A genetic variant peculiar to Africans substantially raises their risk of infection with HIV, according to research that suggests evolved susceptibility may be helping to drive the continent’s Aids epidemic.

The 90 per cent of Africans who carry the DNA variation are 40 per cent more likely to contract HIV than those without it, after similar exposure to the virus, scientists from Britain and America have found.

As the genetic change is common among people of African ancestry but virtually unknown among other ethnic groups, it could explain in part why HIV-Aids is more prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. The United Nations estimates that 22.5 million people there are HIV-positive, more than two thirds of the global total of approximately 33.2 million.

The variant, known as “Duffy-negative”, is so common in Africa that it could be responsible for about 11 per cent of the continent’s HIV burden, or 2.5 million cases, scientists said.

“It is an Africa-specific variant, which is why it’s so interesting in the context of Aids research,” said Robin Weiss, Professor of Infection and Immunity at University College London, a member of the study team.

“It could certainly be a contributing factor to the scale of the epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa. It’s the first time, so far as we understand, that a genetic factor that increases susceptibility to infection has come into play.”

Sexual behaviour is also involved in the epidemic in Africa, the only part of the world in which it predominantly affects heterosexuals.

The Duffy-negative gene has probably spread so widely through the African population because it provides resistance to a form of malaria called Plasmodium vivax. Professor Weiss believes it may also once have increased resistance against a precursor of the most deadly malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum.

These traits would have been highly advantageous in evolutionary Africa. As HIV is a new human pathogen, thought to have jumped from chimpanzees to people between 1910 and 1950, the gene’s effect on the virus would have had no negative consequences until recently. “Something that protected against malaria in the past is now leaving the host more susceptible to HIV,” Professor Weiss said.

Matthew Dolan, of the San Antonio Military Medical Centre in Texas, said: “After thousands of years of adaptation, this Duffy variant rose to high frequency because it helped protect against malaria. Now, with another global pandemic on the scene, this same variant renders people more susceptible to HIV. It shows the complex interplay between historically important diseases and susceptibility in contemporary times.”

For the study, published in the journal Cell Host & Microbe, scientists examined a group of US Air Force personnel, of whom more than 1,200 are HIV-positive, and who have been followed for nearly 22 years. The Duffy-negative genotype was seen almost exclusively in African-Americans.

A continent cursed

— Sub-Saharan Africa is the globe’s most Aids-affected region. In 2005, 24.5 million of its people were living with HIV and of all Aids sufferers, 64 per cent live there

— In 2005, about 2.7 million people became infected with HIV and more than two million died

— More than two million children under 15 are HIV-positive and more than 90 per cent live in Africa

— About 12 million African children under 17 have lost one or both parents to Aids

— About 72 per cent of all people needing anti-retroviral treatment live in Africa, and only one in six receives the necessary medicine

— Swaziland has the highest HIV rate, at 33.4 per cent of population. Botswana has 24.1 per cent and Zimbabwe 20.1 per cent

Source: UNAids

Have your say

Good news in furthering our understanding of this disease hence a possible approach to a cure. The link between sickle cell disease among African-Americans and Afro-Caribbeans is established. Genes suitable for one environment and not so in another and so the consequences. Ignore conspiracy theories

Cheryl , Kingston, Jamaica

What Whites largely do not know is that they all have black blood. We were the first created, and from our "MIX" all the rest were created. Therefore not only Blacks are susceptible to AIDS to that degree. If it targets the Black Gene it will find it in the white man hidden away. Same goes for all .

HELEN K MAYERS, Maxwell, B'dos, W.I.

the saying that a continent that is cursed is in my terms of opinion very absurd to say ,who are you to claim that the continent of africa is cursed,this cursed continent shall one day raise from the ashes and shall claim her place in the world but i ask who you are to call the people of god cursed

source: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article4345263.ece

The Rev. Sam L. Ruteikara, co-chair of Uganda’s National AIDS-Prevention Committee, writes in today’s Washington Post:

But will the money allocated for AIDS stop the spread of the virus in sub-Saharan Africa, where 76 percent of the world’s HIV-AIDS deaths occurred last year?

Not if the dark dealings I’ve witnessed in Africa continue unchecked. In the fight against AIDS, profiteering has trumped prevention. AIDS is no longer simply a disease; it has become a multibillion-dollar industry.

In the late 1980s, before international experts arrived to tell us we had it all “wrong,” we in Uganda devised a practical campaign to prevent the spread of HIV. We recognized that population-wide AIDS epidemics in Africa were driven by people having sex with more than one regular partner. Therefore, we urged people to be faithful. Our campaign was called ABC (Abstain, or Be Faithful, or use Condoms), but our main message was: Stick to one partner. We promoted condoms only as a last resort.

Because we knew what to do in our country, we succeeded. The proportion of Ugandans infected with HIV plunged from 21 percent in 1991 to 6 percent in 2002. But international AIDS experts who came to Uganda said we were wrong to try to limit people’s sexual freedom. Worse, they had the financial power to force their casual-sex agendas upon us.

PEPFAR calls for Western experts to work as equal partners with African leaders on AIDS prevention. But as co-chair of Uganda’s National AIDS-Prevention Committee, I have seen this process sabotaged. Repeatedly, our 25-member prevention committee put faithfulness and abstinence into the National Strategic Plan that guides how PEPFAR money for our country will be spent. Repeatedly, foreign advisers erased our recommendations. When the document draft was published, fidelity and abstinence were missing.

He continues:
International suppliers make broad, oversimplified statements such as “You can’t change Africans’ sexual behavior.” While it’s true that you can’t change everybody, you don’t have to. If the share of men having three or more sexual partners in a year drops from 15 percent to 3 percent, as happened in Uganda between 1989 and 1995, HIV infection rates will plunge. It is that simple.

We, the poor of Africa, remain silenced in the global dialogue. Our wisdom about our own culture is ignored.

Telling men and women to keep sex sacred — to save sex for marriage and then remain faithful — is telling them to love one another deeply with their whole hearts. Most HIV infections in Africa are spread by sex outside of marriage: casual sex and infidelity. The solution is faithful love.

So hear my plea, HIV-AIDS profiteers. Let my people go. We understand that casual sex is dear to you, but staying alive is dear to us. Listen to African wisdom, and we will show you how to prevent AIDS.

This has been long forgotten and no one is America was prosecuted. Eugenics in action!

British doctor David James talks about Esmog and the ETAScan. For the full interview go to http://www.consciousmedianetwork.com/

Excerpts from Article SUPERVIRUSES, CONTAMINATED VACCINES AND THE CURRENT AND COMING PLAGUES by Leonard Horowitz, DMD, MPH, Ph.D.
http://www.consumerhealth.org/articles/display.cfm?ID=19990303202939

Please bare with us while we are developing this site. It is not complete at the moment.

We will be posting our information during January.

Any comments are welcome.

Thank You

Where did AIDS come from? Some say it doesn't matter, as long as we find a cure. But what if the man and money that created it, are still spreading it along with lies and half-truths? Watch this clip from In Lies We Trust: The CIA, Hollywood & Bio terrorism, to learn where AIDS really originated. A video from Dr. Leonard Horowitz.

Note: Dr. Jonathan Mann, UN aids czar was killed in a plane crash in 1988. Coincidence or murder?

January 9, 2008

Cathy Catterson, Clerk of the Court
United States Court of Appeals
for the Ninth Circuit
P.O. Box 193939
San Francisco, Ca 94119-3939

Re: The U.S. Attorney letter of January 7, 2008;
Case No. 07-056782 (Graves v. U.S.A.)

Dear Ms. Catterson:

I write in response to the U.S. Attorney’s letter of January 7, 2008, to you regarding the government’s desire to not adhere to the Briefing Schedule issued by the Court on December 14, 2007.

We find it strange the U.S. Attorney is now seeking to say the government had no prior knowledge of the federal litigation that has been persisting in the U.S. courts since September 1998. The origin of HIV/AIDS is not a “frivolous” issue as the Courts have held. There is a significant evidence base in U.S. law and fact for the allegation and the conclusion our government made AIDS.

Here, reading the 1/7/8 letter form the U.S. Attorney, one would be led to believe the U.S. Attorney has been left out of the picture by design or accident. This is simply untrue. The U.S. Attorney has been sent each and every court document that has been filed.

A review of the U.S. Attorney’s email will also show notification to the U.S. Attorney from the lower court as well.

A review of the docket reveals the U.S. Attorney was listed and served in this case in March 2007. The record clearly shows the U.S. Attorney General was served via certified mail return receipt requested on May 17, 2007.

The U.S. Attorney should be further compelled to respond to this individual lawsuit and the more important Constitutional questions of ‘state liability’ for the breach of the basic right to life. We find it peculiar the U.S. Attorney has not begun an inquiry of its own in support of my “right to life”.

The U.S. Attorney simply tried to ride the wave of the errant dismissal and is now crying foul on appeal. In any event, the U.S. Attorney owes a responsibility and duty to the American people to begin the review and investigation of the U.S. Special Virus (Cancer) Program (1962 – 1978). The American people and the people of the world are entitled to know the truth about the synthetic origin of HIV/AIDS and its ten year old CURE, U.S. patent#5676977. See, http://www.uspto.gov.

The U.S. Attorney should be working for the American people, not trying to slither away from the greatest human holocaust in the history of the world with silence and denial.

Please alert me if I need to file a formal motion to enjoin the U.S. Attorney to this so necessary appeal.

Sincerely,

Boyd Ed Graves, J.D.

Dr. Boyd Graves discusses how HIV was made by the United States Government

World leader in AIDS fight dies in Swissair crash

Dr. Mann
September 3, 1998
Web posted at: 3:12 p.m. EDT (1512 GMT)
In this story:

Warned world about spread of AIDS
Urged testing of AIDS vaccine
Wife contributed to development of vaccines

From CNN Medical Correspondent Dan Rutz

(CNN) -- World leaders in the war against AIDS are in shock over the loss of two of their most trusted and admired colleagues. Dr. Jonathan Mann and his wife, Dr. Mary Lou Clements-Mann, were aboard the Swissair jetliner that crashed off the coast of Canada on Wednesday night.

In the 1980s, Mann launched the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS, becoming one of the first to recognize the global threat. He was head of the program from 1986 to 1990.

"In the '80s, he was truly a visionary at a time when it was absolutely not clear how devastating and epidemic AIDS would become," said Peter Piot, executive director of UNAIDS. "He pulled off what he called a global response both in developing and developed countries."

Warned world about spread of AIDS
As director of the International AIDS Conference six years ago in Amsterdam, Mann warned of a complacency among world leaders in the fight against AIDS.

"The gap between the intensifying pace of the pandemic and the lagging national and global response is widening rapidly and dangerously, and global vulnerability to AIDS is increasing," he said.

Mann started his career at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention after graduation. He resigned from the Harvard School of Public Health in December to be dean of Allegheny University of the Health Sciences' School of Public Health in Philadelphia.

Urged testing of AIDS vaccine
Two months ago, Mann voiced impatience over what he considered unconscionable delays in widespread testing of a vaccine to prevent AIDS -- what many in public health consider the only way to control the worldwide explosion of new cases.

"We must now work to develop the vaccine that will prevent disease and we must do this in a way that respects the urgency of the problem," he said.

To some, he became the conscience for the AIDS research effort, with his eloquent defense of those most vulnerable to the disease. AIDS, he noted, disproportionately affected the poor or disenfranchised members of society including gay men and minorities, who were often stigmatized or discriminated against.

He was patient with AIDS activists, and worked to convince others that the fields of public health and human rights were inseparable.

"It is a fundamental public health strategy, in general, to try to bring them in," he said in 1992. "Convince them, bring them in -- don't push them out, exclude them, discriminate against them, fight them."

Wife contributed to development of vaccines

Dr. Clements-Mann

Mary Lou Clements-Mann made her mark in vaccine development for diseases including AIDS, influenza and hepatitis B.

"If a vaccine will prevent AIDS by reducing the amount of virus in an infected person and controlling that infection, it may also have the public benefit of reducing the transmission to others."

She met Mann while working on her AIDS vaccine projects. They married a year and a half ago.

The couple was flying Wednesday to a U.N. AIDS vaccine conference in Geneva. Friends and colleagues gathered there Thursday for a memorial service.

by Clark Henderson

The entry into the age of aids was quiet. Perhaps in 1976 the virus, carried by some foreigner, arrived in America. It is not my purpose to discuss the spread of the AIDS epidemic; that has already been done in books like And the Band Played On by Randy Shilts and History of AIDS by Mirko Grmek. My focus is the hidden side of AIDS, which has not been exposed in any book to my knowledge.

PREPARING FOR AN EPIDEMIC

There is documented evidence that a disease which could be recognized as AIDS has been worked on for years. Testimony before a sub-committee of the House Appropriations Committee, in Washington, D.C., in 1969, for Department of Defense appropriations for 1970, stated:

Within the next 5 to 10 years, it would probably be possible to make a new infective micro-organism which could differ in certain important respects from any known disease-causing organisms. Most important of these is that it might be refractory to the immunological and therapeutic processes upon which we depend to maintain our relative freedom from infectious disease. (R. Harris and J. Paxman, A Higher Form of Killing, 1982, p. 241)

The money was approved! By 1972, this potential new micro-organism was described so clearly that there is little doubt that it is AIDS:

An attempt should be made to ascertain whether viruses can in fact exert selective effects on immune function, e.g., by . . . affecting T cell function as opposed to B cell function. The possibility should also be looked into that the immune response to the virus itself may also be impaired if the infecting virus damages more or less selectively the cells responding to the viral antigens.

This is beyond question a clinical description of the function of the AIDS virus! But it appeared, of all places, in the Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Vol. 47, pp. 257-74, in 1972.

DELIBERATE MISINFORMATION

The ground was carefully prepared beforehand. Sexual promiscuity was encouraged by slogans, such as "There is nothing to be afraid of; there never was," meaning that all sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) could now be cured. The effectiveness of this propaganda can be judged by Michael Callen's remark in Surviving AIDS: ". . . Gee! Every time I get the clap [gonorrhea] I'm striking a blow for the sexual revolution!"

WITHHOLDING INFORMATION ON THE NEW DISEASE

This policy would prove the most effective of all in facilitating the spread of AIDS. Even when people began to come down with AIDS, nothing was done! The Center for Disease Control (CDC) alone reacted, but was hampered in its efforts to realize that an entirely new disease had appeared on the scene.

This should be contrasted with the reaction to another disease which occurred in the same time frame: Legionaire's Disease. When the first outbreak of this happened in a Philadelphia hotel, nobody had the faintest idea what it was. There were even speculations that it was caused by a poisonous gas. But in six months, the disease was found to be caused by a bacterium.

Does anyone suppose that AIDS could not have been determined earlier? Granted, it is far more difficult to identify a virus, but there have been several outbreaks of tropical hemorrhagic fevers in this country which were isolated and identified quickly.

THE PROPAGANDA OF HOPELESSNESS

This has been well described by Michael Callen in Surviving AIDS. All this propaganda is based on the claim that AIDS has a 100% mortality rate. Granted, it has a high mortality rate, about 85-90%. But a "Guaranteed-to-Die-or-Your-Money-Back" policy was pursued. A formula, AIDS = Death, was used, and the media used it to spread the gloom and doom scenario. Also, one might speculate on the connection of the immune system and the mental state; those who are convinced they are going to die may well die more easily.

LIES AND RIDICULE OF THOSE AFFLICTED

Again, this is well covered by Michael Callen. People who developed symptoms of AIDS were subjected to endless distortion in the press. One headline about a female doctor who had AIDS was: "Dying AIDS Doc's Agony," although the woman concerned, a Dr. Veronica Prego, seemed quite healthy.

According to Callen, the words "dying," and "deadly" appeared five times in the brief article! Why the overkill? Why is it so important that people with AIDS must be depicted as being in agony when they are not? Can one imagine a cancer patient being treated in this manner? Those taking photographs of people with AIDS would refuse to take them if the person did not have the lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma visible enough, or if the person was not considered wasted away enough! Does not this suggest a covert propaganda campaign that AIDS = Death?

DELIBERATE REFUSAL OF DRUGS IN GOVERNMENT AIDS STUDIES

The best example of this is the refusal to provide prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) of people who had AIDS. The drug sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) can prevent PCP appearing in immunocompromised individuals, but as of early 1989, more than 30,000 Americans died of AIDS-associated PCP. More importantly, in May 1987, when AIDS activists met with Dr. Anthony Fauci to beg him to issue interim guidelines to physicians for patients at high risk for PCP, he refused. Why? His reason-no data. At that time some 13,600 people had died of PCP; subsequently, another 17,000 died by February 1989. And no doubt many more have died since.

I do not have to look too hard to see the signs of a deliberate extermination policy.

CHARACTER ASSASSINATION OF PEOPLE WITH AIDS

This was done partly by ignoring such people, so that they could not be heard by the public, and partly by ridiculing them. Michael Callen relates the tale of what happened when People With AIDS (PWA) tried to set up an organization apart from the Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC): "Ultimately, GMHC succeeded in destroying the first organized incarnation of PWA self-empowerment in New York through a two-pronged strategy of alternately ignoring us and ridiculing us." He observes that GMHC failed to put a person with AIDS on its board of directors until 1987, until the disease was really widespread. Why?

COPING UP DR. KOOP

In the United States of America, there is one man designated to inform the public of the presence of infectious diseases: the Surgeon General. Working under the Secretary of Health, his job is to issue reports on epidemics, particularly new epidemics that affect the public health. In this way, no new disease can arise in the United States without the Surgeon General being aware of it and alerting the public in news conferences.

Thus the public should have been informed about AIDS in 1981 by Surgeon General C. Everett Koop, M.D., who was fearless, outspoken, and honest. Koop was originally chosen by the Reagan administration because he was opposed to abortion; much too late that administration realized that he was an honest man who would not fail to speak out on AIDS just because it was then regarded as a "gay disease."

What they did to prevent him speaking out is best told in Koop's own words:

By August 1981, I and others who were paying attention to the unusual news from the CDC (Center for Disease Control) learned that there were 108 cases of AIDS reported with 43 dead. I knew we were in big trouble. And there was nothing I could do about it. I was not yet the Surgeon General, and all through the summer and autumn of 1981 I was preoccupied by my long struggle to win confirmation. But I realized that if ever there was a disease made for a Surgeon General, it was AIDS. The Surgeon General is mandated by Congress to inform the American people about the prevention of disease and the promotion of health. If ever there was a public in need of education and straight talk about AIDS, it was the American people.

But for an astonishing five and a half years I was completely cut off from AIDS. I was told by the Assistant Secretary for Health, my immediate boss, that I would not be assigned to cover AIDS. The department took its cue from him. Even though the Centers for Disease Control commissioned the first AIDS task force as early as June 1981, I, as Surgeon General, was not allowed to speak about AIDS publicly until the second Reagan term. Whenever I spoke on a health issue at a press conference or on a network morning TV show, the government public affairs people told the media in advance that I would not answer questions on AIDS, and I was not to be asked any questions on the subject. I have never understood why these peculiar restraints were placed on me. And although I have sought to find the explanation, I still don't know the answer. (C. Everett Koop, The Memoirs of America's Family Doctor, pp 195-96)

SQUELCHING DR. LOGAN

One other person who might have stopped the spread of AIDS was also effectively dealt with. He had rediscovered hyperthermia, a technique of heating a person's blood to temperatures produced by tropical fevers such as malaria. The technique was employed early in the twentieth century to treat syphilis and cancer, but later in the century fell into disuse. Hyperthermia works by fooling the body into thinking it is faced with a deadly tropical fever, and under those circumstances it will produce substances that will combat such diseases and also effectively work on cancer cells. More recently in the 1990s, hyperthermia has been used as a treatment for Lyme disease.

In the first half of 1990 Dr. William Logan, a heart surgeon at Atlanta Hospital in Georgia, treated two AIDS patients with hyperthermia; one of them had visible improvement in his condition and proclaimed himself cured of AIDS; the other one was largely unchanged following the treatment. Dr. Logan heated the blood to 108°F for five hours in these two cases and proposed to treat fifty other patients with AIDS, using hyperthermia.

But when Dr. Logan told the Georgia AIDS Task Force in August 1990 of his plans, and indicated that two university medical centers were in negotiations to test fifty people with AIDS, he was "sat on." Investigators from the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)-a leading government AIDS research agency-blasted his ideas. They said that hyperthermia "appears to have offered no clinical, immunologic or virological benefits." They implied that the one person wasn't suffering from Kaposi's sarcoma, and that there was no reason "for further human experimentation in this area at this time."

Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of NIAID, accused Dr. Logan of raising false hopes in AIDS-infected individuals. Dr. Logan could scarcely hide his anger: "I am totally flabbergasted," he said, adding that the report would almost certainly prevent any more work in the field of hyperthermia. He added, "This is why I am so terribly upset . . . I'm going to fight this every way I can, but I don't know what we're going to do."

If Dr. Logan had been allowed to go ahead with his proposed tests, we might have a treatment for AIDS, a treatment that is simple and does not require high technology. But Dr. Logan had been squelched, firmly and completely.

The American government's lack of action concerning AIDS is incomprehensible-unless it is a deliberate policy to spread the disease. I suspect that is the case because of information that came to me quite accidentally many years ago. Here is the story:

COVERT AGENCY RESEARCH

In the summer of 1955 I was invited to spend an evening with "Raymond," a French mining engineer who had spent his entire professional life in Africa. At that time he was about 63-65 years old.

During the course of the evening's discussion, Raymond suddenly asked me if I believed in the stories of "germ warfare" in Korea during that conflict. When I asked for proof, he showed me a 1/4 inch thick, typed manuscript, part of which had been copied from the original source, and part abstracted. At the end of that manuscript was a few pages of work on the "skinny disease" from which people wasted away and died. A table of hyperthermia tests indicated that heating the blood to 110° for 4 hours would arrest the disease.

"Where did this material come from," I asked. Raymond answered that he had worked in West Africa when young, then moved to South Africa and spent at least 25 years working in a gold mine there. In 1950, after the British lost political control in South Africa, he moved to take a consulting job in Kolwezi, a copper-mining town in what is now Zaire.

Shortly after arriving there he was approached by two people. The first person, an American of German descent (very likely Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, the CIA's resident expert on toxins, poisons, and diseases) did almost all of the talking. The other fellow said very little at the time. The first person said he wanted Raymond to translate medical scientific research papers into English, using as an inducement, fees well above normal and payable in advance-highly unusual. Raymond spoke English and French perfectly and also knew German as well as other languages, including African. Although he did not like this person of German descent (this was only 5 years after WW II), Raymond agreed to do the work. All of it was done well in advance of the deadline, neatly typed. He did not see the person who assigned him his work again. New papers, brought three times a year by the second person, were so processed, paid for each time in advance. All of them were from European medical publications.

This continued for five years until early in 1955. At that time the courier made an unexpected visit. He was upset and distraught, and did not stay long. He just picked up the metal box with translated papers, put another down, and left in a hurry. When Raymond opened the metal box, he found the new medical research papers to be translated, but he also found other things too. One in particular, about two centimeters thick, contained what can best be described as a proposal for the "cold war," written or printed between February and June, 1948. The other important material was a "progress report," apparently written late in 1954.

Raymond realized that these were highly classified materials, and disliking both people associated with them, decided to copy them out. Some of it he typed out in full, and some of it he condensed. The copies he showed me contained many sections of the proposal, but the very last one contained a hypothetical scenario on what would happen if a new type of venereal disease were to be introduced into modern society. Drawing mainly on syphilis as a model, it argued that such a disease would spread preferentially among the more promiscuous sections of society, namely "left-wing" types. There was no mention of homosexuality, no doubt because of the time it was written. The study did mention, however, that in such an eventuality "there would be large numbers of innocent victims."

Right after this section was a short paper, apparently written in late 1954 or early 1955. The first paragraph contained a description of both the mental and physical symptoms of the "skinny disease," spread by con-tamined blood, from which people wasted away and died. The main feature of this progress report was some tests that had been carried out on what was clearly AIDS-infected blood. Whoever carried out these tests was thinking even in 1954 of a cancer-causing virus. It is well known that cancer cells are more susceptible to heat than normal ones.

What got my attention was a figure showing a plot of tests done; time was plotted on the horizontal axis, and temperature on the vertical one, in steps of 5° F. From this it was clear that after heating the blood to a temperature of 110° F for 4 hours, those so treated were not infectious. That is, their blood would no longer transmit this disease. Was Dr. Logan so far off track then, 35 years later, when he wanted to test hyperthermia as a treatment for AIDS? Did NAID and Dr. Anthony Fauci know that this treatment had shown promising results decades earlier when a secret government agency was working on it? In 1956 Raymond, who was very interested in witch doctors and what they could do, told me a tale about an African courtesan who cast a magic spell on her sexual partners, protecting them from ever suffering from the "skinny disease." Updated into this decade, it would appear she had Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV), which apparently immunizes against AIDS. By sleeping with each of them for a week, she transmitted it to her clients. Mirko Grmek, in his History of Aids, confirms that this disease was known in parts of Africa at that time (the 1950s).

MODERN RESEARCH

In our time, Myron Essex and his team at the Harvard School of Public Health has confirmed that prostitutes in parts of West Africa, though infected with AIDS, remain healthy, apparently because they already had SIV. Essex and his group have been studying 4,300 people living in West Africa, where a large proportion of the population is infected with the SIV virus. He has already demonstrated two things (my inference is in parentheses after each):

1. The lifespans of people in that region who are infected with the SIV virus and those who are not infected, are the same. (Hence SIV is harmless to humans.)

2. People infected with the SIV virus do not develop AIDS. (Because they are immune to it.)

Then another piece of work by Essex and his team was published recently. In this latest work, Essex has concentrated upon a group of prostitutes in the West African nation of Senegal, who are infected with the SIV virus. Now these women have multiple sexual partners each night, and as AIDS has spread to that country now, obviously some of their clients must have the early states of AIDS. But according to the article, "During the 18 months that the women have been studied . . . they have not shown even subtle signs of immune suppression, which would be detectable in individuals infected with [AIDS] itself for that long." They are immune to AIDS and presumably transmit the immunity agent-SIV virus-to their clients.

TEST THE THEORY The theory could be easily tested to see if inoculating people with SIV virus would work the same way as cowpox did for smallpox: confer immunity against it without harming people. References to the beneficial properties of cowpox in England can be traced back to the 1300s and certainly by the early 1700s every milkmaid in England knew what no doctor did, that cowpox protected against smallpox.

Here is a method of testing whether SIV virus confers immunity against AIDS;

1. Select large group of sexually active people, male and female; include both heterosexuals and homosexuals.

2. Test the blood of all the volunteers for AIDS. Reject those testing positive. Request all test subjects to have no sexual partners until told otherwise.

3. Wait six months. Again test blood of all remaining volunteers for AIDS. Again, reject any who test positive at this stage.

4. Inject all remaining volunteers with blood containing SIV virus obtained from people in West Africa. Again instruct participants to have no sexual partners until told otherwise.

5. Wait 6 months, then test blood of all volunteers to confirm that they have produced antibodies to the SIV virus.

6. Instruct all volunteers to resume normal sexual behavior, the same as they were doing before being selected.

7. Periodically monitor the blood of participants to see if there is any sign of immune system suppression.

8. Follow up with repeated tests until it becomes clear whether these people are immune to AIDS. The official position of the U.S. government indicates that nothing is going to be done for those who have AIDS. The National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, a private organization which provides scientific advice to the federal government, in February 1993 said, "Despite thousands of deaths and an aura of national health emergency, the AIDS epidemic will have little impact on the lives of most Americans or the way society functions" because AIDS is concentrated "among socially marginalized groups who have little economic, political and social power."

Now we know what it feels like to be a Jew in Nazi Germany!

REFERENCES:
Max Essex and Phyllis J. Kanki, "Origins of the AIDS Virus," Scientific American, October 1988, pp. 64-71. P.J. Kanki, M. F. McLane, N.W. King, Jr., N.

L. Levin, R.D. Hunt, P. Sehgal, M.D. Daniel, R. C. Desrosiers, and M. Essex, "Serologic Identification and Characterization of a Macaque T-Lymphotropic Retrovirus Closely Related to Human HTLV-III," Science, Vol. 228, No. 4707, June 7, 1985, pp. 1199-1201.

P.J. Kanki, J. Alroy, and M. Essex, "Isolation of T-Lymphotropic Retrovirus Related to HTLV-III/LAV from Wild-Caught African Green Monkeys," Science, Vol. 230, No. 4728, November 22, 1985, pp. 951-954.

F. Barin, S. M'Boup, F. Denis, P. Kanki, J.S. Allen, T.H. Lee, and M. Essex, "Serologic Evidence for Virus Related to Simian T-Lymphotropic Retrovirus III in Residents of West Africa," The Lancet, Vol 2 for 1985, December 21/28, 1985, pp. 1387-89.

Phyllis J. Kanki and others, "Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 4 and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in West Africa," Science, Vol. 236, No. 4803, May 15, 1987, pp. 827-831.

Richard G. Marlink and others, "Clinical, Hematologic, and Immunologic Cross-Sectional Evaluation of Individuals Exposed to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2)," in Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, Vol. 4, No. 2,
April 1988, pp. 137-148.

Original article: http://www.sonic.net/~doretk/ArchiveARCHIVE/Aids/TheMerchantsofAIDS.html

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE APPROPRIATIONS FOR 1970

HEARINGS BEFORE A SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
NINETY-FIRST CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
SUBCOMMITTEE ON DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE APPROPRIATIONS

H.B. 15090

PART 5
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, TEST, AND EVALUATION

Department of the Army
Statement of Director, Advanced Research Project Agency
Statement of Director, Defense Research and Engineering

Printed for the use of the Committee on Appropriations
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1969
UNITED STATES SENATE LIBRARY

[pg.] 129 TUESDAY, JULY 1, 1969

SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICAL AGENTS

There are two things about the biological agent field I would like to mention. One is the possibility of technological surprise. Molecular biology is a field that is advancing very rapidly and eminent biologists believe that within a period of 5 to 10 years it would be possible to produce a synthetic biological agent, an agent that does not naturally exist and for which no natural immunity could have been acquired.
MR. SIKES. Are we doing any work in that field?
DR. MACARTHUR. We are not.
MR. SIKES. Why not? Lack of money or lack of interest?
DR. MACARTHUR. Certainly not lack of interest.
MR. SIKES. Would you provide for our records information on what would be required, what the advantages of such a program would be, the time and the cost involved?
DR. MACARTHUR. We will be very happy to.
(The information follows:)

The dramatic progress being made in the field of molecular biology led us to investigate the relevance of this field of science to biological warfare. A small group of experts considered this matter and provided the following observations:

1. All biological agents up the the present time are representatives of naturally occurring disease, and are thus known by scientists throughout the world. They are easily available to qualified scientists for research, either for offensive or defensive purposes.

2. Within the next 5 to 10 years, it would probably be possible to make a new infective microorganism which could differ in certain important aspects from any known disease-causing organisms. Most important of these is that it might be refractory to the immunological and therapeutic processes upon which we depend to maintain our relative freedom from infectious disease.

3. A research program to explore the feasibility of this could be completed in approximately 5 years at a total cost of $10 million.

4. It would be very difficult to establish such a program. Molecular biology is a relatively new science. There are not many highly competent scientists in the field. Almost all are in university laboratories, and they are generally adequately supported from sources other than DOD. However, it was considered possible to initiate an adequate program through the National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council (NAS-NRC).

The matter was discussed with the NAS-NRC, and tentative plans were plans were made to initiate the program. However decreasing funds in CB, growing criticism of the CB program, and our reluctance to involve the NAS-NRC in such a controversial endeavor have led us to postpone it for the past 2 years.

It is a highly controversial issue and there are many who believe such research should not be undertaken lest it lead to yet another method of massive killing of large populations. On the other hand, without the sure scientific knowledge that such a weapon is possible, and an understanding of the ways it could be done, there is little that can be done to devise defensive measures. Should an enemy develop it, there is little doubt that this is an important area of potential military technological inferiority in which there is no adequate research program.

Funded for $10,000 000
12/8/69 (306 yes votes 330-no votes 33)