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When I received my copy of MLO Medical Laboratory Observer this past week it reminded me there were a few articles of interest last month in the journal. Both provide value propositions for digital pathology with use cases illustrated by Dr. Schwartz of Aperio.
Digital Pathology and imaging — past, present, and future
By Karen Lynn
The first focus of digital pathology was to automate the microscope. “The ultimate goal was to begin the migration from a physical slide to a digital image and ensure users’ comfort during the transition,” says Jason Christiansen, PhD, senior director of Operations at HistoRx. In its earlier days, image-analysis applications were produced but limited to existing testing paradigms which had less impact than the leap to slide digitization. Fast-forward five years. Today, image quality is virtually identical to viewing a glass slide under the microscope. In fact, pathologists are willing to make diagnoses based on an image versus actual glass.
Viewing slides digitally gives numerous advantages that glass slides do not provide; for example, tumors and areas suspicious for disease can be measured more precisely; images can be manipulated and utilized for consultation and teaching purposes; images can be viewed by more than 100 people simultaneously from anywhere in the world; and automated, quantifying algorithms for estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and HER2 have since been developed and FDA-cleared, reports Joon Yim, MD, director of digital pathology at Acupath Laboratories. In addition, digital pathology supports rapid-assessment turnaround time for frozen sections which are critical to surgical protocols, and those slides can be digitally imaged and stored in a central repository.
By Jared Schwartz, MD, PhD
Advances in digital-pathology systems, including rapid slide creation, data management, and image-visualization techniques are transforming the practice of pathology. A powerful tool in anatomic pathology, advancements in digital pathology continue to enhance efficiency and accuracy, resulting in lower costs, significant workflow efficiencies, and improved patient care.
Digital slides are a complete representation of the entire glass slide, viewable on a computer monitor at any magnification. Web-based pathology picture archiving and communication system, familiarly known as PACS, allow pathologists to work remotely anytime, anywhere, to deliver accurate results faster than traditional methods.
As digital pathology becomes more accessible for the average lab, the ability to work digitally provides opportunities to offer new services and tests, attract new customers, and create new business lines. Implementing an outreach business enabled by digital pathology is an emerging strategy that is helping many labs maintain market share and increase growth and profitability.
Flagship receives exclusive license to software that pairs quantitative techniques with pathology expertise
The exclusive license agreement for the university-developed software has also forged a partnership between BioNet, a central tissue procurement and research histology lab on the university’s Twin Cities campus, and Flagship Biosciences, a private company based in Flagstaff, Ariz. Flagship performs histopathology services for biotech, pharmaceutical, medical device and cosmetic companies. Flagship offers IHC Map to its customers and also refers organizations to BioNet for additional tissue procurement and research services that it does not offer.
“Flagship provides digital pathology services, primarily to the pharmaceutical industry,” said Dr. Steve Schmechel, director of BioNet, assistant professor of laboratory medicine and pathology and co-inventor of IHC Map. “For many of those functions, companies require both academic surgical pathologist skills and access to biospecimens or techniques that they may not have internally.”
BioNet's tissue procurement and histology services are available to researchers in both the public and private sector. The lab procures biospecimens, such as tissue and blood samples, from subjects who have given consent, stores the specimens and associated annotation data, and reports the data, from which patient-identifying information has been removed, to the researcher.
The instrumental tool in this partnership between industry and academia is IHC Map, software that analyzes tissue samples and identifies protein markers for disease. Without the software, a pathologist must analyze multiple slides individually, and make a qualitative judgment on the results. IHC Map allows protein or gene signatures taken on multiple sections to be aligned and visualized in a heatmap-like fashion. The technology improves the multiplexing of biomarkers on a tissue section, and allows the computation of expression to be reported as a comparison to other more stable proteins in the sample. The patent-pending software was developed at University of Minnesota and will be refined in Flagship’s pharma services by both veterinary and medical anatomic pathologists.Flagship Biosciences helps pharmaceutical and medical device clients develop tissue-based diagnostics. “Seventy to ninety million glass slides are analyzed each year in pharmaceutical drug development, and maybe another ten million in medical device development,” said Steven Potts, CEO of Flagship. “We think this collaboration will make it easier for these clients to have specialized medical pathology expertise combined with quantitative techniques from Flagship.”
“Most diseases are due to alterations of genes that manifest themselves at the level of protein expression,” said Schmechel. “To characterize disease it is very useful to look at protein expression. Often looking at the expression of one protein is not sufficient, or not powerful enough to optimally characterize the disease. It’s better to look at multiple proteins simultaneously.”
Identifying protein expression across multiple genes can answer key questions for researchers: What is the nature of the disease? How is it likely to behave in the patient? Will the disease be responsive to a given therapy? “It’s been found that combining information from multiple genes to characterize tissue is a powerful way to identify aggressive cancers,” said Dr. Greg Metzger, co-inventor of IHC Map and associate professor of radiology at the U of M. In addition to quantifying expression of these proteins in a quantifiable measurement, the software also allows for greater standardization across tissue samples, and requires less time for the pathologist to analyze slides.
IHC Map was invented by Schmechel and Metzger; Stephen Dankbar, a software programmer from the department of radiology; and Jonathan Henriksen, an information technology specialist from BioNet. The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.
This new partnership signifies a major breakthrough with a market leader in Comprehensive, Personalized Testing Services
MONTREAL (CANADA), April 13, 2011 – Aurora Interactive Ltd., a world leader in digital pathology communications announced today that the company has signed a license agreement for its mScope Clinical communications and imaging modalities integration platform with Molecular Pathology Laboratory Network, Inc. (MPLN), a leader in specialized reference laboratory services dedicated to providing superior diagnostic testing and complementary technologies, including molecular diagnostics, flow cytometry, fluorescence in situ hybridization,immunohistochemistry and cytogenetics.
“We chose Aurora for their cost efficient plug-and-play and proven integration solution. Given the variety of imaging modalities we use, we considered Aurora’s universality key to maintaining our strategic flexibility and creating a common user interface for our internal and external clients,” said Steve Olsen, MS, HTL (ASCP), Chief Operating Officer of MPLN.
“We are very excited about MPLN’s decision to partner with Aurora. MPLN is a cutting edge provider who is dedicated to client service and making a difference in patient care. We are proud they chose us as their communications and integration partner” stated Pierre Le Fèvre, President and Chief Executive Officer, Aurora Interactive.
About Aurora Interactive Ltd.
Aurora Interactive has developed the leading web based software platform (mScope) for simplification, productivity and ease of communications in digital pathology. mScope’s Universal Web Viewer has collaborative tools to view medical slides and images anytime, anywhere, regardless of file format. The software has four applications to meet digital pathology communications needs: mScope Education, mScope Clinical, mScope Research and mScope Universal Viewer. Aurora’s mission is to improve patient outcomes and help members of the medical community achieve their full potential by eliminating the learning, diagnostic and collaborative restrictions imposed by time and space. http://www.aurorainteractive.com.
About Molecular Pathology Laboratory Network, Inc.
Molecular Pathology Laboratory Network, Inc. (MPLN) is a privately-owned regional reference laboratory founded in 1989 with headquarters in Maryville, Tenn. and a satellite laboratory in Richmond, Va. A leader in personalized laboratory medicine, MPLN specializes in oncology and women’s health testing and has extensive expertise in chromosome analysis, flow cytometry, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), real-time and quantitative polymerase chain reaction technologies, anatomic pathology, immunohistochemistry and gene sequencing. The laboratory also offers research and development services through its clinical trial division, Geneuity Clinical Research Services. MPLN is certified by the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA), accredited by the College of American Pathologists (CAP), and licensed by the states of Tennessee, Florida, New York and Maryland. For more information about MPLN, visit http://www.mplnet.com.
Dr. Moore was one of the smartest informaticians I have had the pleasure of knowing. I first met him at an APIII meeting in 2001 where he embraced "E-posters" and made sure to look at yours. His website, http://www.netautopsy.org lists over 400 publications, book chapters and abstracts and he was a mentor to many. His interests in surgical pathology and autopsy pathology were broad and given his combined interest and expertise in medical and pathology informatics, allowed Dr. Moore to refine data mining techniques and create mathematical models of disease and disease processes.
April 10, 2011|By Nick Madigan, The Baltimore Sun
Dr. George William Moore, who had practiced pathology in Baltimore since 1976 and was a pioneer in the field of medical informatics, died April 4 after a long illness. He was 65.
During his career, Dr. Moore published hundreds of articles on pathology and computational medicine. His work in the closely related fields of medical informatics and pathology informatics, both of which emerged in the 1970s, was groundbreaking. Medical informatics covers the broad field of hospital computerization, while pathology informatics deals with the organization, retrieval and analysis of clinical laboratory data collected in medical centers.
He was born in Detroit and grew up in the suburb of Highland Park. He was educated in public schools and graduated at the top of his class at Highland Park High School in 1963.
He attended the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, where he majored in cellular biology and earned a bachelor's degree in science. He received his doctorate in biomathematics from North Carolina State University at Raleigh. After a year of postdoctoral training at the University of Freiburg in Germany, Dr. Moore returned to Detroit, where he earned a medical degree from Wayne State University School of Medicine in 1976.
Five years earlier, he had married the former Barbara Lynne Struble. They had two sons, Geoffrey Walter Moore, who was born in 1974 and died three months ago, and Gregory Vincent Wayne Moore, born in 1980, who survives him.
Dr. Moore and his family moved to Baltimore in 1976, and lived most recently in Cedarcroft. In 1981, he completed an internship and residency in the pathology department at Hopkins, and stayed on as an assistant professor in pathology until 1989. That year, he accepted an appointment as associate professor at the University of Maryland School Of Medicine and continued to teach at Hopkins' various institutions. Also in 1989, Dr. Moore began practicing as a full-time pathologist at the VA Medical Center, a position he held until his death.
In 1967, Dr. Moore was named a Woodrow Wilson Fellow, and in 1980 received the Ludwig Aschoff Medal from the Medical Society of Freiburg. In 2007, he was named an honorary fellow by the Association for Pathology Informatics.
From 1957 until shortly before he died, Dr. Moore sang tenor in various chorus societies. He was particularly proud to have been a chorus member in a performance by the Detroit Symphony Orchestra in 1959, under the baton of Paul Paray, as well as a performance in 1966 of the University of Michigan Choral Union conducted by the Russian-born composer Igor Stravinsky. Most recently, Dr. Moore sang in the choir for the Episcopal Church of Christ the King, in Woodlawn, where he was a member of the congregation.
In addition to his wife and son, Dr. Moore is survived by a brother, James Michael Moore, and a sister, Kathleen Elizabeth Moore.
Tonight, as night 7 of the Congress of Curious Peoples, we have a fantastic double header: magician and scholar Acep Hale lecturing on ""Legerdemain and Larceny'--a history of the con man--followed by a performance by sideshow talker legends Ward Hall and Bobby Reynolds onstage for the first time ever in Coney Island.
This is sure to be an incredible night! Full details follow; very much hope to see you there.
Acep Hale, "Legerdemain and Larceny"
Tonight, FRIDAY, APRIL 15th
CONEY ISLAND MUSEUM, 7:30 pm - $5Coney Island, like most fairs, amusement parks, and midways has always had a reputation for hucksterism and the con job. Join magician and scholar, Acep Hale, as he explores the history of the con, taking the audience on a guided tour of the clowns, contrarians, murmurers and mystics that have held fast to lives of wandering wonder throughout the ages. Acep Hale is a street performing magician, musician, traveler, and rogue gentleman scholar. Driven by the 19th century belief in propaganda by deed he performs daily on street corners everywhere to prove that magic still lives around every bend, you don’t need a nine to five to stay alive, and hope springs eternal between the cracks of every sidewalk.”.
Sideshow Legends Ward Hall and Bobby Reynolds
Tonight, FRIDAY, APRIL 15th
SIDESHOWS BY THE SEASHORE, 8:30 pm - $15Ward Hall (born 1930) has been around longer than anyone in the business and runs The World of Wonders Sideshow. He is "a modern-day P.T. Barnum and the last of the sideshow promoters. He's a national treasure who is loved and revered by showfolk, sideshow historians, and fans the world over."
Bobby Reynolds (born 1932) got his start at Hubert's Museum in Times Square and has been talking, performing in, and operating sideshows ...ever since. He still comes out of "retirement" every year or so to run shows all over the world. "With his two-headed babies, all frog band, and giant rat, Bobby has perfected the art of giving people the art of giving people what they didn't know they wanted."
Tonight, join Ward Hall, King of the Sideshow, and legendary side showman Bobby Reynolds as they perform
For more info--and to purchase tickets--click here and here.
Tomorrow night's double feature, featuring Ronni Thomas on Diableries and Johnny Fox of The Freakatium, will surely be amazing; full line-up of the 10-day Congress of Curious Peoples can be found here; hope to see you there!
Ronni Thomas “The Diableries and 19th Century Pre-cinematic Horror
Date: Tuesday, April 12
Time: 7:30 PM
Admission: $5 (or free with Congressional Pass)
Location: The Coney Island Museum (1208 Surf Avenue)3D is very much in the news these days, and while Hollywood has finally come close to perfecting this technology for the silver screen, people are largely unaware that the Victorians were also aficionados of 3D technologies, and that this interest often took a turn towards the macabre. Tonight, filmmaker and collector Ronni Thomas will lecture on the history of 3D spectacles of the Victorian age, especially the infamous Diableries series–masterfully designed 3D stereo ’tissues’ created in france in the 19th century, backlit and featuring ornate scenes depicting the daily life of Satan in Hell (see image to left for example).Tongue in cheek and often controversial, these macabre spectacles give us a very interesting look at the 19th century’s lighthearted obsession with death and the macabre, serving as a wonderful demonstration of the Victorian fascination with themes such as the afterlife, heaven, hell and death.
In addition to the lecture, Thomas will display original Diableries and other artifacts from his own collection. Guests are encouraged to bring their own pieces and, better yet, a stereo-viewer.
Johnny Fox of the Freakatorium
Date: Tuesday, April 12
Time: 8:30 PM
Admission: $5 (or free with Congressional Pass)
Location: The Coney Island Museum (1208 Surf Avenue)Magician, raconteur, and sword swallower extraordinaire will regale with tales of his long-gone Freakatorium and amaze the audience with wondrous feats of daring.
To see a full lineup of the Congress of Curious Peoples, click here.
Tomorrow night, why not consider joining me and Morbid Anatomy scholar in residence (and star of TV's "Oddities") Evan Michelson at Coney Island for her new lecture "A Gathering of Bones?" If her former lectures are any indication, this is sure to be a great one!
The event--which will take place within the newly opened Great Coney Island Spectacularium!--begins at 7:30. Drinks are half price at the bar until 8:00. Hope very very much to see you there!
"A Gathering of Bones," an Illustrated lecture by Evan Michelson
Date: Monday, April 11
Time: 7:30 PM
Admission: $5 (or free with Congressional Pass)
Location: The Coney Island Museum (1208 Surf Avenue)Human bone: one of the most common materials on the planet. And yet, at one time the remains of certain individuals were prized more highly than the rarest, most precious metals and gems. The cult of the saints, the backbone of the early Christian Church, gave rise to an institutional fetishization of human remains that produced objects still unsurpassed in craftsmanship and opulence.
The aesthetic of the most humble and commo...n organic remains coupled with gold, silver, gems and textiles has for centuries proved irresistible to secular collectors and religious institutions alike. The ultimate collectible, the constituent parts of each and every human on the planet were once the object of obsession, veneration and murderous desire. As a collector myself, Christian relics provided my earliest exposure to the realm of transcendently beautiful, perverse and venerated objects.
The collection and categorization of human remains underwent a drastic change with the enlightenment, but the unquenchable human thirst for knowledge and comfort in the face of our own mortality has ensured that the corpus remains at the center of an unending human fascination with and confrontation of the greatest mystery of all. The gathering of bones continues to this day, still controversial, decadent and utterly essential to the human narrative.
This event is part of The Morbid Anatomy Library Collector Series.
Click here to purchase tickets ($5 each)
This event is made possible, in part, by a grant from the Andy Warhol Foundation.
Image: Galileo's finger mounted on a marble base and encased in a crystal jar, as on view at the Museum of History and Science in Florence, Italy. More on that--and image source--here. Click on image to see much larger, more detailed version.
"I'll eat my hat if that ever happens".
I arrived at work the next day to find salt and pepper pots stuck to my helmet like Viking horns!
Remember back in like 2005 when Google Video and YouTube were going at it? And how YouTube essentially won, only to be bought out by Google anyway? Me either, which is why Google Video being shut down doesn't surprise anyone. More »
UPDATE: SOLVED by Jeff at 12:10
Is everybody ready for us to run another bonus riddle? Okay, you talked me into it! We’ll have the bonus riddle ready for your consideration Monday, May the 2nd. In a few days I’ll put up the bonus riddle rules and a list of who will be eligible to submit guesses. That means there are just three more chances to get your name on the list. If you haven’t solved a regular riddle yet this cycle, you might want to work on that.
For today, I think I’ll mess with your minds a little. I’m taking today’s answer from the SciFi genre, so… GET YOUR GEEK ON!
Atlantic Tall Ships Gallery, this is the "Amazon" in 1861 - author unknown
This does not exist in the “real world”. Yet. That we know of.
Very recent experiments with human DNA by a Nobel Prize winning scientist show indications that we may have this potential encoded naturally.
We think of this in relation to modern science fiction, but the idea has actually been kicked around for centuries.
US Gov/CIA educational documents, reported UFO in New Jersey, July 31, 1952 -- enlarges slightly
Some forms of this would cause immense issues in ethics and law. Really staggering issues.
While other forms of this same thing present no problems whatsoever.
Still, its application would solve a whole boatload of serious problems we’re currently facing.
Gotta' love quantum mechanics!
As a plot device, any third-grader with a taste for SciFi can discuss this.
Although mostly associated with SciFi, it’s not limited to one genre. You’ll trip over it in works of fantasy, spiritualism, and philosophy.
It’s even shown up in a Disney movie. Of course, what hasn’t shown up in a Disney movie?
William Shatner as Captain Kirk, Star Trek - image owned by Paramount, all rights reserved
This has been offered as a possible explanation for cases involving cryptozoology and spontaneous human combustion.
Within the past 10 years there has been application made to the United States Patent Office for a device to accomplish this artificially.
If it works, it would be quite the deux ex machina.
Iconic image
Are you intrigued? Think you already know the answer? Give it a guess – I’m waiting in the comments!
Reassurance for you from Tom. Don't you all feel better now?
Presentation on development of framework for making catchment tradeoff decisions by Bob Pressey of James Cook University (June 15 at 4 pm EDT/1 pm PDT/8 pm GMT). Managers of catchments have to deal with multiple objectives, corresponding to different sets of stakeholders and different funding sources. The application of systematic conservation planning to this problem begins by turning qualitative goals into quantitative objectives. These include but are not be restricted to: protection and restoration of endangered species and vegetation types, maintenance of connectivity for climate change adaptation, livelihoods of local communities, and river-mouth water quality. Values of areas within catchments for protection and restoration emerge from data and objectives and can be expressed, for example, as the relative contribution of areas to each objective or the irreplaceability of areas for achieving objectives. Inevitably, there will be imperfect, and sometimes poor, congruence between maps of values emerging from different objectives. Managers have limited resources to achieve their objectives, so action toward protection and restoration is incremental. While incremental management action is proceeding, the values that actions seek to preserve are being eroded. All this makes for difficult tradeoffs: managers must choose between actions in areas that have very different characteristics and contribute very differently to each of their objectives. Because of the background loss of values, decisions about what to protect this year are also decisions about what will remain at risk. This presentation will describe a new project that is developing an analytical framework to guide managers through these decisions. The framework will be developed in close collaboration with managers. Study sites will be in Australia but the framework can be applied globally. Register for the webinar at https://www1.gotomeeting.com/register/699605392.
Conrad Foundation Spirit of Innovation People's Choice Awards - Everyone Has a Chance to Vote
"We need your vote! The annual Spirit of Innovation Awards is kicking off a two-week People's Choice competition (http://www.conradawards.org/competition) that challenges high school students to solve real-world problems by creating commercially viable science and technology based products. 27 teams of high school students have created unique inventions in the categories of aerospace exploration, clean energy, and cyber security. From Space Sleeping Pods to Solar Wind Power Generators to Parabolic Stoves and mobile apps that signal for help during times of duress, the 2011 Spirit of Innovation Awards high school student competitors have risen to the challenge and need your vote."
NASA Space Shuttle Contractor Announces Layoffs for 2,800 Workers, Space.com
"The NASA contractor responsible for most of the work of maintaining the space shuttles announced Friday (April 15) that it will have to lay off almost 50 percent of its employees - up to 2,800 workers - after the shuttle program shuts down this year."
Shuttle prime contractor details major layoffs, SpaceflightNow
"Through earlier layoffs and attrition, USA's workforce in Florida, Texas and Alabama has dropped from around 10,500 in October 2009 to a current level of around 5,600. In late July or early August, the company will implement another major workforce reduction, affecting between 2,600 and 2,800 employees across the company. Of that total, 1,850 to 1,950 job losses are expected in Florida, 750 to 800 in Texas and 30 to 40 in Alabama."
USA Announces End-of-Program Workforce Reduction, USA
"USA currently employs approximately 5,600 employees at its Florida, Texas and Alabama sites. The reduction in force will affect multiple disciplines and multiple organizations across the company. The reduction is expected to impact between 2600-2800 company-wide, including 1850-1950 employees in Florida, 750-800 employees in Texas, and 30-40 in Alabama."
Texas lawmakers introduce bill to bring space shuttle to Houston, CNN
"Two Texas lawmakers, upset that Houston was not picked as one of the retirement homes for NASA's space shuttles, introduced legislation [H.R. 1590] Friday that would bring the Discovery shuttle to the city for 15 years."
No retired shuttle for Houston? Not without a fight, Florida Today
"U.S. Rep. Jason Chaffetz, R-Utah, said he heard an outcry -- "Earth to NASA" -- from congressional colleagues who thought the home of Mission Control and the Astronaut Corps was snubbed in its failed bid to land an orbiter. So Chaffetz introduced a bill [H.R. 1536] that seeks "to restore common sense and fairness to the space shuttle retirement home debate.""
Houston says NY shouldn't get shuttle; NY says it isn't, Seattle Post Intelligencer
"When the United States won the race to the moon in 1969, the first word on the moon was, 'Houston,' not 'New York City,'" [Rep.] Poe ranted on the House floor after Tuesday's NASA announcement, referring to the fact that mission control is in Houston, which is also where astronauts train."
New York deserves better than fake Enterprise shuttle prototype while L.A., VA get the real thing, NY Daily News
"The Enterprise didn't have an engine and never went on a space mission. After all those months of press conferences, photo ops and lobbying, the best Sens. Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand could get us was a prototype. What's worse is that L.A. is getting a real one: The Endeavour. Where are they gonna put it, Disneyland? And someplace called Chantilly, Va., gets the Discovery."
War Of Words Erupts Between NYC And Houston Over Shuttle Enterprise, CBS
"But to use another Texas phase, "that dog won't hunt," Poe's efforts to derail the shuttle wont work according to New York Sen. Schumer. "I would say to Congressman Poe what we say in Brooklyn, 'fuhgettaboutit,'" Schumer told Kramer."
Certainly, Norwegian photographer Terje Sorgjerd has a talent for capturing the awe-inspiring. Taken on El Teide in the Canary Islands, this time lapse captures the Milky Way galaxy overhead as sand wafts across the landscape as gold clouds. [The Awesomer] More »
What’s the Context:
What’s the News: Researchers have grown neurons from the cells of people with schizophrenia, in a study published online yesterday in Nature, the first time a complex mental illness has been modeled with living cells in a lab. This approach provides a new way to probe the little-understood biological processes underlying the disease and to test potential drug treatments. In preliminary experiments, the researchers found that the neurons weren’t as interconnected as healthy neurons are, and that individual patients’ neurons differ in their reaction to various drugs used to treat schizophrenia.
How the Heck:
The researchers took small samples of skin cells from four patients with schizophrenia, and programmed the cells to become induced pluripotent stem cells, a process that turns tissue-specific adult cells into undifferentiated stem cells. By treating those stem cells a certain way and putting them in a particular medium, the researchers nudged the stem cells to turn into neurons.
By infecting the cells with ...
Highlights:
"A certificate of live birth is a big, big step down, from a birth certificate..."
"Why did he spend millions of dollars to try to stay away from this issue?"
"Look, he's got a grandmother in Kenya who says he was born in Kenya at the hospital. Then there was bedlam in the room, bedlam. I don't mean like a little. I mean cause he was close to becomming president, and there were a lot of people in that room. And she was talking to a reporter with a lot of handlers. So, they have the grandmother, she is Kenyan. Then all of a sudden 51 seconds later he asked the question again and you hear people saying No, no Hawaii, Hawaii. Okay, gimmee a break."
"It's one of two things. Either he wasn't born in the country, or there's something on the certificate he doesn't want people to know... Maybe it says he's Muslim."
A poem about serenity or inner peace by Katherine Swarts.
