastasis in multiple cancer types, one important effect is the loss of LKB1 starts a chain reaction, activating a family of proteins called SRC kinases, which are known to drive metastasis," said Sharpless, who is associate director for translational research at UNC Lineberger.

"Loss of LKB1 occurs in about 30 percent of lung cancer and 10 percent of melanoma, and ongoing studies at UNC and elsewhere will determine if these LKB1 deficient tumors have a worse prognosis. These data suggest LKB1 deficient cancers will be more likely to metastasize, and therefore more likely to be incurable."

"The work is exciting because the laboratory model reliably replicates distant metastases, helping us better understand what treatments may work for melanoma that has spread. While several targeted drugs have recently been approved by the FDA for metastatic disease, these targeted mutations don't indicate whether the disease is likely to metastasize," said Stergios Moschos, MD, clinical associate professor of hematology/oncology. Moschos works in the area of drug development for melanoma but was not involved in this research project.

Other members of the research team from UNC-Chapel Hill include Wenjin Liu, PhD; Kimberly Monahan, PhD; and Jessica Sorrentino, BS, from the department of genetics; Adam Pfefferle, BS, and Ryan Miller, MD, from the department of pathology and laboratory medicine; Keefe Chan, PhD, David Roadcap, PhD, and James Bear, PhD; from the department of cell and developmental biology; David Ollila, MD, from the division of surgical oncology and endocrine surgery; and Charles Perou, PhD, of the departments of genetics and pathology and the Carolina Genome Sciences Center. Dr. Miller, Bear, Ollila, and Perou are also members of UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Dr. Bear is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator.

Kwok-Kin Wong, MD PhD, from the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School and Diego Castrillon, MD PhD, from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center also contributed to the finding.

The research was funded by the National Cancer Institute and the NCI's Mouse Model of Human Cancer Consortium (MMHCC), the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (all part of the National Institutes of Health.

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Gene inactivation drives spread of melanoma

Mutated tumor suppressor gene p53 leads to better results

Newswise HOUSTON - Presence of normal p53, a tumor suppressor gene, instead of a mutated version, makes breast cancer chemotherapy with doxorubicin less effective. The preclinical study led by MD Anderson scientists was published today in the journal Cancer Cell.

The research, which challenges the existing paradigm, is another step closer to personalized cancer medicine for breast cancer.

"It's really important to understand the genetic defects a tumor cell has before we treat it," said lead author Guillermina Lozano, Ph.D., professor and chair of the Department of Genetics. "What we learned here is the complete opposite of what we expected. We thought tumors would respond better to treatment if the p53 gene were normal. But the opposite was true, and for a really interesting reason."

Lozano said the research in mouse models showed that non-mutated p53 halted cell division, initiating a senescence (cell aging) process that allowed cells to survive. These senescent cells produce factors that stimulate adjacent cells to grow, fueling the relapse. Mutant p53 cells do not arrest and proceed through the cell cycle into cell division with broken chromosomes caused by the chemotherapy.

"That's a signal for the cell to die," she said. "It can't go any farther."

P53 status crucial to predicting response

The tumor suppressor p53 is mutated or inactivated in the majority of cancers, and about one-third of breast cancers have mutations in the gene. It has long been thought that normal p53 results in a better chemotherapy response, but the evidence in breast cancer has been conflicting.

According to the National Cancer Institute, about 227,000 women in the United States are diagnosed with breast cancer each year.

In this study, doxorubicin-treated p53 mutant tumor cells did not stop cell proliferation, leading to abnormal mitoses and cell death, whereas tumors with normal p53 arrested, avoiding mitotic catastrophe.

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Preclinical Research Shows Normal Gene Hinders Breast Cancer Chemotherapy

OMAHA, Neb.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--

Transgenomic, Inc. (TBIO) announced that the US Patent and Trademark Office has issued patent number US 8,137,919 entitled Method of Determining the Sensitivity of Cancer Cells to EGFR Inhibitors including Cetuximab, Panitumumab and Erlotinib. The patent was exclusively licensed to Transgenomic by the Montefiore Medical Center (Bronx, NY, US) and includes all tumor types and targeted therapies that may be influenced by PIK3CA mutation status.

Montefiore inventors Drs. Sanjay Goel and John Mariadason have demonstrated that key mutations in the gene PIK3CA are powerful predictors for the efficacy of EGFR-targeted therapies such as cetuximab (Erbitux), panitumumab (Vectibix) and erlotinib (Tarceva). These findings were published in the June 2012 issue of Clinical Colorectal Cancer by the same researchers and have been reproduced in other independent studies.

Assays using Transgenomics proprietary SURVEYOR Scan, REVEAL ICE COLD-PCR and BLOCker-Sequencing for complete detection of PIK3CA mutations have been developed. The extremely high sensitivity of Transgenomics REVEAL ICE COLD-PCR technology enables the use of virtually any sample type including blood and circulating tumor cells. Non-invasive testing allows for more frequent and accurate profiling of a cancer as it responds to treatment and gains additional mutations.

The recent issuing of this important patent is a significant milestone in the continued development of our genetic biomarker intellectual property portfolio, said Craig Tuttle, CEO of Transgenomic. Since exclusively licensing this patent we have been able to effectively apply our high sensitivity mutation detection technologies, such as SURVEYOR Scan, REVEAL ICE COLD-PCR and BLOCker-sequencing, to PIK3CA assays in order to be able to detect genetic variations in very low mutant load samples, such as plasma, serum and circulating tumor cells.

Tuttle added that, The number of genes associated with the effectiveness of targeted cancer treatments is increasing; our strategy is to provide a complete portfolio of best-in-class kits for clinically relevant mutations using our proprietary and extremely sensitive technologies. These assays will also be available through our CLIA and Pharmacogenomics laboratories to support clinicians and pharmaceutical research and trials.

About Transgenomic

Transgenomic, Inc. (www.transgenomic.com) is a global biotechnology company advancing personalized medicine in cancer and inherited diseases through its proprietary molecular technologies and world-class clinical and research services. The Company has three complementary business divisions: Transgenomic Pharmacogenomic Services is a contract research laboratory that specializes in supporting all phases of pre-clinical and clinical trials for oncology drugs in development. Transgenomic Clinical Laboratories specializes in molecular diagnostics for cardiology, neurology, mitochondrial disorders, and oncology. Transgenomic Diagnostic Tools produces equipment, reagents, and other consumables that empower clinical and research applications in molecular testing and cytogenetics. Transgenomic believes there is significant opportunity for continued growth across all three businesses by leveraging their synergistic capabilities, technologies, and expertise. The Company actively develops and acquires new technology and other intellectual property that strengthen its leadership in personalized medicine.

Forward-Looking Statements

Certain statements in this press release constitute forward-looking statements of Transgenomic within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, which involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such statements. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those with respect to management's current views and estimates of future economic circumstances, industry conditions, company performance and financial results, including the ability of the Company to grow its involvement in the diagnostic products and services markets. The known risks, uncertainties and other factors affecting these forward-looking statements are described from time to time in Transgenomic's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Any change in such factors, risks and uncertainties may cause the actual results, events and performance to differ materially from those referred to in such statements. Accordingly, the Company claims the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 with respect to all statements contained in this press release. All information in this press release is as of the date of the release and Transgenomic does not undertake any duty to update this information, including any forward-looking statements, unless required by law.

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PIK3CA Gene Patent for Predicting Response to Targeted Therapy Issued – Exclusively Licensed to Transgenomic