The Hand of Glory, from Sir James George Frazer’s "The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion," 1922

There is a fruitful branch of homoeopathic magic which works by means of the dead; for just as the dead can neither see nor hear nor speak, so you may on homoeopathic principles render people blind, deaf and dumb by the use of dead men’s bones or anything else that is tainted by the infection of death...

In Europe [such] properties were ascribed to the Hand of Glory, which was the dried and pickled hand of a man who had been hanged. If a candle made of the fat of a malefactor who had also died on the gallows was lighted and placed in the Hand of Glory as in a candlestick, it rendered motionless all persons to whom it was presented; they could not stir a finger any more than if they were dead. Sometimes the dead man’s hand is itself the candle, or rather bunch of candles, all its withered fingers being set on fire; but should any member of the household be awake, one of the fingers will not kindle. Such nefarious lights can only be extinguished with milk. Often it is prescribed that the thief’s candle should be made of the finger of a new-born or, still better, unborn child; sometimes it is thought needful that the thief should have one such candle for every person in the house, for if he has one candle too little somebody in the house will wake and catch him. Once these tapers begin to burn, there is nothing but milk that will put them out. In the seventeenth century robbers used to murder pregnant women in order thus to extract candles from their wombs...
--The Golden Bough
, Sir James George Frazer, 1922

You can read many more such factoids in the fantastic The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion by Sir James George Frazer, published in 1922; you can read it online by clicking here, or purchase a hard copy (as I have done) by clicking here.

Image sourced here.

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The Hand of Glory, from Sir James George Frazer's "The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion," 1922

There is a fruitful branch of homoeopathic magic which works by means of the dead; for just as the dead can neither see nor hear nor speak, so you may on homoeopathic principles render people blind, deaf and dumb by the use of dead men’s bones or anything else that is tainted by the infection of death...

In Europe [such] properties were ascribed to the Hand of Glory, which was the dried and pickled hand of a man who had been hanged. If a candle made of the fat of a malefactor who had also died on the gallows was lighted and placed in the Hand of Glory as in a candlestick, it rendered motionless all persons to whom it was presented; they could not stir a finger any more than if they were dead. Sometimes the dead man’s hand is itself the candle, or rather bunch of candles, all its withered fingers being set on fire; but should any member of the household be awake, one of the fingers will not kindle. Such nefarious lights can only be extinguished with milk. Often it is prescribed that the thief’s candle should be made of the finger of a new-born or, still better, unborn child; sometimes it is thought needful that the thief should have one such candle for every person in the house, for if he has one candle too little somebody in the house will wake and catch him. Once these tapers begin to burn, there is nothing but milk that will put them out. In the seventeenth century robbers used to murder pregnant women in order thus to extract candles from their wombs...
--The Golden Bough
, Sir James George Frazer, 1922

You can read many more such factoids in the fantastic The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion by Sir James George Frazer, published in 1922; you can read it online by clicking here, or purchase a hard copy (as I have done) by clicking here.

Image sourced here.

Source:
http://morbidanatomy.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default?alt=rss

Sneak some nutrition fun into your kids' Easter baskets

Still have to fill those Easter baskets? Looking for Easter activities?

Why not sneak a bit of fun nutrition -- fun is the key here -- in there, too? Sure, offer up some traditional treats like jelly beans and chocolate eggs, lest your little ones revolt.

"One, they will not like you, and two, they will think it's not fair," said Grace Derocha, registered dietitian and certified health coach for Blue Cross Blue Shield Michigan.

But with some exotic fruits and a bit of creativity, you can also sneak a valuable lesson into the festivities, she said: "It teaches balance and moderation, even on the holidays."

Golden Eggs: -- Along with the other ooey-gooey eggs, toss in some kumquats -- citrus fruit the size of a grape tomato. They can be popped into your mouth whole, peel and all. They're good naked or dipped in a bit of chocolate.

Bunny Ears: -- With a slight "pearish-grapish" taste, a persimmon can be sliced to look like bunny ears and dipped in chocolate. Or use dried mango.

Bunny poop: Combine dried raisins, cranberries and blueberries, then drizzle with chocolate. Eww for you, but fun for kids.

Rice Krispie treat eggs: Shape marshmallow Rice Krispie treats (made with melted peeps) into egg-shaped balls, but slip in some Grape Nuts, dried fruit or peanuts, too. Dip into chocolate as an added treat.

Peeps s'mores: Melt chocolate on Peeps, then squeeze between slices of apple or other fruit (rather than graham crackers). Alternatively, Peeps and fruit can be slipped on sticks like kabobs.

Cottage cheese bunnies: For Easter breakfast, shape cottage cheese and a half of a canned pear into a bunny shape. Use fruit -- star fruit, mangos, peaches -- to make its face, and decorate it. Add a carrot for its food and even some bunny poop from above.

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Sneak some nutrition fun into your kids' Easter baskets

Need nutrition info? Try a registered dietitian

Q: Where should I go for advice on nutrition?

A: First, a definition is needed. Nutrition has been defined as the provision to cells and organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. I especially like that definition because it emphasizes food, with no mention of supplements, which are greatly overused by our population.

For nutrition advice, I have always referred patients to dietitians registered by the American Dietetic Association. Dietitians are highly trained professionals who are not only capable of educating patients on nutrition but are also able to evaluate the nutritional status of critically ill patients and develop nutritional plans that might include tube or intravenous feedings. Their training makes them capable of incorporating a patients nutritional needs with their medical conditions. Their training requires a bachelor's degree or higher degree in nutrition and dietetics, a lengthy supervised internship, rigorous examinations and fulfillment of state licensure requirements before they are able to practice their specialty.

They are required to complete continuing professional educational requirements to maintain their registration. They also have a published code of ethics that specifically states that they do not engage in false or misleading practices, false or deceptive advertising of their services and do not promote or endorse specific goods or products in a manner that is false and misleading.

Countering this academic and scientific profession is a group of sham and media nutritionists who hold themselves out to the public as qualified in nutrition and dietetics but who do not practice on the basis of nutrition science or standards of conduct observed by ethical practitioners.

Nutritional therapy has become big business. Therapists have been known to charge considerable fees for bad advice, and often prescribe expensive, unnecessary supplements as well. Some even profit further by selling supplements directly to their clients. Some of their educational programs require knowledge of worthless evaluation techniques such as homeopathic interrogation, acupuncture meridian interrogation, kinesiology, chelation therapy, herbology, reflexology and electromagnetic frequency.

Some nutritionists use worthless tests such as hair analysis, muscle-strength testing (applied kinesiology), iridology, electronic body scanning devices, computerized dietary questionnaires, herbal crystallization analysis, live cell analysis, sublingual tests and others to convince their clients that they need dietary supplements. Working with a nutritionist who believes in any of the above or recommends any of the above evaluations should encourage one to seek a second opinion from their physician or from a registered dietitian.

The worst of these unqualified nutritionists obtain their credentials from diploma mills or from non-accredited schools. Some obtain a nutrition degree only by correspondence courses, which are inadequate for such critical work.

A recent study published in the magazine of Britains largest consumer organization involved sending undercover researchers to visit nutrition therapists. Each researcher presented the nutrition therapist with a different problem and the nutritionists recommendations were evaluated by a panel of experts. The experts noted that at least a third of the nutritionists gave bad advice, that diagnoses were made that were inaccurate and that unproven testing procedures were ordered. They also noted that two-thirds of the therapists prescribed expensive supplements and directed their clients to particular pharmacies, a move not in their clients interest.

Those in search of a registered dietitian can visit the American Dietetic Associations website, http://www.eatright.org

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Need nutrition info? Try a registered dietitian

Drama’s impact on science

31 March 2012 Last updated at 19:30 ET By Philippa Roxby Health reporter, BBC News

Casualty, Holby City, ER, Doc Martin. It is inconceivable that we haven't all, at some point, watched a medical drama on television.

Their popularity means viewers undoubtedly know more about gory kitchen injuries than they ever wanted to.

But when it comes to complicated medical concepts, which are difficult to explain, does drama still work?

A short drama created by the Society for General Microbiology to challenge misconceptions about MRSA screening was performed at their conference in Dublin this week.

It features two hospital cleaners, Lizzy and Carla, in a dialogue about MRSA.

Their conversation centres on Carla's mother who has told she must be screened for the infection before a hip replacement operation.

The drama was first performed at the Cheltenham Science Festival in 2010 and continues to be relevant to audiences made up of the general public.

The society is now planning to take the drama into schools and perhaps even on tour around the country.

People think there is a stigma about being tested positive for MRSA but 40% of people carry the bug on their skin.

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Drama's impact on science

DNA revives 1991 mystery

STAMFORD -- As soon as 21-year-old Marie Andree Joseph was reported missing in December 1990, her family immediately suspected the worst.

Less than a year after the woman disappeared, a bullet-riddled skull attached to three vertebrae was found next to a Glenbrook business where the father of the woman's two children worked.

Police at the time figured vermin -- possibly a raccoon -- dragged the skull from a shallow grave and was stopped by a chain-link fence from moving it into a heap of 1,000 wooden loading pallets in a neighboring property. Police commissioned a nationally recognized forensic scientist to create a clay reconstruction of the skull -- presenting a best guess of what the face of the victim would have looked like -- and detectives presented it to stunned members of Joseph's family in Brooklyn, N.Y.

Using new DNA analysis technology, police determined last year that it was Joseph's skull and for the first time since the discovery, police are now publicly identifying Joseph as a murder victim and have closed her missing person's case.

The investigation into Joseph's murder remains active and police are asking for the public's help in solving the case. Police say they have a "person of interest" in the case, but since it's an ongoing investigation, they will not release their identity.

"The investigation is ongoing and has been resuscitated as a cold case," said Wayne "Mac" Macuirzynski, a detective with the Stamford Police Department's Special Victiim's Unit. "We are proceeding with it and we are finding additional information."

Following the discovery of the skull in August 1991, police focused their investigation on the father of Joseph's two children, Andre Lubin. Lubin, who was 40 at the time of Joseph's disappearance, adamantly denies any involvement with Joseph's murder and has never been charged.

The skull was found by workers near what was then Interprocess Inc., at 45 Research Drive, after brush was cleared from the area. At the time, Lubin worked in the shipping department and performed light building maintenance at Interprocess.

During an interview this week with The Advocate, the Haitian born Lubin, now 61, of Bridgeport, said after the skull was discovered his apartment was searched and police were following him all over town.

Lubin, who currently works as a Greenwich school bus driver, denied any involvement in Joseph's disappearance and has consistently told police and her family that she abandoned him and his two daughters and ran off to Canada.

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DNA revives 1991 mystery

Posted in DNA

New discovery may lead to effective prevention and treatment of graft-versus-host dsease

Public release date: 1-Apr-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Cody Mooneyhan cmooneyhan@faseb.org 301-634-7104 Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology

Bethesda, MD -- A new discovery in mice may lead to new treatments that could make bone marrow transplants more likely to succeed and to be significantly less dangerous. According to new research findings published in the Journal of Leukocyte Biology (https://www.jleukbio.org) Brazilian scientists may have found a way to prevent the immune system from attacking transplant grafts and damaging the host's own cells after a bone marrow transplant.

Specifically, they found that a receptor for a mediator of the inflammatory process, known as platelet activating factor plays a crucial role in the development of graft-versus-host disease. Platelet activating factor receptor appears to contribute to the attraction of immune cells that lead to graft-versus-host disease. When this mechanism was blocked, there was reduced tissue damage and mortality.

"Platelet activating factor receptor antagonists may decrease suffering caused by graft-versus-host disease in patients undergoing bone marrow transplant," said Vanessa Pinho, Ph.D., a researcher involved in the work from the Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais in Brazil. "As graft-versus-host disease also may decrease quality of life, patients treated with platelet activating factor receptor antagonists may live longer and with better quality of life."

To make this discovery, scientists induced graft-versus-host disease by transferring cells between mice which were genetically incompatible. In mice subjected to graft-versus-host disease, there was significant injury to target organs, especially the liver and the intestine. In mice that received cells from genetically modified mice bred to not have platelet activating factor receptors, or in mice treated with platelet activating factor receptor antagonist, there was reduced tissue injury and reduced lethality.

"Immune rejection is one of the biggest risks of any transplant procedure, and this study sheds a new light on a receptor and pathway amenable to therapeutic intervention to reduce the serious complication of graft-versus-host disease," said John Wherry, Ph.D., Deputy Editor of the Journal of Leukocyte Biology. "The next step is to take these observations from the lab and see if the potential suggested by studies in mice hold true in humans with disease."

###

The Journal of Leukocyte Biology (http://www.jleukbio.org) publishes peer-reviewed manuscripts on original investigations focusing on the cellular and molecular biology of leukocytes and on the origins, the developmental biology, biochemistry and functions of granulocytes, lymphocytes, mononuclear phagocytes and other cells involved in host defense and inflammation. The Journal of Leukocyte Biology is published by the Society for Leukocyte Biology.

Details: Marina G. M. Castor, Brbara M. Rezende, Carolina B. Resende, Priscila T. T. Bernardes, Daniel isalpino, Anglica T. Vieira, Danielle G. Souza, Tarclia A. Silva, Mauro M. Teixeira, and Vanessa Pinho. Platelet-activating factor receptor plays a role in the pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease by regulating leukocyte recruitment, tissue injury, and lethality. J Leukoc Biol. April 2012 91: 629-639; doi:10.1189/jlb.1111561 ; http://www.jleukbio.org/content/91/4/629.abstract

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New discovery may lead to effective prevention and treatment of graft-versus-host dsease

Editorial: Reduce health care costs by cutting administrative overhead

Things are certainly looking up for top executives of the not-for-profit Westchester Medical Center. During the height of the Great Recession, when so many were losing jobs, raises and benefits our collective economic bearings these officials were taking home non-recession-like raises totaling tens of thousands of dollars. President and CEO Michael Israel certainly lost no ground: While the hospital poor-mouthed and laid off workers, a 6 percent raise pushed his salary to $1.31 million.

Israel was hardly alone, as a cadre of medical center vice presidents saw raises from 2009 to 2010, most between 5 percent and 8 percent, on 2009 incomes generally ranging from roughly $313,000 to $738,000. Compensation for one post increased 18 percent, to $298,000; compensation for another was trimmed 3 percent, to $305,000, according to the report by staff reporters Cathey ODonnell and Theresa Juva, who reviewed documents secured under the Freedom of Information Act.

Market forces, competitive imperatives and changing duties partly explain the changes, which come to light as Gov. Andrew Cuomo has moved to rein in high pay in the nonprofit sector, or at least the amount of public dollars going to such compensation. Moreover, health care has long been regarded as recession-proof, at least for those holding choice positions, the choicest being those at the top. We have to deal with competition, said hospital board Chairman Mark Tulis. We cant pay [Israel] less than competitors.

The medical center in 2010 laid off 130 workers, instituted a hiring freeze and announced an $18 million budget cut for the following year. Amid such belt-tightening, there is no requirement that top executives forgo raises or bonuses; indeed, many boards, public and private, richly reward executives who turn profits or otherwise stay on track in the midst of economic upheaval. Nonetheless, the combination of raises for execs and job cuts for others presents optical challenges. There is no shared sacrifice, there is no appearance of a shared sacrifice, said Jayne Cammisa, a union representative and a registered nurse. Its awful what they are doing to the bottom-line workers. Weve been asked to sacrifice more and more.

(Page 2 of 2)

Reducing administrative overhead in health care is key to solving our crisis in health care one that could grow worse in short order. The Supreme Court last week heard argument on the Affordable Care Act, the health care reform law challenged by 26 states as unconstitutional. In jeopardy are a host of provisions not just a controversial insurance mandate aimed at slowing the unsustainable trajectory of medical spending. How important is that? A study in the March-April Annals of Family Medicine concluded that the cost of a family health insurance premium would equal the median household income by 2033; provisions in the challenged health care law may push the threshold back to 2037.

Drs. Richard Young and Jennifer DeVoe write: Continuing to make incremental changes in U.S. health policy will likely not bend the cost curve, which has eluded policy makers for the past 50 years. Private health insurance will become increasingly unaffordable to low-to-middle-income Americans unless major changes are made in the the U.S. health care system adding more strain on health care, families and our economy.

Their report goes into no detail about all of the reforms required to improve affordability just as well in an age were ideological differences and indifference doom even modest fixes. But they note that reduced administrative overhead could yield cost savings without compromising quality. (Therein, no doubt, is a hint for the medical center and such facilities nationwide.)

Young and DeVoe note that removing certain profit mechanisms from the equation would move the United States closer to a sustainable system. Likewise, demonstration projects aimed at boosting primary care, through a patient-centered medical home concept, have reduced cost and improved quality. The tipping point may come when patients and physicians realize that we cannot provide all possible services to all people; they illustrate this concern by pointing to Medicare approval of a $93,000 drug regimen they say increases the life expectancy of a prostate cancer patient by four months.

Their report concludes with this, which seems like so much fantasy after the Supreme Court arguments, and the ceaseless rancor over health care, including on the presidential campaign stump: For the sake of our children and grandchildren, lets hope that we find the courage to have the difficult discussions now and make the right choices to achieve sustainability.

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Editorial: Reduce health care costs by cutting administrative overhead

Scientists use world's fastest 3D printer to create amazingly detailed F1 car

By John Hutchinson

PUBLISHED: 19:31 EST, 30 March 2012 | UPDATED: 19:36 EST, 30 March 2012

Making complex, large 3D structures would normally take hours or even days to perfect.

But researchers from the Vienna University of Technology have speeded that up - considerably - and produced grain-of-sand sized objects such as bridges, cathedrals and Formula 1 cars.

It is thought that the world record for producing the nano-objects in the quickest time has been smashed.

London calling: Here is nano-scale model of London's Tower Bridge created by a newly developed 3D printing technique for nano structures

Great work: The attention detail for such a speeded-up process is incredible, with the making of the roofing clear

The attention to detail is exquisite - and the craftsmanship is even more impressive when you appreciate the scale of the endeavour.

In the design of London's Tower Bridge, for example, you can make out details in the roof-work of the tower, as well as the railings on the actual bridge.

The little Formula 1 car is just 0.028cm across - or to put it another way, less than a third of a millimetre.

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Scientists use world's fastest 3D printer to create amazingly detailed F1 car

Harvard Medical School Adviser: Research shows that coffee is safe for your heart

QUESTION: I drink coffee every day, sometimes as much as three or four cups. I also have heart disease. I'd hate to give up coffee, but I worry it may be adding to my heart trouble. Should I quit or cut down?

ANSWER: Coffee is popular because it tastes good, and it makes most people feel better. Perhaps that's why it's been blamed for innumerable woes. Some people assume that anything that feels good or tastes good must be bad for you.

Coffee has taken the rap for serious illnesses ranging from heart attacks and strokes to cancer of the pancreas. Careful studies have debunked these fears, but lingering concerns persist.

That's why coffee lovers will welcome a study that makes coffee seem a bit sweeter. The research was conducted in Israel, where coffee is nearly as popular as in the U.S.

Instead of testing coffee in a cup, a team of Israeli scientists evaluated its most notorious ingredient, caffeine. Their subjects were 80 volunteers with an average age of 53. Half the participants had stable coronary artery disease, while the others were free of cardiovascular disease; 83% were male.

Each volunteer underwent two tests, performed one to two weeks apart. On each occasion, endothelial function -- critical to vascular health -- was tested just before and again one hour after the individual swallowed a capsule containing the test substance. On one of the two tests, the capsule contained a placebo; on the other, it contained 200 milligrams of caffeine, about 2 1/2 times the amount in a typical cup of coffee.

Caffeine actually improved endothelial function. The improvement was substantial in both groups, but was greater in the healthy subjects than in the patients who had atherosclerosis. Caffeine did not affect the response to nitroglycerin, a standard drug for angina, in either group.

The study does not make coffee into a health food. But it does add to the large brew of scientific evidence that tells us coffee is safe for the heart. So, listen to your body; if it handles coffee well, then enjoy drinking it.

Have a question? Send it to harvard_adviser@hms.harvard.edu

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Live the Anticancer way of life

Lorenzo Cohen, professor and director of the integrative medicine program at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, will be in Concord on Thursday to discuss his research into the connections between lifestyle choices and cancer occurrences.

His presentation will discuss how to lower the risk of cancer as well as improve outcomes for those touched by cancer, through choices in diet, exercise and stress management. His work, and the work of other researchers at MD Anderson, has been influenced by David Servan-Schreiber, a doctor who wrote extensively on the connections between lifestyle choice and cancer occurrences, before succumbing to a brain tumor. His work also influenced Concord Hospital officials in their creation of an Anticancer lifestyles class for cancer survivors.

Cohen spoke with the Monitor about his work, his experiences and the world-wide cancer epidemic. His presentation, Living the Anticancer Life, will begin at 7 p.m., at the Concord City Auditorium.

Your talk is advertised as an opportunity to hear the evidence behind the role that lifestyle can play in risk of developing cancer and then influence outcomes of those diagnosed with cancer. What is that evidence?

It varies by cancer, but the overall estimate from the American Cancer Society shows that taking into account diet, nutrition, an individual's weight and physical activity, upwards to 30 percent or more incidents of cancer can be attributed to aspects of lifestyle. If you take into account smoking and tobacco related behaviors. . . there's no question at least 50 percent of cancer could be prevented if individuals were making appropriate lifestyle choices.

A lot of what I'll be sharing with the audience is the evidence behind that: why different types of foods relate to your risk of cancer, why physical activity will decrease your risk of cancer, why obesity is a key promoter of cancer.

Then I'll talk also about what we are doing at MD Anderson in what we call integrative medicine - working with patients in terms of diet and physical activity and lifestyle, and in particular looking at some of the evidence of the role that stress has in our physiology and biology, how stress can literally speed on the aging process and literally have a deleterious effect on every cell in our body.

Your own training is as a research psychologist, particularly focused on stress and stress biology. How did you come to be delivering lectures on the effect of nutrition on cancer?

When I started off, most of my research was focusing more on conventional forms of stress management and coping and adapting to difficult life circumstances like a diagnosis of cancer.

I was really focusing on mental health processes and how stress in particular impacts biology and then can influence health outcomes. In the world of cancer, that meant I was particularly interested in stress and the immune system, stress and stress hormones and their effect on the body.

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Live the Anticancer way of life

Mosquito factory: Can malaria be stopped by British-bred genetically modified mosquitoes?

By Christian Jennings

PUBLISHED: 16:00 EST, 31 March 2012 UPDATED: 16:00 EST, 31 March 2012

A female Anopheles mosquito in flight with a newly obtained blood meal visible through her abdomen

Its the middle of the day and the genetically modified mosquitoes are feeding.

The females of the species are ingesting what is known in mosquito parlance as their blood meal.

The tiny-winged insects cluster in their thousands on the small plastic dispensers of sugar solution, or hang upside down from a thin layer of transparent plastic attached to the top of their cage.

The plastic is designed to simulate human or animal skin, and trapped behind it is a film of horse blood.

There are hundreds of thousands of the insects in the small white plastic cages on the laboratory shelves in a south Oxfordshire industrial park.

The air in the laboratory is warm and theres a smell of chemicals.

In plastic and glass containers thousands more mosquitoes are hatching in water that has a yellowish tint to it: they swarm together and move with the light every time a hand is passed over the surface of the container.

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Mosquito factory: Can malaria be stopped by British-bred genetically modified mosquitoes?

Rice, IBM partner to build Texas’ first Blue Gene supercomputer

Rice University and IBM today have announced a partnership to build the first award-winning IBM Blue Gene supercomputer in Texas. Rice also announced a related collaboration agreement with the University of Sao Paulo in Brazil to initiate the shared administration and use of the Blue Gene supercomputer, which allows both institutions to share the benefits of the new computing resource.

Rice faculty will use the Blue Gene to further their own research and to collaborate with academic and industry partners on a broad range of science and engineering questions related to energy, geophysics, basic life sciences, cancer research, personalized medicine and more.

The collaborative agreement securing Brazil's share of time on Rice's Blue Gene was signed in Sao Paulo March 27 by a delegation that included Rice President David Leebron and USP President Joo Grandino Rodas. Leebron is traveling with a delegation led by Houston Mayor Annise Parker. The delegation includes Rice Provost George McLendon, Greater Houston Partnership (GHP) President and CEO Jeff Moseley and other GHP members.

"Collaboration and partnership have a unique place in Rice's history as a pre-eminent research university, and it is fitting that Rice begins its second century with two innovative partnerships that highlight the university's commitments to expanding our international reach, strengthening our research and building stronger ties with our home city," Leebron said.

USP is Brazil's largest institution of higher education and research, and Rodas said the agreement represents an important bond between Rice and USP. "The joint utilization of the supercomputer by Rice University and USP, much more than a simple sharing of high-tech equipment, means the strength of an effective partnership between both universities," he said.

Mayor Parker, a 1978 Rice alumna, said, "When I was at Rice, it looked inward. Today it looks outward through this agreement. It strengthens not only Rice University but also the city of Houston."

Rice's new P series Blue Gene supercomputer, which has yet to be named, is slated to become operational in May. It is based on IBM's POWER processor technology, which was developed in part at the company's Austin, Texas labs. Rice and IBM shared the cost of the system.

"High-performance computers like the IBM Blue Gene/P are critical in virtually every discipline of science and engineering, and we are grateful for IBM's help in bringing this resource to Rice," McLendon said. "For individual faculty, the supercomputer will open the door to new areas of research. The Blue Gene also opens doors for Rice as the university seeks to establish institutional relationships both in our home city and with critical international partners like USP."

Unlike the typical desktop or laptop computer, which have a single microprocessor, supercomputers typically contain thousands of processors. This makes them ideal for scientists who study complex problems, because jobs can be divided among all the processors and run in a matter of seconds rather than weeks or months. Supercomputers are used to simulate things that cannot be reproduced in a laboratory -- like Earth's climate or the collision of galaxies -- and to examine vast databases like those used to map underground oil reservoirs or to develop personalized medical treatments.

USP officials said they expect their faculty to use the supercomputer for research ranging from astronomy and weather prediction to particle physics and biotechnology.

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Rice, IBM partner to build Texas’ first Blue Gene supercomputer