What is Biochemistry? (with pictures) – wiseGEEK

indigomoth Post 6

@pleonasm - I think you'd be hard pressed to find much serious biological research that doesn't have elements of biochemistry in it. Biology and biochemistry go hand in hand, particularly these days when a lot of basic animal and plant research has been done and the really exciting discoveries are more to do with genetics then anything else.

Which is not to say that there isn't still a lot to find out with behavioral science, but if you study genetics and biochemistry in school you are very rarely going to be out of work, because there's so much going on in that field now.

@irontoenail - You might end up teaching biology or chemistry. Although to be honest when I think biochemistry it's more about the chemistry than the biology.

Biology is a very broad discipline, it's true, but it doesn't really make me think of elements and molecules and chemicals. I know that's a major part of biology, but I wanted to learn biology because I loved animals, plants and so forth, not really because I liked playing with chemicals.

Whereas someone who enjoys chemistry will take to biochemistry without even batting an eye, since all the techniques and so forth are the same.

I can remember being really disappointed in high school when I realized that we never even got to see a plant or an animal, it was all about oxygen reactions and so forth.

@lunastar08 - There are a lot of different career paths to follow if you take biochemistry. There's the straight path of becoming a biochemist, which generally means you'll be working for a company or university, doing research relating to whatever you chose to focus on during your degree. You could be working with bacteria or with people (or with both).

How interesting the work is and how much you get paid depend on how high you take your degree. If you have a PhD in biochemistry you could end up being in charge of a laboratory.

But, scientist is not the only possible career path. You might do something only slightly related like work in biosecurity, or the administrative side of scientific research.

Or you might end up teaching biology as well. They always seem to have a shortage of science teachers, probably because people with science degrees have so many options.

Biochemistry is great. I like it.

what careers are possible if one does biochemistry?

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What is Biochemistry? (with pictures) - wiseGEEK

Biochemistry Careers | Degree & Job Information

Education

Many biochemists discover their passion for science and begin their academic training in high school by taking advanced placement courses in biology, chemistry, calculus and physics. With an undergraduate bachelors degree, a biochemist can qualify for positions such as research assistant, inspector or technical sales representative. Therefore, a bachelors degree at minimum is required for entry-level positions.

Biochemists who go on to obtain a masters degree qualify for most positions in commercial industries, such as food inspection or product development, as well as for jobs in the private sector in marketing, sales or administration. To get accepted into a masters program, the selection committees are usually looking for students with a strong history of laboratory experience and excellent professor or supervisor recommendations.

A PhD in biochemistry or chemistry is necessary to lead or participate in serious research projects. At this level, candidates declare a sub-specialty and complete original research in order to meet the doctoral-level standards of the academy. Graduate students in a PhD program typically take five to seven years to complete their PhD. This happens under the close supervision of a senior mentor or principal investigator, along with the guidance of a committee of several other senior scientists.

Pursuing a PhD is a serious commitment that requires undivided attention in order to complete the significant workload, which includes both classes and research in the lab. Often, students also have to teach undergraduates at some point during their graduate career, which is both time-consuming and rewarding. PhD students are not allowed to hold any other job while in a PhD program. Thankfully, most programs offer financial aid for those pursuing PhDs, which helps to lessen the financial burden. This includes free tuition and a monthly stipend for living expenses. The amount varies depending on the institution.

The most important training in biochemistry focuses on laboratory skills, safety procedures and the proper use of equipment. Correct handling of samples and specimens is critical to ensure the validity of the results obtained during research. Lab training usually begins in college and carries on through the masters and PhD programs. Each institution has its own policy on how training should be conducted and what courses are required. As technology and equipment evolve, biochemists continue to train in proper techniques throughout their careers. Another aspect of their training involves reading comprehension, writing and critical thinking, which are important because a biochemist must be able to communicate research findings effectively both orally and in writing.

Colleges and universities offering biochemistry degrees may obtain curricular and degree approval from the American Chemical Society (ASC) and many employers consider this certification from the ACS a great advantage in prospective hires. There are no state or federal requirements for licensing to work as a pure biochemist, unless the job itself carries a certification requirement.

First and foremost, an aptitude for mathematics and an interest in the biological or chemical sciences are essential. Without a passion for these, maintaining a job as a biochemist is difficult. In addition, because research in biochemistry relies on computers and medical technologies, an extensive understanding of computer science and software is very helpful, but not necessary. Often these are skills that are attained during the job training. Advanced level researchers must know how to design plausible experiments, which may include designing and building the necessary technical tools and equipment. Attention to detail, the ability to work with a team and good communication skills are also important qualities for a biochemist.

Biochemistry careers offer many possibilities basic or applied research, hands-on lab work, teaching or administration in public or private sector industries. There are jobs available for all levels of academic training, and the demand for biochemists continues to grow. Many college graduates begin their careers as lab technicians or assistant researchers to master key skills and gain experience so they can pursue a post-graduate degree. It generally takes a doctorate to lead a research team or to direct a laboratory for private or governmental agencies.

Most biochemists employed by academic institutions are instructors or researchers. In this setting, advancement follows the administrative or management pathways of the institution. If successful, there is opportunity to become a self-employed consultant. Advancement in the private sector largely depends upon successful publication in journals as well as becoming established as an expert in a sub-specialty.

If you would like to gain the necessary education to become a biochemist, we highly recommend that you check out our free School Finder Tool located HERE.

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Biochemistry Careers | Degree & Job Information

Biochemistry | Chemistry

Despite previous setbacks, Rebecca Plimpton lands publication in major science journal.

Dr. Simmons steps down after 17 years as the director of the center. Dr. Steven L. Castle, also from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, will be the center's new associate director.

Komal Kedia, who represented the College of Physical and Mathematica Sciences in BYU's 2014 3MT competition, was recently featured on BYU Radio for her work with Dr. Graves.

Scientists working in Professor Josh Andersen's cancer research lab have made significant discoveries which may lower the amount of chemotherapy needed to treat cancer.

Biochemistry is the chemistry of living systems, or the study of what living systems are composed of and how they function at the molecular level. As a discipline, Biochemistry lies at the nexus of Chemistry and Biology, and seeks to understand the physicochemical basis for the traits of life, including metabolism, heredity, and all aspects of physiology and pathophysiology. The science of Biochemistry broadly includes molecular biology, as well as bioorganic, bioinorganic, and biophysical chemistry; and it relates to all biomedical fields including immunology, neurobiology, cancer biology, pharmacology, and developmental biology.

For more information about research in the Andersen Lab and living in Provo, click here: The Andersen Lab, Living in Provo. The health of an organism is linked to the tightly regulated balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Any aberrant tilt in this balance can lead to some of the most devastating human diseases. For example, excessive proliferation unbalanced ...

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Additional research areas: HIV/AIDS, Immunology and Molecular Biology A major concern in the treatment of HIV-infected subjects is the establishment of "reservoirs" or sites where HIV escapes intervention by drugs or the immune system. These sanctuary sites store infectious virus that serves to perpetuate infection. The primary cellular reservoirs in humans consist of latently infected CD4 T lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, and ...

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Dr. Christensens lab works in the fields of biochemistry and bioanalytical chemistry. His lab develops methods that apply optical spectroscopy, time-lapse microscopy, and other current analytical and biophysical techniques to questions in biochemistry, biophysics, cell and microbiology. A current area of research in my lab grew out of our discovery several years ago that the anthrax toxin receptors capillary morphogenesis ...

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For more information about research in the Graves Lab, click here. Serum proteomics to identify biomarkers of human disease. Over the past few years, I (in conjunction with collaborators at the University of Utah Medical School) have explored quantitative differences in serum proteins, peptides, and lipids in pregnant women who went on to experience a preterm birth in their pregnancy ...

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My research explores mechanisms used by living cells to control the synthesis and degradation of protein. Specifically, we use mass spectrometry and stable isotopes to label newly synthesized molecules with a time dependent tag. This allows us to measure both in vivo concentrations, and replacement rate. With a mass spectrometer, the time-dependent stable isotope enrichment can be measured in any ...

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My laboratory's research focuses on signal transduction in the cancer cell. In particular, we are interested in a group of genes we have cloned that are activated during cell division. Our research determined that one of these genes encodes a previously undescribed cyclooxygenase, a critical enzyme involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxane. These fatty-acid derived molecules are hormone-like ...

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BIOINORGANIC CHEMISTRY Biological systems require trace amounts of metal ions to sustain life. Metal ions are required at the active sites of many enzymes and are essential to catalyze some of the most energetically demanding reactions in biology. Unfortunately, these highly reactive metal ions also catalyze deleterious reactions for biological systems if the metal ion is permitted to be free ...

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Mechanisms of Assembly of Signaling Complexes Most cellular functions are performed by proteins associated together into complexes. In fact, many proteins cannot even exist in the cell without their binding partners. These protein complexes often require the help of other proteins, called chaperones, to bring the complexes together. This is certainly the case for protein complexes involved in cell signaling ...

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Biochemistry | Chemistry

Anti-Aging Medicine

A broad definition of 'anti-aging' is any intervention intended to preserve and extend one's lifespan. All time honored health promoting behaviors such as good hygiene and various safety measures are 'anti-aging'

in that they prevent premature death from disease or accident. Diet, exercise and stress reduction are 'anti-aging' by virtue of their ability to increase well being and lifespan.

Current research on anti-oxidant supplementation and hormone replacement therapy is gathering evidence of 'anti-aging' activity through their ability to prevent and reverse cellular degeneration associated with aging.

To date the most potent weapons against aging are a group of hormones that naturally diminish with age and when replaced at youthful levels cause a powerful rejuvenating effect on all the cells of the body. These powerful tools are available through any licensed physician however proficiency in this subject requires special training. Thus a new medical specialty was formed called Anti-Aging Medicine.

Educational conferences are held twice yearly at the American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine (A4M) conventions and certifying examinations for physicians is now conducted by the American Board of Anti-Aging Medicine.

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Anti-Aging Medicine

Integrative Medicine Denver, CO – Progressive Health Center

The Progressive Health Center is a unique resource dedicated to helping individuals improve their quality of life through complementary and alternative medicine that are integrates well with conventional medical treatments. Our experienced practitioners specialize in a wide range of therapies that include nutrition, stress management, acupuncture, massage therapy and more. These high-quality services are integrated into personalized treatment plans that are designed to heal and strengthen the mind, body, spirit and emotions of each individual, while enhancing the continuum of care available to achieve specific health and wellness goals.

Allison Archard, MD

What is CAM?

Complementary and Alternative Medicine

The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) defines CAM as:a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not generally considered part of conventional medicine(National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine website.http://nccam.hih.gov)

What is Complementary Medicine?

consists of therapies that are used to complement/enhance conventional medicine

What is Alternative Medicine?

consists of therapies that are used in place of conventional medicine

What is Integrative Medicine?

Integrative Medicine = CAM + conventional medicineHealing-oriented medicine that takes account of the whole person (body, mind, and spirit), including all aspects of lifestyle. It emphasizes the therapeutic relationship and makes use of all appropriate therapies, both conventional and alternative.

(Rakel, D. Integrative Medicine. Philadelphia: Suanders Elsevier, 2007)

Importance of weighing risks and benefits

What Integrative Medicine is NOT:

Alternative Medicine

NEVER encourages patients to abandon their conventional therapy

may use alternative therapies, but not without conventional medicine

A cure

Integrative medicine emphasizes difference between healing and cure

Healing can take place in absence of cure

Why is Integrative Medicine important?

approximately 38% of U.S. adults aged 18 years and over and approximately 12% of children use some for of CAM. (2007 Statistics on CAM use in the United States.http://nccam.nih.gov/news/camstats/2007)

Isnt Integrating CAM going to cost more money?

The Bravewell Collaborative report:The Efficacy and Cost-Effectiveness of Integrative MedicineInteresting facts in the report: comprehensive lifestyle change program: 80% of participants able to safely avoid heart surgery or angioplasty, saving almost $30,000 per patient in the first year. in 2005, corporations involved in a health and wellness program for employees experienced an average 26% reduction in health care costs.(The Efficacy and Cost-Effectiveness of Integrative Medicine: A Review of the Medical and Corporate Literature. Bravewell Collaborative website.)http://bravewell.org/content/IM_E_CE_Final.pdf)

If you are new to the Center, we invite you to schedule an appointment for an initial 30-minute consultation with one of our practitioners at the Center. The consultation is $30. The purpose of this meeting is to acquire your medical history information as well as to conduct an initial assessment of your specific mental, emotional, physical and spiritual needs. The practitioner will also provide you with information about the Center, our range of customized services and programs and available payment options, which include cash, check, Visa, Master Card, and Health Savings Account (HSA). Follow-up sessions can be scheduled to discuss specific treatment recommendations. Our practitioners are also available to confer with patient physicians on your behalf.

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Integrative Medicine Denver, CO - Progressive Health Center

Shift | Integrative Medicine

Shift recognizes that pain and injury are often hidden opportunities for personal transformation. So we offer you an integrative approach, one that acknowledges not only the physical but also the spiritual, emotional and energetic components of your health. Together we treat the whole you.

Moshe Feldenkrais stated: People have never thought about how consciousness develops. Youll see in the long run people have to become skeleton-conscious. Otherwise, their consciousness will not evolve but will remain muscle-conscious, or foot-conscious, thats all. They will not evolve. The future of the evolvement of consciousness will be to reduce it from the muscle

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When it comes to improving our yoga practice there is nothing more important than actually practicing. Head stands, hand stands and deeper poses (all while maintaining a calm mind and steady breath!) require courage, patience and focus. It does not come easily and does not come quickly. It requires dedication and perseverance. It requires muscles

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When faced with a diagnosis such as endometriosis or chronic prostatitis, a majority of men and women are unaware that treatment options exist outside of medication and surgery. Unfortunately, many healthcare providers are also unaware that conservative treatments, such as physical therapy, can reverse the pain associated with these health conditions. As physical therapists who

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And the one important thing she is focused on. Hopefully, youve had a great massage experience at some point in your life, and are planning on going again soon. But this list is for those of you who are afraid to get a massage at all, or who have been too self-conscious to enjoy one.

Read more

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Shift | Integrative Medicine

UC Davis Integrative Medicine – Official Blog

Welcome to UC Davis Integrative Medicine. Our blog is jam-packed with information on everything from nutrition and plant-based diets to exercise and stress management so that you can live a healthier, happierlife

By Rosane Oliveira on March 31, 2016March 31, 2016

Its been quite a celebration around here lately with UCDIMs 5-year anniversary.

Ive spent a lot of time thinking about the past, reflecting on how far we have come.

So before we embark on the future and our next five years, (more)

By Rosane Oliveira on March 29, 2016March 31, 2016

We are here at the fourth and final installment of the One Health Series.

From describing the One Health movement to discussing why what we eat really mattersto talking about cows, I would now love to complete our series by telling you a story. (more)

By Rosane Oliveira on March 27, 2016March 28, 2016

The journey of a thousand milesstarts with a single step. ~ Lao Tzu

It all started exactly 5 years ago.

That was when we took the first step of our journey here (more)

By Rosane Oliveira on March 20, 2016March 17, 2016

H20.

More commonly known as water. (more)

By Rosane Oliveira on March 15, 2016March 25, 2016

For our third installment in this months One Health series, we are going to broach the subject of how humans (as omnivores) differ from other animals on this planet who are true herbivores. I feel it is very important to set the record straight on this topic. (more)

By Rosane Oliveira on March 13, 2016March 14, 2016

My new motto is 3.14159265358.

Let me explain.

That number is the number Pi. (more)

By Rosane Oliveira on March 10, 2016March 9, 2016

The doctor of the future will give no medicine, but will interest his patient in the care of the human frame, in diet and in the cause and prevention of disease. ~Thomas A. Edison

The One Health initiative is a global conversation tackling (more)

By Rosane Oliveira on March 6, 2016March 5, 2016

Were not going to lie sticking to a plant-based diet can be tough at the beginning.

Between coming up with creative recipes and simply knowing whats healthful and whats not, it can be a challenge. (more)

By Rosane Oliveira on March 1, 2016March 2, 2016

Between animal and human medicine there are no dividing linesnor should there be. The object is different but the experience obtained constitutes the basis of all medicine.~ Rudolf Virchow, MD

The world is getting smaller. (more)

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UC Davis Integrative Medicine - Official Blog

integrative medicine – The Skeptic’s Dictionary – Skepdic.com

Experts in the psychology of human error have long been aware that even highly trained experts are easily misled when they rely on personal experience and informal decision rules to infer the causes of complex events. --Barry Beyerstein

According to [Andrew] Weil, many of his basic insights about the causes of disease and the nature of healing come from what he calls "stoned thinking," that is, thoughts experienced while under the influence of psychedelic agents or during other states of "altered consciousness" induced by trances, ritual magic, hypnosis, meditation, and the like. --Arnold S. Relman, M.D.

They have so many healers there [Nevada City/Grass Valley] it makes you sick. -- U. Utah Phillips

If you mix cow pie with apple pie, it does not make the cow pie taste better; it makes the apple pie worse. --Mark Crislip

Integrative medicine is a synonym for "alternative" medicine that, at its worst, integrates sense with nonsense. At its best, integrative medicine supports both consensus treatments of science-based medicine and treatments that the science, while promising perhaps, does not justify. It mixes the scientific with the metaphysical ("spirit-mind-body connection" is a favorite expression) and the scientifically untested, discredited, or questionable. Defenders of integrative medicine have an exceptionally high opinion of things "natural" and "organic."

The expression is a marketing term popularized by Andrew Weil, M.D. Integrative medicine is not a medical "specialty," nor is it special or superior to plain old science-based medicine. As David Gorski, M.D., says, "integrative medicine" is a brand, not a specialty.note Weil's branding and marketing strategy has paid off. The University of Arizona has given him his own Institute of Integrative Medicine to direct.

Weil graduated from Harvard Medical School but did not complete a residency nor, as far as I can ascertain, ever take the medical boards in any state.

After a one-year internship at Mount Zion Hospital in San Francisco in 1968-69, he began what was supposed to have been a two-year tour of duty at the National Institute of Mental Health. He resigned after a year. He says it was because of official opposition to his work with marijuana. He then left the world of allopathic medicine entirely, to go off to an Indian reservation in South Dakota to study with a Sioux medicine man and learn about herbal medicine and ritual healing. "On the reservation," he says, "I participated in sweat lodge ceremonies, grew a beard, and `dropped out.'" At home afterward, "I started to practice yoga, experiment with vegetarianism, and learn to meditate." (Relman 1998)

Apparently, he continued his herbal research during an extensive stay in South America.

After medical school, he decided, he would forgo the young doctor's traditional apprenticeship as a hospital intern and resident and instead devote his time to traveling through the forests and villages of South America, studying not the great engine of Western medicine but the gentle power of the curative herb. Weil spent more than three years in the field in Peru, Ecuador, Colombia and elsewhere, and when he returned to the U.S. in the mid-1970s, he decided that he would make his living teaching, writing and otherwise spreading the alternative-medicine word. (Kluger 1997)

Today, Weil mixes scientific medicine with Ayurvedic and other forms of quackery and calls this practice "integrative medicine." One of his main tenets is: "It is better to use natural, inexpensive, low-tech and less invasive interventions whenever possible." However, there is no scientific evidence for the claim that natural interventions are always superior to artificial ones. Millions of people use herbs and natural products for a variety of conditions, such as calcium, echinacea, ginseng, ginkgo biloba, glucosamine, saw palmetto, shark cartilage, and St. John's wort. All of these, when tested scientifically, have failed to support the traditional wisdom regarding their healing powers. Pharmaceuticals and other treatments are much superior to most herbal remedies. If a plant has been shown to be effective as a healing agent, the active ingredient has been extracted and tested scientifically and is part of scientific medicine. Otherwise, any beneficial effect following use of the herb or plant is probably best explained as due to the placebo effect, natural regression, the body's own natural healing processes, or to some other non-herbal factor.

Why so many peopleincluding many highly educated and medically trained peoplebelieve in the efficacy of quack remedies is a complex issue. As Barry Beyerstein has pointed out in his most thorough analysis of this phenomenon, there are a "number of social, psychological, and cognitive factors that can convince honest, intelligent, and well-educated people that scientifically-discredited [or untested] treatments have merit" (Beyerstein 1999). The typical believer in untested or discredited medical treatments accepts uncritically the apparently clear messages of personal experience that such treatments are effective. To the uncritical thinker, many worthless or harmful treatments seem to "work" (the pragmatic fallacy). Such people are either unaware of or intentionally ignore the many perceptual and cognitive biases that deceive us into thinking there are causal relationships between quack treatments and feeling better or recovering from some illness or disease. They uncritically place "more faith in personal experience and intuition than on controlled, statistical studies" (Beyerstein 1999).

Furthermore, the mass media is rarely critical of "alternative" healing and often presents non-scientific medicine in a very positive light. And critics of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) are often stereotyped as lackeys for the AMA or the pharmaceutical firms. For example, when a recent double-blind study of 225 men with enlarged prostates [benign prostate hyperplasia or BPH] found no statistically significant difference between those who took saw palmetto and those who took a placebo twice a day for one year, a user of saw palmetto wrote a letter to the editor of the Sacramento Bee in which he claimed that the study was

an attempt by the pharmaceutical industry to promote manufactured drugs that help the prostrate.

I have had a long experience using saw palmetto in various formulations. It works and it has prevented me from having surgery in my 50s. I am now in my mid-60s. I was desperate at the time. Saw palmetto is a blessing.

The Bee should investigate how the pharmaceutical industry manipulates public thought and perception. It's a much more interesting concept. (Letters to the editor, Sacramento Bee, Feb. 25, 2006).

Rather than accept the results of a scientific study, the letter writerlike many purveyors and proponents of quack treatmentstrusts his interpretation of his personal experience, even though it is contradicted by a double-blind scientific experiment.* He also brings up a common claim among believers in quack remedies: the pharmaceutical industry has rigged the game so they can sell more drugs. The letter writer believes that the pharmaceutical industry has somehow manipulated the seven scientists who did this study, as well as the New England Journal of Medicine, which published their research.

The letter writer is probably not the least bit interested in the fact that the National Institutes of Health, which spends millions of dollars each year trying to validate quack treatments, has funded a major new study of saw palmetto and another commonly-used herbal treatment for BPH.* The new study will involve several hundred patients at 11 centers nationwide. Such information is probably of no interest to this letter writer, since he already knows that "saw palmetto is a blessing." Of course, if the results of the new study support the claim that saw palmetto is an effective treatment for BPH, he may view the study with a more positive eye, as it will confirm his bias. In any case, the fact that someone has not had prostate problems since he started taking some herb is not very strong evidence that the herb has had anything to do with it. His prostate problemswhatever they may have beenmay have subsided had he done nothing. It is possible that he stopped drinking caffeinated beverages at the same time he started taking the herb and that the entire positive effect he feels is due to not ingesting caffeine. Perhaps he began ejaculating several times a week after his problem emerged.* A scientific study can control for various factors that might be causing an outcome and isolate the most likely significant factor. Intuition is unable to do this.

Many believers in integrative medicine are led to their uncritical evaluation of personal experience because of their deep commitment to metaphysical notions such as subtle energy or spiritual forces. They do not accept that the biological world is governed by mechanistic processes determined by laws of nature. Scientific or evidence-based medicine is rooted in a set of beliefs about reality that seem to contradict their beliefs in non-physical entities and forces that are at the core of their perception of reality. They don't necessarily reject science altogether, but they are as likely to put their faith in prayer, intuition, meditation, or visions induced by drugs, as they are in randomized, double-blind, controlled studies.

Scientific medicine is not infallible, of course. And we should not draw strong conclusions from a single study. That goes for both skeptics and believers. The results of a scientific study should usually be taken to hold tentatively, until significant replication or other strong supportive evidence leads to a consensus. Even then, the door should never be closed to further investigation, should new data arise that warrants it. The tendency of most of us, however, is to be uncritical and accepting of a study if it seems to support our beliefs. A skeptic might hail the Bent et al. study that found no significant benefit of saw palmetto, while a believer might reject the study because of a perceived fault. One need not speculate about drug company conspiracies to find a reason to reject a scientific study. No study is perfect. It is not difficult to find fault with nearly every scientific study ever done: the study did not go on long enough, the dosage was too small or too large or was given too frequently or not frequently enough, the placebo wasn't masked well enough, the sample was too small, the randomization process wasn't perfect, and so on.

Furthermore, each human being is a unique and extremely complex biological organism. The same chemicals may affect different people in significantly different ways. They may even affect the same person differently at different times. It is not uncommon for a well-designed double-blind study to contradict earlier studies (as was the case with the Bent et al. study). It should not be a shock to anyone if the next saw palmetto study finds that it significantly improves BPH, but if it does that should not be the end of such studies. Eventually, a consensus should be reached about the effectiveness of this smelly herb to heal the prostate. But even when that consensus is reached, there will still be a few contrarians who will continue to prescribe and sell saw palmetto to patients concerned about prostate problems. Some of these will base their contrary belief on their intuitions but others will say that further studies need to be done because, after all, there have been some studies that have indicated it is effective and there are still many men who swear by it. It is always possible that the next study will prove beyond a reasonable doubt that it is effective. And if it doesn't? Well, there is always the next study and the one after that.

Randomized double-blind studies are not perfect, but they are much more reliable than anecdotes and personal experience because they allow us the opportunity to control our observations in such a way as to minimize the effect of the many perceptual and cognitive biases that affect us all and are great sources of error. We are prone to wishful thinking, "a willingness to endorse comforting beliefs and to accept, uncritically, information that reinforces our core attitudes and self-esteem" (Beyerstein 1999). We often see patterns that aren't really there and find significance in coincidental occurrences.

The pioneers of the scientific revolution were aware of the large potential for error when informal reasoning joins forces with our penchant for jumping to congenial conclusions. By systematizing observations, studying large groups rather than a few isolated individuals, instituting control groups, and trying to eliminate confounding variables, these innovative thinkers hoped to reduce the impact of the frailties of reasoning that lead to false beliefs about how the world works. None of these safeguards exists when we base our decisions merely on a few satisfied customers personal anecdotesunfortunately, these stories are the alternative practitioners stock in trade. Psychologists interested in judgmental biases have repeatedly demonstrated that human inference is especially vulnerable in complex situations, such as that of evaluating therapeutic outcomes, which contain a mix of interacting variables and a number of strong social pressures. Add a pecuniary interest in a particular outcome, and the scope for self-delusion is immense. (Beyerstein 1999).

The appeal of Weil's integrative medicine is that he mixes sound scientific knowledge and advice with illogical hearsay. For example, on his Men's Health Internet page, he provides scientific information regarding men with prostate problems. He offers common sense advice such as don't ingest caffeine and alcohol if you are having trouble with frequent urination, since these substances will increase the need to urinate. But he also advises men to eat more soy because: "Asian men have a lower risk of BPH and some researchers believe it is related to their intake of soy foods." As Sally Fallon and Mary G. Enig note, however: "the same logic requires us to blame high rates of cancers of the esophagus, stomach, thyroid, pancreas and liver in Asian countries on consumption of soy" (Soy Alert! 2001). Weil also states that saw palmetto "may help" BPH because: "There is clinical evidence that saw palmetto can help shrink the size of the prostate, and it may help promote healthy prostate function." Now we know there is clinical evidence that saw palmetto doesn't help shrink the size of the prostrate.

On the positive side, Weil notifies the reader: "You should inform your health care practitioner you are using this product." Your physician needs to know what supplements you are taking because what he or she prescribes to you may interact adversely with the herbs you are taking.

For those who want to study alternatives to scientific medicine, the University of Arizona seems like the hot spot. It not only supports the work of Gary Schwartz and the Center for Frontier Medicine in Biofield Science, Andrew Weil heads its integrative medicine program. Why would a major university risk its reputation by supporting such programs? Because these programs are very popular with the masses, the media, many medical schools and physicians, and politicians. Furthermore, there is significant grant money available to such programs through agencies like the NIH and the university gets a significant cut of whatever money the grantees take in. Someday we may look back at this period in our history and see the "alternative" science movement as a well-engineered social movement that created a very popular mass delusion on par with the tulip mania of 17th century Holland.

__________

Note: Although "integrative medicine is not recognized as a speciality by the American Board of Medical Specialities. The ABMS is, as one disgruntled practitioner of integrative medicine put it, "a guild." Membership requires approval by every subspecialty member and there are more than 100 subspecialties. Integrative medicine isn't one of them. Other certifiying boards are more like clubs. You meet some minimum requirement and you pays your dues and you're in. Weil has cleverly formed his own American Board of Integrative Medicine, which has been accepted as a member of the American Board of Physician Specialties (ABPS). The ABPS is more like a club than a guild. Physicians certified by ABPS and licensed by theMedical Board of Californiaare prohibited from using the term "board certified" unless they are also certified by theAmerican Board of Medical Specialties.* From 2000 until 2014, the American Board of Integrative and Holistic Medicine provided the only board certification exam in integrative medicine. As of May 2014, the American Board of Integrative Medicine will replace the ABIHM for board certification in integrative medicine. So, Weil will be soon able to create board certified practitioners of integrative medicine, but they will not be allowed call themselves "board certified" in California. I don't know about other states.

See also alternative medicine, complementary medicine, energy, frontier medicine, hidden persuaders, integrative oncology, holistic medicine, NCCAM, and supplements.

* Ray Hyman provides an example of a chiropractor who agreed to a double-blind controlled test of applied kinesiology (AK). After AK had failed the test, the chiropractor said: "You see, that is why we never do double-blind testing anymore. It never works!"

further listening

further reading

I have written several articles and short pieces about alternative-health related topics. The following is a list of those I think are most relevant to the article above.

Evaluating Personal Experience

Energy Healing: Looking in All the Wrong Places

Evaluating Acupuncture Studies: Laughable vs. Dangerous Delusions

The trouble with acupuncture, homeopathy, etc.

Sticking Needles into Acupuncture Studies

How safe are alternative therapies?

Oprah and Oz spreading superstition at the speed of night

Ancient Wisdom

Prescribing Placebos

Mesmerized by hypnotherapy

Statistics and Medical Studies

Review of R. Barker Bausell's Snake Oil Science: The Truth about Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Bunk 7 - Needles and Nerves

Acupuncture shown NOT to ease back and neck pain after surgery

cosmetic acupuncture

books and articles

Barrett, Stephen and William T. Jarvis. eds. The Health Robbers: A Close Look at Quackery in America, (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1993).

Bausell, R. Barker. (2007). Snake Oil Science: The Truth about Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Oxford University Press.

Gardner, Martin. Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science (New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1957), ch. 16.

Hall, Harriet. (2006). "Andrew Weil: Harvard Hatched a Gullible Guru." Skeptical Inquirer. Volume 30, No. 1. This is a review of Weil's Natural Health, Natural Medicine.

Mackay, Charles. Extraordinary Popular Delusions & the Madness of Crowds (Crown Publishing, 1995).

Park, Robert L. Voodoo Science: The Road from Foolishness to Fraud (Oxford U. Press, 2000).

Randi, James. The Faith Healers (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1989).

Raso, Jack. "Alternative" Healthcare: A Comprehensive Guide (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1994).

Raso, Jack. "Mystical Medical Alternativism," Skeptical Inquirer, Sept/Oct 1995.

Sampson, Wallace and Lewis Vaughn, editors. Science Meets Alternative Medicine: What the Evidence Says About Unconventional Treatments (Prometheus Books, 2000).

Shapiro, Rose. 2008. Suckers: How Alternative Medicine Makes Fools of Us All. Random House.

Singh, Simon and Edzard Ernst. 2008. Trick or Treatment: The Undeniable Facts about Alternative Medicine. W. W. Norton.

Stenger, Victor J. "Quantum Quackery," Skeptical Inquirer. January/February 1997.

news

The believers: Alternative therapies are increasingly mainstream. That means headaches for scientistsand no cure in sight "The $1.5 billion that taxpayers have devoted to NCCAM has brought meagre returns....In a paper in the New England Journal of Medicine last July [Ted Kaptchuk] described an experiment with asthma inhalers. The real ones improved patients lung function by 20%, compared with 7% for the alternatives: a dummy inhaler or acupuncture. But patients judged the effectiveness of the three therapies to be about the same." Not accounting for the difference in real vs. perceived benefits of treatment may explain why placebo medicine hasn't gone extinct.

Why Medical Schools Should Not Teach Integrative Medicine "Pseudoscience is insinuating itself into our medical schools across the nation, going by the name Integrative Medicine. Integrative medicine is just the latest buzzword for a collection of superstitions, myths, and pseudoscience that has gone by various names over the years. First it was Holistic medicine, and once that fell out of favor, it became Alternative medicine, followed soon after by Complementary and Alternative medicine (CAM), and lately Integrative medicine. These names cant disguise the fact that many of the practices lumped together are bad medicine. What disturbs me particularly, as a professor, is that CAM is moving into the medical curriculum at respectable medical schools, including the University of Maryland."

UCSF Osher Center for Integrative Medicine Celebrates New Building The $37 million project was made possible through gifts from Bernard and Barbro Osher.... Our hope, noted the Oshers, is that the activities undertaken in this structure, enhanced by the Takahashi meditation garden, will promote good health and wellness, respect for the healing traditions of many cultures and individual progress toward more balanced and meaningful lives.

"The new Osher building underscores UCSFs commitment to increasing access to integrative medicine and making it a larger part of the treatment relationship between medical caregivers and patients."

And that's a good thing? Orac doesn't think so.

websites

Integrative medicine and the point of credulity by John C McLachlan

In the spirit of Alan Sokal, McLachlan, a professor of medical education, responded to a mass circulated email invitation to submit a paper to something called The Jerusalem Conference on Integrative Medicine. Dr. McLachlan received the following response from the conference organizers:

We are happy to inform you that the Scientific Committee has reached its (sic) decision and that your paper has been accepted and you will be able to present your lecture. The time frame will be 15-20 minutes. Considering the tight schedule, I will appreciate if youll confirm your participation in the convention.

What was his proposal? It was a joke and should have been recognized as a joke by serious medical people. McLachlan's concern that "integrative medicine" is being used to smuggle alternative practices into rational medicine by way of lowered standards of critical thinking seems to have been justified. Here's his proposal:

...I have discovered a new version of reflexology, which identifies a homunculus represented in the human body, over the area of the buttocks. The homunculus is inverted, such that the head is represented in the inferior position, the left buttock corresponds to the right hand side of the body, and the lateral aspect is represented medially. As with reflexology, the map responds to needling, as in acupuncture, and to gentle suction, such as cupping. In my studies, responses are stronger and of more therapeutic value than those of auricular or conventional reflexology. In some cases, the map can be used for diagnostic purposes.

The Academic Woo Aggregator (a list of all the academic medical centers with woo programs)- Orac

A new use for magic mushrooms

Social and judgmental biases that make inert treatments seem to work by Barry L. Beyerstein (1999)

The Belief Engine by Jim Alcock (1995)

A Trip to Stonesville: Some Notes on Andrew Weil by Arnold S. Relman, M.D. (1998)

Why the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Should Be Defunded by Wallace I. Sampson, M.D.

Mr. Natural by Jeffrey Kluger Time Magazine May 12, 1997

QuackWatch with Dr. Stephen Barrett

Fraud & Quackery: Internet Resources: Alternative Medicine

Alternatives to Medicine Topical Index Skeptic's Dictionary

The Museum of Quackery

The Medical Messiahs: A Social History of Health Quackery in Twentieth-Century America Chapter 18: Anti-Quackery, Inc. James Harvey Young, PhD

blogs

new Old wine in a new skin: The Society for Integrative Oncology promotes integrating pseudoscience into oncology by Orac "Any medical society that allows naturopaths to be members and touts integrating their expertise into medicine has automatically lost any claim to scientific legitimacy, given that naturopathy consists of a veritable cornucopia ofpretty much every quackery known to humankind, including homeopathy (which isrequired study for naturopathy students and the knowledge of which is tested in the NPLEX, the naturopathic certification examination)....Proponents of integrative oncology are no doubt well-meaning practitioners who think theyre doing good. They even go out of their way to condemn quackery, as though to demonstrate that what they embrace is not quackery. However, as they try to distance themselves from obvious cancer quackery, as Barrie Cassileth, who heads up the integrative medicine service at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center,did not too long ago, they seem oblivious to the fact that much of what they accept as potentially part of integrative oncology, such as traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture, reiki, naturopathy, and the like, is based on the very same pseudoscience and magical thinking that the quackery they condemn."

See also: Integrative oncology: Trojan horse, quackademic medicine, or both? by David Gorski, M.D. "Cancer patients, as I say frequently, are among the most vulnerable of patients. Many of them are facing a very unpleasant death without treatment; seeing that they receive the most effective medicines and treatments we have, free of quackery, is a moral imperative, and I fear that we will soon be failing our patients. We now even have aSociety of Integrative Oncologypromoting the integration of pseudoscience into oncology." Also by Dr. Gorski: Integrative oncology: The Trojan horse that is quackademic medicine infiltrates ASCO.

Even my alma mater, UCSD, has jumped on this bandwagon. San Diego has its own Center for Integrative Medicine. A 2013 symposium list of topics indicates what they are up to: "Topics include: optimal nutrition, physical activity, massage, manual therapies, acupuncture, herbs, biofeedback, meditation, guided imagery, integrative psychiatry, biofield therapies, expressive arts, yoga, and tai chi." Yes, a true mixture of apple pie and cow pie.[/new]

Integrative Medicine Invades the U.S. Military: Part One by Jann Bellamy, July 25, 2013 "If integrative medical practitioners and their proponents were simply directing their time, energy and resources toward facilitating a better model for delivering health care I suppose no one would have any problem. But they arent. They are claiming rights to an entirely new specialty in medicine. Proponents do this by advancing two dubious arguments. First, integrative medicine alone can deliver on this whole person model of care. Second, inclusion of alternative medicine is essential to good patient care."

Integrative Medicine: Patient-Centered Care is the new Medical Paternalism by Kimball Atwood "...the two most consistent IM pitches in recent yearsseen repeatedly in statements found in links from this postare that IM is 'preventive medicine' and that it involves 'patient-centered care.' I demolished the 'preventive' claim a couple of years ago, as did Drs. Lipson, Gorski, and probably others. Today Ill explain why the 'patient-centered care' claim is worse than fatuous."

Read more here:
integrative medicine - The Skeptic's Dictionary - Skepdic.com

Elsevier Current Opinion – Current Opinion in Biotechnology

IMPACT FACTOR: 7.117 5-Year Impact Factor: 7.983 Issues per year: 6 issues Editorial Board

The Current Opinion journals were developed out of the recognition that it is increasingly difficult for specialists to keep up to date with the expanding volume of information published in their subject. In Current Opinion in Biotechnology, we help the reader by providing in a systematic manner: 1. The views of experts on current advances in biotechnology in a clear and readable form. 2. Evaluations of the most interesting papers, annotated by experts, from the great wealth of original publications.

Division of the subject into sections The subject of biotechnology is divided into themed sections, each of which is reviewed once a year. The amount of space devoted to each section is related to its importance.

Analytical biotechnology Plant biotechnology Food biotechnology Energy biotechnology Environmental biotechnology Systems biology Nanobiotechnology Tissue, cell and pathway engineering Chemical biotechnology Pharmaceutical biotechnology

Selection of topics to be reviewed Section Editors, who are major authorities in the field, are appointed by the Editors of the journal. They divide their section into a number of topics, ensuring that the field is comprehensively covered and that all issues of current importance are emphasised. Section Editors commission reviews from authorities on each topic that they have selected.

Reviews Authors write short review articles in which they present recent developments in their subject, emphasising the aspects that, in their opinion, are most important. In addition, they provide short annotations to the papers that they consider to be most interesting from all those published in their topic over the previous year.

Editorial Overview Section Editors write a short overview at the beginning of the section to introduce the reviews and to draw the reader's attention to any particularly interesting developments. This successful format has made Current Opinion in Biotechnology one of the most highly regarded and highly cited review journals in the field (Impact factor = 8.035).

Ethics in Publishing: General Statement

The Editor(s) and Publisher of this Journal believe that there are fundamental principles underlying scholarly or professional publishing. While this may not amount to a formal 'code of conduct', these fundamental principles with respect to the authors' paper are that the paper should: i) be the authors' own original work, which has not been previously published elsewhere, ii) reflect the authors' own research and analysis and do so in a truthful and complete manner, iii) properly credit the meaningful contributions of co-authors and co-researchers, iv) not be submitted to more than one journal for consideration, and v) be appropriately placed in the context of prior and existing research. Of equal importance are ethical guidelines dealing with research methods and research funding, including issues dealing with informed consent, research subject privacy rights, conflicts of interest, and sources of funding. While it may not be possible to draft a 'code' that applies adequately to all instances and circumstances, we believe it useful to outline our expectations of authors and procedures that the Journal will employ in the event of questions concerning author conduct. With respect to conflicts of interest, the Publisher now requires authors to declare any conflicts of interest that relate to papers accepted for publication in this Journal. A conflict of interest may exist when an author or the author's institution has a financial or other relationship with other people or organizations that may inappropriately influence the author's work. A conflict can be actual or potential and full disclosure to the Journal is the safest course. All submissions to the Journal must include disclosure of all relationships that could be viewed as presenting a potential conflict of interest. The Journal may use such information as a basis for editorial decisions and may publish such disclosures if they are believed to be important to readers in judging the manuscript. A decision may be made by the Journal not to publish on the basis of the declared conflict.

For more information, please refer to: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/authorshome.authors/conflictsofinterest

Follow this link:
Elsevier Current Opinion - Current Opinion in Biotechnology

Jacksonville FL Neurologist Doctors – Parkinson’s Disease …

2

Edward S. Urban Neuroscience Institute UF Health 580 W 8th St FL 9 Jacksonville, FL 32209 (904) 383-1022

3

Alan R. Berger Neuroscience Institute UF Health 580 W 8th St FL 9 Jacksonville, FL 32209 (904) 383-1022

4

Stuart Glassner Neuroscience Institute UF Health 580 W 8th St FL 9 Jacksonville, FL 32209 (904) 383-1022

5

Kalina M. Sanders Neuroscience Institute UF Health 580 W 8th St FL 9 Jacksonville, FL 32209 (904) 383-1022

6

Michael T. Pulley Neuroscience Institute UF Health 580 W 8th St FL 9 Jacksonville, FL 32209 (904) 383-1022

7

Suprana R. Krishnaiengar Neuroscience Institute UF Health 580 W 8th St FL 9 Jacksonville, FL 32209 (904) 383-1022

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Ramon E. Bautista Neuroscience Institute UF Health 580 W 8th St FL 9 Jacksonville, FL 32209 (904) 383-1022

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Natalya V. Shneyder Neuroscience Institute 580 W 8th St FL 9 Jacksonville, FL 32209 (904) 383-1022

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Shachie V. Aranke Neuroscience Institute UF Health 580 W 8th St FL 9 Jacksonville, FL 32209 (904) 383-1022

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Nader M. Antonios Neuroscience Institute UF Health 580 W 8th St FL 9 Jacksonville, FL 32209 (904) 383-1022

12

Louis S. Russo Neuroscience Institute UF Health 580 W 8th St FL 9 Jacksonville, FL 32209 (904) 383-1022

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Odinachi N. Oguh Neuroscience Institute UF Health 580 W 8th St FL 9 Jacksonville, FL 32209 (904) 383-1022

14

Paola F. Tumminello Neuroscience Institute UF Health 580 W 8th St FL 9 Jacksonville, FL 32209 (904) 383-1022

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Scott L. Silliman Neuroscience Institute UF Health 580 W 8th St FL 9 Jacksonville, FL 32209 (904) 383-1022

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Yarelis Sto UF Health Internal Medicine 655 W 8th St Jacksonville, FL 32209 (904) 383-1003

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Alison Trembly Baptist Neurology 841 Prudential Dr Ste 1000 Jacksonville, FL 32207 (904) 398-5404

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Zhi Gao Huang Baptist Neurology 841 Prudential Dr Ste 1000 Jacksonville, FL 32207 (904) 398-5404

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Youssef M. Nejjar Baptist Neurology 841 Prudential Dr Ste 1000 Jacksonville, FL 32207 (904) 398-5404

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Deborah A. Huffman Baptist Neurology 841 Prudential Dr Ste 1000 Jacksonville, FL 32207 (904) 398-5404

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Syed A. Asad Baptist Neurology 841 Prudential Dr Ste 1000 Jacksonville, FL 32207 (904) 398-5404

22

Amy L. Jarvis Baptist Neurology Downtown 836 Prudential Dr Ste 1601 Jacksonville, FL 32207 (904) 398-5404

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Luiz Massa Institute Of Pain Management 1325 San Marco Blvd Ste 401 Jacksonville, FL 32207 (904) 306-9860

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Marcos DiPinto Nemours DuPont Pediatrics At Bryn Mawr Hospital 807 Childrens Way Jacksonville, FL 32207 (904) 697-3600

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Lina B. Rodriguez Shands Jackonsville Neuroscience Institute 580 W 8th St FL 9 Jacksonville, FL 32209 (904) 383-1022

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Kristen Cuthbert Shands Jackonsville Neuroscience Institute 580 W 8th St FL 9 Jacksonville, FL 32209 (904) 383-1022

27

Jessica Saben Shands Jackonsville Neuroscience Institute 580 W 8th St FL 9 Jacksonville, FL 32209 (904) 383-1022

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Carlos A. Arce Shands Jackonsville Neuroscience Institute 580 W 8th St FL 9 Jacksonville, FL 32209 (904) 383-1022

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Raymond Cast Shands Jackonsville Neuroscience Institute 580 W 8th St FL 9 Jacksonville, FL 32209 (904) 383-1022

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Benjamin E. Moore Benjamin E Moore MD 2 Shircliff Way Ste 925 Jacksonville, FL 32204 (904) 387-6116

31

Rachel A. Ditrapani St Vincents Spine & Brain Institute 3 Shircliff Way Ste 724 Jacksonville, FL 32204 (904) 308-7959

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Omar E. Figueroa St Vincents Spine & Brain Institute 3 Shircliff Way Ste 724 Jacksonville, FL 32204 (904) 308-7959

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Bruce A. Hartwig Bruce A Hartwig MD 3 Shircliff Way Ste 752 Jacksonville, FL 32204 (904) 389-6226

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Ravi Yarlagadda St Vincents Spine & Brain Institute 3 Shircliff Way Ste 724 Jacksonville, FL 32204 (904) 308-7959

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Ramona P. Burns Spine & Brain Institute Neurosurgery 4205 Belfort Rd Ste 1100 Jacksonville, FL 32216 (904) 296-3103

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William M. Hunt III William M Hunt MD 3190 Post St Jacksonville, FL 32205 (904) 384-0668

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Daniel B. Groblewski Neurology Specialists Of Jacksonville 3627 University Blvd S Ste 255 Jacksonville, FL 32216 (904) 396-4666

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Rajul Parikh First Coast Cardiovascular Institute 1681 Eagle Harbor Pkwy Ste B Orange Park, FL 32003 (904) 644-0092

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Anika Goel Emas Spine & Brain Specialists 4085 University Blvd S Ste 3 Jacksonville, FL 32216 (904) 448-4180

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Caroline Wise Emas Spine & Brain Specialists 4085 University Blvd S Ste 3 Jacksonville, FL 32216 (904) 448-4180

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William A. Faunce Emas Spine & Brain Specialists 4085 University Blvd S Ste 3 Jacksonville, FL 32216 (904) 448-4180

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Mark K. Emas Emas Spine & Brain Specialists 4085 University Blvd S Ste 3 Jacksonville, FL 32216 (904) 448-4180

43

Charles E. Pope Emas Spine & Brain Specialists 4085 University Blvd S Ste 3 Jacksonville, FL 32216 (904) 448-4180

44

Nitin S. Butala Baptist Neurology 2736 University Blvd W Ste 3 Jacksonville, FL 32217 (904) 733-4262

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Carol Garner Baptist Neurology 2736 University Blvd W Ste 3 Jacksonville, FL 32217 (904) 733-4262

46

Carlos H. Gama Baptist Neurology 2736 University Blvd W Ste 3 Jacksonville, FL 32217 (904) 733-4262

47

Arastoo T. Nabizadeh-Eraghi Nabizadeh Neurological Clinic 6816 Southpoint Pkwy Ste 201 Jacksonville, FL 32216 (904) 281-1164

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David R. Chabolla Spine & Brain Institute Neurosurgery 4205 Belfort Rd Ste 1100 Jacksonville, FL 32216 (904) 296-3103

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Kenneth Hentschel Spine & Brain Institute Neurosurgery 4205 Belfort Rd Ste 1100 Jacksonville, FL 32216 (904) 296-3103

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Nandita M. Joshi Clinical Neuroscience Solutions 5200 Belfort Rd Ste 420 Jacksonville, FL 32256 (904) 281-5757

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John M. Joyce Clinical Neuroscience Solutions 5200 Belfort Rd Ste 420 Jacksonville, FL 32256 (904) 281-5757

More:
Jacksonville FL Neurologist Doctors - Parkinson's Disease ...

Biochemistry – Wake Forest School of Medicine

The Department of Biochemistry

Welcome to the Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine. The Department has a three-fold mission:

Wake Forest Biotech Place, location of many of the laboratories in the Department of Biochemistry and the Center for Structural Biology

The research interests of the facultyare focused in four inter-related areas:

The training mission of the Department is focused on four types of trainees:

The Hanes and NRC Buildings, location of many of the laboratories in the Department of Biochemistry, the Center for Diabetes Research, and the Center for Human Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research.

The Departments principal interdisciplinary collaborations are promoted through participation in the following Centers:

The Department has a well-developed system of shared facilities to promote research. The research space occupied by members of the Department is located in the Hanes-Nutrition Research Center (NRC) complex on the Medical Center campus and in the recently developed Wake Forest Biotech Place in the Wake Forest Innovation Quarter in downtown Winston-Salem. Travel between the Medical Center, Wake Forest Innovation Quarter, and the Wake Forest University Reynolda campus is facilitated by Medical Center van service.

Contact Information

Douglas S. Lyles, Ph.D. Professor and Chair dlyles@wakehealth.edu(336) 716-4237 (Medical Center) (336) 713-1280 (Biotech Place)

April Campbell Business Administrator apcampbe@wakehealth.edu(336) 716-4381 (Biotech Place)

Misty Allen mkallen@wakehealth.edu(336) 716-6775 (Biotech Place)

Connie McArthur mcarthur@wakehealth.edu(336) 716-4689 (Medical Center)

Read more here:
Biochemistry - Wake Forest School of Medicine

Georgia Tech | Cleanroom

IEN Fall 2015 Microfabrication Workshop October 19

The Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology (IEN) at Georgia Tech will offer a short course on microfabrication on Oct. 19-22, 2015. This intensive 3.5 day short course combines lectures and hands-on fabrication in the IEN cleanroom. The goal of the course is to impart a basic understanding of the science and technology of microfabrication.

This is a great online application for getting a better grasp of the nano scale. By zooming in and out you can see examples of objects in many different scales.

The Georgia Tech Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology is a leader in the fields of Microelectronics and Nanotechnology. Our staff support your processing through our equipment, facilities and process support.

The IEN is comprosed of labs and cleanrooms in several buildings on the Georgia Tech campus with a wide variety of processing and materials support along with the expertise of the IEN staff.

The Georgia Tech Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology is a proud member of the National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network.

At the IEN we have replaced the controls systems on 12 pieces of semiconductor fabrication equipment. This gives us the ability to create a new control system for a piece of equipment with an obsolete or failing control system. By doing this we increase uptime of critical tools, reduce training time across tools, add any new features to the system we desire and have the ability to datalog and points on the tool to assist in staff troubleshooting and user documentation of processes. Please contact Jason Herrington at jasonherrington@gatech.edu if you would like more information on the controls projects or adding a feature to on of these tools.

Read more here:
Georgia Tech | Cleanroom

Biotechnology Conferences| Industrial Biotechnology Events …

Track-1: Industrial Biotechnology

Industrial biotechnology is one of the best encouraging new techniques to contamination evasion, asset protection, and cost lessening. It is much of the time said to as the third wave in biotechnology. On the off chance that created to its full forthcoming, mechanical biotechnology might have a higher impact on the World than human services and agrarian biotechnology. Mechanical biotechnology has molded proteins for use in our everyday lives and for the assembling division. Modern biotechnology organizations use numerous particular strategies to find and enhance nature's chemicals. Data from genomic concentrates on microorganisms is supporting specialists misuse on the abundance of hereditary differing qualities in microbial group.

Modern Biotechnology is a Multidisciplinary plan proposed to experience plant based biomass for the assembling of vitality and mass and claim to fame chemicals. "Open Innovation Cluster" for bioeconomy with consideration on mechanical biotechnology. It is anticipated that mechanical biotechnology will be continuously actualized by compound, pharmaceutical, sustenance, and farming commercial ventures.

The Global biotechnology market size was esteemed at USD 270.5 billion in 2013 and is required to develop at a CAGR of 12.3% inferable from the expanding interest for diagnostics and therapeutics arrangements. Rising government activities attributable to high importance towards development of the economy are relied upon to help the biotechnology market development over the gauge period.

Related Biotechnology Conferences | Industrial Biotechnology Events | Bioeconomy Congress

Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-2: Bioprocess engineering

Bioprocess building is the adjustment or utilization of renewable constituents to create esteem included yields. It incorporates revelation, exploration, advance and the assembling and improvement of items. Bioprocess/biochemical/biotechnology/biotechnical building is a bureau of synthetic building, It decreases by the outline and development of types of gear and methods for the assembling of items, for example, agribusiness, nourishment, bolster, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, chemicals, polymers then paper from living materials and examination of waste water.

Bioprocess Engineering, research accentuations on expansion of new biotechnological rehearses for creation of pharmaceuticals, solid nourishment components, mass chemicals and biofuels. Our experience is to create high esteem bio-based items in a legitimate and modest mode to stop decrease of regular assets and to expansion advancement of a bio-experimental industry.

Worldwide business sector for bioprocessing is reflecting the sensational development of the biotechnology business around the globe. Europe speaks to around 25% of Global business sector with 1,880 organizations with incomes roughly $13.5 billion.

Related Biotechnology Conferences | Industrial Biotechnology Events | Bioeconomy Congress

Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-3: Industrial Fermentation

Fermentation process devours microorganisms to change strong or fluid substrates into different items. Aging determined items show gigantic quality. Mechanical aging is the planned utilization of maturation by organisms, for example, microbes other than growths to style items valuable to people. Matured items require order as sustenance and additionally in far reaching industry.

Some important chemicals, identical as acidic corrosive, citrus extract, in addition to ethanol are readied by aging. The proportion of aging relies on upon the compacting of organisms, cells, cell sections, and proteins furthermore temperature, pH and now vigorous aging Oxygen. Item recovery as often as possible embroils the assimilation of the weaken arrangement. Around all industrially fabricated catalysts, for example, lipase, invertase then rennet, are readied by maturation through hereditarily adjusted MI Fermentation process devours microorganisms to change strong or fluid substrates into different items. Aging inferred items show colossal quality. Mechanical aging is the purposeful utilization of aging by organisms, for example, microorganisms other than parasites to style items valuable to people. Aged items require demand as sustenance and in addition in far reaching industry.

Some significant chemicals, comparable as acidic corrosive, citrus extract, in addition to ethanol are readied by aging. The proportion of aging relies on upon the compacting of microorganisms, cells, cell sections, and compounds furthermore temperature, pH and now high-impact maturation Oxygen. Item recovery much of the time involves the ingestion of the weaken arrangement. Roughly all economically produced compounds, for example, lipase, invertase then rennet, are readied by aging through hereditarily altered microorganisms. In by and large, maturations can be separated into three sorts: Production of biomass, Production of extracellular metabolites, and Transformation of substrate.

Worldwide maturation chemicals market interest was 51.83 million tons in 2013. Expanding worldwide ethanol and methanol creation levels because of developing interest from liquor industry is likewise anticipated that would drive aging chemicals market. High assembling expense is likewise anticipated that would ruin the business sector development throughout the following six years.

Related Biotechnology Conferences | Industrial Biotechnology Events | Bioeconomy Congress

Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Related Biotechnology Conferences | Industrial Biotechnology Events | Bioeconomy Congress

Track-4: Microbial Biotechnology

Microorganisms have stayed persecuted for their unmistakable natural and physical properties from the beginning periods for heating, preparing, nourishment safeguarding and more as of late to manufacture anti-microbials, solvents, amino acids, bolster supplements, and engineered feedstuffs. Current advancements in Molecular Biology and hereditary building may offer novel elucidation to long-standing confusions. Over the wiped out decade, analysts have added to the practices to exchange a quality starting with one creature then onto the next, taking into account advancements of how microorganisms store, copy, and exchange inherited material.

As of late, aging procedures relied on upon uncommon sorts of crude materials and on accessible strains of microorganisms. Presently microorganisms can be hereditarily adjusted to capacity all the more advantageously and to hone a comprehensive assortment of substrates. As these microorganisms are re-built and their aging capacities completely persecuted, we expediently close to the day when substances can be delivered actually and financially.

Related Biotechnology Conferences | Industrial Biotechnology Events | Bioeconomy Congress

Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-5: Fermentation Technology

Fermentation technology consolidate a wide field, yet inside this profile we focus on the utilization of organisms and proteins for development of intensifies that discover application in the vitality, substance, material, restorative and the sustenance portion. In spite of the fact that maturation hones have been utilized for eras, the need for biological generation of vitality and materials is testing creation and change of inventive aging hypotheses. Our efforts are coordinated both to the improvement of cell organizations and chemicals and also of configuration of novel practice ideas and advances for maturation routines.

Mechanical aging systems are progressively predominant, and are measured an essential innovative advantage for dropping our reliance on chemicals and items made from fossil energizes. Be that as it may, despite the fact that their expanding acknowledgment, maturation movements have not yet broadened the comparative advancement as conventional substance methodology, mostly when it emerges to utilizing building devices, for example, numerical representation and streamlining techniques.

Maturation innovation goal is to enhance aging systems for solutions e.g. anti-toxins, drug intermediates, chemicals, amino acids and different biotransformations.

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Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-6: Biopharmaceuticals

Biopharmaceuticals may be made from microbial cells (recombinant E. coli or yeast societies), mammalian cell lines and plant cell societies and greenery plants in bioreactors of various designs, comprehensive of photograph bioreactors. Biopharmaceuticals can contain of proteins or extra sorts of items, for example, nucleic acids, viral quality treatment vectors , peptides, lipids and sugars, alone or in mix. The prevalence of biopharmaceuticals available these days are proteins, and in this way this idea concentrates on those activities required essentially for extension of protein-based therapeutics and wont make a difference to alternate classes of biopharmaceuticals.

In the course of recent years, rich new sorts of test biologic treatment have set up business enlistment, however the presence of bio-similarities means the greatest change in the biologic endorsement scene. The Bio pharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) is not just a significant device for picking up waivers vivo bioequivalence concentrates additionally for conclusion making in the advancement and early improvement of new medicines. Measurement of solvency and penetrability in the revelation/change foundations is depicted. The experimental premise and information necessities for dossiers at adjusted phases of advancement of biopharmaceuticals will be imparted for the perfection, preclinical and clinical parts of controlling entries.

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Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track -7: Molecular Biotechnology

Molecular biotechnology is the act of research center techniques to ponder and in addition change proteins and nucleic acids for applications in ranges for example creature wellbeing and human wellbeing, the earth and Agriculture. Atomic biotechnology results from the joining of various scopes of exploration, for example, microbiology, sub-atomic science, immunology, natural chemistry, cell science and hereditary qualities. It is an elating field driven by the capacity to exchange hereditary material between life forms with the point of comprehension noteworthy organic movements or making a significant item. The end of the human genome venture has opened an innumerable of prospects to make new medications and medicines, and techniques to enhance current pharmaceuticals. Atomic biotechnology is a quickly changing and dynamic field. As the pace of advancements quickens, its centrality will rise. The unmistakable quality and impact of atomic biotechnology is being detected the country over.

The instruments of atomic biotechnology can be connected to enhance and grow, drugs , demonstrative tests, treatments, and antibodies that will expand creature and human wellbeing. Sub-atomic biotechnology has apparatus in creature and plant farming, Forestry, and nourishment preparing, Aquaculture, concoction and material assembling. Each normal for our lives in the up and coming times will be influenced by this dynamic stadium.

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Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-8: Biofuels and Biorefinery

Biorefining commercial ventures produce heat, fuel, power and diverse chemicals. The items are readied from biomass, for example, backwoods based materials and sustenance waste. A bio refinery is an ability that acclimatizes biomass change forms and hardware to create heat, powers, control and esteem included chemicals from biomass, generation, new methodologies are in exploration and advancements are made each day. The bio-refinery model is like today's petroleum refinery, which yield different items and fills from petroleum. Feasible financial development requires safe assets for modern assembling, as bio refineries consolidates the fundamental advancements stuck between mechanical intermediates, bio-crude materials and last items.

Improvement and Research in ahead of schedule field of biorefinery are most extreme noticeable in United States, Europe (Kamm et al. 1998, 2000) to give no less than 25% natural carbon-based mechanical feedstock chemicals, 10%liquid fills from bio-based item industry. BCC Research assesses that the overall interest for bio items will ascend at a twofold digit compound yearly development extent (CAGR) of 12.6% over the accompanying five years to reach $700.7 billion in 2018 from $387.6 billion in 2013, when it will achieve a business sector scattering rate of 5.5% in 2018, from an anticipated rate of 4.2% in 2013. Blue Marble Energy, set up in 2007, is a U.S. based organization which misuses hybridized microbial relationship to create claim to fame renewable and biochemical biogas. Their organization operation is to dislodge oil with totally renewable, carbon impartial substitutes using nature-based elucidations.

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Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-9: Genetically Modified Organisms

Late advancements in engineered science, the enthusiasm for hereditarily altered life forms (GMOs) is exponentially expanding and their applications for existent life show up adequately unending, going from the production of drugs and immunization to their utilization in the agro-nourishment field.

Many existing sensors, named cell-based bioassays and entire cell biosensors , have been in point of interest created in light of hereditarily adjusted cells, discovering applications in a few fields, running from natural checking to nourishment control, from criminological science to medication screening.

Absolutely this stances genuine administrative concerns and embodies a nonstop test for analysts, particularly concerning the potential spreading of GMOs into the earth. This GMO "duality" speaks to a captivating element and this Research Topic is planned to bear the cost of the analysts a look in this interesting field.

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Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-10: Cell Culture

Cell society alludes to the expulsion of cells from a creature or plant and their consequent development in an ideal fake environment. The cells might be expelled from the tissue straightforwardly and disaggregated by enzymatic or mechanical means before development, or they might be gotten from a cell line or cell strain that has as of now been set up.

Critical development inside of the biopharmaceuticals business is impelling phenomenal advancement and interest for cell society items for the reasons of medication revelation and wellbeing testing. While 2D cell societies have been in research facility use following the 1950s, the business sector for 3D societies, which all the more precisely model human tissue in vivo without using creature test subjects, has seen fantastic development over the previous decade. Without a doubt, this business sector is ready to experience hazardous development inside of the figure period, and additionally make ripe ground for combinations, mergers, and acquisitions for some sorts and sizes of organizations.

Powered by poisonous quality testing and expanded biopharmaceutical creation, the test packs class is the speediest moving fragment of the general business sector, moving at a colossal 42% CAGR. Request here is driven by the way that test units contain all the important reagents and particular conventions bundled for research center use.

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6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-11: Biomaterials

In the cutting edge society, because of advancements in innovation and industry, there are expanding instances of defunctionalisation or harm to tissues or organs from different mishaps, sicknesses, and maturing, and as the human body achieves its breaking points in self-recovery capacity, the requirement for appropriate and viable treatment strategies is expanding quickly. In like manner, studies on biomaterials valuable in tissue recovery are effectively being directed to outline materials that can actuate the recovery of the harmed tissue or organ. Examination is likewise right now being done on undifferentiated cell separation inside of platforms and instruments of the tissue recovery on transplant to the human body and endeavors on the improvement and use of its remedial system. Be that as it may, it is exceptionally hard to shape three-dimensional fake organ like the fundamentally complex tissue inside of the human body because of as far as possible in the biomaterial advancement.

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Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-12: Enzymes from Extreme Environments

Enzymes are nature's biocatalysts engaged with high synergist power and noteworthy substrate specificity. Catalysts perform an extensive variety of capacities all through nature, and guide the organic chemistry of existence with awesome exactness. The lion's share of proteins perform under conditions considered ordinary for mesophilic, neutrophilic, physical microorganisms. Notwithstanding, the Earth's biosphere contains a few districts that are amazing in examination, for example, hypersaline lakes and pools, aqueous vents, chilly seas, dry deserts and regions presented to concentrated radiation. These zones are possessed by a substantial number of extremophilic microorganisms which create compounds equipped for working in bizarre conditions.

There is an expanding biotechnological and modern interest for catalysts steady and working in cruel conditions, and over the previous decade screening for, disconnection and generation of chemicals with one of a kind and amazing properties has gotten to be one of the preeminent ranges of biotechnology examination. The improvement of cutting edge sub-atomic science apparatuses has encouraged the journey for creation of chemicals with streamlined and amazing components. These instruments incorporate expansive scale screening for potential qualities utilizing metagenomics, building of chemicals utilizing computational strategies and site-coordinated mutagenesis and atomic advancement methods.

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Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-13: Agriculture Biotechnology

Late advances in rural biotechnology have empowered the field of plant science to advance in extraordinary a wide margin. plant genomics and crop science have realized an outlook change of thought with respect to the way by which plants can be used both in agribusiness and in drug. Other than the all the more understood upgrades in agronomic attributes of harvests, for example, ailment resistance and dry spell resilience, plants can now be connected with points as different as biofuel generation, phytoremediation, the change of nourishing qualities in consumable plants, the recognizable proof of mixes for restorative purposes in plants and the utilization of plants as remedial protein creation stages. This expansion of plant science has been joined by the colossal plenitude of new licenses issued in these fields and, the same number of these developments approach business acknowledgment, the consequent increment in horticulturally based commercial enterprises. While this survey part is composed principally for plant researchers who have awesome enthusiasm for the new headings being brought regarding applications in farming biotechnology, those in different orders, for example, therapeutic specialists, ecological researchers and designers, might discover critical worth in perusing this article too.

The survey endeavors to give a review of the latest licenses issued for plant biotechnology concerning both farming and drug. The section finishes up with the suggestion that the consolidated main impetuses of environmental change, and additionally the regularly expanding requirements for clean vitality and nourishment security will assume a urgent part in driving the course for connected plant biotechnology research later on.

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Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-14: Biotechnology Market

The development of Biotechnology industry according to Transparency Market Research is evaluated to watch significant development amid 2010 and 2017 as ventures from around the globe are expected to rise, particularly from rising temperate districts of the world. The report expresses that the worldwide business sector for biotechnology, concentrated on as per its application ranges, might develop at a normal yearly development rate of CAGR 11.6% from 2012 to 2017 and achieves a quality worth USD 414.5 billion before the end of 2017. This business sector was esteemed roughly USD 216.5 billion in 2011. The business sector of bio agriculture, consolidated with that of bio seeds, is anticipated to achieve a quality worth USD 27.46 billion by 2018. The field of biopharmaceuticals ruled the worldwide biotechnology advertise and represented 60% shares of it in the year 2011. Numerous biotechnological commercial ventures prospered by the innovative progressions prompting new revelations and rising requests from the pharmaceutical and farming parts.

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6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-15: Global Bioeconomy

The Bioeconomy envelops the generation of renewable natural assets and their change into nourishment, bolster, bio-based items and bioenergy through creative and productive advancements gave by Industrial Biotechnology. It is now a reality and one that offers extraordinary open doors and answers for a developing number of major societal, natural and monetary difficulties, including environmental change moderation, vitality and sustenance security and asset effectiveness. The objective is a more creative and low-outflows economy, accommodating requests for maintainable farming and fisheries, nourishment security, and the reasonable utilization of renewable organic assets for modern purposes, while guaranteeing biodiversity and ecological insurance.

A definitive point of the bioeconomy is to keep Europe focused, imaginative and prosperous by giving practical, keen and comprehensive monetary development and employments, and by addressing the necessities of a developing populace whilst securing our surroundings and resources.Europe is a pioneer in the improvement of the bioeconomy, yet rivalry and enthusiasm for this field keeps on developing the world over.

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Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-16: New Biomedical device

The part of restorative gadgets in social insurance is fundamental. A restorative gadget is an instrument, contraption, insert, in vitro reagent, or comparative that is utilized to analyze, avoid, or treat sickness or different conditions. This classification incorporates news on item reviews, item wellbeing, inserts and prosthetics, new innovative improvements, automated surgery, restorative gadgets for use by therapeutic experts or patients.

Biomechanical designing is the consolidated utilization of mechanical building principals and natural information to better see how these territories cross and how they can be utilized together to possibly enhance people groups' personal satisfaction. Biomechanics research in the office centers upon mechanics at the cell, tissue, and joint level with applications in orthopedics and musculoskeletal and cardiovascular frameworks. Bioengineering offers a multi-disciplinary, cross-collaborative program that is focused on a new view of human health and disease. Biomedical Engineering (BME) is the application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare purposes (e.g. diagnostic or therapeutic). This field seeks to close the gap between engineering and medicine. Biomedical engineering has only recently emerged as its own study, compared to many other engineering fields. Such an evolution is common as a new field transitions from being an interdisciplinary specialization among already-established fields, to being considered a field in itself.

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Pharmacogenomic Companies – The Authority on …

Weve compiled this list of Pharmacogenomic companies, researchers, and

services to provide our readers with access to information and services they may need. This is by no means a comprehensive list of pharmacogenomic companies and if you feel you have a company or business that you would like us to add to this list please contact us by email or any of the social media links on the website.

Myriad a leading pharmacogenomics company, through pioneering research and the development of innovative molecular diagnostic tests dedicates its resources to the enhancement of personalized medicine. Myriad has devoted over $1 billion to expansion of the international scientific understanding of diseases through research. That research has been formed into molecular data that has proven to save and improve the quality of life fortheir clientele. Myriads research has proven, time and time again, that their data anylisis can identify a persons chances of responding to a certain treatment plan -specifically drug therapy- and tailor their recovery program to ensure an effective treatment and quick recovery time. This data also shows the doctors the likeliehood of developing other disease or health risks in the future. Today and everyday we reaffirm our commitment to serving as both a trusted advisor to patients and healthcare professionals and a collaborator with the scientific community.

Contact Info:

Myriad Genetics, Inc. 320 Wakara Way Salt Lake City, UT 84108 Phone: (801) 584-3600 Fax: (801) 584-3640

Myriad Website

Trans genomic is an international biotech company that specializes in the advancements of personalized medicine in cardiology, oncology, and other diseases through its molecular technology and world renowned laborites. Transgenomic is an international leader in pharmacogenetic testing with a plethora of innovative products developed to detect specific mutations in certain gene structures that are indicative to certain cardiac disorders. Transgenomic has three complementary business divisions: Transgenomic Clinical Laboratories, Transgenomic Pharmacogenomic Services, Transgenomic Diagnostic Tools, Transgenomic believes there is significant opportunity for continued growth in personalized medicine and continues to strive to be the leader in Pharmacogenetic testing.

Contact Info: Transgenomic, Inc. 12325 Emmet Street Omaha, NE 68164, USA Phone: 402-452-5400 / 888-813-7253 Fax: 402-452-5401 E-mail: info@transgenomic.com Transgenomic Website

The new 23andMe is a personalized genetic testing company that provides ancestry-related genetic details. They give raw, uninterpreted genetic data through an in-home, Direct to Consumer saliva test. Once a customer, 23andMe helps educate consumers on their results. This allows them to gain a better understanding of diseases, or hereditary disorders that they, or their children may be susceptible to. They believe that your DNA composition is information that you should know and have tested so that you can prepare for the future. They also believe that it would behove the world if you shared that information so that the scientists of the world could potentially eradicate or overcome some of the worlds new/future diseases.

Contact info

1390 Shorebird Way Mountain View, CA94043 Phone: (650)938-6300 Fax: (650)938-6305 Email: media@23andme.com

A privately-held global precision medicine diagnostic company that has developed megawatt bases that link directly to a mobile application that gives physicians and patients alike the ability to take control of their health and wellness and be proactive in treating diseases realtime. They offer genetic testing that will get uploaded to the data base and cross referenced with the other individuals that participate so that we can get the right solution, right now. They work in direct partnership with physicians and do not do DTC. They own and operate a lab that is accredited by the CAP and CLIA.

Contact info

4755 Nexus Center Dr San Diego, CA 92121 Phone: (858) 450-6600 Fax: (877) 505-7374 Email: clientservices@pathway.com

Founded over 40 years ago by Robert A. Swanson and Herbert Boyer Genetech has been delivering innovations to biotechnology and genetic testing since the beginning. Genetech creates, builds, and markets testing to help patients right now. Genetech strives to offer solutions to patients right now, while developing tests and solutions for the future simultaneously. The goal is to change patients lives through their courageous decision making and action. Each day, employees and Genetech come to work because they, We commit ourselves to scientific rigor, unassailable ethics, and access to medical innovations for all. We do this today to build a better tomorrow. Genetic has shown through its tenure that is is committed to the betterment of human life and isnt going anywhere.

Contact info

1 DNA Way Mailstop 258A South San Francisco, CA94080 Phone: (888) 835-2555 Fax: (650) 225-4630

GeneDx was founded by two scientists from the National Institutes of Health, Dr. Sherri Bale and Dr. John Compton. Their mission is to make genetic testing readily available to those families that are affected by rare genetic conditions that can cause hereditary disorders. Their testing utilizes DNA sequencing to test for over 200 Mendelian disorders. GeneDx is also an innovator for genetic testing for autism and other chromosomal anomalies. One of the most beneficial tests, is the genetic test GeneDx created for cardiomyopathy. GeneDx does not provide direct to consumer (DTC) testing and all testing must be ordered through a patients primary health care physician.

Contact Info

206 Perry ParkwayGaithersburg, MD 20877 Phone: (888)729-1206 Fax: (201) 421-2010 Email: genedx@genedx.com http://www.dnatesting.com

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Home – Department of Neurology

Our Mission Statement

The mission of the Department of Neurology at the Virginia Commonwealth University is three-fold:

1 Provide exceptional education to our students, residents, fellows, and the wider community of medical professionals.

2 Improve the lives of children and adults with neurological disorders through compassionate, high-quality medical care and patient education.

3 Advance the knowledge of neurological disease by actively developing innovative treatments through basic science and clinical research.

Welcome from the Chair

Welcome to the Department of Neurology! The Department has a dedicated team of clinical and academic neurologists committed to our education, patient care and research missions.

We have achieved a national reputation and garnered numerous awards for our excellent and innovative teaching of students, residents, and fellows. Many of our faculty speak nationally and internationally on topics such as epilepsy, Parkinsons disease, ALS, neuro-oncology, and stroke. Our faculty hold multiple leadership positions on state and national professional boards and committees, helping to shape the clinical, research, and educational aspects of neurologyinto the future.

As the only Level 1 trauma academic tertiary care center within Central Virginia, we provide a high level of expertise for a variety of neurology conditions affecting adults and children. Our faculty are fellowship trained to provide outstanding care for persons with stroke, epilepsy, neuromuscular disease, headache, multiple sclerosis, movement disorders, stroke, and Parkinsons disease. Many of our programs, including those in movement disorders and neuromuscular disorders, have multi-disciplinary clinics, which regularly bring together experts from Neurology, Psychology and Neuropsychology, Physical Therapy, Dietary therapy, and respiratory therapy in one location. Our EEG laboratory and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit is the largest and most advanced in the region, having Level 4 accreditation by the National Association of Epilepsy Centers. Our EMG laboratory is accredited by the AANEM, one of a handful in the state of Virginia. The VCU Stroke Center is certified by The Joint Commission and has garnered national recognition and multiple awards for providing excellent clinical care.

The Department of Neurology has a very active clinical research program with ongoing clinical trials in Parkinsons Disease, Stroke, Epilepsy, and Multiple Sclerosis. Our basic science laboratories are helping to advance the understanding into neurodegenerative disease, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, which will lead the way towards innovative translational research in the future.

Scott A. Vota, D.O.

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Home - Department of Neurology

Neurology Associates of North Florida

NEWS:

If you are person with disability, who needs any accommodations in order to precede with your medical appointment you are entitled, at no cost to you, to the provision certain assistance. Please contact the ADA coordinator(Jesse Q.O. Badger, MS, PA-C) at (904) 249-4456 at least 5 days before your scheduled medical appointment, or immediately upon receiving your physicians referral to Neurology Associates.

If you are hearing or voice impaired, call the State Relay Service at 711

Neurology Associates does not discriminate against race, age, national origin, handicapped, or a person with disabilities.

A Neurologist is a physician who diagnoses and treats disorders of the nervous system. These include disorders affecting the brain, spinal cord, nerves and muscles. Neurologists serve as consultants to other physicians and provide direct care to patients with neurological concerns and disorders.

Neurology is the study of the human nervous system which includes the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction, neurotransmitters and end-organs such as muscles.

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Neurology Associates of North Florida

Neurology – St. Joseph

St. Joseph Neurology is now a Provider-Based Clinic. Learn more here.

St. Joseph Neurology has locations in College Station and Bryan. We offer a neurology practice specializing in diagnosis and treatment of neurological conditions while providing quality, comprehensive and compassionate care. Our neurologist staff includes:

Our team specializes in areas including, but not limited to:

If you're experiencing severe pain from a surgery, illness or injury, you could be referred to a Pain Management physician.

Pain Management services treat patients with:

Neurologists also manage long-term care for patients with:

A referral is usually required from a family or attending physician for long-term care.

At St. Joseph Neurology we believe in an individualized approach to patient care, and will do our best to make your visit with us as comfortable as possible. We encourage you to ask questions and are committed to keep you informed about your options for treatment. We realize that our patients are the reason we exist and we strive to treat every patient professionally with reverence, service and stewardship.

St. Joseph Neurology accepts Medicare and most major health insurance plans.

4421 State Hwy. 6 South College Station, TX 77845 979.690.4470 Office Hours: Monday - Friday

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2700 E. 29th Street, Ste. 305 Bryan, TX 77802 979-690-4825 Office Hours: Monday - Friday

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Neurology - St. Joseph

Liebowitz Longevity Medicine – Internal Medicine – Santa …

Specialties

Bio identical hormone balancing for men and women in menopause and andropause; Hormone replacement with bio identical hormone pellets,creams and injections. Intravenous vitamin infusions, New technique for High Dose Hyperbaric Ozone therapy,Prolozone, All modalities of Ozone administration Detoxification including intravenous chelation therapy. Functional and Alternative Medicine

Established in 2005.

Dr Liebowitz is a three times Board Certified Emergency Medicine Physician who practiced at Cedars Sinai Hospital in Los Angeles for over 15 years. He experienced many of his patients not getting better and returning to the ER with so many complications from the medications they were taking, that he felt there must be a better way to heal. He studied Functional Medicine and Anti Aging Medicine and realized that people could become healthier when all the normal functions of the body are supported. He integrates multiple disciplines of medicine from 30 years of experience together into his own unique blend. By balancing hormones, supporting the immune system,detoxification along with optimal diet and exercise (His 5 Step REDDI Plan)the result is optimal health with minimal or no pharmaceutical medications.

Dr. Liebowitz was trained in Internal Medicine at USC, and worked as an Emergency and Trauma Physician for 15 years at Cedars Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. He served as the Medical Director at The Centinela Hospital Fitness Institute in Los Angeles, testing professional athletes from The Lakers, Clippers, Dodgers and PGA golf tour. He also served as the team Doctor for The Pioneer Triathlon Team, a professional triathlon team. As a member of the medical steering committee for Tri-Fed, the governing body of the Triathlon sport, he helped direct it into the Olympics. He was a member of the advisory board of Bally Health and Tennis and 24 Hour Fitness, as well as a Physician at the Pritikin Longevity Center in Santa Monica, California. He has been a lifelong athlete himself as a college swimmer and later a triathlete completing the grueling Hawaii Ironman three times. His pursuit of helping athletes perform to their maximum potential naturally led him t

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Middle Tennessee Neurology – About Middle TN Neurology

At Middle Tennessee Neurology, we provide competent, comprehensive care in a spirit of compassion. We provide unequaled service through evaluation, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with neurological and sleep disorders. And, we remove the miles between you and neurological expertise by practicing right here in Smyrna.

Dr. Michael Yu and Dr. Suresh Chitturi are dedicated and experienced board-certified neurologists, and are ready to help address any issues you may be experiencing related to your nervous system. From concerns regarding your amount or quality of sleep to complications of or resembling a nervous system disease, we stand ready to provide the care, compassion and expertise you deserve when struggling with a situation that negatively impacts your neurological function. Specializing in both neurology and sleep medicine, we are here to care for you and your loved ones with the compassion and respect you deserve.

Call our office to begin the journey of improving your neurological health and wellness.

300 StoneCrest Blvd Suite 365 Smyrna, TN 37167

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Middle Tennessee Neurology - About Middle TN Neurology

What does neurology mean? definition, meaning and …

Dictionary entry overview: What does neurology mean?

NEUROLOGY (noun) The noun NEUROLOGY has 2 senses:

1. the branch of medical science that deals with the nervous system 2. (neurology) the branch of medicine that deals with the nervous system and its disorders

Familiarity information: NEUROLOGY used as a noun is rare.

Dictionary entry details

NEUROLOGY (noun)

Meaning:

The branch of medical science that deals with the nervous system

Classified under:

Nouns denoting cognitive processes and contents

Hypernyms ("neurology" is a kind of...):

medical science (the science of dealing with the maintenance of health and the prevention and treatment of disease)

Domain member category:

mass action; mass-action principle ((neruology) the principle that the cortex of the brain operates as a coordinated system with large masses of neural tissue involved in all complex functioning)

clinical neurology; neurology ((neurology) the branch of medicine that deals with the nervous system and its disorders)

refractory period ((neurology) the time after a neuron fires or a muscle fiber contracts during which a stimulus will not evoke a response)

astrocytic (of or relating to or containing large star-shaped cells in the neuroglia)

pneumogastric; vagal (of or relating to the vagus nerve)

Meaning:

(neurology) the branch of medicine that deals with the nervous system and its disorders

Classified under:

Nouns denoting cognitive processes and contents

Synonyms:

clinical neurology; neurology

Hypernyms ("neurology" is a kind of...):

medical specialty; medicine (the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques)

Domain category:

neurology (the branch of medical science that deals with the nervous system)

"If the cap fits, wear it." (English proverb) "What the people believe is true." (Native American proverb, Anishinabe) "If talk is silver then silence is gold." (Arabic proverb) "Necessity teaches the naked woman to spin (a yarn)." (Danish proverb)

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What does neurology mean? definition, meaning and ...