Futurism (ladina keeles futurum tulevik) on 1909. aastal Itaalias tekkinud kunsti- ja kirjandusvool.
Futuristide esimese manifesti koostaja on itaalia luuletaja Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. Manifest ilmus 20. veebruaril 1909 Pariisis ajalehes Le Figaro. Manifestis kuulutati, et tsivilisatsiooni saavutused on imeprased ja nuavad uut tpi kunsti. Vana kunst on klbmatu ja muuseumid on surnuaiad. Tehnika areng ja selle kajastamine on vrtuslikum kui inimhinge probleemid. Marinetti vitis, et "Kihutav vidusiduauto, mis sarnaneb suurtkikuuliga, on kaunim Samothrake Nikest!".
Aastal 1910 esitati teine futurislike maalikunstnike manifest, milles varasemaid ideid edasi arendati. Manifesti autor oli skulptor Umberto Boccioni. Selle manifesti kohaselt pidi maalikunst loobuma traditsioonilistest motiividest, niteks aktimaalist. Dnaamika vljendamiseks tuli kujutada motiivi arengut ajas, niteks esitada hel pildil ajas jrjestikuseid olukordi vi seisundeid (jooksvat koera kujutati mitte nelja, vaid kahekmne jalaga).
Futurismile on omane vanade kultuuritraditsioonide hlgamine. Ptakse leida kunstilisi vljendusvahendeid, et kujutada kaasaegse kiire elu ja tehniseerunud keskkonnas elava inimese mtte- ja tundelaadi ning probleeme. Futurism vljendabki tnapeva maailma kiirust ja eripalgelisust; listatakse sda, tehnikat ja dnaamikat.
Futuristide liikumise katkestas Esimene maailmasda, mil osa futuriste pettus, nhes kuidas tehnikat sjas kasutatakse. Teised aga sattusid uutlaadi jukultusest veelgi suuremasse vaimustusse ja liitusid rmuslike massiliikumistega (nt Marinetti Mussolini faismiga).
(kronoloogilises jrjestuses)
Futuristlikud tekstid on katkendlikud ja keerulised, neis on kasutatud trkitehnilisi vtteid ja igekirjast ei peeta kinni. Luules on futurismile iseloomulik hatuste, knekeele ja argoo kasutamine, konsonantide kuhjamine ning matemaatika- ja muusikasmbolite kasutamine. Futuristid on oma publikuga pidevalt (tenoliselt taotluslikult) vastuolus.
Itaalia futurismi vtmekuju on Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. Luuletustes on tal olulisel kohal visuaalsus. Itaalia futuristid on ldse tihedalt seotud visuaalsete kunstidega, eksperimenteerides ka filmikunstiga (Bruno Corra ja Arnaldo Ginna film "Futuristlik elu").
Olulisim manifest on "Geomeetriline ja mehaaniline hiilgus ja numbriline tundlikkus".
Itaalias muutus futurism lpuks poliitiliseks: 1918. aastal asutas Marinetti erakonna, hiljem sattus vanglasse koos Benito Mussoliniga.
Vene futurismi kige novaatorlikum esindaja oli Vladimir Majakovski, kes leidis, et tuleb lahti elda dekadentlikust minevikust ja panna maksma inimtahe, mis trotsib determinismi ja harjumusi. Futuriste peeti enesereklaamijatest veiderdajateks, kuid nad ei pdnudki teistele meeldida. Nende esimene manifest kandis pealkirja "Krvakiil avaliku arvamuse pihta".
Majakovski propageeris lihtsustatud vulgaarset luulet. Tema stiil tugines linlikule knepruugile, kus ta pdis muuta masside robustset knepruuki poeetiliseks.
Venemaal oli populaarne ka futuristlik teater, kus vaataja oli etenduses osaline.
14. mrtsil 1919 ilmunud anarhistliku ajakirja "K Svetu" ("Valguse juurde") 5. numbri kohaselt tegutses Harkivis fanaatiline anarhofuturistide ring.
Eestisse judis 1910. aasta manifest kigepealt ajakirjanduse vahendusel. Juba 1912. aastal, ehk siis samal aastal, mil Pariisis Mnchenis ja teistes Lne-Euroopa suurtes kunstikeskustes toimusid esimesed futuristlikud kunstinitused, tutvustati Eesti ajakirjanduses Marinetti petust. Phjalikult tutvustas eesti kunstipublikule futurismi teooriat 1914. aastal Peterburi likooli tollane lipilane Johannes Semper. Ta pidas tartus ettekande, mis trkiti ra ka ajakirjanduses[1]. Eesti kunstis ilmusid esimesed futuristlikud ilmingud sama aastal Tartus avatud kunstinitusel. Nendeks olid Mnchenis ppinud Ado Vabbe "Parafraasid" ja "Skemaatilised improvisatsioonid". Futuristlike teostega esines Vabbe 1916. aastal ka Tallinnas. Eesti kunstikriitika suhtus futurismi suhteliselt trjuvalt[2].
Eesti kirjanduses olid futuristid koguteostes "Moment" I (1913) ja "Roheline moment" (1914) esinevad kirjanikud. Futuristlikke teoseid on kirjutanud hiljem ka prosaist Albert Kivikas ja luuletaja Erni Hiir.
Kujutavas kunstis taotlesid futuristid korraga paljude rahutute muljete kujutamist, mida tajub kaasaegne suurlinlane. Pti kujutada liikumisillusiooni, mille saavutamiseks lammutati nhtav maailm kubistide eeskujul geomeetrilisteks kildudeks. Nendest loodi likuvate pindade ja joontega dnaamiline kompositsioon.
Teise moodusena kujutati hel pildil oleva sama objekti mitut jrgnevat asendit, kusjuures objekti ennast kujutati enam-vhem realistlikult. Seda tpi on niteks pilt, kus daami krval sibab paljujalgne koerake (Giacomo Balla "Koera ja keti dnaamika").
Koloriidis eelistasid futuristid eredaid vrve.
Futurismi hilisemas perioodis kujutasid kunstnikud kike n- lenduri vaatepunktist (aeropittura).
Read more:
Futurism - Vikipeedia, vaba entsklopeedia
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- Harvard Scientist Presents New Evidence That Samples Are Alien Spacecraft - Futurism - February 13th, 2024 [February 13th, 2024]
- Transcript: The Futurist: The Rise of AI - The Washington Post - February 13th, 2024 [February 13th, 2024]
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