Simple isn't better when talking about science, Stanford philosopher suggests

By Barbara Wilcox The Humanities at Stanford

As part of her work, philosopher of science Helen Longino investigates assumptions made by users of behavioral research.

Studies of the origins of human sexuality and aggression are typically in the domain of the sciences, where researchers examine genetic, neurobiological, social and environmental factors.

Behavioral research findings draw intense interest from other researchers, policymakers and the general public. But Stanford's Helen E. Longino, the Clarence Irving Lewis Professor of Philosophy, says there's more to the story.

Longino, who specializes in the philosophy of science, asserts in her latest book that the limitations of behavioral research are not clearly communicated in academic or popular discourse. As a result, this lack of communication distorts the scope of current behavioral research.

In her book Studying Human Behavior: How Scientists Investigate Aggression and Sexuality, Longino examines five common scientific approaches to the study of behavior quantitative behavioral genetics, molecular behavioral genetics, developmental psychology, neurophysiology and anatomy, and social/environmental methods.

Applying the analytical tools of philosophy, Longino defines what is and is not measured by each of these approaches. She also reflects on how this research is depicted in academic and popular media.

In her analysis of citations of behavioral research, Longino found that the demands of journalism and of the culture at large favor science with a very simple storyline. Research that looks for a single "warrior gene" or a "gay gene," for example, receives more attention in both popular and scholarly media than research that takes an integrative approach across scientific approaches or disciplines.

Longino spoke with the Stanford News Service about why it is important for scientists and the public to understand the parameters of behavioral research:

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Simple isn't better when talking about science, Stanford philosopher suggests

Anti Aging 5 Steps To Looking 10 Years Younger Only 90 Minutes A Week Youth Enhancing Body Shaping – Video


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BU researchers discover that Klotho is neuroprotective against Alzheimer's disease

PUBLIC RELEASE DATE:

24-Jul-2014

Contact: Gina DiGravio gina.digravio@bmc.org 617-638-8480 Boston University Medical Center

(Boston)Boston University School of Medicine researchers may have found a way to delay or even prevent Alzheimer's disease (AD). They discovered that pre-treatment of neurons with the anti-aging protein Klotho can prevent neuron death in the presence of the toxic amyloid protein and glutamate. These findings currently appear in the Journal of Biological Chemistry.

Alzheimer's disease is the most frequent age-related dementia affecting 5.4 million Americans including 13 percent of people age 65 and older and more than 40 percent of people over the age of 85. In AD the cognitive decline and dementia result from the death of nerve cells that are involved in learning and memory. The amyloid protein and the excess of the neurotransmitter, glutamate are partially responsible for the neuronal demise.

Nerve cells were grown in petri dishes and treated with or without Klotho for four hours. Amyloid or glutamate then were added to the dish for 24 hours. In the dishes where Klotho was added, a much higher percentage of neurons survived than in the dishes without Klotho.

"Finding a neuroprotective agent that will protect nerve cells from amyloid that accumulates as a function of age in the brain is novel and of major importance," explained corresponding author Carmela R. Abraham, PhD, professor of biochemistry and pharmacology at BUSM. "We now have evidence that if more Klotho is present in the brain, it will protect the neurons from the oxidative stress induced by amyloid and glutamate.

According to the researchers, Klotho is a large protein that cannot penetrate the blood brain barrier so it can't be administered by mouth or injection. However in a separate study the researchers have identified small molecules that can enter the brain and increase the levels of Klotho. "We believe that increasing Klotho levels with such compounds would improve the outcome for Alzheimer's patients, and if started early enough would prevent further deterioration. This potential treatment has implications for other neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, Huntington's, ALS and brain trauma, as well," added Abraham.

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Funding for this study was provided by the Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation.

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BU researchers discover that Klotho is neuroprotective against Alzheimer's disease

Bodybuilder & neurosurgeon debunks five training myths

While big chunks of Americas population continue to be ravaged by obesity, causing other problems such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes, there are many millions who choose to prevent those conditions by exercising regularly.

The Centers for Disease Control recently estimated that only 20 percent of us get the recommended amount of daily exercise, says Dr. Brett Osborn, author of Get Serious, A Neurosurgeons Guide to Optimal Health and Fitness, http://www.drbrettosborn.com.

Given our diet and lifestyles, its no wonder that some of our first-world diseases have reached epidemic proportions.

Lets be clear: This is your health. There is nothing more important. If you dont have good health, you will eventually die, preventing you from doing everything else, from spending time with your loved ones to enjoying your money.

If youre going to exercise which Osborn applauds he warns that you will do more harm than good if youve bought into some of the myths and conventional wisdom that is, in fact, simply wrong.

Osborn, an avid bodybuilder, shatters some of those misconceptions:

More exercise is always better. Everyone wants more muscle and less fat, Conventional wisdom says that hours and hours of exercise will achieve those results. Thats completely wrong, Osborn says. Overkill is not only unnecessary, it can be counterproductive. Youll get the best results with a strength-training regimen, tailored to meet your needs, which can be accomplished in three to four hours per week.

More cardio is better than lifting. For all you chronic dieters and cardio enthusiasts out there trying to shed fat, the right strength-training program can boost your metabolism and help burn off more fat. By increasing lean muscle mass, you will increase your basal metabolic rate, BMR. Activated, contracting muscles are the bodys furnace. Excessive cardio and dieting can eat muscle tissue away, compromising this furnace.

Women: But I dont want to look like a man. Females who lift weights wont look like men; they do not have the hormonal support to pile on a significant amount of muscle mass. Female lifters will, however, assume a shapelier figure. In fact, 99.99 percent of men older than 30 do not have the natural hormonal support to do so either. All elite professional bodybuilders use androgenic agents, including steroids.

You need to buy product X. We live in a very money-based culture so much so that we often place the almighty dollar above health. Get out of this mindset, at least regarding exercise. What counts for building muscle includes determination, intensity, consistency and safety. If you think buying the most expensive formula, training uniform or machine is necessary for reaching your potential, youre wrong. Machines often compromise the intensity required for the body you desire.

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Bodybuilder & neurosurgeon debunks five training myths

How do you mend a broken heart – Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Seminar – Video


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Pritzker Mindfulness Program for Urban Youth at UCSF Osher Center for Integrative Medicine – Video


Pritzker Mindfulness Program for Urban Youth at UCSF Osher Center for Integrative Medicine
The Pritzker Mindfulness Program for Urban Youth is a program specially designed for urban youth using games, group discussions and a variety of teachings and practices. The class lays the...

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Pritzker Mindfulness Program for Urban Youth at UCSF Osher Center for Integrative Medicine - Video